Session 02

Control Statements & Storage

Specifiers

1
 Session Objectives

• To learn about different types of Control

Statements
• To learn about different Storage Class
Specifiers

2
 Session Topics
• Decision Structures – if statement, if-else statement,
nested if statement
• The switch statement
• Repetition or Iteration structure - for statement,
continue statement, nested loop, while loop
• Storage class

3
 Decision making and Branching

• To change the order of execution based on certain conditions

or repeat a group a statements until certain specified
conditions are met.
• Any expression can be used as a program statement by
following the expression with a ‘;’ (semicolon).
• ANSI C has the following categories of statements
– Selection – if, switch
– Iteration – for, do, while
– Jump – continue, break, goto, return
– Label – case, default, (goto) label statement
– Expression – valid expression
– Block – { … } (also called compound statements)

4
 C Control Structure Decision
Compound Statements
{...} if - else switch - case

break

break

5
 C Control Structure Looping

• The while loop keeps repeating an action until an associated test

returns false. This is useful where the programmer does not know
in advance how many times the loop will be traversed.
• The do while loops is similar, but the test occurs after the loop
body is executed. This ensures that the loop body is run at least
once.
• The for loop is frequently used, usually where the loop will be
traversed a fixed number of times. It is very flexible, and novice
programmers should take care not to abuse the power it offers.

6
 C Control Structure Looping
while do-while for

n - times

7
 The if – else Statement

• Structure if (expression)
statement_1
else
statement_2
• The else part is optional
• The expression is evaluated: if expression is TRUE (I.e. non zero)
then statement_1. If expression is FALSE (i.e. zero) then
statement_1 is executed if present. For multiple if’s, the else goes
with the closest if without an else condition.

8
 The if – else Statement- Examples
#include <stdio.h> int
main()
{
int b;
printf("Enter a value:");
scanf("%d", &b);
if (b < 0)
printf("The value is
negative\n");
else if (b == 0)
printf("The value is
zero\n");
else
printf("The value is
positive\n");
return 0;
}

9
 The switch-case Statement
–Multiple branch selection statement
–Tests the value of an expression against a list of integer or char
constants
–When a match is found, then statement associated with that
constant is executed.
–Structure switch (expression)
{
case I1: statements;
case I2: statements;
case I3: statements;
case In: statements;
default: statements; // optional
}
10
 The switch-case Statement contd…

• Operation: the expression is evaluated; then execution continues

at the statements following the case statement that matches the
result or after the label default if there are no matches. If the
default case does not exist, then execution continues after the last
case statement.
• Execution continues through remaining cases in the switch
structure unless the break instruction is encountered. If a break
is encountered, then execution continues after the present switch-
case instance.

11
 The while Statement
• Structure while(expression) The while Statement
statement; Example
or while (a < b)
while(expression)
{
{
statement_1; printf("%d\n", a);
statement_2; a = a + 1;
} }

* Operation: expression is evaluated and if TRUE then statement (or

statement_1 and statement_2) is executed. The evaluation and
executions sequence is repeated until the expression evaluates to be
FALSE. If the expression is initially FALSE then statement is not
executed at all.

12
 Understanding a while loop
b=1;
When the computer reaches
While(b<2)
{ while statement, it tests to see if
blah
the Boolean expression is true.
blah
b=b+1; If true, it jumps into the block of
}
code immediately below the
blah
blah while statement.

13
 Understanding a while loop
b=1; When the computer reaches last
While(b<2)
{
line in the while loop’s block of
blah code, it jumps back up to the
blah while statement. It re-tests the
b=b+1;
Boolean expression. If still true,
}
blah it enters the block of code
blah again.

14
 Understanding a while loop
b=1;
When the Boolean expression
While(b<2)
{ becomes false , the computer
blah
skips the while loop
blah
b=b+1; statement’s block of code and
}
continues with the remainder
blah
blah of the program.

15
 The do-while Statement
• Structure do
{
statement;
} while(expression);
• Operation: Similar to the while control except that
statement is executed before the expression is
evaluated. This guarantees that statement is always
executed at least one time even if expression is
FALSE.
do {
printf("%d\n", a);
a = a + 1;
} while (a < b);

16
 The for Statement
• Structure: for(expr1; expr2; expr3)
{
statement;
}
• Operation: The for loop in C is simply a shorthand way of expressing a
while statement:
expr1;
while(expr2)
{
statement;
expr3
}
• The comma operator lets you separate several different statements in
the initialization and increment sections of the for loop (but not in the
test section).

17
 Auxiliary Control Statements
• Break – Causes the innermost control structure to be exited
immediately. Execution continues with the statement immediately
following the control structure just exited.
• Continue – Causes immediate execution of the next loop to begin.
• Goto - Rumour has it that the goto statement should be avoided
because the program flow will jump all over the place, generating
what's known as SPAGHETTI CODE! No harm in using it in the
most simplest of programs though, but don't make a habit of using
it!!
• The goto keyword is followed by a label, which is basically some
identifier placed elsewhere in the program - like a hyperlink the
points to a place on the same web page.
18
 Looping: A Real Example
• Let's say that you would like to create a program that prints a
Fahrenheit-to-Celsius conversion table. This is easily
accomplished with a for loop or a while loop:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a;
a = 0;
while (a <= 100)
{
printf("%4d degrees F = %4d degrees C\n", a, (a - 32) * 5 / 9);
a = a + 10;
}
return 0;
}

19
 C Errors to Avoid

• Putting = when you mean == in an if or while statement

• Forgetting to increment the counter inside the while loop - If you
forget to increment the counter, you get an infinite loop (the loop never
ends).
• Accidentally putting a ; at the end of a for loop or if statement so that
the statement has no effect - For example:
for (x=1; x<10; x++);
printf("%d\n",x);
only prints out one value because the semicolon after the for statement
acts as the one line the for loop executes.

20
 Storage Class Specifiers
• C has four kinds of storage classes
– Automatic
– Register
– Static
– External
• Storage class is used to denote to the compiler where memory is to be
allocated for variables
• Storage class tells, what will be the initial value of the variable, if the
initial value is not specifically assigned.(i.e the default initial value).
• Storage class informs the compiler the scope of the variable.Scope refers
to which functions the value of the variable would be available.
• Storage class informs the compiler the life of the variable. Life refers to
how long would the variable exist.

21
 Automatic Storage Class
• All variables declared within a function are called local variables, by
default belong to the automatic storage class.

Storage Memory
Default Initial Value Garbage Value

Scope Local to the block in

which the variable is
defined
Life Till the control remains within
the block in which it is
defined

22
 Example for Automatic Storage Class

main()
{
auto int i;
printf(“%d \n %d \n”,i,j);
}

Output
1211
876

23
 Example for Automatic Storage Class
Main()
{ Output:
auto int j=1;
{
3
auto int j=2; 2
{
auto int j=3;
1
printf(“%d\n”,j);
}
printf(“%d\n”,j);
}
printf(“%d\n”,j);
}

24
 Register Storage Class
• Register storage class allocates memory in CPU’s high speed registers.

Storage CPU Registers

Default Initial Value Garbage Value

Scope Local to the block in

which the variable is
defined
Life Till the control remains within
the block in which it is
defined

25
 Example for Register Storage Class
main()
{
register int i;
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
printf(“%d\n”,i);
}

Note:
The register storage class cannot be used for all types of variables.
Example:
register float q;
register double s;
register long r;

26
 Static Storage Class
• Static storage class informs the compiler that the value stored in the
variables are available between function calls

Storage Memory
Default Initial Value Zero

Scope Local to the block in

which the variable is
defined
Life Value of the variable persists
for different function calls

27
 Example for Static Storage Class
main()
main()
{
{
function();
function();
function();
function();
function();
function();
}
}
function()
function()
{
{
auto int i=1;
static int i=1;
printf(“%d\n”,i);
printf(“%d\n”,i);
i=i+1;
i=i+1; Output Output
} 1
} 1
1
2
1
3

28
 External Storage Class
• Variables declared outside functions have external storage class

Storage Memory
Default Initial Value Zero

Scope Global

Life As long as the program’s

execution doesn’t come to an
end

29
 Example for External Storage Class
increment()
int i; {

main() i=i+1;
printf(“On incrementingi = %d\n”,i);
{
}
printf(“i=”,i); decrement()

increment(); {
i=i-1;
increment();
printf(“On incrementing
decrement(); i=%d\n”,i);
Output:
decrement(); i=0
} On incrementing i=1
}
On incrementing i=2
On decrementing i=1
On decrementing i=0

30
 Summary
• The different decision structure are if statement, if – else statement,
multiple choice else if statement.
• The while loop keeps repeating an action until an associated test returns
false.
• The do while loops is similar, but the test occurs after the loop body is
executed.
• The for loop is frequently used, usually where the loop will be traversed
a fixed number of times.
• Storage class is used to denote to the compiler where memory is to be
allocated for variables
• C has four kinds of storage classes
– Automatic
– Register
– Static
– External
31
Thank You!

32