a?

Sooietyof Pddwll a’fgirlec?rs

SPE 26668

Compressibility Factors for Naturally Occurring Petroleum Gases

L.D. Piper, Texas A&M U.; W.D. McCain Jr., S,A, Holditch & Assocs. Inc.; and J.H, (lorredor,
Inters Petroleum Production Div.
SPE Members

COpyrighl 1993, Sc@efy of Petroleum Englneam Inc.

Thta paper was prepared for presentation at the 66fh Annual Technical Conferenw and Exhibition of the $ocie!y of Petroleum Engineers held In Houston, Texas, 3-6 October 1993.

Thle paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contelnad In an abstrect submitted by the author(a). Contents ot the paper.
as praaantad, have not been ravlewad by the Soclafy of Petroleum En@eara and are eublect to C-Jrrecfionby the author(a). The material. as Preee~ted. doee not necessarily reflect
MY poaitlon of the SocIefy of Petroleum Engineere. IISoffiwra, or members. Pepara preeonled al SPE maatin?lsare eub]act to publication review by Editorial Commlftaos of the Soclaty
of Petroleum Enginaare. Permieelonto coPy lareetricfed to an abstract of not more than 3@ worde. Illuslratione may not be copied. The absfrdcf should contsln conspicuous acknowledgment
of where and by whom tha paper is praeantad. Write Librarian, SPE, P.O. Box S33836, Richardson, TX 76083-3S36. U.S.A. Talex, 1S3246 SPEUT.

correspondingstates, Kay’spseudocriticalpointi and the SK chart

The Sutton gas specific gravity correlation gives values of
pseudocritical properties which, when used with the Dranchuk
and Abou-Kassem (DAK) representation of the Standing and
Kak (SK) chtW currentiy provide the most accurate estimatesof
compressibility factors for naturally occurring petroleum gases.
However, other correlations must be used to account for the
presenceof acid gases. A new gas specific gravity correlation is
presented which takes into account the effects of the acid gases
and nitrogen. The new correlation provides more accurate
estimates of the compressibility factor than can be obtained by
current methods and also elimimtes the need for involving
additional correlations to comet for the presence of acid gases
and nitrogen. The new correlation was developed using a set of
1482data points, ranging in composition flom lean sweet to rich
acid gases.
are commonly used. If the composition of the gas is known, the
pseudocriticaltemperature and pressure may be calculated using
Kay’s rules--molar averages of the critical properties of the
mixture’scomponents. Otherwise,the pseudocriticaltemperature
and pressure may be estimated using correlations based on gas
;pecific gravity. Then, the reduced temperature and pressure
nay be calculated and the SK chart or its representation by the
MK equationof state maybe used to determinethe z factor.
3utton2 presented more accurate methods for both cases, His
nethod for calculating the pseudocritical temperature and
pressurewhen the composition of the gas is known is based on
theStewti Burkhard4and Voo (SBV) equationsgiven by
TP=+nd~=r ‘w . . . . . . . . . . ..(la)

where,
Knowledgeof the pressure-volume-tempemture(PVT) behavior
of natural gases is necessary to solve many petroleum
engineeringproblems. Gas reserves, gas metering, gas pressure
gradients, pipeline flow and compression of gases are some of
the problems requiring the gas compressibtity factor, or z factor.
Typically,the z factor is determined by laboratorymeasurement.
Howevex,laboratory data is only applicable for the compositions His gas specitic gravity correlation for estimating the pseudct-
and conditions investigated. When conditions of interest are critkal temperatureand pressure when the compositionof the gas
different from those of the laboratory studies or data is not is known, based on 634 compositions from 275 PVT reports, is
available,correlationsmust be used. given by
The basic methods for esthnating the gas compressibility factor
TP = 169.2-t 349,5ys - 74.Oy;,
are relatively simple and well known] The principle of
and
~,=756.8 - 131.0yg - 3.6y;. . “ o “ o (z)

Referencesand illustrations at end of ~aper.

661
 * R

2 COMPRESSIBILITYFACTORSFOR NATURALLYOCCURRINGPETROLEUMGASES SPE 26668

If the gas contains hydrogen suikde or carbon dioxid;, the mrect these deficiencies. For this study, we added 586 data
Wichert and &iz correlation: mints from 37 PVT reports from the literature5-13 and other
)ources14-15.Table 1 shows the range of composition, physical
‘rpc = TP -e, )roperties, and conditions of the resulting data base. Our
where, ;xpanded data basu contains signitkrmtly more gases with
& = 120”[(yms+ ymf - (Yms+ Yc d] .6
ipeciilc gravities ranging from 1.3 to 1.8. Additionally, it
:ontains significantly more gases with impurities than the data
+ 15“(Msr
[ 1
- (yIt?sf, MM used by Sutton. While the maximum concentrations of
and, ~y&ogen sulilde and carbon dioxide are quite large, only ten
xment of the samples had an acid gas concentmtiongreaterthan
ppcl-’pc . . . . . . . ...6....(3) ,welvepercent.
“PC = Tp + y~l - )@’
Updated Coefficients for Eqs. 4. Our previous arnlysis was
repeated using the expanded data base to develop the new
should be used to adjust the pseudocritical constants.2-3 wefficients for Eqs. 4 shown in Table 2. We then evaluated the
However, Ref. 2 is unclear on how Eqs. 3 should be applied to WV rules, Sutton’smodilkation to the SBV rules (SSBV) and
Eqs. 2. Eqs. la and 4 using the expandeddatabase. The averageabsolute
wrors of the calculated compressibility factors were 2.23, 1.53,
In an earlier pape~, we discussed Sutton’smodification to the md 1.07percentirespectively. These results were consistentwith
SW rules in detail and presented a new modification which hose in Ref. 4 and are shown in Table 3, for four different
takes into account the effects of the heprane plus fraction, acid wbsets of the data ranging from lean sweet gases to rich acid
gases and nitrogen. TM correlation, having a form simii to the Bases,and Figs. 1 through 4. Figs. 2 and 4 show the distribution
SBV equations, was based on 896 data points from 134 PVT ~f the errors with the experimental z factor. Higher emors
reports and is given by mwrred at lower z factors. Even though the gases in Sutton’s
database containedno hydogen sultlde and only limited amounts
of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, Uwz factors calculated using his
modification fitted the expanded data base very well. This fact
gives a great deal of confidence in the theoretical basis of the
formof the SBV equations.

~v~
and,
To evaluate the current gas specific gravity correlations, we first

‘=’o+$fi’’k%),+”wd assumed that the amount of impurites in the mixture was known.
The technique given by Standing3 for applying the Wichert and

H)] +
Aziz correlation, Eqs. 3, was used to correct for the presence of
+’P~Y’#j

+ MYc@fc&
P6Yc#f@
.,,...(4)
acid gases. We evaluated !Mnding’sreservoir gas correlationand
Sutton’s comelation, Eqs. 2. The results of these calculations
using our data base are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 5. The
average absolute error was 1.99 and 1.42 percent respectively.
where yI G {~, yma YN2}J y] = {Ye],Yc2#o.*YDC6}s ad *e a: We then assumed that the amount of impurites in the mixture was
unknown. As maybe seen in Fig. 6, the error was as large as 27
and pi were shown in Table 3 of Ref. 4. E@. 4, usti with Eqs percent and the maximum error varied linearly with the amount
la and the DAK representation of the SK chrul provided mor~ of impuritiesin the rjxture.
accurate estimates of the compressibtity factor, simplified tht
procedures,and included the effects of nitrogen. ~

This paper reports on further studies using a larger database. Wt

Our objective was a method for estimating the pseudocxitical
present an update for the coefficients of Eqs. 4, based on UN constants when composition is not known which, if used with the
expanded data base, and anew gas spec~lc gravity correlation DAK representationof the SK cM@ more accuratelyreproduces
Both Eqs. 4 and the new correlation elhnhm the need for E@ the experimental compressibility factors. The data discussed
3 and include the effects of nitrogev and can be used with Eqsabove was used with the DAK equation of state and a
la to calculate more accurate estimates of the compressibilityminimization procedure to detexminethe inferred paeudocritkal
factor. constants. TLis set of inferred pseudocritical values was then
used with multiple regression analysis to develop a new
correlation for J and K to be used with Eqs. lain calculating
values for the pseudocritical point, We later refer to the new
Our previous work on gas compressibdity cormdations used I method as the proposed gas specificgravity correlation.
data base with a limited number of high specific gravity gase
and gases with high impurities content. The data set has bee] Procedure. A muhidimensional conjugate gradient algorithm16
expanded by about 60 %, with emphasis on adding gases u
was used to find the point on the ~r-Tw sW= giv~ by the
SPE 26668 L. D. PIPER, W. D. MCCAIN, JR. AND J. H. CORREDOR
DAK representation of the SK chart which minimized the
difference between experimental and calculated z factors. The
experimental compressibility factor, pressure and temperature,
and pseudocritical constants calculated using Sutton’s
modification to SBV rules were used as initial guesses. The
algorithm converged for all the data points and returned values
for the inferred pseudociitical temperature and pressure. Based
on our previous finding, that much of the scatter in compming
calculated to inferred values of pseudodtical temperamre and
pressure, ocurred at the last steps of a depletion study--a dtificult
laboratory procedure, 121 data points were not used in our
correlations. We attempted but were unable to correlate the
infersedpseudocritkal tempemttureand pressurewith gas specitic
gravity because of the large amount of impurities in the gases of
OLU data base.
Inferred Values of J and K. The 1482 remaining pairs of the
inferred pseudocritkal constants and Eqs. la were used to find
the inferred valuesfor the SBV parameters 1 and K, as shown
below:
1. A set of z factors, temperatures, pressures, and gas
After finding that the inferred values of J and K were strongly
related to the specific gravity of the gas mixture as can be
observed in Flge. 7 and 8, we decided to use a regression model
similar to Eqs. 4, which was originally developedby Corredor17.
Notice the data points in the lower right half of both figures,
These two samples, which contain very high concentrations 01
carbon dioxide, obviously are omliers with respect to the 2. One proposed correlation, based on gas composition, is a
relationships between J and K and specific gravity. The
correlationscan be improved by omitting them; however, they
were retained in the database because they were correlatable by
the mcdel discussedbelow.
Proposed Specific Gravity Correlation. Multiple regression
techniques were used with the 1482 pairs of inferred J and K as
dependent variables to empirically find a correlation 3. The other proposed correlation,based on gas speci!lcgravity
incorporating the fmt four terms of Eqs. 4 and the gas specific
gravity. The new cordations are given by E+. 6.
‘~re YiE {ysf$,yc~ yN2}, ad the Ui axld pi are shown in
TabIc 4. Eqs. 6 directly account for the effects of hydrogem
sulfide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, eliuinatiug the need fol
Eqs. 3. The new method for calculating the z factor uses onl~
Eqs. 1a and 6 and the DAK representationof the SK chart. Nott
that the new method is simplier than current methods. Whik
Eqs. 6 contains terms similar to those in Eqs. lb, the introduction
of terms for nonhydmcarbongases is a departurefrom the currenl
melhod.
3
lkulte. To evaluate Eqs. la and 6, we again assumed that the
unount of hnpurites in the mixture was known, Figs. 9 and 10
:ompare values of the pseudocritical constants calculated using
Zqs. la and 6 with the inferred values. The results of z factor
xdculations are shown in Table 3 and Fig. 11. The average
ibsolute error of the calculated z factor was 1.30 percent using
he proposed correlation. We then assumed that the amount of
mpurites in the mixture was unknown. As indkated in Fig. 12,
he error was again as large as 27 percent and the maximumerror
wied linearly with the amount of impurities in the mixture.
rable 5 shows a comparison of emors made in using the gas
;peciflc gravity correlations when the amount of impurities are
mknown. Notice that the errors am relatively small if the gas is
lean and sweet. However, the errors can be laxge if the gas
xxttainsmore than five percent acid gas and is at a high pressure.
I%eright half of Fjg, 12 shows results from several samples
wntaining a large amount of impurities. The large errors are
attributableto high concentrations of acid gas alone. The large
ange in error at a constant compositionis attributableto variation
[npressure, Generally, the larger errors occurred at the Wtgher
pressures.
n
compositions covering a very wide range of naturally
occurring petroleum gases and nonhydrocarbon impurities
has been used to develop two new pseudocritical property
correlations for use in calculating z factors. These
correlations may be used with confidence for any naturally
occumingpetroleum gas with an acid gas content as high as
50 percentand ni$rogencontent as high as ten percent.
modification of the SBV mixing rules, which does not
require the use of other correlations for the properties of the
heptanes plus fraction or the effect of acid gas and nitrogen.
This correlation resulted in z factors which fitted the data
base with an average absolute error of 1.1 percent and a
maximum error of 5.8 percent.
and the amounts of nonhydrocarbon impurities in the gas,
also does not require the use of other correlations for the
effect of acid gas and nitrogen. This correlationresulted in z
factors which fitted the data base with an average absolute
emorof 1.3percent and a maximum error of 7.3 percent.
4. The presenceof nonhydrocarbonimpurities in a gas must be
accounted for when using a gas specific gravity~orrelation.
Errors in z factors as high as 27 percent occurred when high
concentrationsof acid gas were ignored.
J = SBV parameter,OR/psia
K = SBV parameter,OR/psiaO’S
= molar mass, lb-mole
MC: = molar mass of heptane plus fraction,lb-mole
P = pressure,psia
PG = aitical pressure,psia
663
4 COMPRESSIBILITYFACTORS FOR NATI
% = pseudocriticalpreSSIW,pSiZ
Ppr = pseudoredwed pressure
= correlationeoeffieierit
1 = tempemtum, ‘R
Te = critical temperature, ‘R
Tpc = psemkwrkicaltemwfi !ure, ‘R
TW = pseudoreducedtemperature
= mole fnwtion of heptane plus fraction
YC7+
Yi = mole fractionof the i-th component
z = gas compressibilityfactor
ai = cuftieients of the chelations for J
B, = coefficientsof the correlationsfor K
= qwciftc gravity of the gas mixture
7*
E = Wichert and Aziupseudocriticaltemperature
adjustmentparameter, ‘R
We thank Core Laboratories Inc. and S. A. Holditch &
Associates,Inc. for providing data.
1. MeCain, William D., Jr; ThePropertiesofPetroleum
Fluids,2ndcd., PennWellBooks, Tulsa(1990) 104-22,
510-12.
2. Sutton, R. P; “CompressibdityFactors for High
MolecularWeight ReservoirGases,” paper SPE 14265
presentedat the SPE Annual TechnicalMeeting and
Exhibition,l-as Vegas,Sept. 22-25,1985.
3. Standing,M. B.: VolumetricandPhaseBehavwrof Oil
FieidH@rocarbonSystems,9thRiming, Society of
Petroleumengineersof AIME, Dallas(1977) 122.
4. Corredor, J.H., Piper, L.D., and McCain, W.D. Jr.:
“CompressibilityFactors for Naturally Oceuming
ALLYOCCURRINGPETROLEUMGASES SPE 2666
PetroleumGases: paper SPE 24864 presentedat the SPB
AnnualTechnicalMeeting and Exhibition, Washingtm
D. C., Oct. 4-7,1992.
5. Wiche%E.: “CompressibilityFactor of Sour Natural
~7~” MEng Thesis, The Universityof Calgary, Alberta
6. Metcalfe,R. S. and Raby, W. J.: “PhaseEquilibriafw a
Rich Gas Condensate-NitrogenSystem,”FluidPhase
Equilibria29 (1986) 563-73.
7. Fimozabadi, A., Hem Y. and Katz, D. L.: “Resewoir
DepletionCalculationsfor Gas CondensatesUsing
ExtendedAnalyses in the Peng-RobmsonEquationof
State,”&M. Per.Tech, (Get.,1978)610-15.
8. Coats, K. H. and SmarLG. T.: “Applicationof a
Regression-BasedEOS PVT Program to LaboratoryData
SPERE(MZy,1986) 277-99.
9. KenyonD.E. and Behie, A.: ““lldrdSPE Comparative
Solution Projeec Gas Cycling of RetrogradeCondensate
Resxvoirs: JPT (Aug., 1987)981-97.
10. Whiison,C. H. and Torp, S. B.: “EvaluatingConstant
VolumeDepletion Data: JPT (Ma@ 1983) 610-620.
11. Moses, P. L.: “EngineeringApplicationsof Phase
Behaviorof Cfude 011and CondensateSystems,”JPT
(July, 1986)715-23.
12. Coats, IL H; “Simulationof Gas CondensateReservoir
Performance: paper SPE 10512presentedat the Sixth
SPE Symposiumon ReservoirSimulation,New Orleans,
Jan. 31-Feb. 3,1982.
13. Kilgren, K. H..: “PhaseBehaviorof a High-i%essure
CondensateReservoirFluid; JPT (Aug, 1966) 1001-’7.
14. Vrla, F.: personal communication,May 29,1992.
15. Holditch,S. A,: personal communication,June 7,1993
16. Press, W. H., FJannery,B. P., Teukolsky, S. A. and
Vetterling,W. T.: NumericalRecipes,1st cd., Cambrklge
UniversityPress, New York (1986) 301-7.
17. Corredor, J. H.: “Compressibtity Factors for Retrograd
Gases: A New Correlation,” MS Thesis, Texas A&l
IJniversity,College Station (191).

TABLE 1--RANGE OF DATA

Variable Mean Minimum Maximum

Hydrogen Sulfide 2.45 0.00 51.37
Carbon Dioxide 3.38 0.OO 67.16
N~trogen 1.87 0,00 15.68
Methane 71.15 19.37 94.73
Ethane 8.21 2.30 18.40
Propane 4.04 0.06 12.74
iso-Butane 0.90 2,60
n-Butane 1.55 i% 6.04
iso-Pentane 0.64 0.00 2,24
n-Pentane 0.88 0.00
Hmane 0.65 :%
HeptanePlus 4,28 w 14.94
MC7+ 135,2 98.0 29;.0

7c3#+ 0.779 0.710 0.884

z 0.989 0.698 2.099

T, ‘T 243.8 78.0 326.0
p, psia 3758.6 514.0 12814.0
7*(air= 1) 0.972 0.613 1.821
684
 L. D. PIPER,W. D, MCCASN,JR, ANDJ. H, CORREDOR

TABLE 2-WPDATED COEFFICIENTS FOR EQS. 4

J K
standard Pi standard
i ~ Error I&or
o 5.2073E-02 8.8370E-03 -3.9741E-01 2.2271E-01
1 1.0160E@0 2,3018E-02 1,0503E+O0 1.5428E-02
8,6961E-01 2.1985E-02 9.6592E-01 1,6132E-02
: 7.2646E-01 4.1292E-02 7.8569E411 4.2227E-02
4 8.5101E-O1 1.5402E-02 9.8211E-01 1,S134E-02

~2
I 0,981 I 0,979

TABLE 3--ACCURACY OF COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR CALCULATIONS

Psmdocritlcal Property Correlation

SEYSSBY SmdinL?
~ (0.61< ‘ygc 0.99)-628 data points
@C7,<4% & yH$+y~<5%)
AvemgeErru -0.023 -:ol; 0.001 -:jloo 0.001
M@mum Absolute13m3r 0.065 0.054 0,079
AverageAbsoluteError,% 2,508 1:577 1.040 1:293 1.304
MaximumAbsoluteError,% 6,668 4,582 5.831 5.882 6.371

~ (0.63 c y~< 1,42)-369 data points

@c7+<4% & YH2S+Y~>5%)
Average13rm -:,;: -0,002 -Wlol -;:;; -:.:;; -g.::;
MaximumAbsoluteError :04; (/:();
AverageAbsolute Error,% 1:627 1:295 1:163 1:176
Maximurn AbsoluteFaor, % 6.467 6:518 3:647 6.356 6.450 4.386

BkkWWMM (0.84 c ‘ygc 1.82)-439 data points

(Yc7+Z4% ~ YIi2s+Yco2<5%)
AverageBra -:.:;; 0.008 0,003 -0.034 0.009 0.001
MaximumAlmoluteError :05; 0,053 0.162 p)); 0.061
Awage AbsoluteError,% 2:556 1,173 3,070 1.356
MaximumAbsoluteWor, % 7.571 5:816 4,410 9,795 7:856 4.709

~ (0.84< Yge 1.82)-167 data points

ti~~+~4% & yn#+yC0225%)
AverageErnx -:ol; 0,011 0.001 -;.;;; -:00; -0,002
MaxirmunAbsoluteEmor 0.057 0.048 0.043
AverageAbsoluteWor, m 1:656 1.689 1.069 3:307 1:715 1.235
MaximumAbsoluteEmoL,m 5.789 7.719 3.674 9.829 6.786 5.350

~m~l~hta points
-::;: -0.003 0.001 -:.::: 0.002 0.001
MaximurnAbsoluteEaror 0,067 (/.()): ::;; 0.076
AverageAbsoluteEmor,% 2:230 1.526 1:990 1.304
MaximumAbsoluteError,% 7.5’.. 7.719 5:831 9.829 7:856 7.230

665
 ●

COMPRESSIBXLITY
FACIXIRSFORNATUW4LLYOCCURRINGPETROLEUMGASES SPE 26668

TABLE 4==PROPOSED GAS SPECIFIC GRAVITY CORRELATION

: Standard Sta&rcd
Error

o 1.1582E-01 7.4SOE-03 3.8216E+O0 \:\\,XE-O:

1 -4,582QE-01 1,3616E-02 -6.5340E-02
-9.0348E-01 1.5387E-02 -4,21 13E-01 1.0812Ek2
-6.6026E=-01 3.9664E-02 -9.1249E-01 4,I073E-02
4 7.0729E-01 1.3878E-02 1.7438E+-01 3.1914E-01
5 -9.9397E-02 6.055E-03 -3.2191E+O0 1.3925E-01

0,979 0.975

TABLE 5--ACCURACY OF GAS SPECIFIC GRAVITY

CORRELATIONS WHEN IMPURITIES ARE UNKNOWN

I YH*S
+ YcO~<$ % II yH2S+ YC02~ 5 %
Is utton I MS. 6 1 Sutton I ~S. 6
i
YC7+<4 %

YC7+24%

—
1 I 1 1 1

666
 WE 26668 L. D. PIPER, IV. D. MCCAIN, JR AND J. H. CORREDOR 7

2.0- 2.0-
~
1
1.8- i

1.6- ...... .... ......... ... 1.....................+

!5 1.6--............. .....................
j
I 1 g
kl
t
...........*..... ...................+........
~ 1.4- N 1.4- ......................+.. ......... .......
i:!
~
t I
1*2 ...........T..+ ....... ............................................+....
1
!: !
1.0 l.o-- .................................... ...

0.13-....... 0.8=

0.6
0.6 0.S 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Eapsrimcntal z Factor Expcrimentsl z Factor

Fig. I=-Calculated z Factor using Sutton’s Fig. 3-.Calculated z Factor using Proposed
Modification to SBV Rules Modification to SBV Rules

........................ ......................... ............ .........

i;;
+1
+j 1
t

I l!
~

.
+l~i
...
.
+~+~~
-..*..I..
+1
....
.....
...
...
.
1;.. ..{
i
.....
?*! ,. : : !
++: I 1

+ +

........

... ...t . .. .
@

0:6 0:8 1:0 1:2 1:4 1:6 0:6 0:8 1:0 1:2 1:4 1:6 :
Espcrimsntal z Factor Expcdmental z Factor

Fig. 2--Error ID Calculated z Factor using Sutton’s Fig. 4-.Error in Calculated z Factor using Proposed
Modification to SBV Ruka Modification to SBV RUISS
 ●

8 COMPRESSIBIIII’Y FACTGRSFOR NATURALLYOCCURRINGPETROLEUMGASES SPE266S8

........
-

P ‘r-l ! I W(’
2.0 ................o

la-t ...........i
....o..\

1
...........i
..............""....."..
““”””””””””i””””””””*
;““”’

L............j............\......+..F ...........i.....i
........................
I
I
.........../............................. ............ .......... .
[$
. ..+..+.

!%l-l~#i-i’
4
...4..*......... ............!..... } :4* i
i
++
i
I
;;...:! + ......... ............ ....
,+ I ~
i
Tj 1.2- I }
+ ~
8 *1+ ~
1.o- ........... ............ ........... ...........*.....
4+:
r ~
o.s- ....... !
i
: ! i
0.6 1 I --i-
0.6 0.8 S.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.s 2.0 1.2
3.4 11.6 1.S
Experimental z Factor (%s Specific Gravity

Fig. S--Calculated z Factor using Sutton’s Specific Fig. 7--Variation of the Inferred Value of J with
Gravity Correlation with Impurities Known the Specific Gravity of the Gas Mixture

.-
:{;
i;
.....l.....\.....j.....j.....i
.....j.....\.....!.....j.....l.....i...~...~
...........~
26
i

l~i
24’ ..... .....+............j............y
{~: 1 :?!
...~..................
; ~.....f.....
;: j..:”+”j
I ..............
24- ...............
1
i
i..............
1
I............1
i
I
,.............l*
h.$k
...........~.....
$ i
i I
~1 1........ ‘+ R&.!...........+....
P#)
I
‘“”””
""'""\
"."""~""""{"".""~".."""i""-"";"""""i""""'!"""4".".';"""[.*"~""'"j"""""!
22- .............!..............................
...........}::
20 ....................
{1:::....................................
!~
I.....:;+1 ... .....
:+::
j;: ........~ t
,4
@ ........
\...~
I ::::............
............... ............. ............. .......+.?. ...y...t j
. i : i: I!! i:;
20- .............I..............!........*4 ...!..... M..i.. .......... ..........
....................................’,
....;... ~*!*: .... ........:. ..:
.....~...................
E 16!wi:
n
i!:\ fl
..l.~ ....y" . ...... ...f ....~...j.$ .. ....*...~
..~..l~ .. q. ........t..~.-.;...:.. \.-... -.’&””
3
...........................................+.. ...........................................

ILL:
[i:+::~;

‘ ‘
a12i [~.:::;
31 ... P ~:~i
‘:-q4 ........j. ......$... +.... ““f”””””
““’”””;”””’”
4
8
~iil;ilit~+~~:
..1...........+..... ......................... ...... ..... ............ ...... ...... ..;
. .... .... . ... .. .. ... ..... ................................. ..... ...... ....+.....
i
14. .::.....+ .............I.............~.....
...........................L
1
.... ,. . ....+..... ..\ ......r .....~....J .....j .....f ....t ....\ ..........j ...... i i !
-r.. ...............
~Ji ...... ........................ ............ !.............i
4..+F+;f ‘i!’; :: 12 ...2...
*.4
. ..........j .............L............l
.............i .....

,..’
..?.
~:
:+,:~~i
h
5...........1......
+~l~j:::
.........!..... ...... .... ........... \...................
i;
......... ...........“............”..... i 10
?.
I
i~~
1
i
i
?
1
11
1 I
I
!

I
1 I 1 1- 1 [ I B I
0:0 0:1 9:2 0:3 0;4 0:S 0:6 0:7
YSM + Y- + YNJ Gs8 Sedtlc Gravity

Fig. 6--Error in Calculated z Factor using SUttds Fig. 8--Variation of the Inferred Value of K with
Specific Gravity Correlation with Impurities Unknown the SpecMic Gravity of the Gas Mixture
 ,,
4

SPE 2666J L. D. PIPER,W, D,MCCAIN,JR, AND J, H. CORREDOR

E . . . . . . ..+ . . . . . . . ..+ . . . . . . . . ..j . . . . . . . . . ..{ . . . . . . . . . ..+ . . . . . . . . ...*.....

iyj

!:
j

I
;
I
:

!
;

j
~

~:
: I
I I
0.6 I
I 1 i I I I I I 1 I I I I
3oa 3io 4Q0 4s0 Soo 550 tfoo 0:6 0:8 1:0 1:2 1:4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Inferred Pscudocritlcal Temperature, ‘R Experimental z Factor

Fig. 9.=Calculated Pseudocritical Temperature using Fig. n--Calculated z Factor using Proposed Specific
I%opoeed Specific Gravity Correlation Gravity Correlation with Impurities Known

\........ ...!
......".."""""~
1/
................. ““””””””
f
i !
+* :

.................].........................................I*.4...........!.........
I\ ;+* + \
.................. ............. “ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
t
i
i
+

-.
........... ..$ ..L..................................................
.............
j i.
$

*; .....&
.........&
.................i....
ti~ I;I! ;
:-
Soo 6007tio 800 900 0:0 0:1 0:2 0:3 0:4 0:5 0.6 0.7
InkrrcdPseodocrMcal
Pressure, psla YIW + h: + yNa

Fig. 10--Ctdcu1ated Pseudocriticai Pressure using Fig, 12--Error in Calculated z Factor using Proposed
Proposed Specific Gravity Correlation Specific Gravity Correlation with Impurities Unknown
 .

SPE266i8

.,,
......
~ as a ~Unction of Gas Specific Gravity and Amount of Impurities

~iH~:H~:= o 10
Mol % H2S
20 0 10
Mol % COa
20 0 10
Mo1 % A’,
20

1.1 , :: : ;

1.o-

! o.9-
9
g
:

1!
g . ......f ....... ........}.......i............. :.......

z
~

006 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.S 1.6 1.7 1.8 l.~
Gas Specific Gravity

Burkharcit and Voo equations,

K2
T pC=~dkppC= ‘=to
J estimate Tpc & Ppc*

See Piper, McCain, & Corredor, “Compressibility Factors for Naturally

Occurring Petroleum Gases”, SPE 26668, presented at the 1993 WE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition in Houston, Texas, October 345, 1993.
670
 ,,W

SPE26668
K as a Function of Gas Specific G~avity and Amount of Impurities

,;H..
...
... ,8= ,:M,
0 10 20 0 10 20 0 10
Mol % IIJ? Mol % C03 Mo] % Na

26 i
i

24

I
9

&

I
I

12
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 l-l ~02 l-s 104 I*5 1*6 1*7 108 1*9
Gas Spcclfh! Gravity