Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. Series Resonant Converter:: C L N: N
I. Series Resonant Converter:: C L N: N
Jain
Resonant converters are used to reduce/eliminate the switching losses. There are three basic
types of the resonant DC/DC converters:
S1 S2
D1 D2 L C Dr1
is N1: N2 ior Io
+
+
Vi + + + Co RL Vo
vsec
_ _
_ vs vp
S4 S3 _ _
D4 D3 Dr2
Figure 1
One method of controlling the output voltage in resonant converters is to control the switching
frequency of the full-bridge inverter. This method is called ‘variable frequency control’. In this type
of control, the switching frequency (fs) controls the impedance of the resonant components connected
between the inverter and the load. This in-turn controls the power flow from the input to the output
and, therefore, the output voltage. The resonant components L and C have a fixed value of the
resonant frequency ( f r 1 LC ). Depending upon the value of the frequency, the converter operates
2
in the following three modes:
In the below resonance mode, the switching frequency of the converter is lower than the resonant
frequency. While in the above resonance mode, the switching frequency of the converter is higher
than the resonant frequency. Obviously, at the resonance mode, both the frequencies are equal. The
operating waveforms of the converter in these modes are given in Figure 2. In Figure 2, Vg,S1, Vg,S2,
Vg,S3 and Vg,S4 represent the gate signal applied to switch S1, S2, S3 and S4 respectively.
1
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
Vg,S1
Vg,S3
t
Vg,S2
Vg,S4
Vi t
vs
is
current is leads
t voltage vs
vp
ior
Io
t
Vo
t
Ts /2
Ts
2
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
Vg,S1
Vg,S3
t
Vg,S2
Vg,S4
Vi t
vs
is
current is lags
t voltage vs
vp
ior
Io
t
Vo
t
Ts /2
Ts
3
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
Vg,S1
Vg,S3
t
Vg,S2
Vg,S4
Vi t
vs
is
current is in phase
t with voltage vs
vp
ior
Io
t
Vo
t
Ts /2
Ts
(c) At resonance
Figure 2
Since a resonant circuit is connected between the inverter and the load, it can be assumed that the
current harmonics in the series resonant circuit are very small. Therefore, we are going to consider the
fundamental equivalent circuit only. Also, for the fundamental circuit, the rectifier load at the primary
4
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
jωsL -j/ωsC
is
+ +
vs1 vop Rac
_ _
Zs
Figure 3
Since vs is a square voltage waveform, the RMS value of the inverter voltage (vs) is represented by
Vs1 as shown in (1):
2 2
Vs1 Vi 0.9Vi ------------------------------------------------------ (1)
1
Z s Rac j s L
s C
------------------------------------------- (2)
Z s ------------------------------------------------------ (3)
v s1 v s1
is ------------------------------------------------------ (4)
Zs Zs
s L 1
s C
1
tan
Rac
5
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
2f r L 1
Q Quality factor
Rac 2f r CRac
1
fr Resonant frequency [Hz]
2 LC
L 1
Z s Rac 1 j s
ac
R s CR ac
L 1
Rac 1 j s r r
r Rac s r CRac
--------------------- (6)
1
Rac 1 j Q Q
1
Rac 1 jQ
In equation (6),
s
Relative angular operating frequency
r
Since,
Z s Z s
1/ 2
1
2
1
→ tan 1 Q ----------------------------------- (8)
6
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
Vs1
is
Z s
0.9Vi
is 1/ 2
----------------------------------- (9)
1
2
Rac 1 Q
2
vop is Rac
0.9Vi
vop 1/ 2 ---------------------------------- (10)
2
1 Q 2 1
The output voltage of the converter can, therefore, be controlled by controlling the relative
operating frequency ω or f. Figure 4 shows the output voltage control as a function of f.
7
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
vop
0.9vi
High Q
f= fr / fs
f= fr / fs
ɸ
90°
(c) Impedance
angle
0 f= fr / fs
-90°
1.0
Figure 4
1. f < 1: In this mode fs/fr < 1, and it is called “below resonance mode”.
In this mode, the impedance seen by the inverter is capacitive. This causes a
“leading” current with respect to the inverter output voltage vs. With the leading
current, the inverter operates with the zero current switching (ZCS).
In this mode, the impedance seen by the inverter is resistive. Both the inductive and
capacitive impedances cancel each other. The output current ‘or’ voltage of the
converter is maximum. The inverter output current is in phase with the voltage.
With this the inverter operates with ZCS.
3. f > 1: In this mode fs/fr > 1, and it is called “above resonance mode”.
8
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
In this mode, the impedance seen by the inverter is inductive. This causes a
“lagging” current with respect to the inverter output voltage vs. With the lagging
current, the inverter operates with the zero voltage switching (ZVS).
From Figure 4(a), it is clear that the maximum output voltage, therefore, the maximum power is
obtained at the resonance point. The output voltage can be controlled either by reducing the
operating frequency or by increasing the operating frequency. The operation of the converter is,
however, preferred by increasing the frequency because the converter operates with ZVS. ZVS is a
better technique than ZCS because with ZVS, both the turn-on and turn-off losses can be effectively
reduced. In ZCS, only the turn-off loss can be reduced. However, the ZCS technique is preferred
with the switches that rely on the external circuits to commutate. One example of such a switch is
the “thyristor or SCR”.
The main advantage of the series resonant converter is its simplicity and its high efficiency from
full-load to reduced-load.
The main drawback of the series resonant circuit is that it loses the output voltage control at very
reduced loads and no loads.
9
ELEC 431 Class notes Resonant DC/DC Converters P.K. Jain
S1 S2
D1 D2 L Dr1
is N1: N2 ior Lo io
+
+
Vi + + + Co RL Vo
vsec
_
_ C _
vs vp
S4 S3 _ _
D4 D3 Dr2
Figure 5
S1 S2
D1 D2 L Cs Dr1
is N1: N2 ior Lo io
+
+
Vi + + + Co RL Vo
vsec
_ _
_ vs Cp vp
S4 S3 _ _
D4 D3 Dr2
Figure 6
10