Please see Figure 11-4 in MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K.

J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous, 2005. Water Treatment: Principles and Design,

Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey.
 Size Distribution of Typical Naturally Occurring and Processed Filter Sand

10
Particle Diameter, mm

Naturally Occurring Sand

Processed Filter Sand

0.1
.01 .1 1 5 10 20 30 50 70 80 90 95 99 99.9 99.99

Percent of Media with Smaller Diameter

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.
Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 881.
 Typical properties of filter media used in rapid filters*

PROPERTY UNIT GARNET LLMENITE SAND ANTHRACITE GAC

Effective Size, ES mm 0.2 - 0.4 0.2 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.8 0.8 - 2.0 0.8 - 2.0

Uniformity Coefficient,
UC 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 1.7 1.3 - 2.4
UC

Density, ρρ g/mL 3.6 - 4.2 4.5 - 5.0 2.65 1.4 - 1.8 1.3 - 1.7

Not
Porosity, ε % Not available 40 - 43 47 - 52
45 - 58 available

Hardness Moh 6.5 -7.5 5.6 7 2-3 Low

* = Not Available

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.
Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 882.
 DEVELOPMENT OF NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN THE RAPID GRAVITY FILTER

0
Head Curve - No Flow
Depth of Water (m)

WATER

MEDIA

Curve Representing
Increase in Depth to
Depth Over Clean Sand with Time
which Negative
Pressure Occurs Head Curves - as Filter
Becomes Dirty
Head Curve -
Clean Filter
5 4 3 2 1
D
0 D Section through filter
Pressure at Bottom of Media (m of water)

Lines 1 to 5 represent the changes in pressure through the filter as the media becomes blinded.
Line 5 results in the development of negative pressures within the media.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed.
Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
 100

10-1

Sum 1

10-2
Transport Efficiency

Sum 2

10-3
Interception

Sedimentation ρρ = 2650 kg/m3

10-4

Diffusion

10-5

Sedimentation ρρ = 1050 kg/m3

10-6
10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4
Particle Diameter, m

Influence of Particle Size and Density on Filtration Transport Efficiency (dc = 0.5 mm, v = 5 m/h,
and T = 25oC)

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.
Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 912.
 Comparison of Theoretical Model and Experimental Data

1
Single - Collector Efficiency

10-1

Experimental Data
10-2

Theoretical Model
10-3

10-4
10-2 10-1 1 10 102

100
Removal Efficiency of Filter (%)

T = 23oC
80 L = 5.5 in.
Experimental Data f = 0.36
d = 0.397 mm
60
v0 = 2 gpm / sq.ft.
a = l (assumed)
40

20 Theoretical Model

0
10-2 10-1 1 10 102
Size of Suspended Particles (microns)

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Yao, K.-M., M. T. Habibian, and C. R. O'Melia. "Water and Waste Water Filtration: Concepts
and Applications." Environmental Science & Technology 5, no. 11 (November 1971): 1105-1112.
 0 0.5 1
0 0

10 10

20 20
Anthracite
Depth (cm)

30 30
α = 1.0
α = 0.1
40 40

50 50

Sand
60 60

70 70
0 0.5 1
Filter Quality C/C in

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: O'Melia, C. R., and J. Y. Shin. Removal of particles using dual media filtration: modeling
and experimental studies." Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 1, no. 4, (2001): 73-79.
 Cross Section of a Granular- Media Gravity Filter

Wash Trough

30 in. max

Graded Gravel

Filter Media 24 to 30 in.

8 to 16 in.

Underdrain

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed.
Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.
Source: JSIM, 2001. Database on Japanese Advanced Environmental Equipment, The Underdrain
System for Rapid Filter and GAC Adsorption Filter. Japan Society of Industrial Machinery
Manufacturers. http://nett21.gec.jp/JSIM_DATA/WATER/WATER_6/html/Doc_307.html. Accessed February 21, 2005.

Typical Pipe Lateral Underdrain Installation

Wash Trough

Filter Media

Waste Gullet

Porous concrete
layer
Pipe Laterals
Gravel layer Slit plates Manifold

Beams

Source: F.B. Leopold Company, 2003. Filtration, The Process, Underdrain Types.
http://www.fbleopold.com/water/filtration/underdrain.htm. Accessed February 21, 2005.

Source: F.B. Leopold Company, 2003. Filtration, The Process, Underdrain Types.
http://www.fbleopold.com/water/filtration/underdrain.htm. Accessed February 21, 2005.
Figures by MIT OCW.
2