Convergence

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong

Room #513

October 4, 2012

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 1 / 29

x →∞

We say f (x) converges to L as x → ∞ and write

lim f (x) = L
x→∞

if, for every  > 0, there exists a number M such

that |f (x) − L| <  for all x > M.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 2 / 29

Example

For any  > 0, choose M = . Then for x > M

 
 3x − 1
 = 8.5 < 5 < 


 2x + 5 − 1.5 2x + 5 x
Hence
3x − 1
lim = 1.5
x→∞ 2x + 5

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 3 / 29

Example

For any  > 0, choose M = 5 . Then for x > M

 
 3x − 1
 = 8.5 < 5 < 


 2x + 5 − 1.5 2x + 5 x
Hence
3x − 1
lim = 1.5
x→∞ 2x + 5

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 3 / 29

x → −∞

f (x) converges to L as x → −∞ and we write

lim f (x) = L
x→−∞

if, for every  > 0, there exists a number M such

that |f (x) − L| <  for all x < M.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 4 / 29

Example
For any  > 0, choose M = . Then for x < M,
 
 x  1
√ − (−1) = √ √
 x2 + 1  x 2 + 1( x 2 + 1 − x)
1
< <
−x
Hence
x
lim √ = −1
x→−∞ 2
x +1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 5 / 29

Example
For any  > 0, choose M = −1  . Then for x < M,
 
 x  1
√ − (−1) = √ √
 x2 + 1  x 2 + 1( x 2 + 1 − x)
1
< <
−x
Hence
x
lim √ = −1
x→−∞ 2
x +1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 5 / 29

Example

For any  > 0, and x < − 1 or x > 1 ,

 2   
x − 1   2 
 − 1= < 1 <
x2 + 1   x 2 + 1  |x|
Hence
x2 − 1
lim =1
x→±∞ x 2 + 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 6 / 29

Horizontal Asymptote y=L

lim f (x) = L or lim f (x) = L

x→∞ x→−∞

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 7 / 29

x → a−
We say f (x) converges to L as x tends to a from
the left and write
lim f (x) = L
x→a−

if, for every  > 0, there exists a number M < a

such that
|f (x) − L| < 
for all x such that M < x < a.
Note that M = a − δ for some δ > 0.
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 8 / 29
Example

For any  > 0, choose M ∈ (0, 1) such that

δ = 1 − M < . For 1 − δ = M < x < 1,
p p p
1−x <2 1 − M = 1 − (1 − δ)2
2
√
< 2δ = 
Hence p
lim 1 − x2 = 0
x→1−

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 9 / 29

Example

For any  > 0, choose M ∈ (0, 1) such that

2
δ = 1 − M < 2 . For 1 − δ = M < x < 1,
p p p
1−x <2 1 − M = 1 − (1 − δ)2
2
√
< 2δ = 
Hence p
lim 1 − x2 = 0
x→1−

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 9 / 29

x → a+

We say f (x) converges to L as x tends to a from

the right and write
lim f (x) = L
x→a+

if, for every  > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

|f (x) − L| < 
for all x such that a < x < a + δ.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 10 / 29

x →a
f (x) converges to L as x → a
lim f (x) = L
x→a

if, for every  > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

|f (x) − L| < 
for all x such that 0 < |a − x| < δ.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 11 / 29

x →a
f (x) converges to L as x → a
lim f (x) = L
x→a

if, for every  > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

|f (x) − L| < 
for all x such that 0 < |a − x| < δ.
Note that limx→a f (x) = L does not depend on
the value f (a)
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 11 / 29
Example

Choose δ = , for 0 < |1 − x| < δ,

 2 
x − 1 
 x − 1 − 2 = |1 − x| < 
 

Hence
x2 − 1
lim =2
x→1 x − 1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 12 / 29

Example


x + 1 x 6= 1
f (x) =
π x =1
lim f (x) = lim (x + 1) = 2
x→1 x→1

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 13 / 29

Example


x + 1 x 6= 1
f (x) =
π x =1
lim f (x) = lim (x + 1) = 2
x→1 x→1
Proof: For every  > 0, and 0 < |x − 1| < δ = ,
|f (x) − 2| = |x + 1 − 2| = |x − 1| < 

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 13 / 29

Quiz
1. Show that
p
lim 1 − x2 = 0
x→−1+

2. Find δ > 0 such that, for 0 < |x − 3| < δ

 
 1 1
 − <
x 3
3. Show that
√
lim x +3=2
x→1
Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 14 / 29
Theorem

lim f (x) = L
x→a
if and only if
lim f (x) = L = lim f (x)
x→a− x→a+

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 15 / 29

Example
. limx→0 |x|
x does not exist because
|x|
lim = lim (−1) = −1
x→0− x x→0−
|x|
lim = lim (1) = 1
x→0+ x x→0+

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 16 / 29

Arithmetics with Limits

lim x = a, lim k = k
x→a x→a
lim (f (x) + g (x)) = lim f (x) + lim g (x)
x→a x→a x→a
lim (f (x) − g (x)) = lim f (x) − lim g (x)
x→a x→a x→a
lim (f (x)g (x)) = ( lim f (x))( lim g (x))
x→a x→a x→a
f (x) limx→a f (x)
lim = , if lim g (x) 6= 0
x→a g (x) limx→a g (x) x→a

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 17 / 29

Example

lim (3t − 5) = lim {(3)(t) + (−5)}

t→2 t→2
= (lim 3)(lim t) + (lim (−5))
t→2 t→2 t→2
= 3 · 2 − 5 = 1.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 18 / 29

Sandwich Theorem

If, for 0 < |x − a| < ,

l (x) ≤ f (x) ≤ u(x)
and
lim l (x) = L = lim u(x).
x→a x→a
Then
lim f (x) = L.
x→a

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 19 / 29

Example
For − π2 < x < π2 , x 6= 0,
sin x sin x
cos x ≤ ≤ 1 ⇒ lim =1
x x→0 x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 20 / 29

Example

Let x = 3t,
sin 3t sin 3t
lim = 3 lim
t→0 t t→0 3t

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 21 / 29

Example

Let x = 3t,
sin 3t sin 3t
lim = 3 lim
t→0 t t→0 3t
sin x
= 3 lim
x→0 x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 21 / 29

Example

Let x = 3t,
sin 3t sin 3t
lim = 3 lim
t→0 t t→0 3t
sin x
= 3 lim
x→0 x
= 3

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 21 / 29

Example
Let x = 2t ,
1 − cos t 1 − cos 2x
lim = lim
t→0 t x→0 2x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 22 / 29

Example
Let x = 2t ,
1 − cos t 1 − cos 2x
lim = lim
t→0 t x→0 2x
2
sin x
= lim
x→0 x

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 22 / 29

Example
Let x = 2t ,
1 − cos t 1 − cos 2x
lim = lim
t→0 t x→0 2x
2
sin x
= lim
x→0 x
 
sin x  
= lim lim sin x
x→0 x x→0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 22 / 29

Example
Let x = 2t ,
1 − cos t 1 − cos 2x
lim = lim
t→0 t x→0 2x
2
sin x
= lim
x→0 x
 
sin x  
= lim lim sin x
x→0 x x→0
= (1)(0) = 0

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 22 / 29

Infinite limits

limx→0 x12 does not exist. We define

lim f (x) = ∞
x→a

if, for every M > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that

f (x) > M
for all x such that 0 < |a − x| < δ.

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 23 / 29

limx→0 12 = ∞
x

For any M > 0, choose

δ = √1M , then
1 1
> =M
x 2 δ2
whenever
0 < |x − 0| < δ

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 24 / 29

limx→0 ln |x| = −∞

For any M, choose δ = e M > 0.

Then, for 0 < |x − 0| < δ,
ln |x| < ln δ = M

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 25 / 29

 2
lim =∞
x→3+ x − 3

For any M > 0, choose δ = M2 > 0.

Then, for 3 < x < 3 + δ,
2 2
> =M
x −3 δ

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 26 / 29

 2
lim = −∞
x→3− x − 3

2
For any M < 0, choose δ = −M > 0.
Then, for 3 − δ < x < 3,
2 2
< =M
x − 3 −δ

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 27 / 29

Homework 3-1

Find the limits (if exist)

3t − 14 lim f (x)
lim x→0
t→4 t + 1
1 − cos t where
lim 
t→0 t2  4−x x <0
√
h−5 f (x) = 2 x =0
lim 
x +1 x >0
t→25 h − 25

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 28 / 29

Homework 3-2
Evaluate
lim f (x)g (x)
Assume x→−4

lim f (x) = 2 lim (2f (x) + 3g (x))

x→−4
x→−4
g (x)
lim g (x) = 3 lim
x→−4 x→−4 x 2
f (x) + 1
lim
x→−4 3g (x) − 2

Dr. Tran Thai-Duong (IU HCMC) Convergence October 4, 2012 29 / 29