2 Lesson 11 (1) [~T< 4] indicates arriving at a present situation through a process of change: D RAKABSL< ho TRRL7Re Little by ttle, it became springtlike. (2) [~Tv»< | indicates moving in the direction of a future change: ® capo, DR He Lahey < cL 25. The number of non-Japanese nationals working in Japan will probably increase from now on. Re [~C 64+ ~Tv (irection of motion) | : keAsHitm Ohh CR te (or [AOU -RINPB I) Lesson 6) ~hS [E59] 2? VKS (1) [~F4 =] is used when making a suggestion to someone by simply indicating a choice they could make. [~7: 5 > 2*C-F a» is a polite form of [~ 7 5 E aA: © A: FiwRhKo@# AGAR. Its my girlfriend's birthday today. Be BF /HVRDUDRCHAY ? Bi Mace aire lair Why don't you call her or something? (2) [~f L572] and [~% 5? J are used when speaking to someone junior or someone with whom one is on familiar terms, such as a family member or friend: @ A: dase ear20--. Ithink I've got a bit of a temperature. HR etAc. Beall (Bro How about taking some medicine and going to bed early today? “YEH (comparison) Vv } dic. -form } dic. -form WA *UA a0 + BDH *GA —%& GA -%& *N NOaul () FY &) X 133.28] is mainly used in answer to the question [XE YE -Cike BHA—CHAS (which is, XorY2), where [--J is a comparative: ® HR K e care saucrm Which is colder, Hokkaido or Tokyo? 0 Teiitloias a8u-c+. Hokkaido is colder. x deeb HK & » v-cF. Hokkaido is colder than Tokyo. (@) TY £D K185% ance is then, “You would probably expect Y to be more [--- than X, but actu- can be used even when not replying to a question, The nu- ally the reverse is true.” © Bia, Teele yiCK 0125 aililatiinot-or. The temperature was lower in Tokyo than in Hokkaido today. @ Beaiclias xy docile sas awn [asAte DHRU! Lesson 39) Pek tee) Ge Ea BANC Ao tee Or laneoon eam LL Lesson8) 8.|~TU'S (experience / record, history) (1) [~Tv4 J indicates a historical fact, experience, record or history. It is often used with an adverb expressing frequency or duration, such as [~lai| (times), or [Sev | (for a long time): © cogiee-c2 tdab-cwitcv%. This temple has burnt down twice. @ Rica Wks shake o cow, 855 CHRIS MB Lie ee ‘There haven't been any big earthquakes in Kyoto for a long time. There may be one soon, (2) This type of [~-C v4 | is used when the fact that a certain action has taken place in the past is relevant to the present situation: @ Wis rutRor array mc PEL cos, kos, ihowiaenve, Mr. Tanaka studied in the U.S. when he was at high school. That's why his English pronunciation is so good. ~CWS (ongoing action) | : S$ F-SARSEBE DI COE T. lo [At OH ARAM IT) Lesson 14) [~CwS (resultant state) ty PA SARHBL TOES. (e Pasco ERBANH LJ Lesson 15) [~cve (habit)| By a Fy7e LTRS. (or [ARO HAH BD Lesson 28) F+CUS (resultant state) | : Rakha Tvds, ( taA2on Aienw TL) Lesson)an [ee <] ~EADES? [~%Ad 23 ? | is used when proffering suitable examples to the listener. It implies that there are other examples worth considering, and is used to avoid appearing to force one's own suggestion onto the listener: ® te) creAmumarcl 23% (Ata shop) How about this one? ® Arkod Baknavvt. Who would be best for the next Chairman, I wonder? BiHBSAt AMES ko [think Mr. Tanaka might be a good choice. [~# 223 CHa) means the same but is alittle more formal.