Lesson 9 1.8 This is the respectful form of the [~LtwS] form ofa verb. It is used as a respect- ful way of describing an ongoing action or the state remaining as the result of an action: ® fesihacee. — May Lask what you are reading? = fieiAcuES%. — Whatare you reading? ® wuipltesstes-ceta. Excuse me for saying so, but you have a nice watch. =vuiptedio cued, — You have anice watch. With a stative verb, it is used as a way of respectfully describing the current situation @ tlliaeas& )-c+%. Excuse me, but are you free at the moment? =igliae® ) kz, Are you free? Also, with verbs that usually indicate arriving and departing, depending on the situation, it can be used as a respectful form of the verb, past or future: “pe wet sc+s. What time will the Department Manager be © we whit arriving? = ihe 12 fit & ka. What time will the Department Manager be arriving? © Gi, BoROK40 FH By crm, [On seeing a neighbor in the evening] Have you just got home? = Sly = Lez. Have you just got home? With the following verbs, it takes a special form: © fF ++ HS (go/be/come) + BLTCH $e (come) + BALCH BEATE ENS (eat) + Behan oy HS (wear) + BALCH 4% (sleep) + BiRACT AACWS (lve) + BEV CT floceS (know) + CALS~TEPEDEW VT -form WA BW - , itis more formal: D Coo cChmEWELAD. May Isithere, please? @ thichotpo KE, SLETHPEVETA, Ifyou run out of time today, tomorrow will be acceptable. [~TBOW (permission) | : FHeio THvUTH. (om [44% OH AHMAR [| Lesson 15) m4 1) N WA -W> < + ab we V plain form BA -#+ TEU 2) *N ETRY V plain form (1) [TAIL BlZEX Tid%v.| indicates that both A and B are X, but that A is less so than B: © Wihksy Boa, ve rievik die. China is bigger than Japan but not as big as Russia. Rr tiene allie, lieve R cae, Yatsugatake is a wellknown mountain, but not as famous as Mt. Fuji. @ EARL crm, Is Mr. Tanaka strict? RR Cb, HARB RL meer. Yes, but not as strict as Mr. Suzuki, Aplain-orm verb can be used for [B],as in [Mo elk orl # RCHeIY). ® COVAba isha ors eo Pals maLBYL ¢ eit This restaurant is said to be popular, but the food was not as good as I 98 thought it would be. “¢5. (2) Xcan be omitted: © WHcko CHR gona, RKIK heMBELTIEE. It’s become a little colder now we're into October, but not enough to have to wear a coat. [S1RE~1S&LY/ 0%) (comparison) | NiGE { va } N+ eure wA -% [XLV devs /Weu0) means that X is the pinnacle of whatever is indicated by ¥: D AK-YOHEABE-— MEL BVLO BOWE. ‘There's nothing so delicious as a beer drunk after sport. ® tiisriaviiirs (caskavdtn, Nobody can do the job as well as Mr. Tanaka, ® cobchskar€ vvoitsy ter. ‘There's nothing so beautiful as the stars seen from this island. HEE EMG CRE ae. ‘There are no other teachers as kind and enthusiastic as Mr. Tanaka. TITS IVIROAL BELMONTE SBME ) EEA. There are no other comics as well known in Asia as ‘Doraemon.’ S ® eH LE]. 7072 (cause / reason)| S (plain form) WA he [ke] aA -& { hore NO In [X #abic, YJ, Xis a cause or reason, and Y is what happened. This expression is used in writing, and is more formal than [ % J or [ © ‘CJ . When the result is stated first and the cause or reason is given as a predicate, the construction becomes [¥ () 4X ew 7E] : OD Reales rnewi, Baha 20 EL. Because a lot of snow fell, the airport became unusable. MERE moto, KMlbo hho eh.The reason why the airport became unusable was that a lot of snow fell. ~hS/ VEB/ VIE, Ht This expression is used when hypothesizing about what would have happened if (counterfactual usage) | «a an event that had not occurred had actually occurred. The sentence ends with a conjectural expression, [I< | , ete: O SLAMS Cons, Riiciatiotens Iprobably wouldn't have gone shopping yesterday ifit had rained. @ weenius, convaratrror. I could have bought that personal computer if only Thad had the money, [~#:5 (hypothetical) | : Eason, RLET. [~#:5 (something that will definitely happen in the future) | Wickets, Mose E Ss (o (anmeoneitamt | Lesson25) [~tt (conditional | 2489 y edhe, Baths e+. ( Fad E-FBHORL Leson 35)