CI 1 Numbers

Numbers and Functions
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong
Room #513
September 7, 2012
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Numbers and Functions September 7, 2012 1 / 15
Intervals
Open interval (a, b) = {x ∈ R|a < x < b}
Intervals
Open interval (a, b) = {x ∈ R|a < x < b}

Closed interval [a, b] = {x ∈ R|a ≤ x ≤ b}
Absolute value
Definition
x x ≥0
|x| =
−x x ≤0
Absolute value
Definition
x x ≥0
|x| =
−x x ≤0
Properties
| − x| = |x| ≥ 0
|xy | = |x||y |
|x ± y | ≤ |x| + |y |
Absolute value
Definition
x x ≥0
|x| =
−x x ≤0
Properties
| − x| = |x| ≥ 0
|xy | = |x||y |
|x ± y | ≤ |x| + |y |
Inequalities, for a > 0
|x| < a ⇔ −a < x < a

|x| > a ⇔ −a > x or x > a
Boundedness
A set X ⊂ R is bounded if there exists an integer n such that
|x| ≤ n, ∀x ∈ X
Boundedness
|x| ≤ n, ∀x ∈ X
Example. The following set is bounded

t
X = t∈R
t2 + 1
Boundedness
|x| ≤ n, ∀x ∈ X
Example. The following set is bounded

t
X = t∈R
t2 + 1
Proof. By Cauchy inequality, 2|t| ≤ (t 2 + 1). Therefore ∀x ∈ X

t 1
|x| = 2 ≤ <1
t + 1 2
A set that is not bounded

t
X = t ∈ R
t + 1

t
X = t ∈ R
t + 1
For any positive integer n,

t
X = t ∈ R
t + 1
For any positive integer n, choose t = −1 − n1 , then
t = (n + 1)(t + 1)

t
X = t ∈ R
t + 1
For any positive integer n, choose t = −1 − n1 , then
t = (n + 1)(t + 1)
and
t
x= >n
t +1
Exercises #1
1. Find the solutions x of the equation f (x) = 2

1 − x for x ≤ 1
f (x) =
x2 for x > 1
n o
3x+5
2. Show that the set x 2 +2
x ∈R is bounded
n o
2
3. Show that the set x−5 x ∈R is not bounded
Functions
A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one

element, called f (x), in a set B
Functions

The set A is called the domain of the function.

The number f (x) is the value of f at x and is read f of x.
The range of f is the set of all possible values of f (x) as x varies
throughout the domain
Functions


Example. A = (0, 1) is the domain, and the function is defined by
1
f (x) =
x(x − 1)
What is the range of f ?
Functions


Example. A = (0, 1) is the domain, and the function is defined by
1
f (x) =
x(x − 1)
What is the range of f ?

2
Max of |x(x − 1)| is x+(1−x)
2 = 14 , hence Range(f)=(−∞, −4]
The graph of a function
The graph of a function f with its domain A is the set of ordered pairs
{(x, f (x))|x ∈ A}
Let A = (−3, 3) be the domain of

the function
x
f (x) =
x2 +1
The range is [− 21 , 21 ]
Increasing and Decreasing
A function f is called increasing on an interval I if
∀x, y ∈ I , x ≤ y ⇒ f (x) ≤ f (y )
A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if
∀x, y ∈ I , x ≤ y ⇒ f (y ) ≤ f (x)
Remark. If ≤ is replaced by <, we say f is strictly increasing (or

decreasing).
A monotone function is either increasing or decreasing
Polynomials
P(x) = an x n + . . . + a1 x + a0
a0 , . . . , an are coefficients, n is the degree of P.
Polynomials
P(x) = an x n + . . . + a1 x + a0
a0 , . . . , an are coefficients, n is the degree of P.
A rational function is a quotient of two polynomials.
P(x)
Q(x)
Example
x3 + 1
x 2 − 6x − 2
Linear function y=ax+b
Equation of a straight line going through two points (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ) is
y − y0 = m(x − x0 )
where the slope is

y1 − y0
m= .
x1 − x0
Linear function y=ax+b
Equation of a straight line going through two points (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ) is
y − y0 = m(x − x0 )
where the slope is

y1 − y0
m= .
x1 − x0
Example. Given P(3, 5), Q(4, 7)
7−5
m= =2
4−3
The equation of the line through P, Q is y − 5 = 2(x − 3) or equivalently
y = 2x − 1
Application
Find a linear function to convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

degree, using the fact that 0◦ Celsius equals 32◦ Fahrenheit and 100◦
Celsius equals 212◦ Fahrenheit
Application
Find a linear function to convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

degree, using the fact that 0◦ Celsius equals 32◦ Fahrenheit and 100◦
Celsius equals 212◦ Fahrenheit
Two points are (32,0) and (212,100) and
100 − 0 5
m= =
212 − 32 9
Hence f (c) = 59 (c − 32)

For example, 10◦ Celsius equals 50◦ Fahrenheit
Quadratic function y = ax 2 + bx + c
Solutions of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are
√
−b ± ∆
x=
2a
where the discriminant
∆ = b 2 − 4ac.
Example.
√
−b ± ∆ 2x 2 + 5x + 3 = 0
x= √
2a −5 ± 1 3
x= = −1, −
where the discriminant 4 2
∆ = b 2 − 4ac. 2x 2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 3)(x + 1)
Example.
√
−b ± ∆ 2x 2 + 5x + 3 = 0
x= √
2a −5 ± 1 3
x= = −1, −
where the discriminant 4 2
∆ = b 2 − 4ac. 2x 2 + 5x + 3 = (2x + 3)(x + 1)
b
Vertex of the parabola y = ax 2 + bx + c, (a 6= 0) is at x = − 2a
Application
A missile is projected upward from an underground bunker in such a way

that t seconds after launch, it is s feet above the ground, where
s(t) = −16t 2 + 800t − 15
When is the missile at its highest point? What is its maximum height?
Application
A missile is projected upward from an underground bunker in such a way

that t seconds after launch, it is s feet above the ground, where
s(t) = −16t 2 + 800t − 15
When is the missile at its highest point? What is its maximum height?
Answer.
800
The missile is at its highest point when t = − 2(−16) = 25 seconds, and its
maximum height is s(25) = −16(252 ) + 800(25) − 15 = 9985 feet.
Exercises
1. The chirping rate of a specie of crickets is related linearly to the

temperature. A cricket produces 110 chirps per minute at 70◦ F and 170
chirps per minute at 80◦ F. Find the temperature if the cricket is chirping
at 150 chirps per minute
2. Let f (x) = 2x 2 − 8x + 7. Solve the equation f (x) = 0, find the
minimum value of f , and sketch the graph of the function
g (x) = |2x 2 − 8x + 7|
3. Given a piecewise-defined function

1 + |x − 5| for x > 3
f (x) =
6 − |x − 1| for x 3
Find x such that f (x) = 3, and express f (x) without absolute values
(more cases are necessary)

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Numbers and Functions

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong

Open interval (a, b) = {x ∈ R|a < x < b}

Open interval (a, b) = {x ∈ R|a < x < b}

Inequalities, for a > 0

|x| < a ⇔ −a < x < a

A set X ⊂ R is bounded if there exists an integer n such that

A set X ⊂ R is bounded if there exists an integer n such that

Example. The following set is bounded

A set X ⊂ R is bounded if there exists an integer n such that

Example. The following set is bounded

Proof. By Cauchy inequality, 2|t| ≤ (t 2 + 1). Therefore ∀x ∈ X

1. Find the solutions x of the equation f (x) = 2

A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one

A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one

The set A is called the domain of the function.

A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one

The set A is called the domain of the function.

What is the range of f ?

A function is a rule that assigns to each element x in a set A exactly one

The set A is called the domain of the function.

What is the range of f ?

Let A = (−3, 3) be the domain of

A function f is called increasing on an interval I if

A function f is called decreasing on an interval I if

Remark. If ≤ is replaced by <, we say f is strictly increasing (or

A rational function is a quotient of two polynomials.

Equation of a straight line going through two points (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ) is

where the slope is

Equation of a straight line going through two points (x0 , y0 ), (x1 , y1 ) is

where the slope is

Example. Given P(3, 5), Q(4, 7)

Find a linear function to convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

Find a linear function to convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius

Hence f (c) = 59 (c − 32)

A missile is projected upward from an underground bunker in such a way

s(t) = −16t 2 + 800t − 15

A missile is projected upward from an underground bunker in such a way

s(t) = −16t 2 + 800t − 15

1. The chirping rate of a specie of crickets is related linearly to the

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