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'HFUHWRQž                                               

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GLUHLWRVGR6HUYLGRU3~EOLFR                                         
GHYHUHVGR6HUYLGRU3~EOLFR                                         
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GLUHLWR jYLGD                                                   
jOLEHUGDGH                                               
jLJXDOGDGH                                               
jVHJXUDQoD                                             
jSURSULHGDGH                                            
GLUHLWRVVRFLDLV                                                 
QDFLRQDOLGDGH                                                  
FLGDGDQLD                                                     
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FRQFHLWRVHOHPHQWRV                                         
SRGHUHV                                                   
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QDWXUH]DILQVHSULQFtSLRV                                     
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$JHQWHVS~EOLFRV                                           
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HVSpFLHVHFODVVLILFDomR                                      
SRGHUHVGHYHUHVHSUHUURJDWLYDV                               
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UHJLPHMXUtGLFR~QLFR                                       
SURYLPHQWR                                               
YDFkQFLD                                                 
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GLUHLWRVHYDQWDJHQV                                        
UHJLPHGLVFLSOLQDU                                          
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SRGHUGHSROtFLD                                               
XVRHDEXVRGRSRGHU                                           
$WRDGPLQLVWUDWLYR                                             
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YDOLGDGHHILFiFLD                                              
DWULEXWRV                                                     
H[WLQomRGHVID]LPHQWRHVDQDWyULD                                 
FODVVLILFDomR                                                  
HVSpFLHVHH[WHULRUL]DomR                                         
YLQFXODomRHGLVFULFLRQDULHGDGH                                   
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FRQFHLWR                                                     
FODVVLILFDomR                                                  
UHJXODPHQWDomRHFRQWUROH                                       
IRUPDPHLRVHUHTXLVLWRV                                        
GHOHJDomR                                                    
FRQFHVVmR                                                  
SHUPLVVmR                                                  
DXWRUL]DomR                                                 
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FRQWUROHDGPLQLVWUDWLYR                                          
FRQWUROHMXGLFLDO                                               
FRQWUROHOHJLVODWLYR                                             
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LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
1. Compreensão e Interpretação de textos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01

2. Tipologia textual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07

3. Ortografia oficial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4. Acentuação gráfica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5. Emprego das classes de palavras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6. Emprego do sinal indicativo de crase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

7. Sintaxe da oração e do período . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

8. Pontuação . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

9. Concordância nominal e verbal ..................................................... 59

10. Regência nominal e verbal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

11. Significação das palavras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

12. Redação de Correspondências Oficiais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Exercícios finais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Gabarito ......................................................................... 84
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RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
1. Conceitos básicos de raciocínio lógico: proposições; valores lógicos das proposições;
sentenças abertas; número de linhas da tabela verdade; conectivos; proposições simples;
proposições compostas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Tautologia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3. Operação com conjuntos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4. Cálculos com porcentagens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

NOÇÕES DE INFORMÁTICA
1. Conceitos de Internet e intranet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01

2. Conceitos básicos e modos de utilização de tecnologias, ferramentas, aplicativos e

procedimentos de informática. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08

3. Conceitos e modos de utilização de aplicativos para edição de textos, planilhas e apresentações

utilizando-se a suíte de escritório LibreOffice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4. Conceitos e modos de utilização de sistemas operacionais Windows 7 e 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

5. Noções básicas de ferramentas e aplicativos de navegação e correio eletrônico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

6. Noções básicas de segurança e proteção: vírus, worms e derivados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Bateria de Testes (CESPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

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2ULJHPHHYROXomROHJLVODWLYDQR%UDVLO                                   
&RQFHLWXDomR                                                      
2UJDQL]DomRHSULQFtSLRVFRQVWLWXFLRQDLV                                  
/HJLVODomR3UHYLGHQFLiULD                                               
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&RQWH~GRIRQWHVDXWRQRPLD                                         
$SOLFDomRGDVQRUPDVSUHYLGHQFLiULDV                                   
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5HJLPH*HUDOGH3UHYLGrQFLD6RFLDO                                       
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6HJXUDGRVREULJDWyULRV                                              
)LOLDomRHLQVFULomR                                                 
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WUDEDOKDGRUDYXOVRHVHJXUDGRHVSHFLDO                                   
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FRQFHLWRFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVILOLDomRHLQVFULomR                               
7UDEDOKDGRUHVH[FOXtGRVGR5HJLPH*HUDO                                
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FRQFHLWRSUHYLGHQFLiULR                                               
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5HFHLWDVGD8QLmR                                                  
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GRVVHJXUDGRVGDVHPSUHVDV                                          
GRHPSUHJDGRUGRPpVWLFR                                            
GRSURGXWRUUXUDO                                                   
GRFOXEHGHIXWHEROSURILVVLRQDO                                        
VREUHDUHFHLWDGHFRQFXUVRVGHSURJQyVWLFRV                              
UHFHLWDVGHRXWUDVIRQWHV                                              
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&RQFHLWR                                                     
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/LPLWHVPtQLPRHPi[LPR                                        
3URSRUFLRQDOLGDGH                                              
5HDMXVWDPHQWR                                                 
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3UD]RGHUHFROKLPHQWR                                           
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'HFDGrQFLDHSUHVFULomR                                                
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&ULPHVFRQWUDDVHJXULGDGHVRFLDO                                         
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3ODQRGH%HQHItFLRVGD3UHYLGrQFLD6RFLDO                                   
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EHQHILFLiULRV                                                         
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GLVSRVLo}HVJHUDLVHHVSHFtILFDV                                         
SHUtRGRVGHFDUrQFLD                                                
VDOiULRGHEHQHItFLR                                                
UHQGDPHQVDOGREHQHItFLR                                           
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Art.1º -Fica instituído o Sistema de Gestão da Ética do Poder
Executivo Federal com a finalidade de promover
atividades que dispõem sobre a conduta ética no
âmbito do Executivo Federal, competindo-lhe:
I - integrar os órgãos, programas e ações relacionadas
com a ética pública;
II - contribuir para a implementação de políticas públicas
tendo a transparência e o acesso à informação como
instrumentos fundamentais para o exercício de gestão
da ética pública;
III - promover, com apoio dos segmentos pertinentes, a
compatibilização e interação de normas, procedimentos
técnicos e de gestão relativos à ética pública;
IV - articular ações com vistas a estabelecer e efetivar
procedimentos de incentivo e incremento ao desempe-
nho institucional na gestão da ética pública do Estado
brasileiro.
Art.2º -Integram o Sistema de Gestão da Ética do Poder
Executivo Federal:
I - a Comissão de Ética Pública - CEP, instituída pelo
Decreto de 26 de maio de 1999;
II - as Comissões de Ética de que trata o Decreto no
1.171, de 22 de junho de 1994; e
III - as demais Comissões de Ética e equivalentes nas
entidades e órgãos do Poder Executivo Federal.
Art.3º -A CEP será integrada por sete brasileiros que preen-
cham os requisitos de idoneidade moral, reputação
ilibada e notória experiência em administração pública,
designados pelo Presidente da República, para manda-
tos de três anos, não coincidentes, permitida uma única
recondução.
§ 1º - A atuação no âmbito da CEP não enseja qualquer
remuneração para seus membros e os trabalhos nela
desenvolvidos são considerados prestação de relevan-
te serviço público.
§ 2º - O Presidente terá o voto de qualidade nas deliberações
da Comissão.
§ 3º - Os mandatos dos primeiros membros serão de um,
dois e três anos, estabelecidos no decreto de designa-
ção.
Art.4º -À CEP compete:
I - atuar como instância consultiva do Presidente da
República e Ministros de Estado em matéria de ética
pública;
II - administrar a aplicação do Código de Conduta da Alta
Administração Federal, devendo:
a) submeter ao Presidente da República medidas para
seu aprimoramento;
b) dirimir dúvidas a respeito de interpretação de suas
normas, deliberando sobre casos omissos;
c) apurar, mediante denúncia, ou de ofício, condutas
em desacordo com as normas nele previstas,
quando praticadas pelas autoridades a ele submeti-
das;
III - dirimir dúvidas de interpretação sobre as normas do
Código de Ética Profissional do Servidor Público Civil
do Poder Executivo Federal de que trata o Decreto no
1.171, de 1994;
IV - coordenar, avaliar e supervisionar o Sistema de Gestão
da Ética Pública do Poder Executivo Federal;
V - aprovar o seu regimento interno; e
VI - escolher o seu Presidente.
§ único - A CEP contará com uma Secretaria-Executiva, vincula-
da à Casa Civil da Presidência da República, à qual
competirá prestar o apoio técnico e administrativo aos
trabalhos da Comissão.
Art.5º -Cada Comissão de Ética de que trata o Decreto no
1171, de 1994, será integrada por três membros
titulares e três suplentes, escolhidos entre servidores e
empregados do seu quadro permanente, e designados
pelo dirigente máximo da respectiva entidade ou órgão,
para mandatos não coincidentes de três anos.
Art.6º - É dever do titular de entidade ou órgão da Administra-
ção Pública Federal, direta e indireta:
I - assegurar as condições de trabalho para que as
Comissões de Ética cumpram suas funções, inclusive
para que do exercício das atribuições de seus inte-
grantes não lhes resulte qualquer prejuízo ou dano;
II - conduzir em seu âmbito a avaliação da gestão da ética
conforme processo coordenado pela Comissão de
Ética Pública.
 ,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGR
  6HJXUR6RFLDO
Art.7º - Compete às Comissões de Ética de que tratam os
incisos II e III do Art.2o:
I- atuar como instância consultiva de dirigentes e servi-
dores no âmbito de seu respectivo órgão ou entidade;
II - aplicar o Código de Ética Profissional do Servidor
Público Civil do Poder Executivo Federal, aprovado
pelo Decreto 1.171, de 1994, devendo:
a) submeter à Comissão de Ética Pública propostas
para seu aperfeiçoamento;
b) dirimir dúvidas a respeito da interpretação de suas
normas e deliberar sobre casos omissos;
c) apurar, mediante denúncia ou de ofício, conduta em
desacordo com as normas éticas pertinentes; e
d) recomendar, acompanhar e avaliar, no âmbito do
órgão ou entidade a que estiver vinculada, o desen-
volvimento de ações objetivando a disseminação,
capacitação e treinamento sobre as normas de ética
e disciplina;
III - representar a respectiva entidade ou órgão na Rede
de Ética do Poder Executivo Federal a que se refere o
Art.9º; e
IV - supervisionar a observância do Código de Conduta da
Alta Administração Federal e comunicar à CEP
situações que possam configurar descumprimento de
suas normas.
§ 1º - Cada Comissão de Ética contará com uma Secreta-
ria-Executiva, vinculada administrativamente à instân-
cia máxima da entidade ou órgão, para cumprir plano
de trabalho por ela aprovado e prover o apoio técnico
e material necessário ao cumprimento das suas
atribuições.
§ 2º - As Secretarias-Executivas das Comissões de Ética
serão chefiadas por servidor ou empregado do quadro
permanente da entidade ou órgão, ocupante de cargo
de direção compatível com sua estrutura, alocado sem
aumento de despesas.
Art.8º - Compete às instâncias superiores dos órgãos e
entidades do Poder Executivo Federal, abrangendo a
administração direta e indireta:
I - observar e fazer observar as normas de ética e disci-
plina;
II - constituir Comissão de Ética;
III - garantir os recursos humanos, materiais e financeiros
para que a Comissão cumpra com suas atribuições; e
IV - atender com prioridade às solicitações da CEP.
Art.9º - Fica constituída a Rede de Ética do Poder Executivo
Federal, integrada pelos representantes das Comis-
sões de Ética de que tratam os incisos I, II e III do
Art.2o, com o objetivo de promover a cooperação
técnica e a avaliação em gestão da ética.
§ único - Os integrantes da Rede de Ética se reunirão sob a
coordenação da Comissão de Ética Pública, pelo
menos uma vez por ano, em fórum específico, para
avaliar o programa e as ações para a promoção da
ética na administração pública.
Art.10 - Os trabalhos da CEP e das demais Comissões de
Ética devem ser desenvolvidos com celeridade e
observância dos seguintes princípios:
eWLFDQR6HUYLoR 
I - proteção à honra e à imagem da pessoa investigada;
II - proteção à identidade do denunciante, que deverá ser
mantida sob reserva, se este assim o desejar; e
III - independência e imparcialidade dos seus membros na
apuração dos fatos, com as garantias asseguradas
neste Decreto.
Art.11 - Qualquer cidadão, agente público, pessoa jurídica de
direito privado, associação ou entidade de classe
poderá provocar a atuação da CEP ou de Comissão
de Ética, visando à apuração de infração ética imputa-
da a agente público, órgão ou setor específico de ente
estatal.
§ único - Entende-se por agente público, para os fins deste
Decreto, todo aquele que, por força de lei, contrato ou
qualquer ato jurídico, preste serviços de natureza
permanente, temporária, excepcional ou eventual,
ainda que sem retribuição financeira, a órgão ou
entidade da administração pública federal, direta e
indireta.
Art.12 - O processo de apuração de prática de ato em desres-
peito ao preceituado no Código de Conduta da Alta
Administração Federal e no Código de Ética Profissio-
nal do Servidor Público Civil do Poder Executivo
Federal será instaurado, de ofício ou em razão de
denúncia fundamentada, respeitando-se, sempre, as
garantias do contraditório e da ampla defesa, pela
Comissão de Ética Pública ou Comissões de Ética de
que tratam o incisos II e III do Art.2º, conforme o caso,
que notificará o investigado para manifestar-se, por
escrito, no prazo de dez dias.
§ 1º - O investigado poderá produzir prova documental
necessária à sua defesa.
§ 2º - As Comissões de Ética poderão requisitar os docu-
mentos que entenderem necessários à instrução
probatória e, também, promover diligências e solicitar
parecer de especialista.
§ 3º - Na hipótese de serem juntados aos autos da investiga-
ção, após a manifestação referida no caput deste
artigo, novos elementos de prova, o investigado será
notificado para nova manifestação, no prazo de dez
dias.
§ 4º - Concluída a instrução processual, as Comissões de
Ética proferirão decisão conclusiva e fundamentada.
§ 5º - Se a conclusão for pela existência de falta ética, além
das providências previstas no Código de Conduta da
Alta Administração Federal e no Código de Ética
Profissional do Servidor Público Civil do Poder Executi-
vo Federal, as Comissões de Ética tomarão as seguin-
tes providências, no que couber:
I- encaminhamento de sugestão de exoneração de cargo
ou função de confiança à autoridade hierarquicamente
superior ou devolução ao órgão de origem, conforme
o caso;
II - encaminhamento, conforme o caso, para a Controlado-
ria-Geral da União ou unidade específica do Sistema
de Correição do Poder Executivo Federal de que trata
o Decreto n o 5.480, de 30 de junho de 2005, para
exame de eventuais transgressões disciplinares; e
III - recomendação de abertura de procedimento adminis-
trativo, se a gravidade da conduta assim o exigir.
 eWLFDQR6HUYLoR ,QVWLWXWR1DFLRQDOGR6HJXUR6RFLDO

Art.13 - Será mantido com a chancela de "reservado", até que
esteja concluído, qualquer procedimento instaurado
para apuração de prática em desrespeito às normas
éticas.
§ 1º - Concluída a investigação e após a deliberação da CEP
ou da Comissão de Ética do órgão ou entidade, os
autos do procedimento deixarão de ser reservados.
§ 2º - Na hipótese de os autos estarem instruídos com
documento acobertado por sigilo legal, o acesso a
esse tipo de documento somente será permitido a
quem detiver igual direito perante o órgão ou entidade
originariamente encarregado da sua guarda.
§ 3º - Para resguardar o sigilo de documentos que assim
devam ser mantidos, as Comissões de Ética, depois
de concluído o processo de investigação, providencia-
rão para que tais documentos sejam desentranhados
dos autos, lacrados e acautelados.
Art.14 - A qualquer pessoa que esteja sendo investigada é
assegurado o direito de saber o que lhe está sendo
imputado, de conhecer o teor da acusação e de ter
vista dos autos, no recinto das Comissões de Ética,
mesmo que ainda não tenha sido notificada da existên-
cia do procedimento investigatório.
§ único - O direito assegurado neste artigo inclui o de obter
cópia dos autos e de certidão do seu teor.
Art.15 - Todo ato de posse, investidura em função pública ou
celebração de contrato de trabalho, dos agentes
públicos referidos no parágrafo único do Art.11, deverá
ser acompanhado da prestação de compromisso
solene de acatamento e observância das regras
estabelecidas pelo Código de Conduta da Alta Admi-
nistração Federal, pelo Código de Ética Profissional do
Servidor Público Civil do Poder Executivo Federal e
pelo Código de Ética do órgão ou entidade, conforme
o caso.
§ único - A posse em cargo ou função pública que submeta a
autoridade às normas do Código de Conduta da Alta
Administração Federal deve ser precedida de consulta
da autoridade à Comissão de Ética Pública, acerca de
situação que possa suscitar conflito de interesses.
Art.16 - As Comissões de Ética não poderão escusar-se de
proferir decisão sobre matéria de sua competência
alegando omissão do Código de Conduta da Alta
Administração Federal, do Código de Ética Profissional
do Servidor Público Civil do Poder Executivo Federal
ou do Código de Ética do órgão ou entidade, que, se
existente, será suprida pela analogia e invocação aos
princípios da legalidade, impessoalidade, moralidade,
publicidade e eficiência.
§ 1º - Havendo dúvida quanto à legalidade, a Comissão de
Ética competente deverá ouvir previamente a área
jurídica do órgão ou entidade.
§ 2º - Cumpre à CEP responder a consultas sobre aspectos
éticos que lhe forem dirigidas pelas demais Comissões
de Ética e pelos órgãos e entidades que integram o
Executivo Federal, bem como pelos cidadãos e servi-
dores que venham a ser indicados para ocupar cargo
ou função abrangida pelo Código de Conduta da Alta
Administração Federal.
Art.17 - As Comissões de Ética, sempre que constatarem a
possível ocorrência de ilícitos penais, civis, de improbi-
dade administrativa ou de infração disciplinar, encami-
nharão cópia dos autos às autoridades competentes
para apuração de tais fatos, sem prejuízo das medidas
de sua competência.
Art.18 - As decisões das Comissões de Ética, na análise de
qualquer fato ou ato submetido à sua apreciação ou
por ela levantado, serão resumidas em ementa e, com
a omissão dos nomes dos investigados, divulgadas no
sítio do próprio órgão, bem como remetidas à Comis-
são de Ética Pública.
Art.19 - Os trabalhos nas Comissões de Ética de que tratam os
incisos II e III do Art.2o são considerados relevantes e
têm prioridade sobre as atribuições próprias dos
cargos dos seus membros, quando estes não atuarem
com exclusividade na Comissão.
Art.20 - Os órgãos e entidades da Administração Pública
Federal darão tratamento prioritário às solicitações de
documentos necessários à instrução dos procedimen-
tos de investigação instaurados pelas Comissões de
Ética .
§ 1º - Na hipótese de haver inobservância do dever funcional
previsto no caput, a Comissão de Ética adotará as
providências previstas no inciso III do § 5o do Art.12.
§ 2º - As autoridades competentes não poderão alegar sigilo
para deixar de prestar informação solicitada pelas
Comissões de Ética.
Art.21 - A infração de natureza ética cometida por membro de
Comissão de Ética de que tratam os incisos II e III do
Art.2o será apurada pela Comissão de Ética Pública.
Art.22 - A Comissão de Ética Pública manterá banco de dados
de sanções aplicadas pelas Comissões de Ética de
que tratam os incisos II e III do Art.2o e de suas
próprias sanções, para fins de consulta pelos órgãos
ou entidades da administração pública federal, em
casos de nomeação para cargo em comissão ou de
alta relevância pública.
§ único - O banco de dados referido neste artigo engloba as
sanções aplicadas a qualquer dos agentes públicos
mencionados no parágrafo único do Art.11 deste
Decreto.
Art.23 - Os representantes das Comissões de Ética de que
tratam os incisos II e III do Art.2o atuarão como
elementos de ligação com a CEP, que disporá em
Resolução própria sobre as atividades que deverão
desenvolver para o cumprimento desse mister.
Art.24 - As normas do Código de Conduta da Alta Administra-
ção Federal, do Código de Ética Profissional do
Servidor Público Civil do Poder Executivo Federal e do
Código de Ética do órgão ou entidade aplicam-se, no
que couber, às autoridades e agentes públicos neles
referidos, mesmo quando em gozo de licença.
Art.25 - Ficam revogados os incisos XVII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXIII e
XXV do Código de Ética Profissional do Servidor
Público Civil do Poder Executivo Federal, aprovado
pelo Decreto no 1.171, de 22 de junho de 1994, os
arts. 2º e 3º do Decreto de 26 de maio de 1999, que
cria a Comissão de Ética Pública, e os Decretos de 30
de agosto de 2000 e de 18 de maio de 2001, que
dispõem sobre a Comissão de Ética Pública.
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Caro Candidato,

Alguns erros de “digitação” podem ocorrer...

Pensando nisso, colocamos ao lado de cada
resposta (de Legislação) o texto legal referente
à questão. Assim, em caso de dúvida quanto à
resposta, você poderá conferir na apostila - de
acordo com texto legal indicado - qual a respos-
ta correta (o que vale é o texto da lei - sem-
pre!!!)

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 Língua Portuguesa
LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
1. COMPREENSÃO E
INTERPRETAÇÃO DE TEXTOS
Entendemos por texto, um conjunto de ideias expressas
através de frases, orações, parágrafos; com um estilo próprio
e com uma estrutura própria produzido por um certo sujeito. A
estrutura de um texto varia de acordo com sua natureza. Há o
texto literário e o não-literário.
TEXTO
↙ ↘
Denotação Conotação
↓ ↓
Texto não-literário Texto-literário
↓ ↓
Claro, objetivo Figurado, subjetivo,
↓ ↓
informativo pessoal
O texto literário expressa a opinião pessoal do autor que
também é transmitida através de figuras, impregnado de
subjetivismo. Já o texto não-literário preocupa-se em transmi-
tir uma mensagem da forma mais clara e objetiva possível.
Como exemplo, podemos citar uma notícia de jornal como
texto não-literário e um romance de Eça de Queirós ou José
de Alencar como exemplo de texto literário.
Compreender um texto é levar em conta os vários aspec-
tos que ele possui, por exemplo, um texto terá aspecto moral,
social, econômico, conforme a intenção do autor; para ratifi-
car esses aspectos o autor se utiliza de um vocabulário con-
dizente com sua intenção. Então ... como compreender textos
em prova, se cada pessoa possui um modo específico de ver
os fatos?
A resposta não é simples. Não obstante o valor subjetivo
do texto, ele possui uma estrutura interna que é básica e a
qual garantirá uma compreensão objetiva.
Compreender um texto não-literário é perceber no texto a
opinião, a intenção do autor, onde ele pretende chegar com
aquele texto. Se o autor é contra ou a favor de um certo te-
ma, quais os aspectos que o autor levanta. Nossa compreen-
são será sempre a partir das informações que o texto nos
oferece.
Observe o texto a seguir:
É ainda Lorenz, na mesma obra, quem identifica a frustra-
ção dos jovens face a uma educação que, em nome da com-
preensão, baniu a firmeza e a liberdade com responsabilida-
de. Noções confusas de psicanálise, vagos anseios libertá-
rios, muita teoria e pouco conhecimento serviram para refor-
çar uma tolerância preguiçosa que passou a se constituir em
padrão de comportamento para pais e educadores.
Aquela frustração nasce dessa atitude – que Lorenz cha-
ma de "muro de borracha" – débil, indefinida e acovardada do
adulto diante do jovem, tão nociva quanto a ação punitiva
sistemática de antigamente.
Educar tornou-se, há muito tempo, uma arte esquecida.
No contato com o adolescente, o pai – ou aquele que estima
– 1 –
alguém como se pode estimar um filho - não projeta apenas
uma imagem, mas é ele mesmo. Por obra do amor, é verda-
deiro, atento, esquecido de si, profundamente interessado.
Sendo isso, apenas isso, torna-se inevitável a reciproci-
dade do amor.
A solidão do jovem é, apesar do que se pensa em contrá-
rio, real e frequente. Embora acompanhado sempre e em
constante movimentação, o adolescente crê que o mundo é
dos adultos; e esses estão ocupados demais para ouvir os
seus pequenos devaneios.
Há uma busca disfarçada de atenção e apoio, que só uns
poucos percebem, e raríssimos se apressam em atender. A
condição do homem é, em si mesma, de confronto com a
solidão, de que ele está, do berço à sepultura, sempre cerca-
do.
A descoberta dessa realidade – que não é triste ou alegre,
mas simplesmente um fato – ocorre na puberdade, e nem
sempre é pacífica. Esse contato pode deixar um travo de
melancolia, quando não há apoio compreensivo de um adulto
que se estima e no qual se confia – e que dá a entender que
já passou por isso e sabe do que se trata, embora não tenha
uma resposta definitiva para os mistérios da vida. (Luiz Carlos
Lisboa - Jornal da Tarde)
O texto de Luiz Carlos Lisboa é um texto não-literário,
porque disserta sobre um certo tema: a descoberta da solidão
de forma objetiva, informativa, etc. Se tivesse dado ao tema
um tratamento poético, musical, lírico, por exemplo, seria um
texto literário, pois usaria recursos literários, tais como a rima,
as figuras de linguagem, a ficção para expressar sua opinião
sobre a descoberta da solidão. A compreensão do texto pode
ser feita da seguinte forma, chamada objetiva:
Quanto ao texto, escreva (C) para CERTO e (E) para
ERRADO:
1) Segundo o texto, os jovens:
A-( ) São autossuficientes.
B-( ) Necessitam de apoio.
C-( ) Vivem no mundo da lua.
D-( ) Necessitam de compreensão.
E-( ) Estão sempre muito ocupados.
2) De acordo com o texto, o homem:
A–( ) Sente solidão durante toda a vida.
B–( ) Está sozinho apenas no momento da morte.
C–( ) Está sozinho apenas no momento do nascimento.
D–( ) Nunca está completamente sozinho.
E–( ) Sente solidão real e frequente.
3) Com relação à solidão, o texto afirma que:
A – ( ) O homem fica triste ao descobri-la.
B – ( ) O homem a descobre durante a adolescência.
C - ( ) O jovem a encontra por falta de apoio e compreen-
são.
D – ( ) O adolescente crê que o mundo é dos adultos; e
esses estão ocupados demais para ouvir os seus pequenos
devaneios.
E – ( ) A descoberta dessa realidade – que não é triste ou
alegre, mas simplesmente um fato – ocorre na puberdade, e
nem sempre é pacífica.
 Língua Portuguesa
4) Segundo o texto, o amor:
A – ( ) É um problema irrelevante na vida agitada do jovem.
B – ( ) E uma expressão romântica, uma frase fora de moda.
C – ( ) É uma atitude hábil e simpática em relação ao jovem.
D – ( ) É um meio pelo qual os adultos podem compreender
as atitudes dos jovens.
E – ( ) O amor precisa ser recíproco.
guir o desdobramento dessa ideia nos parágrafos subsequen-
tes a fim de discutir, aprofundar o assunto.
Já no texto-exemplo de Luiz Carlos Lisboa vemos que ele
vai preparando a introdução da ideia básica com as ideias
acessórias, como se estivesse criando um ambiente propício,
numa preparação textual onde o clímax seria a ideia básica: a
descoberta da solidão. E um crescer de expectativas até
chegar ao cerne da questão.

5) O texto afirma que:
A – ( ) As gerações mais velhas só se preocupam em
transmitir os seus valores aos mais jovens.
B – ( ) Os jovens acham que o mundo está errado e querem
destruí-lo.
C – ( ) A energia e a generosidade dos jovens os levam a
querer reformar o mundo.
D – ( ) É normalmente uma hipocrisia o fato de os jovens
quererem reformar o mundo.
E – ( ) A condição do homem é, em si mesma, de confronto
com a solidão, de que ele está, do berço à sepultura, sempre
cercado.
1) Sentido oposto: significa a ideia contrária de uma palavra
em relação a outra.
2) Análogo ou Equivalente: dizer que uma palavra é análoga
à outra, significa dizer que ambas têm semelhanças de signi-
ficados, são equivalentes.
Num texto, palavras, orações, frases, expressões são
justapostas, colocadas lado a lado visando a uma intenção do
autor que produz o texto. Por vezes, usa palavras de signifi-
cado equivalente; de outra feita, utiliza-se de expressões,
palavras com significados opostos, contudo todos esses
recursos têm uma intenção, usar o texto como veículo ou de
emoção, ou de crítica, de revelação, informação, etc.

6) "... débil, indefinida e acovardada do adulto diante do

jovem." As palavras sublinhadas podem ser substituídas, sem Peguemos como exemplo o texto de Luiz Carlos Lisboa.
modificar o significado do texto, por:
No texto, há blocos de significados que se equivalem e
A–( ) maluco, incoerente, medroso. que têm um certo significado à luz do contexto dado. Exem-
B–( ) fraco, indeterminado, medroso. plos:
C–( ) idiota, indeterminado, inseguro.
D–( ) alegre, estúpido, nervoso. 1º Atitude débil (= louca) indefinida, acovardada equivale a
E–( ) triste, nervoso, inseguro ação primitiva, sistemática.
2º Muita teoria equivale a pouco conhecimento.
3º Solidão real e frequente análoga à acompanhado, cons-
RESPOSTAS tante movimentação.
4º Berço análogo à sepultura.
QUESTÃO 1 2 3 4 5 6
I A E C E E C E O autor, no primeiro bloco de ideias, torna equivalente a
T B C E C E E C atitude débil, indefinida e acovardada diante do jovem à ação
E C E E E E E E punitiva. Em um outro contexto tal equivalência seria impos-
N D C E C C E E sível, pois a atitude de liberdade total, num primeiro momento
S E E C C C C E não tem relação alguma à punição sistemática. Contudo, num
certo contexto, as palavras assumem significados equivalen-
tes ou não.
Para compreendermos o texto é preciso descobrir sua
estrutura interna. Nela, encontraremos ideias básicas e aces- No segundo bloco, muita teoria equivale a pouco conhe-
sórias e precisamos descobrir como essas ideias se relacio- cimento, em outro contexto tais afirmações seriam opostas,
nam. contraditórias, contudo no texto-exemplo são equivalentes,
pois assumem um significado de "coisas vazias" diante da
As ideias básicas giram em torno do tema central, de uma descoberta da solidão, então mais uma vez temos um termo
ideia núcleo contida no texto, a ela somam-se as ideias aces- com um significado específico num dado contexto.
sórias, que só são importantes, enquanto corroboradoras da
ideia central. No terceiro bloco, solidão real e frequente estão lado a
lado das palavras acompanhando em constante movimenta-
Por exemplo, a ideia básica do texto é a presença da ção. No contexto, elas são compreendidas como análogas,
solidão em nossas vidas, na opinião de Luiz Carlos Lisboa, a equivalentes, mas já sabemos que num outro contexto são
ela somam-se outras ideias sobre a educação dos jovens, palavras que se opõem.
sobre a psicanálise, sobre o amor que são acessórias, por-
que não tratam diretamente do assunto da solidão, mas são Só assumem sentido análogo devido à ideia do autor, à
acessórias, pois colaboram para a compreensão da ideia sua intenção de reforçar a contradição, a confusão em que
básica, central. vive o adolescente.
Geralmente, um texto trata de uma ideia básica acompa- No quarto bloco, berço é análogo à sepultura, à luz da
nhada de várias ideias acessórias. Se há ideias básicas e compreensão do texto são palavras que se equivalem, que
ideias acessórias como ocorre a inter-relação dessas ideias? estão lado a lado equiparadas a lugares que contêm a soli-
dão que cerca a vida das pessoas. Em outros contextos são
Muitas vezes, a técnica usada é a de explanação de idei- palavras opostas, pois significam vida e morte, mas no texto-
as "em cadeia", ocorre a explanação da ideia básica e a se- exemplo tudo é uma coisa só: lugar de solidão.

– 2 –
 Língua Portuguesa
A oposição básica do texto é: A linguagem verbal é aquela que tem por unidade a
palavra; as linguagens não-verbais têm outros tipos de
O Mundo dos adultos ocupados oposto à busca disfarça- unidade, como os gestos, o movimento, a imagem, etc. Há,
da de atenção e apoio. ainda, as linguagens mistas, como por exemplo, as histórias
em quadrinhos, que normalmente utilizam a imagem e a
Onde adultos se ocupam com um mundo à parte dos palavra.
anseios, carências, dúvidas dos adolescentes cercados de
solidão. Que tipo de linguagem veicula com maior rapidez uma
informação?
É importante ressaltar que as oposições, as equivalên-
cias, a compreensão de certos termos só acontecem em Veja estes símbolos abaixo:
contextos determinados, pois dependendo da intenção do
autor as palavras poderão se opor, equivaler-se, assumir
significados específicos, ainda como exemplo, recorremos à Símbolo que se coloca na porta para indicar “sani-
expressão "muro de borracha" que poderia significar até um tário masculino”.
brinquedo em risco para o físico da criança, contudo no texto-
exemplo significa a atitude dos pais diante dos filhos – "débil,
indefinida e acovardada" sem limites, sem a educação que Imagem indicativa de “silêncio”.
norteia a vida. O texto poderá utilizar diversos recursos, tudo,
no entanto, estará subordinado à ideia do seu autor.

ESTRUTURA E ORGANIZAÇÃO DO TEXTO

DEFINIÇÃO DE TEXTO Placas de trânsito – à frente “proibido andar de

O texto é uma mensagem, isto é, um fato do discurso:
uma passagem falada ou escrita que forma um todo significa-
tivo independentemente da sua extensão. O texto forma um
todo, que pode ser:
– uma palavra: Não, talvez, sim ...
– uma frase: Antes tarde do que nunca.
– algumas ou centenas de páginas: um livro, um relatório, um
ofício, etc.
bicicleta”,atrás “quebra-molas”.
A linguagem verbal é a mais eficaz, porque transmite a
informação de forma mais objetiva e completa. A linguagem
visual, entretanto, é a mais econômica, porque veicula a
informação com maior rapidez.
EXERCÍCIOS

A ESTRUTURAÇÃO TEXTUAL Escreva (C) para CERTO e (E) para ERRADO:

Um texto se realiza por meio de uma seleção de seu 1 – Quanto à linguagem utilizada na figura abaixo:
material linguístico, aí compreendidas a seleção vocabular, a
seleção da frase e a seleção do modo de organização discur-
siva, ou seja, a narração, a descrição e a argumentação.
A – ( ) verbal
Cada um desses modos de organização possui determi- B – ( ) não-verbal
nadas regularidades que lhe são próprias, além daquelas
regularidades que estão acima dessas gramáticas particula-
res, ou seja, as regularidades gerais do texto. 2 – Qual linguagem foi utilizada na tira de Maurício de Sou-
sa?
A estruturação de um texto se faz exatamente entre o
esperado, ou seja, o respeito àquelas regularidades do modo
de organização a que pertence e a criatividade do autor.
Portanto, escrever é sempre um processo de seleção: sele-
ção de vocábulos, seleção de estruturas sintáticas, seleção
de organização das frases na composição do texto, seleção
de um modo de organização discursiva... tudo em busca do
que parece mais adequado às finalidades do autor do texto.

LINGUAGEM VERBAL E LINGUAGEM NÃO-VERBAL

Linguagem é a representação do pensamento por meio

(Maurício de Sousa)
de sinais que permitem a comunicação e a interação entre as
A – ( ) verbal
pessoas. As palavras, os gestos, o desenho, a escrita, a
B – ( ) não-verbal
mímica, as notas musicais, o código Morse e o de trânsito, a
pintura, a dança, a arquitetura, a escultura, tudo isso é lin-
guagem.
RESPOSTAS
As várias linguagens podem ser organizadas em dois
QUESTÃO 1 2
grupos: a linguagem verbal, modelo de todas as outras, e as
A E C
linguagens não-verbais. ITENS B C E

– 3 –
 Língua Portuguesa
REESCRITURA DE TEXTO
Um texto não é construído apenas pelo escritor, mas
também pelo leitor. Cada leitor, além de sua consciência e
subjetividade, transporta para o texto uma parte das ideias e
conhecimentos de sua época, o que inclui também o passa-
do literário, que lhe permite observar as transformações, as
permanências. Estes elementos acabam por produzir diferen-
tes leituras de um texto, condicionadas à vivência, à cultura e
à psicologia de cada leitor.
A leitura não é apenas recepção de textos, mas ação
sobre eles. Por mais passiva que ela seja, processa-se
construindo sentidos, avaliando e julgando.
O mesmo se dá com o escritor, pois, sendo um ser soci-
al, é determinado pela sociedade, incorporando ao seu texto
a herança cultural da humanidade e do seu meio. Daí dizer-
se que uma obra não é criada apenas a partir da visão do
artista, mas também a partir de outras obras.
O autor codifica (ou constrói) o texto. O leitor o descodi-
fica (ou desconstrói) no processo de análise e o recodifica
(ou reconstrói) no processo de compreensão e interpreta-
ção, de acordo com sua individualidade e cultura.
Uma leitura ativa, exploradora e descobridora equivale a
um trabalho paralelo ao da escrita, mas pressupõe um leitor
capaz de dominar certas noções teóricas e a análise, neces-
sariamente técnica, dos elementos constitutivos do texto.
Um dos motivos importantes para a reescritura de textos
acontecer é o fato de que só aprendemos a escrever quando
escrevemos, assim como só aprendemos a ler quando lemos.
O indivíduo só passará a dominar a escrita se houver uma
prática efetiva desta atividade. Todos nós sabemos que não
há teorias que ensinem a redigir, do mesmo modo como não
existem livros, teorias ou métodos que ensinem a interpretar
textos.
Podemos dizer que aprende-se a redigir, redigindo, sem
se esquecer, porém, da importância da motivação pessoal.
Vários são os aspectos que podem ser levados em conta
na hora de reescrever um texto (coesão, coerência, estilo,
etc.), de modo que vários são os tópicos que se podem enfa-
tizar quando do trabalho com a reescritura.
x Coesão é a conexão, ligação, harmonia entre os elemen-
tos de um texto. Percebemos tal definição quando lemos
um texto e verificamos que as palavras, as frases e os pa-
rágrafos estão entrelaçados, um dando continuidade ao
outro. Os elementos de coesão determinam a transição
de ideias entre as frases e os parágrafos.
Observe a coesão presente no texto a seguir:
“Os sem-terra fizeram um protesto em Brasília contra a
política agrária do país, porque consideram injusta a atual
distribuição de terras. Porém o ministro da Agricultura consi-
derou a manifestação um ato de rebeldia, uma vez que o
projeto de Reforma Agrária pretende assentar milhares de
sem-terra.”
JORDÃO, R., BELLEZI C. Linguagens. São Paulo: Escala
Educacional, 2007, 566 p.
– 4 –
As palavras destacadas no texto têm o papel de ligar as
partes do texto, podemos dizer que elas são responsáveis
pela coesão do texto.
x A coerência textual é a relação lógica entre as ideias,
pois essas devem se complementar, é o resultado da não-
contradição entre as partes do texto. A coerência de um
texto inclui fatores como o conhecimento que o produtor e
o receptor têm do assunto abordado no texto, conheci-
mento de mundo, o conhecimento que esses têm da lín-
gua que usam e intertextualidade. Pode-se concluir que
texto coerente é aquele do qual é possível estabelecer
sentido, é entendido como um princípio de interpretabili-
dade.
Veja o exemplo:
“As crianças estão morrendo de fome por causa da ri-
queza do país.”
“Adoro sanduíche porque engorda.”
As frases acima são contraditórias, não apresentam in-
formações claras, portanto, são incoerentes. A reescrita re-
sulta da autonomia que o texto escrito tem.
Na interação oral, o falante tem o interlocutor presente,
cooperando para construir seu próprio discurso, ajudando-o
com a sua fala, ou fazendo o falante explicar as suas inten-
ções.
Na escritura, ao contrário, o redator está sozinho, e a
explicitação do sentido fica a seu cargo, atuando também
como leitor.
A reescritura é muitas vezes confundida com a revisão. A
revisão é a correção que ocorre durante a escrita do texto, e
a reescritura é a que acontece depois do texto já estar con-
cluído.
A reescritura consiste na troca de programa de partida e
se traduz por modificações qualitativas ou quantitativas. As-
sim, a reescritura diz respeito a toda a elaboração do texto.
O melhoramento do texto pode levar a várias reescrituras,
podendo chegar, por exemplo, à quarta versão. Esta pode
iniciar um novo ciclo de trabalho; cada etapa define o suporte
do trabalho seguinte.
A reescrita, portanto, exige a leitura, a análise, a reflexão
e a recriação. O texto pode até ser consequência de uma
inspiração, de um primeiro impulso, mas será retomado,
repensado e recriado.
É o resultado de um trabalho consciente por parte do
produtor, desmistificando a ideia de que um texto produzido
não deve ser modificado, ou que as correções linguísticas
são suficientes para se ter um bom texto. Mas não basta
apenas a correção gramatical.
É preciso, na reescritura do texto, eliminar o supérfluo,
buscando a clareza e a eficiência da mensagem. Isto feito, o
texto pode ser finalmente considerado pronto.
Na reescritura de textos, recorre-se à paráfrase. As pala-
vras são mudadas, porém a ideia do texto é confirmada pelo
novo texto, a alusão ocorre para atualizar, reafirmar os senti-
dos ou alguns sentidos do texto citado. É dizer com outras
palavras o que já foi dito.
 Língua Portuguesa
Paráfrase
A paráfrase consiste em reescrever com suas palavras as
ideias centrais de um texto. Consiste em um excelente exer-
cício de redação, uma vez que desenvolve o poder de sínte-
se, clareza e precisão vocabular. A paráfrase mantém o sen-
tido do texto original.
A paráfrase é um texto que procura tornar mais claro e
objetivo aquilo que se disse em outro texto. Portanto, é sem-
pre a reescritura de um texto já existente, uma espécie de
‘tradução’ dentro da própria língua.
O autor da paráfrase deve demonstrar que entendeu
claramente a ideia do texto. Além disso, são exigências de
uma boa paráfrase:
1. Utilizar a mesma ordem de ideias que aparece no texto
original.
2. Não omitir nenhuma informação essencial.
3. Não fazer qualquer comentário acerca do que se diz no
texto original.
4. Utilizar construções que não sejam uma simples repeti-
ção daquelas que estão no original e, sempre que possível,
um vocabulário também diferente.
Não confunda “paráfrase” com “perífrase”, este é a subs-
tituição de um nome comum ou próprio por um expressão
que a caracterize. Nada mais é do que um rodeio de pala-
vras. Por exemplo: última flor do Lácio (língua portuguesa),
Cidade Maravilhosa (Rio de Janeiro), o poeta dos escravos
(Castro Alves), etc. Veja abaixo o exemplo:
Texto Original
Minha terra tem palmeiras
Onde canta o sabiá,
As aves que aqui gorjeiam
Não gorjeiam como lá.
(Gonçalves Dias, “Canção do exílio”)
Paráfrase
Meus olhos brasileiros se fecham saudosos
Minha boca procura a ‘Canção do Exílio’.
Como era mesmo a ‘Canção do Exílio’?
Eu tão esquecido de minha terra...
Ai terra que tem palmeiras
Onde canta o sabiá!
(Carlos Drummond de Andrade, “Europa, França e Bahia”)
Este texto de Gonçalves Dias, “Canção do Exílio”, é muito
utilizado como exemplo de paráfrase, aqui o poeta Carlos
Drummond de Andrade retoma o texto primitivo conservando
suas ideias, não há mudança do sentido principal do texto
que é a saudade da terra natal.
Paródia
A Paródia é um tipo de paráfrase. É uma imitação, na
maioria das vezes cômica, de uma composição literária,
(também existem paródias de filmes), sendo portanto, uma
imitação que geralmente possui efeito cômico, utilizando a
ironia e o deboche. Ela geralmente é parecida com a obra de
origem, e quase sempre tem sentidos diferentes.
Na literatura, a paródia é um processo de intertextualiza-
ção, com a finalidade de desconstruir um texto.
– 5 –
A paródia surge a partir de uma nova interpretação, da
recriação de uma obra já existente e, em geral, consagrada.
Seu objetivo é adaptar a obra original a um novo contexto,
passando diferentes versões para um lado mais despojado, e
aproveitando o sucesso da obra original para passar um
pouco de alegria. A paródia pode ter intertextualidade.
A paródia é uma forma de contestar ou ridicularizar outros
textos, há uma ruptura com as ideologias impostas e por isso
é objeto de interesse para os estudiosos da língua e das
artes.
Ocorre, aqui, um choque de interpretação, a voz do texto
original é retomada para transformar seu sentido, leva o leitor
a uma reflexão crítica de suas verdades incontestadas anteri-
ormente, com esse processo há uma indagação sobre os
dogmas estabelecidos e uma busca pela verdade real, con-
cebida através do raciocínio e da crítica.
Os programas humorísticos fazem uso contínuo dessa
arte, frequentemente os discursos de políticos são abordados
de maneira cômica e contestadora, provocando risos e tam-
bém reflexão a respeito da demagogia praticada pela classe
dominante. Com o mesmo texto utilizado anteriormente, te-
remos, agora, uma paródia.
Texto Original
Minha terra tem palmeiras
Onde canta o sabiá,
As aves que aqui gorjeiam
Não gorjeiam como lá.
(Gonçalves Dias, “Canção do exílio”)
Paródia
Minha terra tem palmares
onde gorjeia o mar
os passarinhos daqui
não cantam como os de lá.
(Oswald de Andrade, “Canto de regresso à pátria”)
O nome Palmares, escrito com letra minúscula, substitui a
palavra palmeiras, há um contexto histórico, social e racial
neste texto, Palmares é o quilombo liderado por Zumbi, foi
dizimado em 1695, há uma inversão do sentido do texto pri-
mitivo que foi substituído pela crítica à escravidão existente
no Brasil.
Outro exemplo de paródia é a propaganda que faz refe-
rência à obra prima de Leonardo Da Vinci, Mona Lisa:
Fonte:
www.infoescola.com/portugues/intertextualidade-parafrase-e-
parodia/ - 24k -
 Língua Portuguesa
EXERCÍCIOS
Escreva (C) para CERTO e (E) para ERRADO:
1) Leia o poema Oração, de Jorge de Lima:
“- Ave Maria cheia de graças...”
A tarde era tão bela, a vida era tão pura,
as mãos de minha mãe eram tão doces,
havia, lá no azul, um crepúsculo de ouro... lá longe...
“- Cheia de graça, o Senhor é convosco, bendita!”
Bendita!
Os outros meninos, minha irmã, meus irmãos
menores,
meus brinquedos, a casaria branca de
minha terra, a burrinha do vigário
pastando
junto à capela... lá longe...
Ave cheia de graça
- ...”bendita sois entre as mulheres, bendito é o
fruto do vosso ventre...”
E as mãos do sono sobre os meus olhos,
e as mãos de minha mãe sobre o meu sonho,
e as estampas de meu catecismo
para o meu sonho de ave!
E isto tudo tão longe... tão longe...
Quanto ao poema:
A – ( ) O poema acima trata-se de uma perífrase.
B – ( ) O poema acima trata-se de uma paráfrase.
C – ( ) Pode-se considerar o poema como uma paródia, pois
está ridicularizando outro texto.
D – ( ) A paráfrase consiste em reescrever com suas pala-
vras as ideias centrais de um texto.
E – ( ) A paráfrase mantém o sentido do texto original.
2) Leia o texto publicado na revista Isto É Gente em
12/02/2001:
Etiqueta Moderna
Livro satiriza livros de boas maneiras com dicas
de etiqueta às avessas
Nas últimas décadas, a onda politicamente correta impul-
sionou escritores, músicos e cineastas a produzir obras com
mensagens positivas e cheias de bons exemplos para tornar
o mundo melhor. E mais chato. Para sorte da cultura, alguns
poucos rebeldes se recusam a dar o braço a torcer ao mau
humor.
Esse é o caso de P.J. O’Rourke, um dos mais divertidos
escritores norte-americanos, que tem seus textos publicados
em revistas como Vanity Fair, Playboy e Rolling Stone, onde
trabalha como editor de assuntos internacionais.
Com Etiqueta Moderna – Finas Maneiras para Gente
Grossa (Conrad Livros, 272 págs.), O’Rourke traz à tona o
que os manuais de etiqueta convencionais costumam varrer
para debaixo do tapete. (...)
– 6 –
O livro, na verdade, é uma sátira aos comportamentos
hipócritas que costumam permear as relações humanas,
portanto, é quase impossível não se reconhecer em pelo
menos parte dele.
Os capítulos foram divididos no mesmo formato dos ma-
nuais de etiqueta, com páginas dedicadas às festas, aos
casamentos, aos funerais, à maneira certa de vestir em cada
ocasião, etc., com dicas absurdas, como “Regras para Vomi-
tar”. A diversão é certa. Bom humor politicamente incorreto.
Observação:
P. J. O´Rourke é o grande satirista da América contempo-
rânea. ´O escritor mais engraçado da América´, diz o Wall
Street Journal. Ele foi poeta vanguardista, maoísta e editor de
diversas revistas underground.
Quanto ao texto:
A – ( ) O texto acima é uma paródia, por ser uma imitação,
na maioria das vezes cômica, de uma composição literária.
B – ( ) O texto acima pode ser considerado uma perífrase,
pois é a substituição de um nome comum em uma obra já
existente.
C – ( ) A perífrase nada mais é do que um rodeio de pala-
vras.
D – ( ) A Paródia é um tipo de paráfrase.
E – ( ) A obra acima surge a partir de uma nova interpreta-
ção, da recriação de uma já existente e consagrada.
3) Quanto à reescritura:
A – ( ) A reescritura tem a mesma função da revisão. Am-
bas ocorrem durante a escrita do texto.
B – ( ) A reescrita resulta da autonomia que o texto escrito
tem.
C – ( ) A reescritura é muitas vezes confundida com a revi-
são. A revisão é a correção que ocorre durante a escrita do
texto, e a reescritura é a que acontece depois do texto já
estar concluído.
D – ( ) A reescritura consiste na troca de programa de parti-
da e se traduz por modificações qualitativas ou quantitativas.
Assim, a reescritura diz respeito a toda a elaboração do
texto.
E – ( ) A reescritura acontece depois do texto já estar con-
cluído.
4) Leia o texto abaixo e faça uma reescritura:
AGORAFOBIA (Adriano Siqueira)
São Paulo é uma cidade assustadora. Eu sei. Moro aqui.
Vejo tudo aqui de cima no meu apartamento. Gravo tudo que
acontece lá fora através da minha câmera colocada na janela
em direção da rua.
Ela fica posicionada no ponto de ônibus da Av. Santo
Amaro e lá existem muitos garotos que cheiram crack à noite
porque embaixo do meu prédio é escuro.
Cansei de gravar eles pedindo esmolas no semáforo. Eu
fico assistindo a tudo isso e presto atenção nos detalhes,
mesmo assistindo à fita de dia, as minhas mãos ficam suando
e eu fico apavorado vendo as cenas noturnas.
Nunca irei sair de casa. Tenho uma doença rara que se
chama Agorafobia "medo de lugares abertos", deixo isso
 Língua Portuguesa
com a polícia e com a lei. Só desejo estar seguro dentro da
minha casa. É difícil viver assim. Costumo pedir tudo por
telefone e trabalho dentro de casa. Eu já tentei sair algumas
vezes, mas voltei tremendo de medo.
Aquela fita tinha algo assustador. Um homem chegou ao
ponto e conversou com um casal. De repente, o homem agar-
rou a mulher e atirou. O outro homem tentou impedir, mas
levou vários tiros. Eu estava branco na frente da TV. Essa fita
tinha que ir para a polícia.
Peguei o telefone enquanto a fita ainda estava rodando.
Enquanto eu falava com a polícia, eu notei que ele apontava
para a câmera. Não pode ser. Eu voltei esta parte várias
vezes e ele apontava mesmo para a minha janela. Meu Deus.
Fiquei apavorado. Mesmo assim, consegui falar com a po-
lícia e eles disseram que viriam buscar a prova já que recusei
ir à delegacia.
Uma hora mais tarde alguém bateu na minha porta. A
câmera instalada na porta me mostrava um policial. Deixei
ele entrar e mostrei a fita para ele contando detalhes sobre o
que aconteceu. Mas ele dizia.
- Não dá pra ver a cara dele?
- Não Senhor. Eu tentei várias vezes.
Ele coloca a mão na arma que está no seu cinto e diz:
- Tem certeza que não sou reconhecido?
Não consegui pensar em mais nada. Olhei para a janela e
saltei sem pensar. Agarrei o fio da câmera que estava preso
e isso amorteceu a queda e fiquei encostado no prédio. Eram
dois andares e eu sobrevivi. Eu ouvia os tiros do meu apar-
tamento. Meu coração estava muito acelerado. Não conse-
guia me mover. Estava em pânico.
Todo mundo que estava na rua olhava para mim. Tentei
dar um passo, mas por azar o guarda apareceu e tropeçou,
caindo sobre meu corpo, ele deixou cair a arma e eu peguei.
Eu gritava apontando a arma pra ele: - Chamem a polícia!
Quando a polícia chegou eu estava sorrindo, olhando
para o Sol e as pessoas na rua movimentada.
- Acho que está na hora de conhecer o Ibirapuera.
RESPOSTAS
QUESTÃO 1 2 3 sua perspectiva em relação aos fatos narrados: 1ª ou 3ª pes-
I A E E E soa.
T B C C C
E C E C C No texto acima, a história é contada em 1ª pessoa (eu):
N D C C C “Vi ontem um bicho”. O narrador relata um acontecimento que
S E C E C o impressionou: um bicho catando restos de comida.
Observação: A questão nº 04 é resposta pessoal do candidato
– 7 –
2 . TIPOLOGIA TEXTUAL
Os textos variam conforme as intenções do autor, poden-
do ser narrativos, descritivos, dissertativos. Porém, raramente
um texto é construído com as características de um só tipo. O
mais comum é encontrarmos os vários tipos em um só texto.
O TEXTO NARRATIVO
Leia este trecho de um texto narrativo:
A escrava pegou a filhinha
Nas costas
E se atirou no Paraíba
Para que a criança não fosse judiada.
(Oswald de Andrade. Poesias Reunidas.
Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 1972.)
Nesse texto, o importante é o fato, a ação, o acontecimen-
to: a escrava se mata junto com a filhinha recém-nascida,
para salvá-la da escravidão.
Releia o texto e repare que não sabemos como era a
escrava, nem como era sua filha, nem como era o rio. Esse
trecho só atribui importância ao acontecimento em si.
Narrar, portanto, consiste em construir o conjunto de
ações que constituem a história –o enredo – e relacioná-las
às personagens – seres que praticam atos ou sofrem os
fatos.
Vejamos mais um exemplo de narração:
O bicho
Vi ontem um bicho
Na imundície do pátio
Catando comida entre os detritos
Quando achava alguma coisa,
Não examinava nem cheirava:
Engolia com voracidade.
O bicho não era um cão,
Não era um gato,
Não era um rato.
O bicho, meu Deus, era um homem.
(Manuel Bandeira. Estrela da vida inteira.
Rio de Janeiro, José Olympio, 1973.)
Toda a narrativa tem um narrador: aquele que conta a
história. Mas o narrador pode ser de dois tipos, conforme a
Note que, no desenvolvimento do enredo, não sabemos
de que animal se trata. Só no desfecho o narrador nos revela
que o bicho é um ser humano.
A narração, além de ser uma das mais importantes possi-
bilidades da linguagem, é também uma das práticas mais
comuns de nossa vida.
 Língua Portuguesa
A narração associa nossa observação do mundo com
nossa existência, nossa memória e nossa imaginação.
Estrutura do texto narrativo:
1) ENREDO
É a narrativa propriamente dita, que pode ser linear ou
retrospectiva, cuja trama mantém o interesse do leitor, que
espera por um desfecho. Chama-se simplesmente de ação.
2) PERSONAGEM
É a pessoa que atua na narrativa. Pode ser principal ou
secundária, típica ou caricatural.
3) NARRADOR (PONTO DE VISTA)
Geralmente, classifica-se em:
a) narrador-observador: o autor conta a história como ob-
servador que sabe tudo. Usa a terceira pessoa.
b) narrador personagem: o autor conta encarnando-se
numa personagem, principal ou secundária. Usa a primeira
pessoa.
4) AMBIENTE
É o meio físico e social onde se desenvolve a ação das
personagens. Trata-se do pano de fundo ou do cenário da
história.
5) TEMPO
É o elemento fortemente ligado ao enredo numa sequên-
cia linear ou retrospectiva, ao passado, presente e futuro,
com seus recuos e avanços. Pode ser cronológico (quando
avança no sentido do relógio) ou psicológico (quando é medi-
do pela repercussão emocional, estética e psicológica nas
personagens).
6) DISCURSO
É o procedimento do narrador ao reproduzir as falas ou o
pensamento das personagens. Há três tipos de discurso:
x Discurso direto: caracterizado pela reprodução fiel da
fala do personagem. As falas são reproduzidas integral-
mente e, via de regra, introduzidas por travessão.
Numa estrutura tradicional de discurso direto, a fala do
personagem é acompanhada por um verbo de elocução (ver-
bo que indica a fala do personagem: dizer, falar, responder,
indagar, perguntar, retrucar, afirmar, etc.), seguido de dois-
pontos.
Alguns autores modernos dispensam o emprego dos ver-
bos de elocução em favor de um ritmo mais veloz da narrati-
va, assim como também os sinais de pontuação que introdu-
zem e delimitam as falas (dois-pontos, travessão, aspas,
etc.).
– 8 –
Observe o exemplo:
(Maurício de Sousa)
A fala nos quadrinhos normalmente é apresentada de
forma direta, nos balões, sem interferência de narrador. No
caso, da tira, Mônica e Cebolinha estabelecem um diálogo.
x Discurso indireto: caracterizado pelo fato de o narrador
se apropriar da fala do personagem, ou seja, a fala do ou-
tro vem pelas palavras do narrador.
No discurso indireto, observamos a seguinte estrutura:
verbo de elocução (que é o núcleo do predicado da ora-
ção principal), seguido da oração subordinada (a fala do
personagem complementa o significado do verbo de elo-
cução: disse que...; pensou que...; desempenhando a fun-
ção de objeto direto ou indireto), introduzida por uma con-
junção integrante (que, se).
Observe o exemplo:
O detento disse que (ele) não confiava mais na Justiça.
Logo depois, perguntou ao delegado se (ele) iria prendê-lo.
x indireto-livre: consiste na fusão entre narrador e perso-
nagem, isto é, a fala da personagem insere-se no discur-
so do narrador, sem o emprego dos verbos de elocução
(como dizer, afirmar, perguntar, responder, pedir e excla-
mar).
Observe o exemplo:
Agora (Fabiano) queria entender-se com Sinhá Vitória a
respeito da educação dos pequenos. E eles estavam pergun-
tadores, insuportáveis. Fabiano dava-se bem com a ignorân-
cia. Tinha o direito de saber? Tinha? Não tinha.
A ORDEM DA NARRATIVA
Entende-se por ordem o registro de um fato ou detalhe de
cada vez. Vejamos um exemplo:
Chega a polícia.
E os invasores saem.
A polícia se vai.
Os invasores voltam. (Jornal da Tarde)
Nesta pequena narrativa, que serve de título para uma
reportagem, o jornalista registrou fatos na ordem em que
aconteceram, ou seja, em sequência cronológica ou linear:
começo, meio e fim. Muitas vezes, o autor pode fugir do con-
vencional, alterando essa linearidade. Isso ocorre com mais
frequência no texto literário, em que se trabalha artisticamen-
te a língua com a finalidade de provocar emoções no leitor.
Vejamos alguns exemplos:
1) O narrador antecipa o final da narrativa:
 Língua Portuguesa
“No dia em que o matariam, Santiago Nassar levantou-se
às 5h30 da manhã para esperar o navio em que chegava o
bispo.” (Gabriel Garcia Márquez)
No primeiro parágrafo, o narrador já conta o que aconte-
ceu à personagem.
2) O narrador faz referência a um fato anterior, que o leitor
não conhece, procurando criar suspense. Leia a primeira
linha de um conto:
“Então a mosca voltou a atacar. Ninguém dava nada por
ela. Se no mundo dos insetos já seria presa fácil, o que dirá
na longa noite dos brontossauros.” (Chacal)
Fazendo referência a um fato que o leitor desconhece, o
narrador desperta a curiosidade de saber como e por que a
tal mosca atacava e voltou a atacar.
3) Antes de começar a contar a história propriamente dita, o
narrador inicia o texto com uma fala da personagem, mos-
trando que ela está mesmo em desequilíbrio com o meio:
“– Que peixe é esse? Perguntou a moça com afetada
admiração. Foi na cidade de Curupuru, no Maranhão. A moça
nascera ali mesmo, crescera ali mesmo mas voltara semana
a sada de uma temporada de um ano, na capital do estado.
Ela agora é moça de cidade, não conhece mais peixe, nem
bicho do mato, nem farinha-de-pau. Evoluiu.
“– Que peixe é esse?
Os homens e as mulheres não responderam nada. Olha-
ram-se uns aos outros com ar de enfado.”(Ferreira Gullar)
O CICLO NARRATIVO
Nos textos essencialmente narrativos, predominam as
frases verbais, que indicam um processo, uma ação.
A narrativa tem como ponto de partida uma situação inici-
al, que se desenvolve numa para chegar a uma situação final,
diferente da inicial:
• situação inicial – o personagem está apresentado numa
determinada situação temporal e espacial;
• desenvolvimento – apresenta-se o conflito, e a ação se
desenvolve até chegar ao clímax e, em seguida, a um desfe-
cho;
• situação final – passado o conflito, o personagem é apre-
sentado em uma nova situação – há claros indícios de trans-
formação, de mudança em relação ao início da narrativa.
NARRATIVA FICCIONAL
A palavra ficção vem do latim fictio, que deriva do verbo
fingere: modelar, criar, inventar. Quando identificamos uma
narrativa como ficcional, observamos nela uma realidade
criada, imaginária, não real.
– 9 –
A narrativa ficcional é fruto da imaginação criadora. Sem-
pre mantendo pontos de contato com o real, recria a realida-
de. Baseando-se nela ou dela se distanciando.
Se os acontecimentos narrados, se os personagens apre-
sentados aproximarem-se muito da realidade a ponto de nos
confundir, falamos que a narrativa é verossímil (semelhante à
verdade), se os acontecimentos e personagens se mostrarem
absurdos, absolutamente improváveis, falamos que a narrati-
va é inverossímil (que não é semelhante à verdade).
O texto a seguir é um trecho de “Alice no País das Maravi-
lhas” de Lewis Carrol, um exemplo de narrativa de ficção em
que podemos observar um universo imaginário.
Alice no País das Maravilhas
Lewis Carrol
Capítulo 1
Para baixo na toca do coelho
Alice estava começando a ficar muito cansada de estar
sentada ao lado de sua irmã e não ter nada para fazer: uma
vez ou duas ela dava uma olhadinha no livro que a irmã lia,
mas não havia figuras ou diálogos nele e “para que serve um
livro”, pensou Alice, “sem figuras nem diálogos? ”
Então, ela pensava consigo mesma (tão bem quanto era
possível naquele dia quente que a deixava sonolenta e estú-
pida) se o prazer de fazer um colar de margaridas era mais
forte do que o esforço de ter de levantar e colher as margari-
das, quando subitamente um Coelho Branco com olhos cor-
de-rosa passou correndo perto dela.
Não havia nada de muito especial nisso, também Alice
não achou muito fora do normal ouvir o Coelho dizer para si
mesmo “Oh puxa! Oh puxa!
Eu devo estar muito atrasado! ” (quando ela pensou nisso
depois, ocorreu-lhe que deveria ter achado estranho, mas na
hora tudo parecia muito natural); mas, quando o Coelho tirou
um relógio do bolso do colete, e olhou para ele, apressando-
se a seguir, Alice pôs-se em pé e lhe passou a ideia pela
mente como um relâmpago, que ela nunca vira antes um
coelho com um bolso no colete e menos ainda com um reló-
gio para tirar dele.
Ardendo de curiosidade, ela correu pelo campo atrás dele,
a tempo de vê-lo saltar para dentro de uma grande toca de
coelho embaixo da cerca.
No mesmo instante, Alice entrou atrás dele, sem pensar
como faria para sair dali. A toca do coelho dava diretamente
em um túnel, e então se aprofundava repentinamente.
Tão repentinamente que Alice não teve um momento se-
quer para pensar antes de já se encontrar caindo no que
parecia ser bastante fundo.
(...)
 Língua Portuguesa
O TEXTO DESCRITIVO
Leia este trecho descritivo de Guimarães Rosa:
“Sua casa ficava para trás da Serra do Mim, quase no
meio de um brejo de água limpa, lugar chamado o Temor-de-
Deus. O Pai, pequeno sitiante, lidava com vacas e arroz; a
Mãe, urucuiana, nunca tirava o terço da mão, mesmo quando
matando galinhas ou passando descompostura em alguém. E
ela, menininha, por nome Maria, Nhinhinha dita, nascera já
muito para miúda, cabeçudota e com olhos enormes.”
Você observou que o trecho acima, apresenta caracterís-
ticas de ambiente e de personagens. Essa caracterização é
obtida por meio da descrição.
Descrever é detalhar uma cena, objeto, sentimento, per-
sonagens, destacando-lhe características peculiares, de
modo a passar ao leitor/ouvinte uma imagem o mais próxima
possível daquela que temos em mente. Há duas maneiras
básicas de descrever: objetiva ou subjetivamente.
Na descrição objetiva, a realidade é retratada com a
maior fidelidade possível, não se emitindo qualquer opinião ou
julgamento. Leia, agora, as seguintes descrições objetivas:
“Os anticorpos são moléculas de proteínas que possuem
dois sítios específicos de combinação com os antígenos.
Existem, em cada molécula de anticorpo, duas cadeias poli-
peptídicas leves e duas cadeias pesadas, ligadas entre si por
pontes de enxofre.”
(Amabis e Martho)
“O apartamento que comprei tem três dormitórios – sendo
uma suíte –, uma sala em “L”, dois banheiros, cozinha, área
de serviço e dependências de empregada.”
Na descrição subjetiva, a realidade é retratada de acor-
do com o ponto de vista do emissor, que pode opinar e ex-
pressar seus sentimentos. Leia, agora, os seguintes trechos
descritivos:
“Este Quincas Borba, se acaso me fizeste o favor de ler
as Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, é aquele mesmo
náufrago da existência, que ali aparece, mendigo, herdeiro
inopinado, e inventor de uma filosofia. Aqui o tens agora em
Barbacena. Logo que chegou, enamorou-se de uma viúva,
senhora de condição mediana e parcos meios de vida, tão
acanhada, que os suspiros do namorado ficavam sem eco.”
(Machado de Assis)
“O senhor sabe: sertão é onde manda quem é forte, com
as astúcias. Deus mesmo, quando vier, que venha armado! E
bala é um pedaçozinho de metal ... sertão é onde o pensa-
mento da gente se forma mais forte do que o poder do lugar.
Viver é muito perigoso.”
(Guimarães Rosa)
CARACTERÍSTICAS DA DESCRIÇÃO
– caracteriza, por meio de imagens ou de palavras, seres e
lugares;
– emprega adjetivos, locuções adjetivas, verbos de estado e
orações adjetivas;
– emprega geralmente verbos de estado, normalmente no
a sente e no imperfeito do indicativo;
– estabelece comparações;
– faz referências às impressões sensitivas: cores, formas,
cheiros, gostos, impressões táteis, sons.
– 10 –
A ORDEM NA DESCRIÇÃO
A descrição é um verdadeiro “retrato” com palavras. Na
descrição literária, o escritor procura ordenar as frases de
modo a obter um texto que prenda a atenção do leitor.
Os textos descritivos dificilmente aparecem isolados.
Geralmente, fazem parte de um texto maior, do tipo narrativo.
Há várias maneiras de montar a descrição, dependendo
da posição (ponto de vista) do observador em relação àquilo
que está sendo observado. As principais são:
a) Do particular para o geral
Vejamos um exemplo:
“A pele da garota era desse moreno enxuto e parelho das
chinesas. Tinha uns olhos graúdos, lustrosos e negros como
os cabelos lisos, e um sorriso suave e limpo a animar-lhe o
rosto oval, de feições delicadas.” (Érico Veríssimo)
b) Do geral para o particular
Vejamos um exemplo:
“A rua estava de novo quase morta, janelas fechadas. A
valsa acabara o bis. Sem ninguém. Só o violinista estava ali,
fumando, fumegando muito, olhando sem ver, totalmente
desamparado, sem nenhum sono, agarrado a não sei que
esperança de que alguém, uma garota linda, um fotógrafo,
um milionário disfarçado lhe pedisse pra tocar mais uma vez.”
DESCRIÇÃO POÉTICA
Na poesia, a descrição está marcada pela função fática,
apresentando imagens inusitadas que recriam seres e/ou
ambientes. Dificilmente encontraremos objetividade nas des-
crições poéticas, pois, a poesia está marcada pelo subjeti-
vismo. Observe o exemplo:
Retrato
Eu não tinha este rosto de hoje
assim calmo, assim triste, assim magro,
nem estes olhos tão vazios,
nem o lábio amargo.
Eu não tinha estas mãos sem força,
tão paradas e frias e mortas;
eu não tinha este coração
que nem se mostra.
Eu não dei por esta mudança,
tão simples, tão certa, tão fácil:
- Em que espelho ficou perdida
a minha face?
(Cecília Meireles – Obra poética.
Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 1985.)
DESCRIÇÃO TÉCNICA
Na descrição técnica procura-se transmitir a imagem do
objeto através de uma linguagem técnica, com vocabulário
preciso, normalmente ligado a uma área da ciência ou da
tecnologia. É o caso da descrição de peças e aparelhos, de
experiências e fenômenos, do funcionamento de mecanis-
mos, da redação de manuais de instrução e artigos científi-
cos.
O TEXTO DISSERTATIVO
Leia este trecho de um texto dissertativo:
 Língua Portuguesa
“A fim de apreender a finalidade e o sentido da vida é
preciso amar a vida por ela mesma, inteiramente; mergulhar,
por assim dizer, no redemoinho da vida; somente então apre-
ender-se-á o sentido da vida, compreender-se-á para que se
vive. A vida é algo que, ao contrário de tudo criado pelo ho-
mem, não necessita de teoria, quem apreende a prática da
vida também assimila a sua teoria.”
(Wilhelm Reich. A revolução sexual. Rio de Janeiro, Zahar, 1974)
O texto expõe um ponto de vista (a finalidade da vida
é viver) sobre um assunto-tema (no caso, o sentido e a finali-
dade da vida). Além de apresentar o ponto de vista do autor,
o texto faz também a defesa desse ponto de vista: os por-
quês, os motivos que fundamentam a opinião de que a práti-
ca intensa de viver é que revela o sentido da vida; de que a
vida não precisa de teoria e que se identifica com o próprio
processo de viver intensamente.
À defesa do ponto de vista, à organização dos motivos
que o justificam, à exposição dos fundamentos em que uma
posição está baseada, chamamos argumentação.
Defender uma opinião com argumentos coerentes e ade-
quados é o aspecto mais importante do texto dissertativo.
Além da argumentação articulada, a dissertação deve apre-
sentar também uma linguagem clara e uma estruturação
lógica (com introdução, desenvolvimento e conclusão).
Dissertar é, através da organização de palavras, frases e
textos, apresentar ideias, desenvolver raciocínio, analisar
©textos, dados e fatos.
A ESTRUTURA DO TEXTO DISSERTATIVO
A dissertação obedece à seguinte estrutura:
– Introdução
É a parte na qual se apresenta a ideia central do texto e o
enfoque que se pretende abordar.
– Desenvolvimento
O desenvolvimento da dissertação apresenta os diferen-
tes aspectos da ideia exposta na introdução. Além disso, é
nessa parte que será feita a fundamentação da ideia que se
pretende discutir, através de exemplos, argumentos, dados
estatísticos, fatos históricos, causas e consequências etc.
– Conclusão
É a retomada da ideia apresentada na introdução, só que
enriquecida pela fundamentação dada no desenvolvimento. A
conclusão sintetiza a ideia central do texto e pode acrescen-
tar sugestões, ampliando a discussão do tema.
Veja como está estruturado o texto que segue:
Pode-se distinguir os homens dos animais pela consciên-
cia, pela religião ou por tudo que se queira. Mas eles próprios
começam a se diferenciar dos animais tão logo começam a
produzir seus meios de vida, passo este que é condicionado
por sua organização temporal. Produzindo seus meios de
vida, os homens produzem, indiretamente, sua própria vida
material.
O modo pelo qual os homens produzem seus meios de
vida depende, antes de tudo, da natureza dos meios de vidas
já encontrados e que têm de reproduzir. Não se deve consi-
derar tal modo de produção de um único ponto de vista, a
– 11 –
saber: a reprodução da existência física dos indivíduos. Tra-
ta-se, muito mais, de uma determinada forma de atividade
dos indivíduos, determinada forma de manifestar sua vida,
determinado modo de vida dos mesmos. Tal como os indiví-
duos manifestam sua vida, assim são eles.
O que eles são coincide com sua produção, tanto com o
que produzem como com o modo como produzem.
O que os indivíduos são, portanto, depende das condi-
ções materiais de sua produção.
(MARX, Karl. In: ARANHA, Maria Lúcia de Arruda & MARTINS, Maria
Helena. Temas de filosofia. São Paulo, Moderna, 1992.)
A estrutura desse texto é bem definida: introdução (pri-
meiro parágrafo), desenvolvimento (segundo parágrafo),
conclusão (último parágrafo).
A ORDEM NA DISSERTAÇÃO
Assim como na descrição podemos partir do geral para o
particular e vice-versa, a exposição de ideias na dissertação
admite o mesmo caminho.
Nesse caso, estaremos trabalhando com dois métodos
básicos de raciocínio: a indução e a dedução.
Chama-se indução ao raciocínio que se baseia na obser-
vação e elementos conhecidos, concretos (o particular), para,
por meio deles, chegar a uma conclusão ou a uma hipótese
possível sobre uma determinada ideia ou fato (o geral).
Observe como o jornalista Gilberto Dimenstein escreveu a
respeito dos jovens brasileiros vítimas de assassinato.
VIOLÊNCIA MATA MAIS ENTRE OS JOVENS
De cada 10 jovens brasileiros entre 15 e 18 anos mortos
no ano de 1993, 6 deles foram assassinados. A pesquisa
revela que, atualmente, o homicídio está em primeiro lugar
entre as causas da morte a juventude. A pesquisa foi feita
pelo CBIA (Centro Brasileiro para Infância e Adolescência),
órgão vinculado ao Ministério do Bem-Estar Social.
Apesar da fragilidade estatística e o aumento da consci-
ência dos governantes sobre a situação da infância, os índi-
ces de violência continuam crescendo.
(Folha de São Paulo, 26 jun 1994. Caderno Especial: Brasil 95)
Particular: dados da pesquisa feita pelo CBIA.
Geral: os índices de violência continuam aumentando apesar
do aumento da consciência dos governantes sobre o proble-
ma.
O tipo de raciocínio conhecido como dedução segue o
caminho inverso ao da indução. Portanto, no raciocínio dedu-
tivo partimos do geral para o particular, do desconhecido para
o conhecido. Obedecemos, geralmente, aos seguintes pas-
sos:
1) formulamos uma hipótese abstrata, de caráter geral;
2) fazemos uma relação de fatos e provas (elementos concre-
tos, conhecidos, observáveis): o particular;
3) podemos ou não colocar uma conclusão que confirme a
hipótese geral.
Observe como a autora organizou o texto dedutivamente:
 Língua Portuguesa
As expectativas num namoro são, na maioria das vezes,
muito diferentes para meninos e meninas. (hipótese geral)
Enquanto a maioria dos rapazes está doida para beijar, tocar
a menina e ter o máximo de intimidade sexual que puder, ela
geralmente está interessada em sair com ele, namorá-lo,
apreciar sua companhia. (fatos particulares que exemplificam
a hipótese geral)
(SUPLICY, Marta. Sexo para adolescentes. FTD, 1988. P. 82)
A ENUMERAÇÃO PARA ORGANIZAR O TEXTO
Leia o texto seguinte:
PRAZERES
O primeiro olhar da janela de manhã
O velho livro de novo encontrado
Rostos animados
Neve, o mudar das estações
O jornal
O cão
A dialética
Tomar ducha, nadar
Velha música
Sapatos cômodos
Compreender
Música nova
Escrever, plantar
Viajar, cantar
Ser amável
(Bertolt Brecht. Poemas e canções. Coimbra, 1975)
Como foi organizado esse poema? Qual a sequência de
ideias? Observe que o texto não buscou desenvolver o con-
ceito de felicidade, mas apresenta os elementos capazes de
representar a felicidade.
Pela enumeração de acontecimentos, objetos, pessoas,
sensações, sentimentos, atividades, o autor diz o que é felici-
dade.
A enumeração é uma técnica das mais ricas para escre-
ver livremente e constitui um dos importantes recursos utili-
zados na literatura, principalmente na poesia moderna. No
texto enumerativo empregam-se elementos que dificilmente
aparecem em redações tradicionais: “tomar ducha”, “sapatos
cômodos”, por exemplo. A enumeração é uma forma concreta
de escrever: consiste em listar coisas, fatos, lembranças,
emoções, desejos, sensações de nossa vida, do dia-a-dia, da
nossa história. Observe outro texto em que se emprega o
processo de enumeração:
OS DOIS LADOS
Deste lado tem meu corpo
tem o sonho
tem minha namorada na janela
tem as ruas gritando de luzes e movimentos
tem meu amor tão lento
tem o mundo batendo na minha memória
tem o caminho pro trabalho.
Do outro lado tem outras vidas vivendo da minha vida tem
pensamentos sérios me esperando na sala de visitas
tem minha noiva definitiva me esperando com flores na
mão,
tem a morte, as colunas da ordem e da desordem.
(Murilo Mendes. Poesia completa e prosa, Nova Aguilar, 1994)
– 12 –
Esse poema é uma espécie de autorretrato, que enumera
elementos de dois lados diferentes da personalidade e da
vida do eu-lírico.
Perceba que o texto foi organizado pelo processo de
enumeração.
Primeiro temos os elementos de um lado e, depois, os
elementos do outro.
EXERCÍCIOS
Escreva (C) para CERTO e (E) para ERRADO:
1 - Quanto à classificação:
A – ( ) “Quando me viu, Pedrinho me chamou de lado e
perguntou se era verdade que eu sabia fazer milagres.”
(Fernando Sabino) – Discurso direto
B – ( ) “– Não quero discutir com a senhora. Mas também
não quero ver meu filho duvidando do próprio pai.”
(Luís F. Veríssimo) - Discurso direto
C – ( ) “Ela se referia a uma misteriosa casa na Avenida
João Pinheiro, onde sabíamos que não morava ninguém
havia anos. (...) Íamos sempre olhá-la durante o dia, fascina-
dos: que haveria lá dentro? Não seria de espantar se de noite
os fantasmas se reunissem ali para celebrar o fato de já ha-
verem morrido.”
(Fernando Sabino) Discurso indireto livre
D – ( ) c) “Sempre fomos explorados. Somos oprimidos,
mas não vencidos. Lutamos, pelo elementar direito de a clas-
se trabalhadora participar da vida política, social e econômica
de sua pátria. Inútil tentar nos calar, nos deter, nos abater.
Somos multidão. Estamos nas cidades e nos campos. Re-
nascemos em nossos filhos. Sabemos que, no futuro, estará
em nossas mãos a riqueza que agora produzimos.” (Panfleto
de um Sindicato, maio de 1981) Dissertação
E – ( ) “Era de estatura regular, tinha as costas arqueadas e
os ombros levemente contraídos, braços moles, cintura pou-
co abaixo dos seios, desenhando muito a barriga. Quando
andava, principalmente em ocasiões de cerimônia, sacudia o
corpo na cadência dos passos e bamboleava a cabeça com
um movimento que afetava languidez. Muito pálida, olhos
grandes e bonitos, repuxados para os cantos exteriores, em
um feitio acentuado de folhas de roseira; lábios descorados e
cheios, mas graciosos. Nunca se despregava das lunetas, e a
forte miopia dava-lhe aos olhos uma expressão úmida de
choro.”
(Aluísio Azevedo) Descrição subjetiva
RESPOSTAS
QUESTÃO 1
I A E
T B C
E C C
N D C
S E C
 Língua Portuguesa
3. ORTOGRAFIA OFICIAL
Ortografia (palavra formada por dois elementos gregos:
“orthós”, correta, e “grafia”, escrita) é a parte da gramática
que se preocupa com o emprego correto de letras e palavras
na língua escrita.
Você já deve ter notado que os erros ortográficos apare-
cem com frequência no nosso dia a dia, nos mais diversos
segmentos da sociedade: campanhas publicitárias, placas
comerciais, propagandas políticas e até mesmo em jornais e
revistas.
E por que isso acontece, se a língua que falamos é uma
só? É simples. Infelizmente, na língua portuguesa, como em
outras línguas, não há a correspondência exata entre fonema
(língua oral) e letra (língua escrita). O ideal seria que cada
som correspondesse a uma única letra e vice-versa.
Observe o poema de Oswald de Andrade:
Vício na fala
Para dizerem milho dizem mio
Para melhor dizem mió
Para pior pió
Para telha dizem teia
Para telhado dizem teiado
E vão fazendo telhados
(Oswald de Andrade. Poesias reunidas.
Rio de Janeiro, Civilização Brasileira, 1971)
Nesse poema, Oswald de Andrade mostra a diferença
entre língua falada e língua escrita e a dificuldade que pode
haver entre elas.
Falar e escrever bem a língua portuguesa exige, de quem
a estuda, muito cuidado com o uso das letras e dos sons.
Para isso, devemos recorrer à ortografia e seguir suas
orientações a fim de que possamos eliminar dúvidas e princi-
palmente erros.
Este sistema, que se deve à iniciativa da Academia Brasi-
leira de Letras, tem as seguintes características:
1ª) É simplificado. Reduziu, por exemplo, consoantes do-
bradas ou insonoras: ofício, em vez de officio, atento, por
attento, salmo, em vez de psalmo; aboliu os símbolos gregos:
farmácia, em lugar de pharmacia, química, em vez de chimi-
ca, teatro, rinoceronte, mártir, em vez de theatro, rhinoceron-
te, martyr, etc.
2ª) É científico, pois baseia-se na etimologia e segue rígido
critério histórico
perr
3ª) É sistemático no uso dos acentos gráficos. Por exemplo:
herói, aquela lembrança dói, etc.
Segundo o acordo dos países que possuem o português
como idioma oficial, no Brasil a partir de 2009 passou a valer
as novas regras ortográficas.
O Novo Acordo Ortográfico visa simplificar as regras orto-
gráficas da Língua Portuguesa e aumentar o prestígio social
da língua no cenário internacional.
– 13 –
Sua implementação no Brasil segue os seguintes parâme-
tros: 2009 – vigência ainda não obrigatória, 2010 a 2012 –
adaptação completa dos livros didáticos às novas regras; e a
partir de 2013 – vigência em todo o território nacional.
Ainda que o Brasil tenha adiado para 2016 o prazo para
validação das regras da nova ortografia, o acordo já é uma
realidade legal e cultural em todos os países falantes de
língua portuguesa - exceto em Angola, que deve ratificá-lo
em breve. A proposta, contudo, ainda divide opiniões entre os
linguistas.
Cabe lembrar que esse “Novo Acordo Ortográfico” já se
encontrava assinado desde 1990 por oito países que falam a
língua portuguesa, inclusive pelo Brasil, mas só agora é que
teve sua implementação.
É equívoco afirmar que este acordo visa uniformizar a lín-
gua, já que uma língua não existe apenas em função de sua
ortografia.
FONEMAS NÃO SÃO LETRAS
Segundo Evanildo Bechara em seu livro Moderna Gramá-
tica Portuguesa: “desde logo uma distinção se impõe: não se
há de confundir fonema com letra. Fonema é uma realidade
acústica, realidade que nosso ouvido registra: enquanto letra
é o sinal empregado para representar na escrita o sistema
sonoro de uma língua.
Não há uma identidade perfeita, muitas vezes, entre os
fonemas e a maneira de representá-los na escrita, o que nos
leva facilmente a perceber a impossibilidade de uma ortogra-
fia ideal. Temos sete vogais orais tônicas, mas apenas cinco
símbolos gráficos (letras).
Quando queremos distinguir um e tônico aberto de um e
tônico fechado – pois são dois fonemas distintos – geralmen-
te utilizamos sinais subsidiários: o acento agudo (fé) ou o
circunflexo (vê). Há letras que se escrevem por várias razões,
mas que não se pronunciam, e portanto não representam a
vestimenta gráfica do fonema; é o caso do h, em homem ou
oh! Por outro lado, há fonemas que se ouvem e que não se
acham registrados na escrita; assim no final de cantavam,
ouvimos um ditongo em –am cuja semivogal não vem assina-
lada /amávãw/. A escrita, graças ao seu convencionalismo
tradicional, nem sempre espelha a evolução fonética.”
REPRESENTAÇÃO GRÁFICA DOS FONEMAS
Quando você pronuncia, por exemplo, a palavra “casa”,
cada som da fala é chamado de fonema. Temos, portanto,
quatro fonemas, /c/ /a/ /s/ /a/. As representações gráficas
desses fonemas são chamadas letras ou grafemas. Temos,
portanto, quatro letras, c - a - s - a.
Conforme mencionamos, a relação entre os fonemas e as
letras não é de correspondência exata e permanente, pode
ocorrer de uma palavra apresentar números de letras e fo-
nemas diferentes. Veja, por exemplo, a palavra “guerra”,
possui 6 letras e 4 fonemas (/gu/ /e/ /rr/ /a/); enquanto que
“táxi” possui 4 letras e 5 fonemas (/t/ /á/ /k/ /s/ /i/).
Um mesmo fonema, também pode ser representado por
diferentes letras. Veja alguns exemplos:
FONEMA / chê /
Pode ser representado por x ou ch.
Exemplos: caixa, enxugar, chuva, chinelo
 Língua Portuguesa
FONEMA / sê /
Pode ser representado por cçs, ss, x, sc, xc.
Exemplos: obedecer, cigarro, poço, carroça, secar, ensino,
pressa, esse, máximo, próximo, piscina, nascer, exceção,
excelente
FONEMA / zê /
Pode ser representado por x, s, z
Exemplos: exemplo, exigente, casa, vaso, zinco, bazar
FONEMA / jê / antes de e ou i
Pode ser representado por j, g
Exemplos: berinjela, jiló, gelo, gigante
Uma mesma letra pode ter sons diferentes, ou seja, re-
presentar diferentes fonemas.
LETRA S
Pode ser representado por / sê / , / zê /
Exemplos: sapato, sino, casaco, presente
LETRA X
Pode ser representado por / ks /, / chê /, / zê /, / sê /
Exemplos: tóxico, sexo, apaixonar, xadrez, êxito, examinar,
auxílio, próximo
ALFABETO
Finalmente, deu-se um basta na indiferença! Os estran-
geiros K, W e Y são oficializados cidadãos brasileiros através
de nossa língua!
Agora nosso alfabeto passa a ser composto de 26 letras,
admitindo de vez as letra K, W e Y que, normalmente, já
eram usadas em nomes estrangeiros ou em símbolos de
medidas. Exemplos: Karen, Wilson, Hygor, Km, Kg, Watt.
São elas:
a (á), b (bê), c (cê), d (dê), e (é), f (efê), g (gê), h (agá), i (i), j
(jota), k (ká), l (ele), m (eme), n (ene), o (o), p (pê), q (quê), r
(erre), s (esse), t (tê), u (u), v (vê), w (dáblio), x (xis), y (ípsi-
lon), z (zê).
Além dessas letras, empregamos o ç (cê cedilhado), que
representa o fonema /s/ diante de a, o ou u em determinadas
palavras. Empregamos também, os seguintes dígrafos: rr
(erre duplo), ss (esse duplo), ch (cê-agá), gu (guê-u), qu
(quê-u).
NOTAÇÕES LÉXICAS
Muitas vezes, as letras não são suficientes para represen-
tar os fonemas, há necessidade de recorrer a sinais gráficos
denominados notações léxicas. As principais notações léxi-
cas são:
1) Acento agudo ( ' ) - indica o som aberto das vogais (é e ó)
ou destaca a sílaba tônica da palavra.
Exemplos: máximo, médico, sílaba, vovó, açúcar.
– 14 –
2) Acento circunflexo ( ^ ) - indica o som fechado das vo-
gais (ê e ô) ou destaca a sílaba tônica sobre as vogais a, e, o.
Exemplos: trânsito, você, robô.
3) Acento grave ( ` ) - indica a fusão de dois as (a + a) de-
nominada crase. Exemplos:
Vou a a feira. → Vou à feira.
Assisti a aquele filme. → Assisti àquele filme.
4) Til ( ~ ) - indica a nasalização de vogais (a e o).
Exemplos: irmã, limões.
5) Cedilha ( ¸ ) - é usada no c ( ç ) antes de a, o, u, para
indicar o som do fonema / sê /.
Exemplos: cabeça, poço, açude.
6) Trema ( ̈ ) - sinal usado para indicar que o u dos grupos gu
e qu devem ser pronunciados, foi abolido em palavras portu-
guesas ou aportuguesadas. Por exemplo, a palavra cinqüen-
ta que era escrita com trema, pela nova regra é cinquenta.
O trema permanece em nomes próprios estrangeiros e seus
derivados.
Exemplos: Müller – mülleriano / Hübner – hübneriano.
7) Apóstrofo ( ̕ ) - é usado para indicar que uma letra foi
retirada.
Exemplos: copo d'água, galinha-d'angola.
HÍFEN
O hífen (-) é empregado em palavras compostas (guarda-
chuva), na união do pronome ao verbo (amo-te), na separa-
ção de sílabas (pi- tan- ga) e na separação de sílaba no final
de linha.
No Acordo Ortográfico, o hífen foi o que mais sofreu alte-
rações.
USO DO HÍFEN
1) Prefixos e falsos prefixos terminados em vogais
Emprega-se o hífen nos compostos em que o prefixo ou
falso prefixo termina em vogal e o segundo elemento começa
por vogal igual ou por h: anti-inflamatório, arqui-inimigo, mi-
cro-ondas, micro-ônibus, anti-higiênico.
2) Prefixos e falsos prefixos terminados em vogal e o segun-
do elemento começa por vogal diferente
Não se emprega o hífen: autoajuda, extraescolar, infraes-
trutura, semiaberto, ultraelevado.
3) Prefixos e falsos prefixos terminados em vogal e o segun-
do elemento começa por s ou r
Não se emprega o hífen, devendo duplicar as consoantes
r ou s: autorretrato, antissocial, contrarregra, ultrassom, antir-
rugas.
4) Prefixos terminados em b
Emprega-se o hífen quando o segundo elemento é inicia-
do por b, h ou r: sub-bloco, sub-humano, ab-reação.
O hífen não deve ser usado nos outros casos: obstar,
subescrever, subalterno.
 Língua Portuguesa
5) Prefixo co (m) 13) O uso do hífen permanece

O Novo Acordo Ortográfico determina que esse prefixo se
separe por hífen apenas dos termos iniciados por "h"; com os
demais, une-se por justaposição. Consequentemente, pas-
samos a escrever "coautor", "coedição", "coprodução", "copi-
loto", "corréu", "corresponsável", "cogestor", "cosseno" etc..
6) Prefixos terminados em r
• nos compostos com os prefixos ex-, vice-, soto-: ex-marido,
vice-presidente, soto-pôr.
• nos compostos com os prefixos tônicos acentuados pré-,
pró- e pós- quando o segundo elemento tem vida própria na
língua: pré-molar, pró-labore, pós-eleitoral.

O uso do hífen permanece nos compostos em que os
prefixos super, hiper, inter aparecem combinados com ele-
mentos também iniciados por r ou pela letra h: super-
resistente, hiper-realista, inter-racial, super-homem, super-
herói.
Nos outros casos, o hífen não deve ser usado: internacio-
nal, hipersensível, supercílio.
7) Prefixo ad
• nos compostos terminados por sufixos de origem tupi-
guarani que representam formas adjetivas, como -açu, -
guaçu e -mirim, quando o primeiro elemento acaba em vogal
acentuada graficamente ou quando a pronúncia exige a dis-
tinção gráfica entre ambos: jacaré-açu, amoré-guaçu, paraná-
mirim.
• nos topônimos iniciados pelos adjetivos grão e grã ou por
forma verbal ou por elementos que incluam artigo: grão-de-
bico, Santa Rita do Passa-Quatro, Baía de Todos-os-Santos.

Emprega-se o hífen quando o segundo elemento é inicia- • nos compostos com os elementos além, aquém, recém e
do por d, h ou r: ad-digital, ad-renal, ad-rogar. sem: além-túmulo, aquém-oceano, recém-nascido, sem-teto.

Nos outros casos, o hífen não deve ser usado: adjacente, 14) Não se emprega o hífen nas locuções de qualquer tipo
adjunto, adjudicação. (substantivas, adjetivas, pronominais, verbais, adverbiais,
prepositivas ou conjuntivas): cão de guarda, fim de semana,
8) Prefixo circum e pan café com leite, pão de mel, à vontade, a fim de que.

Emprega-se o hífen quando o segundo elemento começa Com exceção de algumas locuções já consagradas pelo
por vogal, m ou n: circum-ambiente, circum-murado, uso: água-de-colônia, cor-de-rosa, pé-de-meia, à queima-
circum-navegação, pan-americano. roupa, etc.

Nos outros casos, o hífen não deve ser empregado: cir- EXERCÍCIOS
cunvizinhança, circunferência, circunscrever.
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
9) Prefixo mal PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:

Emprega-se o hífen quando o segundo elemento começa 1) Quanto à grafia correta:

com vogal, l ou h: mal-estar, mal-limpo, mal-humorado.
A( ) gelo, exemplo, bazar
Nos outros casos, o hífen não deve ser empregado: mal- B( ) pressa, jiló, megera
criado, maldizer, malparado. C( ) pulenta, disinteria, enchofre
D( ) tacha, ascensão, catequese
10) Prefixo bem E( ) catequisar, hereje, cachumba

O hífen desaparece nas palavras citadas no Acordo Orto-
gráfico e nas suas correlatas: benfazer, benfeito, benquerer,
benquerido.
11) Prefixo re-
Permanece a aglutinação com o segundo elemento,
mesmo quando este começar por o ou e: reabastecer, rees-
crever, recarregar, reorganizar.
2) Quanto às notações léxicas:
A( ) O hífen é usado para indicar uma letra que foi retirada.
B( ) O acento circunflexo indica o som fechado das vogais.
C( ) O acento agudo indica o som aberto das vogais.
D( ) O trema indica a nasalização das vogais.
E( ) O acento grave é usado nos grupos gu e qu.
3) Quanto ao uso da letra maiúscula:

12) Compostos que perderam a noção de composição A( ) João trabalha como camelô na Praça da República.
B( ) Em Março, encerram-se as chuvas de verão.
C( ) Aos poucos ele sentia a Morte chegar.
Não se emprega o hífen: mandachuva, paraquedas, D( ) A revista veja publicou uma ótima matéria sobre Turis-
paraquedista. mo.
E( ) Muitas instituições recebem ajuda no Natal.
O uso do hífen permanece nas palavras compostas que
não contêm um elemento de ligação, mantendo um acento 4) Quanto à grafia correta:
próprio, bem como aquelas que designam espécies botânicas
e zoológicas: ano-luz, azul-escuro, médico-cirurgião, guarda- A( ) missanga, regresão, macies
chuva, segunda-feira, couve-flor, mal-me-quer, formiga- B( ) umidecer, páteo, puleiro
branca, etc. C( ) massagista, compreensão, mentalização
D( ) xuxu, magestade, entopir
E( ) batismo, batizar, ozônio

– 15 –
 Língua Portuguesa
5) Quanto aos fonemas:

A ( ) O fonema / zê / pode ser representado por x, s, z 4. ACENTUAÇÃO GRÁFICA

B ( ) “táxi” possui 4 letras e 3 fonemas
C ( ) O fonema / chê / pode ser representado por x ou ch.
D ( ) Temos seis vogais orais tônicas, mas apenas cinco
1) Acentuação dos monossílabos tônicos
símbolos gráficos (letras).
E ( ) A letra s pode ser representada por / sê / ou / zê /
Acentuam-se os monossílabos tônicos terminados em:
6) Quanto à ortografia correta:
• - a, - as: má, más; pá, pás
• - e, - es: fé, mês, dê, pés
A ( ) Meu vizinho possui uma chácara.
• - o, - os: pó, sós, dó, pôs
B ( ) Ao ver o diretor, Joãozinho ficou ruborizado.
C ( ) Não conte nada do que viu. Posso contar com sua
Observação: Recebe acento circunflexo a terceira pessoa do
descrição?
plural do presente do indicativo dos verbos ter e vir.
D ( ) Preciso concertar meu sapato.
E ( ) O soldado pegou seu fúsil e adentrou o floresta.
Exemplos: eles têm, eles vêm
7) Quanto às palavras que devem iniciar com a letra h:
2) Acentuação dos vocábulos oxítonos
A( ) hélice, harpa, harmonia
Acentuam-se os vocábulos oxítonos terminados em:
B( ) hárido, herva, húmido
C( ) húbiquo, haléia, halfa
• - a, - as: sofá, atrás, maracujá, ananás
D( ) hiena, histeria, hemisfério
• - e, - es: café, canapés, você, vocês
E( ) hipnotismo, hepatite, hidratar
• - o, - os: cipó, avô, avós, robôs
• - em, - ens: também, parabéns, alguém, armazéns
8) Quanto à grafia correta:
Observações:
A( ) revizão, enxer, varegista
B( ) jerimum, fêmur, polir
1 - Algumas formas verbais seguidas de pronome são incluí-
C( ) objeção, seringa, creolina
das nesta regra: revê-lo, amá-lo, compô-lo.
D( ) cuspir, manjericão, mexerico
E( ) ridículo, usufruto, litígio
2 - Recebe acento circunflexo a terceira pessoa do plural do
presente do indicativo dos compostos dos verbos ter e vir:
9) Quanto à ortografia correta:
eles obtêm, eles retêm.
A ( ) O cheque que possuo não cobrirá a taxa que devo
3) Acentuação dos vocábulos paroxítonos
pagar amanhã.
B ( ) Todos os dias, ele trás sua irmã consigo.
Acentuam-se os vocábulos paroxítonos terminados em:
C ( ) Antônio perdeu todo o seu dinheiro, isso foi muito asar.
D ( ) Para não haver problemas, vamos revezar a guarda.
• ã, - ãs, - ão, - ãos: ímã, órfãs, órgão, órgãos
E ( ) Na cessão onde trabalho, todos ficaram preocupados
• i, - is, - us: júri, tênis, vírus
com as novas medidas.
• l, - n, - r, - x, - ps: amável, pólen, néctar, látex, bíceps
• um, - uns: álbum, álbuns
10) Quanto à ortografia correta:
• ditongo: ânsia, régua, sério, nódoa, bênção, níveis
A ( ) A fábrica dispensou vários funcionários por contensão
Observação: Os prefixos paroxítonos terminados em i e r não
de despesas.
são acentuados: semi-eixo, super-homem.
B ( ) Haverá aula nas férias por causa da paralização dos
professores.
4) Acentuação dos vocábulos proparoxítonos
C ( ) A mãe castigou o filho, após a sua suspensão na es-
cola.
Todas as palavras proparoxítonas são acentuadas com
D ( ) Gosto de pizza meia mussarela e meia calabreza.
acento agudo (se o som da vogal for aberto) ou circunflexo
E ( ) O professor de história deu uma excelente aula sobre
(se o som da vogal for fechado).
a civilização antiga.
Exemplos: lâmpada, ínterim, pêssego, análise, cronômetro,
realizássemos.
RESPOSTAS
5) Acentuação dos ditongos abertos
Ques-
tões 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I A C E C E C C C E C E Conforme o Acordo Ortográfico, acentuam-se os ditongos
T B C C E E E C E C E E –éi e –ói das palavras oxítonas e monossílabos tônicos de
E C E C C C C E E C E C som aberto:
N D C E E E E E C C C E
S E E E C C C E C C E E herói, constrói, dói, anéis, papéis, anzóis.

Permanece também o acento no ditongo aberto –éu:

chapéu, véu, céu, ilhéu.

– 16 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Não se acentuam os ditongos abertos –ei e –oi nas pala- 2) Quanto às afirmações:
vras paroxítonas. A ( ) Acentuam-se os monossílabos tônicos terminados em
u.
Exemplos: assembleia, ideia, colmeia, Coreia, paranoia, jiboi- B ( ) Acentuam-se os vocábulos oxítonos terminados em
a, heroico, etc. em.
C ( ) Acentuam-se os vocábulos paroxítonos terminados em
6) Acentuação dos hiatos o.
D ( ) Todas as palavras proparoxítonas recebem acento.
Acentuam-se as oxítonas terminadas em i e u, seguidas E ( ) Acentuam-se o i e o u formadores de hiato seguidos
ou não de s. em não de s.

Exemplos: Piauí, piraiú, tuiuiús. 3) Quanto à palavra que não é acentuada graficamente:

Conforme o Acordo Ortográfico, não se acentuam: A( ) taxi

B( ) urubu
• o hiato –oo: voo, enjoo, perdoo, abençoo. C( ) carater
D( ) indice
• o hiato –ee dos verbos crer, dar, ler, ver e seus derivados E( ) rubrica
na terceira pessoa do plural: creem, deem, leem, veem, des-
creem, releem. 4) Quanto à palavra que é acentuada graficamente:

• o –i e –u tônicos das palavras paroxítonas quando precedi- A( ) azaléa

das de ditongo: feiura, saiinha, baiuca. B( ) Pacaembú
C( ) mentíra
7) Acentuação dos grupos gue, gui, que, qui D( ) cardúme
E( ) hálito
Conforme o Acordo Ortográfico, desaparece o acento
agudo em algumas formas dos verbos apaziguar, arguir, 5) Quanto à palavra que contém o uso do trema:
averiguar, obliquar. Mas mesmo sem o acento agudo, a
pronúncia das palavras em que ele era usado não sofre alte- A( ) distinguir
ração. B( ) tranqüilo
C( ) eqüipamento
Exemplos: argui, apazigue, averigue, enxague, oblique. D( ) cinqüenta
E( ) liqüidificador
8) Acento diferencial
6) Quanto à palavra sem erro de acentuação:
Conforme o Acordo Ortográfico, o acento diferencial per-
manece nos homógrafos: A( ) pára (verbo parar)
B( ) pêlo (substantivo)
• pode (3ª pessoa do singular do presente do indicativo do C( ) quê (pronome e conjunção)
verbo poder) e pôde (3ª pessoa do pretérito perfeito do indi- D( ) pôr (preposição)
cativo). E( ) fôrma (verbo formar)

• pôr (verbo) em oposição a por (preposição). 7) Quanto à forma verbal mal acentuada:

• fôrma (substantivo) e forma (verbo formar). Poderá ser A( ) distribuí-los

usado fôrma para distinguir de forma, mas não é obrigatório. B( ) partí-lo
C( ) chamá-la
Não se acentuam as palavras paroxítonas que são homó- D( ) recompô-las
grafas. E( ) revê-lo

Exemplos: para (verbo), pela (substantivo e verbo), pelo 8) Quanto aos hiatos não acentuados:
(substantivo), pera (substantivo), polo (substantivo).
A( ) raiz
B( ) caida
EXERCÍCIOS C( ) juizo
D( ) ciume
E( ) tainha
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
RESPOSTAS
1) Quanto à classificação:
Ques-
A( ) A palavra Jundiaí possui um hiato. tões 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B( ) A palavra Macapá é oxítona terminada em a. I A C E E C E C C C
C( ) A palavra já é um monossílabo tônico. T B C C C E C C E E
E C C E E E E E C E
D( ) A palavra ínterim é proparoxítona.
N D C C E E C E C E
E( ) A palavra céu é paroxítona. S E E C C C E E C C

– 17 –
 Língua Portuguesa
5. EMPREGO DAS CLASSES DE PALAVRAS
Morfologia é o estudo da estrutura, da formação e da
classificação das palavras. A peculiaridade da morfologia é
estudar as palavras olhando para elas isoladamente e não
dentro da sua participação na frase ou período. A morfologia
está agrupada em dez classes, denominadas classes de
palavras ou classes gramaticais.
As palavras podem ser de dois tipos quanto à sua flexão:
variáveis ou invariáveis.
PALAVRAS VARIÁVEIS
Os substantivos, os adjetivos, os artigos, os numerais, os
pronomes e os verbos flexionam-se, isto é, podem apresentar
modificações na forma, para exprimir os acidentes gramati-
cais de gênero, número, grau, pessoa, etc. São, portanto,
palavras variáveis ou flexivas.
PALAVRAS INVARIÁVEIS
Os advérbios, as preposições, as conjunções e as inter-
jeições têm uma só forma, rígida, imutável. São, por conse-
guinte, palavras invariáveis ou inflexivas.
CLASSE DE PALAVRAS
Existem dez classes gramaticais:
x Substantivos - classe de palavras variáveis com que se
designam e nomeiam os seres em geral.
x Verbos - classe de palavras de forma variável que expri-
mem o que se passa, isto é, um acontecimento represen-
tado no tempo. Indicam ação, fato, estado ou fenômeno.
Toda palavra que se pode conjugar.
x Artigos - classe de palavras que acompanham os subs-
tantivos, determinando-os.
x Adjetivos - classe de palavras que indicam as qualida-
des, origem e estado do ser. O adjetivo é essencialmente
um modificador do substantivo.
x Numerais - classe de palavras quantitativas. Indica-nos
uma quantidade exata de pessoas ou coisas, ou o lugar
que elas ocupam numa série.
x Pronomes - classe de palavras com função de substituir
o nome, ou ser; como também de substituir a sua referên-
cia. Servem para representar um substantivo e para o a-
companhar determinando-lhe a extensão do significado.
x Advérbios - classe de palavras invariáveis indicadoras de
circunstâncias diversas; é fundamentalmente um modifi-
cador do verbo, podendo também modificar um adjetivo,
outro advérbio ou oração inteira.
x Preposições - classe de palavras invariáveis que ligam
outras duas subordinando a segunda à primeira palavra.
x Conjunções - classe de palavras invariáveis que ligam
outras duas palavras ou duas orações.
– 18 –
x Interjeições - classe de palavras invariáveis usadas para
substituir frases de significado emotivo ou sentimental.
SUBSTANTIVO
Substantivo é a palavra que dá nome às pessoas, ani-
mais, lugares, coisas ou seres em geral. Divide-se em:
1) Comum: é o substantivo que dá nome a todos os seres da
mesma espécie: aluno, animal, vegetal, homem.
2) Próprio: é o substantivo que dá nome a um ser da mesma
espécie: Júlia, Brasil, Copacabana, Tatuapé.
3) Concreto: é o substantivo que designa seres de existência
real ou que a imaginação representa: mulher, pedra, Deus,
fada, lobisomem.
4) Abstrato: é o substantivo que designa qualidade ou sen-
timento, ação e estado dos seres, dos quais se podem abs-
trair (separar) e sem os quais não poderiam existir: beleza,
coragem, brancura (qualidades), viagem, estudo, doação,
esforço, fuga (ações), amor, saudade, alegria, dor, fome
(sentimentos, sensações), vida, morte, cegueira, doença
(estados).
5) Simples: é o substantivo formado por um só elemento
(radical): discos, flor, vitrola, couve.
6) Composto: é o substantivo formado por mais de um ele-
mento: couve-flor, guarda-chuva, pingue-pongue, pé de mo-
leque, passatempo.
7) Primitivo: é o substantivo que foi criado antes de outros
no uso corrente da língua: livro, pedra, dente, flor.
8) Derivado: é o substantivo que foi criado depois de outro
no uso corrente da língua: livreiro, pedreiro, dentista, florista.
9) Coletivo: é o substantivo que representa um conjunto de
seres da mesma espécie: álbum, esquadrilha.
Alguns coletivos mais comuns:
Grupos de pessoas
assembleia: de pessoas reunidas, de parlamentares
associação: de sócios
auditório: de ouvintes
banca: de examinadores
banda: de músicos
bando: de desordeiros, malfeitores
batalhão: de soldados
cabido: de cônegos
câmara: de vereadores, parlamentares (oficialmente reuni-
dos)
cambada: de desordeiros
caravana: de viajantes, peregrinos
caterva: de desordeiros, malfeitores
choldra: assassinos, malfeitores
chusma: de pessoas em geral, de criados
claque: de pessoas pagas para aplaudir
clero: de religiosos
colônia: de imigrantes, migrantes
comitiva: de acompanhantes
corja: de ladrões, malfeitores
corpo: de eleitores, alunos, jurados
corpo docente: de professores
coro: de cantores
elenco: de atores de uma peça, filme etc.
 Língua Portuguesa
exército: de soldados molho: de chaves
falange: tropas, anjos, heróis pinacoteca: de quadros
filarmônica: de músicos (sociedade musical) trouxa: de roupas
grêmio: de estudantes vocabulário: de palavras
guarnição: de soldados (que guarnecem um lugar)
irmandade: de membros de associação religiosa GÊNERO DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
junta: de médicos, examinadores
júri: de jurados Gênero é a propriedade que as palavras têm de indicar o
legião: de soldados, anjos, demônios sexo real ou fictício dos seres.
leva: de presos, recrutas
malta: de malfeitores, desordeiros
multidão: de pessoas em geral Na língua portuguesa são dois os gêneros: o masculino e
orquestra: de músicos o feminino.
pelotão: de soldados
piquete: de grevistas
plantel: de atletas FORMAÇÃO DO FEMININO
plateia: de espectadores
plêiade: de poetas, artistas De modo geral, forma-se o feminino substituindo-se a
população: de habitantes desinência "o" pela desinência "a": menino, menina; gato,
prole: de filhos gata.
quadrilha: ladrões, malfeitores
romaria: de peregrinos
tribo (nação): de índios Todavia, os processos de formação são bem variados:
tripulação: de marinheiros, aeroviários
tropa: de soldados, pessoas Masculino Feminino Masculino Feminino
turma: de estudantes, trabalhadores, pessoas em geral alfaiate costureira doutor doutora
anão anã cavaleiro amazona
Grupos de animais ou vegetais aviador aviadora cavalheiro dama
avô avó compadre comadre
alcateia: de lobos bode cabra cônsul consulesa
bando: de aves frade freira hóspede hóspeda
boiada: de bois frei sóror oficial oficiala
cacho: de uvas, bananas genro nora judeu judia
cáfila: de camelos gigante giganta ateu ateia
cardume: de peixes herói heroína hebreu hebreia
colmeia: de abelhas juiz juíza profeta profetisa
colônia: de bactérias, formigas, cupins maestro maestrina réu ré
enxame: de abelhas, insetos
fato: de cabras
fauna: de animais próprios de uma região
feixe: de lenha, capim Substantivos que merecem destaque quanto ao gênero:
flora: de vegetais próprios de uma região
junta: de bois
manada: de animais de grande porte
matilha: de cães Masculino Feminino
ninhada: de filhotes de animais o apêndice a aguardente
nuvem: de insetos (gafanhotos, mosquitos, etc)
rebanho: de gado o bólido a alface
récua: animais de carga o champanha a apendicite
réstia: de alho ou cebola
o clã a aluvião
revoada: de pássaros
tropilha: de cavalos o dó a bólide
vara: de porcos o eclipse a cal
o eczema a cataplasma
Outros grupos
o estratagema a cólera
acervo: de obras de arte o formicida a comichão
alameda: de árvores (em linha) o gengibre a derme
alfabeto: de letras o guaraná a dinamite
antologia: de textos literários ou científicos o lança-perfume a elipse
armada: de navios de guerra o magma a entorse
arquipélago: de ilhas o milhar a gênese
arsenal: de armas, munições
atlas: de mapas o proclama a libido
baixela: de objetos de mesa o saca-rolhas a matinê
bateria: peças de guerra ou de cozinha; instrumentos de o sósia a omelete
percussão o teorema a omoplata
biblioteca: de livros catalogados o trema a sentinela
cinemateca: de filmes
constelação: de estrelas
cordilheira: de montanhas Substantivos que admitem os dois gêneros
enxoval: de roupas
esquadra: de navios de guerra
esquadrilha: de aviões o ágape ou a ágape
federação: de estados o caudal ou a caudal
frota: de navios, aviões, veículos o diabete(s) ou a diabete(s)
galeria: de estátuas, quadros o laringe ou a laringe

– 19 –
 Língua Portuguesa
o personagem ou a personagem 3ª) Os substantivos terminados em "al", "el", "ol", "ul" plu-
o usucapião ou a usucapião ralizam-se trocando o "l" final por "is": jornal, jornais; anel,
anéis; anzol, anzóis; azul , azuis; álcool, alcoóis.

Substantivos com mudança de sentido na mudança 4ª) Os terminados em "il" admitem duas formas:
de gênero
– os oxítonos mudam "il" em "is": barril, barris; funil, funis;
Há substantivos que são masculinos ou femininos, con-
forme o sentido com que se achem empregados. – os paroxítonos mudam "il" para "eis": fóssil, fósseis; réptil,
répteis.
Masculino Feminino
o águia: pessoa de grande a águia: ave de rapina 5ª) Os terminados em "m" trocam esta letra por "ns": nuvem,
inteligência ou sutileza. nuvens; fim, fins.
o cabeça: chefe, líder a cabeça: parte do corpo
o capital: dinheiro a capital: cidade principal 6ª) Os terminados em "s" monossílabos ou oxítonos formam
o caixa: pessoa que trabalha em a caixa: objeto o plural acrescentando-se "es": inglês, ingleses; lilás, lilases;
tal seção. gás, gases.
o cisma: separação a cisma: ideia fixa, des-
confiança
o cura: padre a cura: restabelecimento 7ª) Os terminados em "s" paroxítonos ou proparoxítonos são
o estepe: pneu reserva a estepe: planície de ve- invariáveis: o lápis, os lápis; o atlas, os atlas; o ônibus, os
getação herbácea. ônibus.
o grama: unidade de massa a grama: relva
o guarda: vigilante a guarda: vigilância 8ª) Os terminados em "x" são invariáveis: o tórax, os tórax; o
o guia: pessoa que orienta a guia: documento fênix, os fênix.
o lente: professor a lente: o disco de vidro
o lotação: veículo a lotação: capacidade 9ª) Os terminados em "ão" admitem três hipóteses:
o moral: ânimo a moral:ética
o rádio: aparelho a rádio: estação a) uns formam o plural com o acréscimo de "s": mão, mãos;
bênção, bênçãos; órgão, órgãos; irmão, irmãos.

SUBSTANTIVOS UNIFORMES b) outros, mais numerosos, mudam "ão" em "ões": limão,

São aqueles que apresentam uma única forma para o
masculino e feminino.
1) Epicenos: designam o sexo de certos animais com o auxí-
lio dos adjetivos macho e fêmea: o jacaré (macho ou fêmea);
o tigre (macho ou fêmea); a pulga (macho ou fêmea).
2) Sobrecomuns: designam pessoas com uma forma única
para o masculino e feminino:
limões; portão, portões; balão, balões; melão, melões.
c) outros, enfim, trocam "ão" por "ães": pão, pães; cão,
cães; aldeão, aldeães; sacristão, sacristães.
PLURAL DOS SUBSTANTIVOS COMPOSTOS
Existem quatro hipóteses:
1ª) Pluralizam-se os dois elementos formados por:

o cadáver (homem ou mulher); a vítima (homem ou mulher); – substantivo + substantivo: couve-flor, couves-flores.
o cônjuge (homem ou mulher); a criança (menino ou menina).
– substantivo + adjetivo: amor-perfeito, amores-perfeitos.
3) Comuns de dois gêneros: sob uma só forma designam
os indivíduos dos dois sexos, sendo auxiliados pelo artigo, – adjetivo + substantivo: bom-dia, bons-dias.
adjetivo ou pronome:
– numeral + substantivo: segunda-feira, segundas-feiras.
o colega, a colega; artista famoso, artista famosa;
esse pianista, essa pianista; o repórter, a repórter. 2ª) Apenas o segundo elemento varia:

– verbo + substantivo: guarda-roupa, guarda-roupas.

NÚMERO DOS SUBSTANTIVOS
Em português, há dois números gramaticais: o singular,
que indica um ser ou um grupo de seres: ave, bando; e o
plural, que indica mais de um ser ou um grupo de seres:
aves, bandos.
Os substantivos flexionam-se no plural conforme as re-
gras:
1ª) Pelo acréscimo no plural de "s", o que se dá se o subs-
tantivo terminar em vogal ou ditongo oral: asa, asas; táxi,
táxis; tubo, tubos; baú, baús; véu, véus.
– palavra invariável ou prefixo + palavra invariável:
sempre-viva, sempre-vivas; ex-diretor, ex-diretores.
– palavras repetidas: reco-reco, reco-recos.
3ª) Apenas o primeiro elemento varia:
– com preposição expressa: pé de moleque, pés de moleque;
mão de obra, mãos de obra.
– quando o segundo elemento indica finalidade ou semelhan-
ça do primeiro: sofá-cama, sofás-cama; peixe-boi, peixes-boi.

2ª) Pelo acréscimo de "es" ao singular nos terminados em 4ª) Os dois elementos ficam invariáveis:
"r" ou "z": colher, colheres; dólar, dólares; amor, amores;
cruz, cruzes; giz, gizes. – verbo + advérbio: o bota-fora, os bota-fora.

– 20 –
 Língua Portuguesa
– verbo + substantivo no plural: o saca-rolhas, os saca-rolhas. O grau aumentativo exprime um aumento do ser relativa-
mente ao seu tamanho normal.

OBSERVAÇÕES: Pode ser formado sintética ou analiticamente.

a) A palavra "guarda" pode ser substantivo ou verbo: quando 1º) Aumentativo sintético: forma-se com sufixos especiais:
é verbo (verbo guardar), fica invariável; quando é substantivo copázio (copo), barcaça (barca), muralha (muro).
(o homem que guarda), vai para o plural.
2º) Aumentativo analítico: forma-se com o auxílio do adjeti-
verbo substantivo vo grande, e de outros do mesmo sentido: letra grande, pe-
os guarda – chuvas dra enorme, estátua colossal.
os guarda – comidas
os guarda – sóis O grau diminutivo exprime um ser com seu tamanho nor-
mal diminuído. Pode ser formado sintética ou analiticamente.
substantivo adjetivo
os guardas – florestais 1º) Diminutivo sintético: forma-se com sufixos especiais:
os guardas – civis casebre (casa), livreco (livro), saleta (sala).
os guardas – noturnos
2º) Diminutivo analítico: forma-se com o adjetivo pequeno,
b) Palavras compostas com a palavra "grão" ou outros equivalentes: chave pequena, casa pequenina,
semente minúscula.
– a palavra "grão" vai para o plural quando indica grânulo, a
unidade: grãos de bico. EXERCÍCIOS

– a palavra "grão" fica no singular quando significa grande:

os grão-duques, as grã-duquesas.
c) Plural de substantivos diminutivos:
– O plural dos terminados em "zinho" ou em "zito" se faz
flexionando-se o substantivo primitivo, retirando-se o "s" final
e acrescentando-se "zinhos" ou "zitos".
Exemplos: papelzinho / papéi(s) / papeizinhos;
limãozito / limõe(s) / limõezitos.
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
1) Quanto à classificação do substantivo:
A( ) A palavra angústia é substantivo abstrato.
B( ) A palavra saudade é substantivo concreto.
C( ) A palavra banana é substantivo próprio.
D( ) A palavra padeiro é substantivo derivado.
E( ) A palavra padre é substantivo simples.

– Os substantivos terminados em "r" fazem o plural de duas 2) Quanto ao substantivo coletivo:

maneiras:
A( ) Assembleia é o coletivo de pessoas reunidas.
florzinha / flore(s) / florezinhas; B( ) Clero é o coletivo de pessoas religiosas.
florzinha / florzinhas. C( ) Esquadra é o coletivo de aviões.
D( ) Vara é o coletivo de porcos.
GRAU DOS SUBSTANTIVOS E( ) Réstia é o coletivo de alho ou cebola.

Grau dos substantivos é a propriedade que essas pala- 3) Quanto ao gênero do substantivo:
vras têm de exprimir as variações de tamanho dos seres.
A ( ) A oficial entregará o documento em três dias.
São dois os graus do substantivo: aumentativo e diminuti- B ( ) O cabeça do bando foi preso na semana passada.
vo. C ( ) Vou comprar duzentas gramas de cebola.
D ( ) O rádio precisa ser consertado.
1) Aumentativo: forma-se com os sufixos aço, alha, arra, E ( ) Tenho uma dó das pessoas que dormem na rua!
ázio, ona, ão, az, etc.: garrafão, papelão, cartaz (carta), la-
dravaz (ladrão), lobaz (lobo), ricaço, balaço, barcaça, mulhe-
raça, vidraça, dramalhão (drama), vagalhão (vaga), balázio 4) Quanto ao feminino:
(bala), copázio (copo), pratázio (prato), beiçorra (beiço), ca-
beçorra (cabeça), manzorra (mão), vozeirão (voz), homenzar- A( ) Cabra é o feminino de carneiro.
rão, canzarrão, bocarra (boca), naviarra (navio). B( ) Freira é o feminino de frei.
C( ) Sóror é o feminino de frade.
D( ) Cerva é o feminino de veado.
2) Diminutivo: forma-se com os sufixos acho, ebre, eco, E( ) Marani é o feminino de marajá.
ico, inho, ito, ejo, etc.: mosquito, cabrito, senhorita, fogacho
(fogo), riacho, populacho, penacho (pena), animálculo (ani- 5) Quanto ao gênero do substantivo:
mal), febríola (febre), gotícula (gota), versículo (verso), montí- A ( ) o carrasco sobrecomum
culo (monte), partícula (parte), radícula (raiz), glóbulo (globo), B ( ) a cliente sobrecomum
célula (cela), animalejo, lugarejo, vilarejo, ilhota, fortim (forte), C ( ) o crocodilo fêmea epiceno
espadim (espada), camarim (câmara), casebre (casa). D ( ) o pianista comum de dois gêneros
Observação: O diminutivo pode exprimir carinho ou despre- E ( ) o cônjuge sobrecomum
zo. (carinho: filhinho, mãezinha. desprezo: padreco, jorna-
leco, lugarejo)

– 21 –
 Língua Portuguesa
6) Quanto ao substantivo que possui apenas uma forma
no plural:
ADJETIVO
A( ) aldeão
B( ) cidadão
C( ) ermitão São palavras que indicam qualidade, propriedade ou
D( ) balão estado do ser.
E( ) vulcão Exemplo: Meu caderno novo já está sujo.

7) Quanto ao plural corretamente flexionado: “O adjetivo pertence a um inventário aberto, sempre sus-
cetível de ser aumentado. A estrutura interna ou constitucio-
A( ) os vai-e-volta nal do adjetivo consiste nas línguas flexíveis, na combinação
B( ) guarda-roupas de um signo lexical expresso pelo radical com signos morfo-
C( ) padres-nossos lógicos expressos por desinências e alternâncias, ambas
D( ) pães-de-lós destituídas de existência própria fora dessas combinações.
E( ) mangas-rosa No português, entre as desinências está a marca da grada-
ção, isto é, o grau absoluto ou relativo da parte, ou aspecto
8) Quanto ao plural em que se faz da mesma forma que a (“qualidade”) significada no radical. (belo-belíssimo), bem
palavra cão: como afixos de gênero e de número. A relação gramatical
instaurada entre o signo delimitador e o signo delimitado é
A( ) pão geralmente expressa pela ‘concordância’.” Evanildo Bechara
B( ) corrimão
C( ) alemão O adjetivo pode ser expresso através de duas palavras: é
D( ) vulcão o que se chama de locução adjetiva.
E( ) capitão
Locução adjetiva Adjetivo
9) Quanto ao diminutivo que expressa idéia pejorativa: de abdômen abdominal
de abelha apícola
A ( ) O palacete deles fica no Morumbi. de açúcar sacarino
de agricultor agrícola
B ( ) Meu filhinho, você está com fome?
de água aquático, hidráulico
C ( ) Ele é um empregadinho sem futuro. de aluno discente
D( ) Sei que viajar hoje é coisa de gentinha, prefiro ficar de anjo angelical
aqui. de bexiga cístico, vesical
E ( ) O presente ficará mais bonito com fitilho. de cabeça cefálico
de calor térmico
10) Quanto ao diminutivo e o aumentativo que adquiriram de cônjuge conjugal
um novo significado: de corpo corporal, corpóreo
de costas dorsal
de ensino didático
A( ) cartão de estômago estomacal, gástrico
B( ) febrícula de febre febril
C( ) criançona de filho filial
D( ) folhinha de gelo glacial
E( ) colchão de homem humano
de irmão fraternal, fraterno
11) Quanto ao plural dos compostos: de lago lacustre
de leite lácteo, láctico
de mãe materno, maternal
A( ) decretos-lei de pele cutâneo
B( ) bananas-maçã de sangue hemático, sanguíneo
C( ) amores-perfeito de tórax torácico
D( ) beijas-flores de voz vocal
E( ) salários-família
ADJETIVOS PÁTRIOS

Designam nacionalidade ou lugar de origem de alguém ou

RESPOSTAS de alguma coisa:

Brasil - brasileiro
Acre - acriano
Alagoas - alagoano
Amazonas - amazonense
Bahia - baiano
Espírito Santo - espírito-santense
Rio Grande do Norte - norte-rio-grandense
João Pessoa - pessoense
Salvador - soteropolitano ou salvadorense
Belo Horizonte - belorizontino
Niterói - niteroiense
São Paulo (capital) – paulistano
São Paulo (estado) – paulista
Rio de Janeiro (capital) – carioca

– 22 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Rio de Janeiro (estado) – fluminense
FORMAÇÃO DO ADJETIVO
Quanto à formação, o adjetivo pode ser:
1) Primitivo (o que não deriva de outra palavra): bom, forte,
feliz.
2) Derivado (o que deriva de substantivos ou verbos): famo-
so, carnavalesco.
3) Simples: brasileiro, escuro, etc.
4) Composto: castanho-claro, azul-marinho.
FLEXÃO DO ADJETIVO
O adjetivo varia em gênero, número e grau.
GÊNERO DO ADJETIVO
Quanto ao gênero, dividem-se os adjetivos em:
1) Uniformes: aqueles que têm uma só forma para os dois
gêneros: mesa azul, olho azul.
2) Biformes: apresentam duas formas, uma para o masculi-
no, outra para o feminino: mau – má, esperto – esperta, ativo
– ativa, ateu – ateia.
NÚMERO DO ADJETIVO
Os adjetivos simples seguem as mesmas regras de flexão
numérica dos substantivos: igual - iguais, azul - azuis, feroz -
ferozes.
PLURAL DOS ADJETIVOS COMPOSTOS
1º) Os componentes sendo adjetivos, somente o último toma
a flexão do plural: tecido verde-claro, tecidos verde-claros;
cabelo castanho-escuro, cabelos castanho-escuros.
2º) Os componentes sendo palavra invariável + adjetivo,
somente este último se flexionará: menino mal-educado,
meninos mal-educados.
3º) Os compostos de adjetivo + substantivo são invariáveis:
farda verde-oliva, fardas verde-oliva; terno amarelo-canário,
ternos amarelo-canário.
4º) Invariáveis ficam também as locuções adjetivas formadas
de cor + substantivo:
vestido cor-de-rosa, vestidos cor-de-rosa.
GRAU DO ADJETIVO
O grau do adjetivo exprime a intensidade das qualidades
dos seres. São dois os graus do adjetivo: o comparativo e o
superlativo.
O grau comparativo pode ser:
1º) De Igualdade:
A casa é tão antiga quanto o homem.
2º) De Superioridade:
A casa é mais antiga do que o homem.
– 23 –
3º) De Inferioridade:
A casa é menos antiga do que o homem.
Alguns adjetivos possuem, para o comparativo de superi-
oridade, formas sintéticas, herdadas do latim. São elas: bom -
melhor, mau - pior, grande - maior, pequeno - menor.
O grau superlativo divide-se em:
1º) Absoluto:
a) Analítico:
A menina é muito bela.
b) Sintético:
A menina é belíssima.
2º) Relativo:
a) De Superioridade:
– Analítico:
João é o mais alto de todos.
– Sintético:
Este monte é o maior de todos.
b) De Inferioridade:
João é o menos rápido de todos.
O grau superlativo exprime uma qualidade no mais alto
grau de intensidade possível. Pode ser relativo ou absoluto.
O superlativo relativo indica que entre os seres que pos-
suem determinada qualidade, há um que a possui num grau
inexcedível.
O superlativo absoluto isola o ser qualificado no seu mais
alto e intenso grau possível, podendo assumir a forma sintéti-
ca ou analítica.
O superlativo absoluto sintético dá-se por meio dos se-
guintes sufixos: íssimo, imo e rimo.
O superlativo absoluto analítico dá-se por meio de advér-
bios de intensidade que precedem o adjetivo.
Alguns adjetivos possuem formas literárias, cultas, de
superlativo absoluto sintético:
acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acérrimo
agudo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acutíssimo
amargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amaríssimo
amigo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amicíssimo
áspero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . aspérrimo
célebre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . celebérrimo
comum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . comuníssimo
cristão . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cristianíssimo
cruel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . crudelíssimo
difícil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dificílimo
doce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .dulcíssimo
dócil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . docílimo
fácil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . facílimo
feio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .feiíssimo ou feíssimo
feliz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . felicíssimo
feroz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ferocíssimo
fiel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fidelíssimo
frágil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .fragílimo, fragilíssimo
frio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . frigidíssimo
grande . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . máximo
humilde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . humílimo
 Língua Portuguesa
incrível . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . incredibilíssimo 6) Quanto às afirmações abaixo:
inimigo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .inimicíssimo
legal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .legalíssimo A ( ) A palavra ultravioleta é variável.
livre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . libérrimo B ( ) O plural de azul-marinho é azul-marinhos.
magro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . macérrimo C ( ) O adjetivo formado por cor+ de + substantivo não
mal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .malíssimo, péssimo recebe s no plural.
negro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nigérrimo D ( ) O adjetivo marrom-café é variável.
nobre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nobilíssimo E ( ) A palavra infravermelho é invariável.
pequeno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mínimo
pobre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . paupérrimo 7) Quanto ao gênero em que ambos podem se flexionar:
provável . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . probabilíssimo
sábio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sapientíssimo A( ) moço europeu
sagrado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sacratíssimo B( ) menino burguês
simples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . simplicíssimo C( ) aluno mau
terrível . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . terribilíssimo D( ) carrasco hipócrita
veloz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .velocíssimo E( ) homem são

8) Quanto à palavra jovem, das orações abaixo, ser adje-

tivo:
EXERCÍCIOS
A( ) O jovem camponês deixou sua família em busca de
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C) novos horizontes.
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO: B ( ) O delegado interrogou a jovem sobre o assassinato.
C ( ) O velhinho pediu ao jovem que lhe cedesse o lugar.
1) Quanto à classificação dos adjetivos: D ( ) O público aplaudiu o jovem ator euforicamente.
E ( ) O jovem e habilidoso jogador marroquino marcou três
A( ) sino-brasileiro composto gols para a sua seleção.
B( ) triste derivado
C( ) surdo-mudo simples 9) Quanto ao grau comparativo de superioridade:
D( ) feliz primitivo
E( ) bondoso - derivado A( ) Ele é mais feliz que ela.
B( ) A árvore é mais antiga que a casa.
C( ) Samantha é a mais alta da classe.
2) Quanto à correspondência do substantivo entre parên- D( ) Foi o fato mais estranho que já vi.
tese com o primeiro elemento do adjetivo: E( ) Henrique é mais estudioso que Artur.

A( ) Anglo-americano (Argentina) 10) Quanto ao grau superlativo:

B( ) Austro-espanhol (Austrália)
C( ) Nipo-mexicano (Japão) A( ) Melissa é uma menina belíssima.
D( ) Hispano-argentino (Espanhol) B( ) Lucas é o menos esperto da classe.
E( ) Luso-brasileiro (Portugal) C( ) Aquele fato é mais estranho que este.
D( ) O fato era estranhíssimo.
E( ) O tênis é mais novo que o chinelo.
3) Quanto à locução adjetiva:
11) Quanto à locução adjetiva:
A( ) discente (de ensino)
B( ) apícola (de abelha) A( ) térmico (de febre)
C( ) cefálico (de cabeça) B( ) sacarino (de leite)
D( ) cutâneo (de pele) C( ) angelical (de anjo)
E( ) cístico (de costas) D( ) glacial (de gelo)
E( ) hidráulico (de calor)

4) Quanto ao gênero do adjetivo:

A( ) anterior uniforme
B( ) hebreu biforme RESPOSTAS
C( ) cru uniforme
D( ) hipócrita biforme
E( ) réu biforme

5) Quanto à formação do plural dos adjetivos compostos:

A( ) moças surdas-mudas
B( ) saias azuis-celestes
C( ) ternos verde-oliva
D( ) vestidos cor-de-rosas
E( ) tecidos furta-cor

– 24 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Exemplo: Vim de Paris. Vim da luminosa Paris.
ARTIGO – Mas com alguns nomes de cidades conservamos
o artigo.

Artigo é uma palavra que antepomos aos substantivos Exemplos:

para determiná-los; indica-se ao mesmo tempo gênero e O Rio de Janeiro, O Cairo, O Porto.
número.
Obs.: Pode ou não ocorrer crase antes dos nomes de cidade,
Dividem-se os artigos em: conforme venham ou não precedidos de artigo.

definidos: o, a, os, as Exemplo: Vou a Paris.

indefinidos: um, uma, uns, umas. Vou à Paris dos museus.

Os definidos determinam os substantivos de modo preci-
so, particular: Viajei com o médico.
Os indefinidos determinam os substantivos de modo
vago, impreciso, geral: Viajei com um médico.
3ª) Toda cidade / toda a cidade.
“Todo”, “toda” designam qualquer, cada.
Exemplo: Toda cidade pode concorrer (qualquer cidade).

FLEXÃO DO ARTIGO “Todo o”, “toda a” designam totalidade, inteireza.

O artigo se flexiona em gênero e número: Exemplo: Conheci toda a cidade (a cidade inteira).

Combinações dos artigos: No plural, usa-se “todos os”, “todas as”, exceto antes de
numeral não seguido de substantivo.
artigo preposições
definido a de em por(per) Exemplos:
o ao do no pelo
a à da na pela Todas as cidades vieram.
os aos dos nos pelos Todos os cinco clubes disputarão o título.
as às das nas pelas
Todos cinco são concorrentes.

artigo preposições 4ª) Tua decisão / a tua decisão.

indefinido em de
um num dum De maneira geral, é facultativo o uso do artigo antes dos
uma numa duma possessivos.
uns nuns duns
umas numas dumas Exemplos: Aplaudimos tua decisão.
Aplaudimos a tua decisão.
Particularidades
Se o possessivo não vier seguido de substantivo explícito
• O artigo transforma qualquer palavra em substantivo. é obrigatória a ocorrência do artigo.

o pobre (adjetivo = pobre) Exemplo: Aplaudiram a tua decisão e não a minha.

↓
palavra substantivada 5ª) Decisões as mais oportunas / as mais oportunas deci-
sões.
o sim (advérbio = sim)
↓ No superlativo relativo, não se usa o artigo antes e depois
palavra substantivada do substantivo.

• O artigo distingue os homônimos e define o seu significado: Exemplos: Tomou decisões as mais oportunas.
Tomou as decisões mais oportunas.
o caixa (pessoa) a caixa (objeto)
é errado: Tomou as decisões as mais oportunas.

EMPREGO DO ARTIGO 6ª) Faz uns dez anos.

1ª) Ambas as mãos. O artigo indefinido, posto antes de um numeral, designa

quantidade aproximada.
Usa-se o artigo entre o numeral ambas e o substantivo.
Exemplo: Faz uns dez anos que saí de lá.
Exemplo: Ambas as mãos são perfeitas.
7ª) Em um / num.
2ª) Estou em Paris / Estou na famosa Paris.
Exemplos:
Não se usa artigo antes dos nomes de cidades, a menos
que venham determinados por adjetivos ou locuções adjeti- Estava em uma cidade grande.
vas. ou
Estava numa cidade grande.

– 25 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Os artigos definidos e indefinidos contraem-se com pre-
posições: de + o = do, de + a = da, etc. NUMERAL

As formas de + um e em + um podem-se usar contraídas Numeral é uma palavra que exprime número de ordem,
(dum e num) ou separadas (de um, em um). múltiplo ou fração.
Exemplos: Estava em uma cidade grande. ou Estava numa
cidade grande. CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO NUMERAL

EXERCÍCIOS De acordo com o que indica, o numeral pode ser classifi-

ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
1) Quanto ao artigo definido denotar familiaridade:
A( ) O José pediu uma carona ao Pedro.
B( ) O rio Tietê, um dia, será despoluído.
C( ) O Dr. Silva não se encontra em seu escritório.
D( ) O Antônio pediu Sofia em casamento.
E( ) Dumont, o pai da aviação, era brasileiro.
2) Quanto ao emprego correto do artigo:
cado em:
a) cardinal: indica quantidade exata de seres: um, dois, três,
quatro, cinco . . .
b) ordinal: indica a ordem dos seres numa determinada
série: primeiro, segundo, terceiro, quarto, quinto ...
c) multiplicativo: indica uma quantidade multiplicada do
mesmo ser: dobro, triplo, quádruplo, quíntuplo ...
d) fracionário: indica em quantas partes a quantidade foi
dividida: meio, terço, quarto, quinto. . .

A( ) Atolei ambos os pés na lama. QUADRO DOS NUMERAIS

B( ) Uma grande multidão o cercou para pedir autógrafo.
C( ) A grande Belo Horizonte é uma região muito povoada. cardinais ordinais multipli- fracionários
D( ) A Vossa Majestade parece nervosa. cativos
E( ) Todos os dias passávamos por ali. um primeiro - -
dois segundo dobro meio
três terceiro triplo terço
3) Quanto à oração em que o a é artigo:
quatro quarto quádruplo quarto
cinco quinto quíntuplo quinto
A( ) Fiquei muito contente com a minha nota. seis sexto sêxtuplo sexto
B( ) José partiu e deixou a mulher em casa. sete sétimo sétuplo sétimo
C( ) Estou disposto a tudo para conseguir o emprego. oito oitavo óctuplo oitavo
D( ) Três gols não foram suficientes para animar a torcida. nove nono nônuplo nono
E( ) Esta camisa é especial, comprei-a em Paris. dez décimo décuplo décimo
onze décimo primeiro undécuplo onze avos
doze décimo segundo duodécu- doze avos
4) Quanto à oração conter artigos definidos ou indefini-
treze décimo terceiro plo treze avos
dos: catorze ou décimo quarto - catorze avos
quatorze -
A( ) Toda noite, ele a via em seus sonhos. quinze décimo quinto - quinze avos
B( ) Não podia recusar-se a recebê-la. dezesseis décimo sexto - dezesseis avos
C( ) Ele tinha o aspecto de um velho. dezessete décimo sétimo - dezessete avos
D( ) Na verdade, ele era um assaltante. dezoito décimo oitavo - dezoito avos
E( ) Vou a Portugal no próximo verão. dezenove décimo nono - dezenove avos
vinte vigésimo - vinte avos
trinta trigésimo - trinta avos
5) Quanto ao emprego correto do artigo: quarenta quadragésimo - quarenta avos
cinquenta quinquagésimo - cinquenta avos
A ( ) A Vossa Alteza recebeu muitas flores. sessenta sexagésimo - sessenta avos
B ( ) Pedrinho transformou-se num Picasso ao pintar este setenta septuagésimo - setenta avos
quadro. oitenta octogésimo - oitenta avos
C ( ) Ambos alunos foram advertidos pela diretora. noventa nonagésimo - noventa avos
D ( ) Depois de meses no mar, voltamos a terra. cem centésimo cêntuplo centésimo
duzentos ducentésimo - ducentésimo
E ( ) Vou à casa pegar minha mala.
trezentos trecentésimo - trecentésimo
quatrocen- quadringentésimo - quadringentésimo
tos -
RESPOSTAS quinhentos quingentésimo - quingentésimo
seiscentos sexcentésimo ou - sexcentésimo
seiscentésimo
setecentos septingentésimo - septingentésimo
ou setingentésimo -
oitocentos octingentésimo - octingentésimo
novecentos nongentésimo ou nongentésimo
noningentésimo -
mil milésimo - milésimo
milhão milionésimo milionésimo
bilhão bilionésimo bilionésimo

– 26 –
 Língua Portuguesa
EMPREGO DOS NUMERAIS EXERCÍCIOS
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
1ª) Na designação de papas, reis, séculos, capítulos, tomos PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
ou partes de obras, usam-se os ordinais para a série de 1 a
10; daí em diante, usam-se os cardinais, desde que o nume- 1) Quanto ao numeral ordinal:
ral venha depois do substantivo.
A( ) 717º - setingentésimo décimo sétimo
Exemplos: D. Pedro II (segundo), B( ) 832º - octingentésimo trigésimo segundo
Luís XV (quinze), C( ) 91º - nongentésimo primeiro
D. João VI (sexto), D( ) 64º - sexcentésimo quarto
João XXIII (vinte e três), E( ) 19º - décimo nono
Pio X (décimo),
Capítulo XX (vinte). 2) Quanto ao emprego dos numerais:

2ª) Quando o substantivo vier depois do numeral, usam-se A( ) Releia o artigo décimo terceiro.
sempre os ordinais. B( ) Você deve ler o parágrafo segundo.
C( ) Estamos no século vigésimo primeiro.
Exemplos: primeira parte, décimo quinto capítulo, vigésimo D( ) D. Pedro Primeiro foi o príncipe regente.
século. E( ) Cláudia encenará o capítulo quinto.

3ª) Na numeração de artigos, leis, decretos, portarias e outros 3) Quanto aos numerais:
textos legais, usa-se o ordinal até 9 e daí em diante o cardi-
nal. A( ) 10 dez
B( ) 40º - quadragésimo
Exemplos: artigo 1º (primeiro), artigo 12 (doze). C( ) 1000 milésimo
D( ) 76º - setenta e seis
4ª) Aos numerais que designam um conjunto determinado de E( ) 11/12 onze doze avos
seres dá-se o nome de numerais coletivos.
4) Quanto à classificação dos numerais:
Exemplos: dúzia, centena.
A( ) nônuplo fracionário
5ª) A leitura e escrita por extenso dos cardinais compostos B( ) sexto ordinal e fracionário
deve ser feita da seguinte forma: C( ) duodécuplo ordinal
D( ) dobro cardinal
a) Se houver dois ou três algarismos, coloca-se a conjunção E( ) trecentésimo ordinal e fracionário
e entre eles.
5) Quanto à palavra um ser numeral:
Exemplos: 94 = noventa e quatro
743 = setecentos e quarenta e três. A( ) Um homem rodeava o carro para roubá-lo.
B( ) Um caminhão parou junto à porta.
b) Se houver quatro algarismos, omite-se a conjunção e entre C( ) Ganhei apenas um presente no meu aniversário.
o primeiro algarismo e os demais (isto é, entre o milhar e a D( ) Comprei um vestido e minha amiga comprou quatro.
centena). E( ) É preciso mais de um homem para levantar esse paco-
te.
Exemplo: 2438 = dois mil quatrocentos e trinta e oito.
6) Quanto ao numeral ordinal:
Obs.: se a centena começar por zero, o emprego do e é
obrigatório. A( ) 10º - undécuplo
B( ) 85º - octogésimo quinto
Exemplo: 5062 = cinco mil e sessenta e dois. C( ) 30º - trecentésimo
D( ) 58º - quinquagésimo oitavo
Será também obrigatório o emprego do e se a centena E( ) 27º - ducentésimo sétimo
terminar por zeros.

Exemplo: 2300 = dois mil e trezentos.

c) Se houver vários grupos de três algarismos, omite-se o e RESPOSTAS

entre cada um dos grupos.

Exemplo: 5 450 126 230 = cinco bilhões quatrocentos e cin-

quenta milhões, cento e vinte e seis mil duzentos e trinta.

6ª) Formas variantes:

Alguns numerais admitem formas variantes como catorze

/ quatorze, bilhão / bilião.

Nota: As formas cincoenta (50) e hum (1) são erradas.

– 27 –
 Língua Portuguesa
x Quanto à acentuação, os pronomes oblíquos monossi-
PRONOMES lábicos dividem-se em:

Pronomes são palavras que substituem os substantivos ou os a) tônicos: mim, ti, si

determinam, indicando a pessoa do discurso. b) átonos: me, te, se, lhe, lhes, o, a, os, as, nos, vos

A interpretação de um pronome depende de suas rela- x Associados a verbos terminados em –r, -s ou –z e à

ções textuais. De acordo com essas funções de representar,
retomar ou anunciar, o pronome pode ser:
a) pronome substantivo:
• quando identifica a pessoa gramatical;
• quando retoma um substantivo a que já se fez referência
no contexto linguístico ou antecipa termos a que se fará ainda
referência.
As duas funções podem ocorrer ao mesmo tempo.
“Fiquei muito tempo sem saber que eu tinha mãe e que
ela estava muito tempo perto de mim”, diz Sally.
No trecho acima, eu remete a Sally, a autora do enuncia-
do; ela representa ao substantivo mãe, anteriormente ex-
presso.
b) pronome adjetivo: quando acompanha um substantivo
explícito no texto. Funciona como um adjetivo, embora não
atribua qualidade ao ser designado pelo substantivo.
Aquela fazenda fica tão longe daqui...
O pronome destacado é um pronome adjetivo, já que
acompanha um substantivo.
CLASSIFICAÇÃO E EMPREGO DOS PRONOMES
PRONOMES PESSOAIS
São palavras que substituem os substantivos e represen-
tam as pessoas do discurso.
x As pessoas do discurso são três:
1ª pessoa – a que fala: eu, nós
2ª pessoa - a com quem se fala: tu, vós
3ª pessoa – a de que se fala: ele, ela, eles, elas
x Os pronomes pessoais se dividem em retos e oblí-
quos.
palavra eis, os pronomes o, a, os, as assumem anti-
gas formas lo, la, los, las, caindo aquelas consoan-
tes. Exemplos:
Mandaram prendê-lo.
Ei-lo aqui!
Associados a verbos terminados em ditongo nasal (-am, -
em, -ão, -õe), os ditos pronomes tomam a forma no, na, nos,
nas:
Trazem-no.
Dão-nos de graça.
x Pronomes oblíquos reflexivos são os que se referem
ao sujeito da oração, sendo da mesma pessoa que
este. Exemplos:
Alexandre só pensa em si.
Eu me machuquei na escada.
Com exceção de o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, os demais prono-
mes oblíquos podem ser reflexivos.
x Os pronomes migo, tigo, sigo, nosco, vosco, do portu-
guês antigo, se combinaram com a preposição com,
dando as formas atuais: comigo, contigo, conosco,
convosco.
PRONOMES POSSESSIVOS
Os pronomes possessivos referem-se às pessoas do
discurso, atribuindo-lhes a posse de alguma coisa. Por e-
xemplo, na frase:
Meu paletó é azul-marinho.
A palavra meu informa que o paletó pertence à 1ª pessoa
(eu). Meu, portanto, é um pronome possessivo.
Quadro dos pronomes possessivos

Os pronomes retos funcionam, em regra, como sujeito da pronomes possessivos

oração, e os oblíquos, como objetos ou complementos.
Exemplos: 1ª pessoa meu, minha, meus minhas
singular 2ª pessoa teu, tua, teus, tuas
sujeito objeto verbo 3ª pessoa seu, sua, seus, suas
Eu te convido. 1ª pessoa nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas
Ela me chamou. plural 2ª pessoa vosso, vossa, vossos, vossas
3ª pessoa seu, sua, seus, suas
Quadro dos pronomes pessoais – singular e plural
Emprego
pessoas do
discurso retos oblíquos
x Os possessivos seu(s), sua(s) tanto podem referir-se à
1ª pessoa eu me, mim, comigo 3ª pessoa (seu pai = o pai dele), como à 2ª pessoa, do
2ª pessoa tu te, ti, contigo discurso (seu pai = o pai de você).
3ª pessoa ele / ela o, a, lhe, se, si, consigo
1ª pessoa nós nos, conosco Por isso toda vez que os ditos possessivos derem mar-
2ª pessoa vós vos, convosco gem à ambiguidade, devem ser substituídos pelas expres-
3ª pessoa eles / elas os, as, lhes, se, si, consi- sões dele(s), dela(s).
go
Você sabe bem que eu não sigo a opinião dele.

– 28 –
 Língua Portuguesa
x Os possessivos devem ser usados com critério. Subs-
tituí-los pelos pronomes oblíquos comunica à frase
desenvoltura e elegância
O vento vindo do mar acariciava-lhe os cabelos.
x Além da ideia de posse, podem ainda os possessivos
exprimir:
1) cálculo aproximado, estimativa:
Ele poderá ter seus quarenta e cinco anos.
2) familiaridade ou ironia, aludindo-se à personagem de uma
história:
O nosso homem não se deu por vencido.
3) o mesmo que os indefinidos certo, algum:
Cornélio, como sabemos, teve suas horas amargas.
4) afetividade, cortesia:
Como vai, meu menino?
x No plural se usam os possessivos substantivados no
sentido de parentes, família:
É assim que um moço deve zelar o nome dos seus?
Podem os possessivos serem modificados por um advér-
bio de intensidade:
Levaria a mão ao colar de pérolas, com aquele gesto tão
seu, quando não sabia o que dizer.
x Quando desnecessários, omitem-se os pronomes
possessivos, principalmente antes de nomes de par-
tes do corpo:
Estendi o braço para apanhar a flor.
PRONOMES DEMONSTRATIVOS
Pronomes demonstrativos são os que indicam o lugar, a
posição ou a identidade dos seres, relativamente às pessoas
do discurso. Exemplos:
Situação no espaço
Vou fechar esta porta.
(A porta está perto do falante.)
Por favor, feche essa porta!
(A porta está perto do ouvinte.)
Quem poderia fechar aquela porta?
(A porta está afastada do falante e dos ouvintes.)
Situação no tempo
Neste momento, todos os bares estão repletos.
(tempo presente em relação ao falante.)
Essa noite eu o procurei e contei a verdade.
(tempo passado pouco distante em relação ao falante.)
Naquele tempo ainda não havia microcomputadores.
(tempo distante em relação ao falante.)
– 29 –
Situação no contexto linguístico
- O Sr. é casado há 69 anos. Como é essa experiência?
(a experiência de ser casado há 69 anos)
O pronome situa a palavra no contexto linguístico, ou
seja, retoma uma informação previamente fornecida.
No caso seguinte, diferente dos anteriores, o pronome
introduz um elemento novo no enunciado:
Creio que o grande desafio é justamente este, tornar feliz
a infância.
Neste caso, o pronome antecede a nova informação.
Quadro dos pronomes demonstrativos
pronomes demonstrativos
1ª pessoa este, esta, estes, estas, isto
2ª pessoa esse, essa, esses, essas, isso
3ª pessoa aquele, aquela, aqueles, aquelas, aquilo
Emprego dos pronomes demonstrativos
1 – De modo geral, os demonstrativos este(s), esta(s), isto
se aplicam a pessoas ou coisas que se acham perto da pes-
soa que fala ou lhe dizem respeito; ao passo que esse(s),
essa(s), isso aludem a coisas que ficam próximas da pessoa
com quem se fala ou a ela se referem.
Exemplos:
Leve este livro para você.
Esta é a minha opinião.
Não sei onde andas com essa cabeça.
“Praxinoa, esse teu vestido de pregas te vai muito bem.”
(Cecília Meireles)
Isto (que eu tenho) é o que há de melhor.
Isso (que dizes) não me parece certo.
“Campanhas de vacinação sempre provocaram resistên-
cia, mas isso era antigamente.”
(João Ubaldo Ribeiro)
2 – Usa-se nisto adverbialmente, como sinônimo de nesse
momento, nesse entretempo.
“Nisto deu um vento e uma folha caiu.” (Monteiro Lobato)
Não raro os demonstrativos aparecem na frase, em cons-
truções redundantes, com finalidade expressiva, para salien-
tar algum termo anterior:
“Bernardina, essa é que dera em cheio casando com o Ma-
nuel da Ventosa.”
(Alexandre Herculano)
“A estrada do mar, larga e oscilante, essa, sim, o tentava.”
(Jorge Amado)
“Ora o povo, esse o que precisa é saber que existe Deus.”
(Camilo Castelo Branco)
Subindo pelo Vale do Itajaí, alcançamos Brusque e, de-
pois, Blumenau, cidades essas que nos impressionaram pela
sua avançada indústria fabril.
Ter sede e não poder beber, isso é que é atroz!
 Língua Portuguesa
4 – O pronome demonstrativo neutro o pode representar um
termo ou conteúdo de uma oração inteira, caso em que apa-
rece geralmente, como objeto direto, predicativo ou aposto.
Exemplos:
Ia dizer-lhe umas palavras duras, mas não o fiz.
Quiseram gratificar-me, o que me deixou constrangido.
“Ninguém teve coragem de falar antes que ela o fizesse.”
(José Conde)
“Era uma bela ponte, ele próprio o reconhecia.”
(Aníbal Machado)
“Era meu o universo; mas, ai triste! não o era de graça.”
(Machado de Assis)
“Se lagoa existiu, pouca coisa o indica.”
(Carlos Povina Cavalcanti)
“Dirás que sou ambicioso? Soubo deveras, mas...”
(Machado de Assis)
“O jantar ia ser um desastre. Todos o pressentiam.”
(Fernando Namora)
Para evitar a repetição de um verbo anteriormente ex-
presso, é comum empregar-se, em tais casos, o verbo fazer,
chamado, então, verbo vicário (= que substitui, que faz as
vezes de). Exemplos:
Ia dizer-lhe umas palavras duras, mas não o fiz.
Ele ajudava os pobres e o fazia sem alarde.
“O jornal informa e o faz corretamente, afirmava, vitorioso,
o editorial.” (Jorge Amado)
5 – Em frases como a seguinte, este refere-se à pessoa
mencionada em último lugar, aquele à mencionada em pri-
meiro lugar:
“O referido advogado e o Dr. Tancredo Lopes eram ami-
gos íntimos: aquele casado, solteiro este.” (Valentim Maga-
lhães)
PRONOMES RELATIVOS
Pronomes relativos são palavras que representam subs-
tantivos já referidos, com os quais estão relacionadas. Daí
denominarmos relativos.
Antecedente
O termo já referido anteriormente, retomado na nova
oração pelo pronome relativo, chama-se antecedente.
As mãos que dizem adeus são pássaros...
(Mário Quintana)
(mãos =antecedente)
(que = pronome relativo)
O antecedente pode estar expresso ou não na oração.
1. Antecedente expresso
O pássaro legendário uirapuru, que imita todos os demais,
canta para aqueles que amam as aves e a sua música.
(Luiz Carlos Lisboa)
Os italianos dirigem-se principalmente para o Sul da pro-
víncia, onde se dedicam à lavoura de subsistência e à vitivini-
cultura. (Almanaque Abril)
É uma velha mesa esta sobre a qual bato hoje a minha
crônica. (Vinícius de Moraes)
– 30 –
2. Antecedente não expresso
Quem não tem cão, caça com gato.
Onde eu nasci passa um rio.
Quadro dos pronomes relativos
pronomes relativos
variáveis invariáveis
o qual, os quais, a qual, as quais que
cujo, cujos, cuja, cujas quem
quanto, quantos, quanta, quantas onde
Emprego dos pronomes relativos
1 – O antecedente do pronome relativo que pode ser
nome de coisa ou de pessoa, ou o demonstrativo o, ou outro
pronome. Exemplos:
Há coisas que aprendemos tarde.
“Vi-a falar com desdém, e um pouco de indignação, da
mulher de que se tratava, aliás sua amiga.”
(Machado de Assis)
“Bendito o que, na terra, o fogo fez, e o teto.”
(Olavo Bilac)
O relativo que às vezes equivale a o que, coisa que, e se
refere a uma oração:
“Não chegou a ser padre, mas não deixou de ser poeta,
que era a sua vocação natural.” (Machado de Assis)
2 – Numa série de orações adjetivas coordenadas, pode
ocorrer a elipse do relativo que:
“A sala estava cheia de gente que conversava, ria, fuma-
va.” (Lúcio de Mendonça)
3 – O relativo quem é sempre regido de preposição e, na
língua moderna, se refere exclusivamente a pessoas ou coi-
sas personificadas:
O funcionário por quem fui atendido mostrou-se gentil.
Ao encontro malsoante sem quem deve-se preferir sem o
qual:
Estávamos esperando Otávio, sem o qual não podíamos
sair.
4 – Cujo (e suas flexões) é pronome adjetivo e equivale a
do qual, da qual, dos quais, das quais:
O cavalo é um animal cujo pelo é liso. (= o pelo do qual é
liso)
O substantivo determinado por este pronome não virá
precedido de artigo: cujo pelo (e não cujo o pelo).
5 – O relativo o qual (e suas flexões), principalmente
quando regido de preposição, pode substituir o pronome que:
É um passado extinto e de que (ou do qual) ninguém se
lembra.
Por amor da clareza usa-se o qual em vez de que, quan-
do este vier distanciado de seu antecedente, ensejando fal-
sos sentidos:
Regressando de Ouro Preto, visitei o sítio de minha tia, o
qual me deixou encantado.
 Língua Portuguesa
6 – As preposições ante, após, até, desde, durante, entre, 2) cada
perante, mediante, segundo (vale dizer, preposições com
duas ou mais sílabas), bem como as monossílabas sem e Pode apresentar-se na frase com valor:
sob e todas as locuções prepositivas, constroem-se com o
pronome, o qual e nunca com o pronome relativo que. As a) distributivo: Cada livro custou dez dólares!
preposições contra, para e sobre usam-se, de preferência, b) Intensivo: Lá na cidade tem cada moça bonita!
com o pronome o qual. Exemplos:
3) demais
Perguntei-lhe quantos eram os temas sobre os quais ele
devia falar. Significa os outros, os restantes:
“Teve então início um breve cerimonial contábil, durante o
qual só se ouvia o ruído da pena arranhando o papel.” Dos quadros que fiz só tenho dois: os demais eu vendi.
(Herberto Sales)
“E Luísa estaria presente – a última testemunha perante a 4) menos, mais
qual ele seria invisível ao vexame.”
(Fernando Namora) Menos é invariável:

As preposições monossilábicas a, com, de, em e por, É preciso gastar menos água.

quando iniciam orações adjetivas restritivas, empregam-se,
de preferência, com o pronome que: Mais significa muitos, uma infinidade, em frases como:

A moça [a que me refiro] não é desta cidade. Os índios avançavam, atirando flechas e mais flechas.
Não encontrei os livros [de que precisava].
5) nenhum

PRONOME INDEFINIDO Proposto ao substantivo, aviva a negação:

Os pronomes indefinidos são os que se referem à terceira “Seu Ivo não mora em parte nenhuma.”
pessoa do discurso, de modo vago ou impreciso. (Graciliano Ramos)

Alguém arrematou a obra de Portinari no leilão. 6) certo

Todos cumpriram seu dever cívico.
Antepõe-se ao substantivo, podendo, em alguns casos, vir
Quadro dos pronomes indefinidos precedido do artigo um:
pronomes indefinidos Tinha certo ar de superioridade.
variáveis invariáveis Chegamos ao sítio de um certo Eufrásio.
algum, alguma, alguns, algumas algo
nenhum, nenhuma, nenhuns, nenhumas alguém 7) qual
todo, toda, todos, todas nada
muito, muita, muitos, muitas ninguém Como pronome indefinido, tem o sentido de cada qual:
pouco, pouca, poucos, poucas tudo
certo, certa, certos, certas cada “Em seguida desceram, e já não eram dois, mas sim dez
outro, outra, outros, outras outrem meninos, qual mais fagueiro, e todos diziam que iam acabar
quanto, quanta, quantos, quantas quem
tanto, tanta, tantos, tantas mais com a ratazana.” (Luís Henrique Tavares)
vário, vária, vários, várias menos
diverso, diversa, diversos, diversas demais 8) qualquer
qualquer, quaisquer
O plural deste pronome é quaisquer:
Locuções pronominais indefinidas
Executamos quaisquer serviços.
cada um / cada uma / cada qual
quem quer que / quantos quer que Pode apresentar-se com sentido depreciativo:
toda aquela que / todo aquele que
seja quem for / seja qual for “A intenção dele é mostrar que não é criado de qualquer.”
qualquer um / qualquer um (Machado de Assis)
um ou outro / uma ou outra
tal e tal / tal qual / tal e qual / tal ou qual 9) todo

Modernamente, costuma-se distinguir todo (= cada, qual-

Emprego dos pronomes indefinidos quer) e todo o (= inteiro, completo):

1) algum Li todo o livro. (= o livro todo ou inteiro)

Li todo livro que encontrasse. (= cada ou qualquer livro)
Anteposto ao substantivo, tem significação positiva; pro-
posto, apresenta valor negativo: Usa-se como advérbio, no sentido de completamente,
mas geralmente flexionando-se em gênero e número:
Algum amigo os traiu. (= um amigo)
Amigo algum os traiu. (=nenhum amigo) Os ipês estavam todos floridos.
A roupa estava toda molhada.

– 31 –
 Língua Portuguesa
10) tudo FORMAS DE TRATAMENTO

Pode-se dizer, indiferentemente, tudo que ou tudo o que: Entre os pronomes pessoais incluem-se os pronomes de
tratamento, que são palavras ou expressões utilizadas para
Esqueça tudo que ficou atrás. as pessoas com quem se fala. São, portanto, pronomes de 2ª
Esqueça tudo o que ficou atrás. pessoa, embora sejam empregados com verbo na 3ª pessoa.

Esses pronomes, que aparecem apenas na linguagem

PRONOMES INTERROGATIVOS formal, expressam uma atitude cerimoniosa do emissor em
relação ao interlocutor ou à pessoa de quem se fala.
Os pronomes interrogativos são os pronomes indefinidos
usados na formulação de perguntas diretas ou indiretas. Vossa Alteza precisa descansar.

Que país é este? Quando se referir à 3ª pessoa, o pronome de tratamento é

Quem vem lá? precedido de sua:
Quero saber quem vem lá
Sua Alteza retornará em Breve.
Quadro dos pronomes interrogativos
Quadro dos pronomes de tratamento
pronomes interrogativos
que qual e quais abreviatura
pronomes de
quem quanto, quantos, quanta, quantas tratamento singular plural
Você v. v v.
Emprego dos pronomes interrogativos Usado para pessoas familiares, íntimas.
a as
Senhor, Senhora Sr., Sr. Srs., Sr.
1) que
Usados para manter uma distância respeitosa.
a as
É pronome substantivo quando equivaler a que coisa. Vossa Senhoria V.S. V.S.
Nesse caso, admite também a forma o que. Usado para correspondências comerciais.
a as
Vossa Excelência V.Ex. V.Ex.
Mas que significa isso? perguntou o moço insatisfeito...
(Carlos Drummond de Andrade) Usado para altas autoridades: presidente, etc.
a as
Vossa Eminência V.Em. V.Em.
2) quem
Usado para cardeais.
É pronome substantivo e refere-se a pessoas. Vossa Alteza V.A. V V.A A.
Usado para príncipes e duques
- Quem sou eu? – ele perguntou num último esforço.
(Otto Lara Resende) Vossa Santidade V.S. -
Usado para o Papa
3) qual Vossa Reverendíssima V.Rev.
ma
V.Rev.
mas

Pode ser pronome adjetivo ou substantivo:
- Quais são os símbolos da pátria? (pronome adjetivo)
- Leve esses livros daqui!! Agora!
- Quais? (pronome substantivo)
4) quanto
Pode ser pronome substantivo ou pronome adjetivo:
Perguntei quanto era. (pronome substantivo)
- Quanto tempo faz que a gente não se encontra? (pro-
nome adjetivo)
5) cadê?
A expressão que é feito de, reduzida para que é de, deu
origem aos interrogativos cadê, quede e quedê, bastante
utilizados na linguagem coloquial e já incorporados pela lite-
ratura.
E cadê doutor? Cadê remédio? Cadê jeito?
(Monteiro Lobato)
Quedê o meu dinheiro?
(O que é feito do meu dinheiro?)
Usado para sacerdotes e religiosos em geral.
Vossa Magnificência V.Mag.a V.Mag.as
Usado para reitores de universidades.
Vossa Majestade V.M. V V.M M.
Usado para reis e rainhas.
O pronome você
O pronome você perdeu seu caráter de tratamento ceri-
monioso sendo hoje, no Brasil, utilizado em situações infor-
mais, substituindo o pronome de segunda pessoa tu.
Você sempre foi resistente à ideia de gravar discos. O que
o fez mudar de ideia?
Como se vê pelo exemplo, você faz referência à segunda
pessoa, mas exige verbo na terceira.
Este pronome resulta das transformações fonéticas pelas
quais passou o pronome de tratamento Vossa Mercê.
Apesar de ser considerado pela NGB como pronome de
tratamento, você enquadra-se mais apropriadamente na
categoria de pronome pessoal, visto que substitui tu em qua-
se todo o território brasileiro.

– 32 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Deve-se notar ainda o emprego de você como pronome • quando conjunção subordinativa e pronome relativo esti-
que indetermina o sujeito: verem presentes na oração.

Mas o que você pode fazer contra as forças da natureza?
A norma culta da língua condena esse emprego do termo,
preferindo a impessoalização com o pronome se:
O que se pode fazer contra as forças da natureza?
A expressão “a gente”
Na linguagem coloquial, o pronome nós é frequentemente
substituído por a gente.
Um segurança nos xingou e queria nos agredir para que a
gente saísse da estação.
A expressão pode ainda apresentar valor impessoal,
indeterminado:
Eu sabia os riscos que estava correndo. A gente sempre
pensa: comigo não vai acontecer. Aí aconteceu”, diz.
(a gente pensa = pensa-se)
Quero que me entendas.
Ainda que a encontre, não conversaremos.
O recibo que lhe deram não é válido.
• em orações iniciadas por palavras interrogativas.
Quando nos enviarão as passagens?
Quem te perdoou a dívida?
• em orações que exprimem desejo, iniciadas por palavras
exclamativas.
Deus me acuda!
Como me recordo daquele feriado!
• quando se usar gerúndio com em.
Em se tratando de medicina, ele é especialista.
Em se apresentando condições, faremos o que pedes.
Uso da mesóclise

A norma culta da língua tende a rejeitar essas constru- Usa-se a mesóclise os seguintes tempos verbais:
ções, comuns na fala coloquial.
• futuro do presente:

Senhor, senhora, senhorita Dir-lhe-ei a verdade na ocasião certa.

Os pronomes senhor, senhora e senhorita são largamente • futuro do pretérito:

utilizados no Brasil como forma de respeito e cortesia.
Dir-lhe-ia a verdade na ocasião certa.

COLOCAÇÃO PRONOMINAL Observação:

Se houver partícula atrativa, deverá ser usada a próclise.
Os pronomes oblíquos átonos (o, a, os, as, lhe, lhes, me, Assim:
te, se, nos, vos) podem ocupar três posições na oração em
relação ao verbo: Não o compreenderia.

a) antes do verbo – neste caso tem-se a próclise e diz-se

que o pronome está proclítico. Uso da ênclise

Nunca se fala nestas coisas aqui. Emprega-se, geralmente, a ênclise:

Quero que todos me acompanhem.
• com verbos no início do período:
b) no meio do verbo – tem-se a mesóclise, e o pronome
está mesoclítico. Sabe-se que a temperatura global está em média cerca
de meio grau Celsius mais alta do que há 100 anos.
Ajudar-te-ei amanhã sem falta.
Dir-lhe-ei depois o que desejo. • com verbos no modo imperativo afirmativo:

c) depois do verbo – tem-se, então, a ênclise, e o pronome Diga, diga-lhe toda a verdade.
está enclítico.

Ouviu-se um alarido. Levante-se daí, senhor Belchior...

Faltavam-me alguns relógios.
• com verbos no gerúndio, desde que não venham precedi-
Uso da próclise dos da preposição em:

A próclise será obrigatória: Para tratar o enfermo, não basta ter pena dele, consolan-
do-o e ouvindo-o com interesse.
• quando houver palavra de sentido negativo antes do ver-
bo. • com verbos no infinitivo impessoal:

Nada lhe posso dizer. Não sou desumano, não traria o bicho aqui para maltratá-
Ninguém me procurou. lo.

– 33 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Casos especiais 4) Quanto ao pronome pessoal ser oblíquo:

A seguir, alguns casos em que o pronome oblíquo vem A( ) Encontrei-o na rua.

acompanhado de locução verbal. B( ) Achei o que procurava.
C( ) Achei-a linda como sempre.
a) Quando o verbo principal de uma locução verbal encon- D( ) O moço pediu a jovem em casamento.
tra-se no infinitivo ou no gerúndio, coloca-se o pronome oblí- E( ) Trouxe-o comigo.
quo depois do verbo auxiliar ou depois do verbo principal:
5) Quanto ao pronome indefinido:
Quero-lhe pedir dinheiro. Quero pedir-lhe dinheiro.
v. auxiliar v. principal v. auxiliar v. principal A( ) Este é a apartamento onde moro.
no infinitivo no infinitivo B( ) Uns chegam outros saem.
C( ) Certos exercícios são bens difíceis.
Observação: D( ) Esta é a professora de que falei.
E( ) Não sei quem disse isso.
Se a locução verbal vier precedida de partícula atrativa, o
pronome deverá vir antes do verbo auxiliar ou depois do 6) Quanto ao pronome relativo:
verbo principal:
A( ) A rua a que me referi é aquela.
Não lhe quero pedir dinheiro. Não quero pedir-lhe dinheiro. B( ) O teste que fiz é bem difícil.
partícula v. auxiliar partícula v. principal C( ) A estrada por que passei não tem acostamento.
atrativa atrativa
D( ) Espero que você seja feliz.
E( ) Temos que esperar o médico chegar.
b) Quando o verbo principal de uma locução verbal encontra-
se no particípio, coloca-se o pronome oblíquo depois do ver-
7) Quanto ao pronome indefinido:
bo auxiliar:
A( ) A casa em que nasci é azul.
Tinha-me consultado sobre a sua decisão.
B( ) Vive onde não queres?
v. auxiliar v. principal no particípio
C( ) Está é a pessoa que amo.
Observação: D( ) Ouvimos algum barulho lá fora.
E( ) Tudo isso tem implicações políticas.
Se a locução verbal vier precedida de partícula atrativa, o
pronome oblíquo deverá vir antes do verbo auxiliar: 8) Quanto ao pronome relativo:

A ( ) Esta é a carta que recebi.

Não me tinha consultado sobre a sua decisão.
partícula v. auxiliar
B ( ) Puxa, quem me chamou outra vez?
atrativa C ( ) A quais desses filmes você assistiu?
D ( ) As mãos que dizem adeus são pássaros... (Mário
Quintana)
EXERCÍCIOS E ( ) Esta é Miriam, da qual nunca me esqueço.

9) Quantos aos pronomes pessoais oblíquos:

ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO: A ( ) Ela me olhou.
B ( ) Conheço-a não sei de onde.
1) Quanto aos pronomes de tratamento: C ( ) Há poucas divergências entre mim e ti.
D ( ) Viram as crianças por toda a parte.
A( ) Vossa Excelência cardeais E ( ) Tinha dentro de si uma espécie de vazio. (Érico Verís-
B( ) Você pessoas íntimas simo)
C( ) Vossa Alteza Papa
D( ) Vossa Reverendíssima reis e rainhas
E( ) Vossa Magnificência reitores de universidades.

2) Quanto à colocação pronominal: RESPOSTAS

A( ) Aqui me acolheram muito bem.

B( ) Não lhe devo mais nada.
C( ) Nada preocupa-me.
D( ) Dar-te-ei uma palavra amiga.
E( ) Dê-me uma bala.

3) Quanto à classificação dos pronomes:

A ( ) E você não fala nada? (pessoal e relativo)

B ( ) Venha passear conosco. (indefinido)
C ( ) Vossa Santidade deu sua bênção diária. (tratamento)
D( ) Esse sorriso não engana ninguém. (demonstrativo e
indefinido)
E ( ) O aparelho de som que comprei está com defeito.
(interrogativo)

– 34 –
 Língua Portuguesa
FLEXÃO DOS ADVÉRBIOS
ADVÉRBIO
Alguns advérbios flexionam-se no comparativo e no su-
perlativo.
É uma palavra que modifica (que se refere) a um verbo, a
adjetivo, a um outro advérbio. • Grau comparativo:

A maioria dos advérbios modifica o verbo, ao qual acres- de igualdade: tão + advérbio + quanto
centa uma circunstância. Só os de intensidade é que podem Cheguei tão cedo quanto queria.
também modificar adjetivos e advérbios.
de superioridade: mais + advérbio + que
Mora muito longe Cheguei mais cedo que queria.
(modifica o advérbio longe).
de inferioridade: menos + advérbio + que
Sairei cedo para alcançar os excursionistas Cheguei menos cedo que queria.
(modifica o verbo sairei).
• Grau superlativo:
Eram exercícios bem difíceis
(modifica o adjetivo difíceis). analítico:

CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS ADVÉRBIOS Eles estavam muito felizes.

Ele chegou muito cedo.
1º) De Afirmação: sim, certamente, deveras, realmente,
incontestavelmente, efetivamente. sintético:

2º) De Dúvida: talvez, quiçá, acaso, porventura, provavel- Eles estavam felicíssimos.
mente, decerto, certo. Ele chegou cedíssimo.

3º) De Intensidade: muito, mui, pouco, assaz, bastante,

mais, menos, tão, demasiado, meio, todo, completamente,
profundamente, demasiadamente, excessivamente, demais, EXERCÍCIOS
nada, ligeiramente, levemente, quão, quanto, bem, mas,
quase, apenas, como. ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
4º) De Lugar: abaixo, acima, acolá, cá, lá, aqui, ali, aí, além,
algures, aquém, alhures, nenhures, atrás, fora, afora, dentro, 1) Quanto à oração que contém dois advérbios:
longe, adiante, diante, onde, avante, através, defronte, aon-
de, donde, detrás. A( ) Maísa é muito calma.
B( ) Ela cantava muito bem.
5º) De Modo: bem, mal, assim, depressa, devagar, como, C( ) Hoje, talvez eu vá às compras.
adrede, debalde, melhor, pior, aliás, calmamente, livremente, D( ) Eu não gostei de chegar tarde ao trabalho.
e quase todos os advérbios terminados em "mente". E( ) Fernandinho é bem esperto.

6º) De Negação: não, absolutamente.

7º) De Tempo: agora, hoje, amanhã, depois, ontem, anteon-
tem, já, sempre, nunca, jamais, ainda, logo, antes, cedo,
tarde, ora, afinal, outrora, então, breve, aí, entrementes, bre-
vemente, imediatamente, raramente, finalmente, comumente,
presentemente, etc.
Há ainda advérbios interrogativos: onde? aonde?
quando? como? por que?: Onde estão eles? Quando sai-
rão? Como viajaram? Por que não telefonaram?
2) Quanto ao advérbio de afirmação:
A ( ) Sem dúvida, ele é um grande pintor.
B ( ) Realmente, é difícil encontrar um advérbio de afirma-
ção na sua obra.
C ( ) Ele, provavelmente, saíra do emprego.
D ( ) Absolutamente, não entendo nada de espanhol.
E ( ) Certamente, ele não virá ao jantar.

LOCUÇÕES ADVERBIAIS

São duas ou mais palavras com função de advérbio: às RESPOSTAS

tontas, às claras, às pressas, às ocultas, à toa, de vez em
quando, de quando em quando, de propósito, às vezes, ao
acaso, ao léu, de repente, de chofre, a olhos vistos, de cor,
de improviso, em breve, por atacado, em cima, por trás, para
trás, de perto, sem dúvida, passo a passo, etc.

Exemplos:
Ele, às vezes, age às escondidas.
O segredo é sempre virar à direita.
À tarde ela trabalha no hospital, mas à noite ela está em
casa.

– 35 –
 Língua Portuguesa
PREPOSIÇÃO
Preposição é a palavra que liga um termo a outro:
Casa de pedra; livro de Paulo; falou com ele.
EXERCÍCIOS
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
1) Quanto à oração em que a palavra destacada é prepo-
sição:

Dividem-se as preposições em essenciais (as que sempre A ( ) Obriguei-a a estudar mais.

foram preposições) e acidentais (palavras de outras classes
gramaticais que, às vezes, funcionam como preposição).
1º) Preposições Essenciais: a, ante, após, até, com, de,
dês, desde, para, per, perante, por, sem, sob, sobre, trás.
B ( ) Nas próximas férias, vou a Portugal.
C ( ) A professora recolheu as provas antes do horário.
D ( ) Ele a obrigou a voltar a estudar.
E ( ) Fomos ao cinema, depois levei-as para tomar um
lanche.

Exemplos:
Fumava cigarro após cigarro. 2) Quanto às preposições acidentais:
Está vestida de branco.
A( ) Todos vieram, exceto você.
2º) Preposições Acidentais: conforme, consoante, segundo, B( ) O menor está sob a guarda policial.
durante, mediante, visto, como,exceto, salvo, etc. C( ) Não há nada entre mim e você.
D( ) Moro no Tatuapé desde 1988.
Exemplos: E( ) Mediante o acontecido, sugiro que adiemos a reunião.
Os heróis tiveram como prêmio uma coroa de louros.
Vovô dormiu durante a viagem.
3) Quanto à oração que contém locução prepositiva:

LOCUÇÕES PREPOSITIVAS A( ) As crianças saíram em silêncio.

B( ) Apesar de não gostarmos dele, fomos homenageá-lo.
São expressões com a função das preposições. C( ) Ele estava aos prantos.
D( ) Em vez de contar a verdade, ele preferiu omitir o caso.
Em geral são formadas de advérbio (ou locução adverbial) E( ) Além de trabalhar, José estuda.
+ preposição: abaixo de, acima de, por trás de, em frente de,
junto a, perto de, longe de, depois de, antes de, através de,
embaixo de, em cima de, em face de, etc. 4) Quanto à classificação:
Exemplo:
Passamos através de mata cerrada. A ( ) Pé ante pé, nós saíamos do quarto, para que ela não
percebesse. (essenciais)
B( ) Exceto a irmã mais velha, todas iam para a Europa.
COMBINAÇÕES E CONTRAÇÕES (acidental e essencial)
C ( ) Afora você, a ninguém mais se perdoa.. (essencial)
D ( ) Deram-lhe todos os lucros, fora a dívida, que foi des-
As preposições a, de, em, per e para, unem-se com contada. (acidental)
outras palavras, formando um só vocábulo. E ( ) Trabalhávamos por uma comida melhor durante o
serviço militar. (essencial e acidental)
Há combinação quando a preposição se une sem perda
de fonema; se a preposição sofre queda de fonema, haverá
contração. 5) Quanto à combinação e à contração:

A preposição combina-se com os artigos, pronomes de- A ( ) Está na hora de ir embora. (contração)
monstrativos e com advérbios. B ( ) Vou ao encontro de Ulisses. (contração)
C ( ) Vou àqueles lugares que são meus preferidos. (com-
As preposições a, de, em, per contraem-se com os arti- binação)
gos, e, algumas delas, com certos pronomes e advérbios. D ( ) Vinha novamente à sua cabeça a dúvida. (contração)
E ( ) Aonde vamos, meu amor? (combinação)
a+a=à de + isto = disto
a + as = às de + aqui = daqui
a + aquele = àquele em + esse = nesse RESPOSTAS
a + aquela = àquela em + o = no
a + aquilo = àquilo em + um = num
de + o = do em + aquele = naquele
de + ele = dele per + o = pelo
de + este = deste

– 36 –
 Língua Portuguesa

INTERJEIÇÃO CONJUNÇÃO

Interjeição é a palavra que exprime um estado emotivo. Conjunção é a palavra invariável que liga orações ou
As interjeições são um recurso da linguagem afetiva e emo- termos da oração.
cional. Podem exprimir e registrar os mais variados sentimen-
tos. Exemplos:
Classificam-se em:
Comi mas não gostei.
1) de dor: ai! ui! ai de mim! 7) de apelo: ó! alô! psit! psiu! Saímos de casa quando amanhecia.
2) de desejo: oxalá! tomara! 8) de silêncio: psiu! silêncio!
3) de alegria: ah! oh! eh! viva! 9) de repetição: bis! As conjunções dividem-se em coordenativas e subordina-
4) de animação: eia! coragem! 10) de saudação: alô! olá! tivas.
avante! upa! força! vamos! salve! bom dia!
5) de aplauso: bem! bravo! 11) de advertência: cuidado!
apoiado! devagar! atenção! Quando a conjunção liga as orações sem fazer com que
6) de aversão: ih! chi! irra! ora 12) de indignação: fora! morra! uma dependa da outra ou sem que a segunda complete o
bolas! sentido da primeira, ela é coordenativa.

Quando a conjunção liga duas orações que se completam

uma a outra e faz com que a segunda dependa da primeira,
LOCUÇÃO INTERJETIVA
ela é subordinativa.
É uma expressão formada de mais de uma palavra, com
CONJUNÇÕES COORDENATIVAS
valor de interjeição: Meu Deus! Muito bem! Ai de mim! Ora
bolas! Valha-me Deus! Quem me dera!
Podem ser:
As interjeições são proferidas em tom de voz especial e,
1) Aditivas: dão ideia de adição: e, nem, mas também, mais
dependendo desta circunstância, a mesma interjeição pode
ainda, senão, também, como também, bem como.
expressar sentimentos diversos.
Exemplo: A doença vem a cavalo e volta a pé.
EXERCÍCIOS
2) Adversativas: exprimem mais contraste, oposição, ressal-
va, compensação: mas, porém, todavia, contudo, entretanto,
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
senão, ao passo que, no entanto, apesar disso.
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
Exemplo: Querem ser ricos, mas não trabalham.
1) Quanto à oração em que a palavra destacada é inter-
3) Alternativas: exprimem alternativa, alternância: ou,
jeição:
ou . . . ou, ora . . . ora, já . . . já, seja . . . seja, quer . . . quer.
A ( ) “Credo, que dia mais cinza!”
Exemplo: A louca ora o acariciava, ora o renegava freneti-
B ( ) Viva o meu time!
camente.
C ( ) Espero que ele viva por muitos anos.
D ( ) Temos que agradecer a Deus pelos dias de nossa
4) Explicativas: exprimem explicação, um motivo: que, por-
vida.
que, porquanto, pois. As conjunções explicativas aparecem
E ( ) Puxa vida, como você demorou a chegar!
normalmente depois de orações imperativas.

Exemplo: Venha, porque quero conversar com você.

2) Quanto à identificação das interjeições:
5) Conclusivas: expressam conclusão: logo, portanto, por
A ( ) Basta! Não quero escutar mais nada. (aversão)
conseguinte, por isso, pois (depois de verbo).
B ( ) Tomara que você vença! (desejo)
C ( ) Credo! Não suporto manga. (alívio)
Exemplo: As árvores balançavam, logo estava ventando.
D ( ) Nossa! Quase fui atropelado. (espanto)
E ( ) Coitado! Perdeu tudo que tinha. (desacordo)
CONJUNÇÕES SUBORDINATIVAS
RESPOSTAS
Podem ser:

1) Causais:
porque, que, pois, como, porquanto, visto que, desde que,
etc.

Exemplo: Não me interessa a opinião deles, porque todos ali

são imbecis.

2) Comparativas:
como, tal qual, assim como, que nem, como quanto, etc.

Exemplo: Talvez ninguém pense como nós pensamos.

– 37 –
 Língua Portuguesa
3) Concessivas: EXERCÍCIOS
embora, conquanto, ainda que, mesmo que, por mais que,
por menos que, se bem que, posto que, nem que, dado que, ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
sem que, etc. PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:

Exemplo: Foi ao encontro, embora estivesse atrasado. 1) Quanto à conjunção coordenativa conclusiva:

4) Condicionais: A ( ) O homem pensa, logo existe.

se, caso, desde que, salvo se, contanto que, a não ser que, a
menos que, sem que, etc.
Exemplo: Não irei sem que ela me telefone.
5) Conformativas:
como, conforme, segundo, consoante, etc.
B ( ) Não corra, que é perigoso.
C ( ) Os preços das frutas estavam muito altos, portanto
não as comprei.
D ( ) Você o provocou bastante, aguente a polêmica, pois.
E ( ) É um ser humano, por isso merece todo nosso respei-
to.

Exemplo: Cada um colhe, conforme semeia. 2) Quanto à conjunção coordenativa explicativa:

6) Consecutivas: A( ) Não saiam, pois o professor já vem.

que (precedido dos termos intensivos tal, tão, tanto, tama- B( ) Saia daí, que está chovendo.
nho), de sorte que, de modo que, de forma que, de maneira C( ) O brasileiro adia; existe, pois.
que, sem que, etc. D( ) Anda logo que eu estou com pressa.
E( ) Estou com dor de cabeça, por isso não me amolem.
Exemplo: Era tão feio que metia medo nas crianças.

7) Finais: 3) Quanto à classificação das conjunções coordenativas:

a fim de que, para que, que, porque, etc.
Exemplo: Enganou-os para que não a enganassem.
8) Proporcionais:
à proporção que, à medida que, ao passo que, quanto mais,
quanto menos, etc.
Exemplo: As criaturas são mais perfeitas à proporção que
são mais capazes de amar.
9) Temporais:
enquanto, quando, logo que, assim que, depois que, agora
que, antes que, desde que, até que, sempre que, etc.
Exemplo: Todos se calaram, depois que protestei.
10) Integrantes:
que, se.
A ( ) Acordou tarde e perdeu a prova. (conclusiva)
B ( ) Márcia não gosta de peixe, mas teve de comer. (alter-
nativa)
C ( ) Levantei e saí, apesar dos protestos (aditiva)
D ( ) Guardo o dinheiro ou viajo? (alternativa)
E ( ) De repente, o pai olhou ao redor e não viu o menino.
(explicativa)
4) Quanto à conjunção subordinativa causal:
A ( ) O filho é o maior que o pai.
B ( ) Quando ela acordou, eu já havia saído.
C ( ) Marcelo não viajou porque não dispunha de dinheiro.
D ( ) Todos já saíram, porque a festa já terminou.
E ( ) Não podem viajar, visto que não conseguiram autori-
zação.

Exemplo: Sonhei que o mundo havia acabado. 5) Quanto à conjunção subordinativa conformativa:

Observação: As conjunções subordinativas integrantes in-
troduzem as orações subordinadas substantivas. As demais
conjunções subordinativas introduzem as orações subordina-
das adverbiais. A classificação das conjunções dependerá
unicamente da significação que elas derem à oração que
introduzem.
A ( ) Como eu já disse mais de uma vez, não vou sair de
casa.
B ( ) Sou quieta como uma flor de outono.
C ( ) Ligue o aparelho como indicam as instruções.
D ( ) A maioria dos jovens agem como crianças.
E ( ) Fizemos tudo como o professor mandou.

LOCUÇÃO CONJUNTIVA
RESPOSTAS
São duas ou mais palavras que têm valor de conjunção.
Geralmente é constituída de que precedido de advérbio,
preposição ou particípio.

visto que já que se bem que

ainda que desde que por mais que
a menos que de modo que por menos que
à medida que uma vez que à proporção que
no entanto por consequência posto que
ainda quando logo que a fim de que

Exemplo:
Já que todos saíram, desisto do negócio.

– 38 –
 Língua Portuguesa

VERBO presente (eu estudo)

perfeito (eu estudei)

modo pretérito imperfeito (eu estudava)
Verbo é a palavra variável em número, pessoa, modo, indicativo mais-que-perfeito (eu estudara)
tempo e voz que indica um processo no tempo, isto é, que
algo aconteceu, acontece ou acontecerá. futuro do presente (eu estudarei)
do pretérito (eu estudaria)
Os verbos podem indicar:
presente (que eu estude)
- ação: Sofia sempre viaja a trabalho. modo pretérito imperfeito (se eu estudasse)
subjuntivo futuro (quando/se eu estudar)
- estado: O garoto está feliz.

- fenômeno: Nevou no sul do país. modo presente afirmativo (estuda [tu])

imperativo negativo (não estudes [tu])

FLEXÃO DO VERBO
FLEXÃO DE NÚMERO

FLEXÃO DE PESSOA Admite singular ou plural, concordando com seu sujeito.

O professor corrigiu as provas.

São necessárias três pessoas: Os professores corrigiram as provas.

- primeira pessoa: é a quem fala (eu e nós). FLEXÃO DE VOZ

- segunda pessoa: é com quem se fala (tu e vós). Maneira pela qual o verbo se relaciona com o sujeito.
Pode ser:
- terceira pessoa: é de quem ou a respeito do que se fala
(ele / ela – eles / elas). - voz ativa: quando algo ou alguém é responsável pela
ação do verbo.

FLEXÃO DE MODO A empregada lavou as janelas.

- voz passiva: quando algo ou alguém recebe a ação

São as diversas maneiras que um verbo assume para verbal.
indicar atitudes da pessoa que fala.
As janelas foram lavadas pela empregada.
- indicativo: expressa uma atitude real, concreta.
Observação: a voz passiva pode ser analítica ou sintética.
O jovem médico socorreu os doentes.
analítica: formada com os verbos ser, estar e fi-
- subjuntivo: indica uma atitude hipotética, duvidosa ou car seguidos de particípio.
possível.
Todos os carros foram roubados.
Talvez eu vá ao cinema no domingo. (particípio)

sintética: formada com o verbo na terceira pessoa

- imperativo: indica uma ordem, um convite, um pedido. acompanhado do pronome se.
Pare de fumar! Vendem-se casas.

- voz reflexiva: quando algo ou alguém pratica e recebe

FLEXÃO DE TEMPO ao mesmo tempo a ação verbal.

O garoto machucou-se.
É a propriedade que tem o verbo de localizar o fato no
tempo em que acontece o ocorrido.
OS TEMPOS VERBAIS
- presente: a ação ocorre no momento em que se fala.
INDICATIVO
João estuda e trabalha.
- Presente: indica a ocorrência de um fato no momento em
- pretérito: a ação transcorreu num momento anterior à- que se fala.
quele em que se fala.
As águas atingem um metro, afirma o jornalista.
João estudava e trabalhava.
É também usado para indicar ocorrência frequente de um
- futuro: a ação poderá ocorrer após o momento em que fato.
se fala.
Todo dia ela visita seus pais.
João estudará e trabalhará.
- Pretérito: indica a ocorrência de um fato antes do momento
em que se fala.
O esquema abaixo apresenta os modos e os tempos
verbais simples da língua portuguesa: A escola pegou fogo.

– 39 –
 Língua Portuguesa
- Pretérito perfeito: indica um fato que ocorreu totalmente no LOCUÇÃO VERBAL
passado.
São as combinações verbais que produzem formas com-
A família inteira chegou em 2008. postas.

- Pretérito imperfeito: indica um fato que iniciou no passado
e ainda não foi concluída.
Ela vivia chorando.
- Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: indica a ocorrência de um fato
no passado, iniciado antes de outro, também no passado.
Eu tenho trabalhado demais.
Os verbos que se empregam frequentemente como pri-
meiro elemento dessas combinações são chamados verbos
auxiliares.
Os mais comuns são ter, haver, ser e estar.

Mentiu outra vez ao afirmar que falara tudo ao pai.

CONJUGAÇÃO DOS VERBOS AUXILIARES
- Futuro: indica a ocorrência futura de um fato que ainda não
ocorreu no momento da fala.
MODO INDICATIVO
Viajarei à Itália no próximo mês.
Presente
- Futuro do presente: exprime um fato que irá ocorrer, com
certeza. sou estou tenho hei
és estás tens hás
é está tem há
Você terá um futuro maravilhoso. somos estamos temos havemos
sois estais tendes haveis
- Futuro do pretérito: indica um fato que ainda irá se concre- são estão têm hão
tizar, relacionado com um fato passado.

Eu compraria um carro se tivesse dinheiro.

Pretérito perfeito
SUBJUNTIVO fui estive tive houve
foste estiveste tiveste houveste
- Presente: indica uma ocorrência que talvez se realize. foi esteve teve houve
fomos estivemos tivemos houvemos
É necessário que você converse com ele. fostes estivestes tivestes houvestes
foram estiveram tiveram houveram
- Pretérito imperfeito: indica uma ação que talvez tenha
acontecido.

Se ele fosse politizado, não votaria naquele farsante. Pretérito imperfeito

era estava tinha havia
- Futuro: indica um fato que talvez se concretize no futuro. eras estavas tinhas havias
era estava tinha havia
Se ela fizer o regime, emagrecerá rapidamente. éramos estávamos tínhamos havíamos
éreis estáveis tínheis havíeis
Quando ele estudar, passará no concurso. eram estavam tinham haviam

FORMAS NOMINAIS
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito
fora estivera tivera houvera
INFINITIVO foras estiveras tiveras houveras
fora estivera tivera houvera
O infinitivo tem valor de substantivo. fôramos estivéramos tivéramos houvéramos
fôreis estivéreis tivéreis houvéreis
Estudar é um direito de qualquer cidadão. foram estiveram tiveram houveram
O estudo é um direito de qualquer cidadão.

Futuro do presente
PARTICÍPIO
serei estarei terei haverei
O particípio pode ter valor de adjetivo. Sofre flexão de serás estarás terás haverás
gênero e número, de acordo com o substantivo a que se será estará terá haverá
refere. seremos estaremos teremos haveremos
sereis estareis tereis havereis
Calado num canto, ele observava tudo. serão estarão terão haverão

GERÚNDIO Futuro do pretérito

O gerúndio pode assumir o valor de advérbio ou adjetivo. seria estaria teria haveria
serias estarias terias haverias
O atleta cruzou sorrindo a linha de chegada. (advérbio) seria estaria teria haveria
Eu vi o menino correndo. (adjetivo) seríamos estaríamos teríamos haveríamos
seríeis estaríeis teríeis haveríeis
seriam estariam teriam haveriam

– 40 –
 Língua Portuguesa
MODO SUBJUNTIVO Gerúndio

Presente sendo estando tendo havendo

seja esteja tenha haja

sejas estejas tenhas hajas
seja esteja tenha haja Particípio
sejamos estejamos tenhamos hajamos
sejais estejais tenhais hajais sido estado tido havido
sejam estejam tenham hajam

CONJUGAÇÕES
Pretérito Imperfeito São as três conjugações:
fosse estivesse tivesse houvesse
fosses estivesses tivesses houvesses
fosse estivesse tivesse houvesse 1ª conjugação – ar: andar, amar, trabalhar, etc.
fôssemos estivéssemos tivéssemos houvéssemos
fôsseis estivésseis tivésseis houvésseis 2ª conjugação – er: correr, vender, perder, etc.
fossem estivessem tivessem houvessem
3ª conjugação – ir: sorrir, pedir, partir, etc.

Os verbos são classificados em:

Futuro simples

for estiver tiver houver

VERBOS REGULARES
fores estiveres tiveres houveres
for estiver tiver houver São aqueles que não sofrem alteração em seu radical e
formos estivermos tivermos houvermos suas desinências são iguais ao verbo paradigma (modelo de
fordes estiverdes tiverdes houverdes conjugação).
forem estiverem tiverem houverem
Modelos
1ª conjugação - 2ª conjugação - 3ª conjugação -
MODO IMPERATIVO amar partir
correr

Afirmativo
sê (tu) está (tu) tem (tu) há (tu) MODO INDICATIVO
seja (você) esteja (você) tenha (você) haja (você)
sejamos (nós) estejamos tenhamos hajamos
sede (vós) (nós) (nós) (nós)
sejam (vocês) estai (vós) tende (vós) havei (vós) Presente
estejam tenham (vo- hajam
(vocês) cês) (vocês) amo corro parto
amas corres partes
ama corre parte
Negativo amamos corremos partimos
amais correis partis
não sejas (tu) não estejas não tenhas não hajas amam correm partem
não seja (vo- (tu) (tu) (tu)
cê) não esteja não tenha não haja
não sejamos (você) (você) (você)
(nós) não esteja- não tenha- não haja- Pretérito perfeito
não sejais mos (nós) mos (nós) mos (nós)
(vós) não estejais não tenhais não hajais amei corri parti
não sejam (vós) (vós) (vós) amaste correste partiste
(vocês) não estejam não tenham não hajam amou correu partiu
(vocês) (vocês) (vocês) amamos corremos partimos
amastes correstes partistes
amaram correram partiram

FORMAS NOMINAIS
Pretérito imperfeito
Infinitivo impessoal
amava corria partia
ser estar ter haver amavas corrias partias
amava corria partia
amávamos corríamos partíamos
amáveis corríeis partíeis
amavam corriam partiam
Infinitivo pessoal

ser (eu) estar (eu) ter (eu) haver (eu)

seres (tu) estares (tu) teres (tu) haveres (tu)
ser (ele) estar (ele) ter (ele) haver (ele) Pretérito mais-que-perfeito
sermos (nós) estarmos termos havermos
serdes (vós) (nós) (nós) (nós) amara correra partira
serem (eles) estardes terdes haverdes (vós) amaras correras partiras
(vós) (vós) haverem amara correra partira
estarem terem (eles) amáramos corrêramos partíramos
(eles) (eles) amáreis corrêreis partíreis
amaram correram partiram

– 41 –
 Língua Portuguesa

Futuro do presente Infinitivo pessoal

amarei correrei partirei amar (eu) correr (eu) partir (eu)

amarás correrás partirás amares (tu) correres (tu) partires (tu)
amará correrá partirá amar (ele) correr (ele) partir (ele)
amaremos correremos partiremos amarmos (nós) corrermos (nós) partirmos (nós)
amareis correreis partireis amardes (vós) correrdes (vós) partirdes (vós)
amarão correrão partirão amarem (eles) correrem (eles) partirem (eles)

Futuro do pretérito Gerúndio

amaria correria partiria amando correndo partindo

amarias correrias partirias
amaria correria partiria
amaríamos correríamos partiríamos
amaríeis correríeis partiríeis Particípio
amariam correriam partiriam
amado corrido partido

MODO SUBJUNTIVO
VERBOS IRREGULARES
Presente
São aqueles que sofrem alterações em seu radical ou em
ame corra parta sua desinência, afastando-se do modelo a que pertencem.
ames corras partas
ame corra parta
amemos corramos partamos 1ª CONJUGAÇÃO – AR
ameis corrais partais
amem corram partam Aguar
Presente do indicativo: águo, águas, água, aguamos, aguais,
Pretérito imperfeito águam.
Pretérito perfeito: aguei, aguaste, aguou, aguamos, aguastes,
amasse corresse partisse aguaram.
amasses corresses partisses Presente do subjuntivo: águe, águes, águe, aguemos, agueis,
amasse corresse partisse águem.
amássemos corrêssemos partíssemos Verbo regular nos demais tempos. Assim se conjugam desaguar,
amásseis corrêsseis partísseis enxaguar e minguar.
amassem corressem partissem

Dar
Futuro simples Presente do indicativo: dou, dás, dá, damos, dais, dão.
Pretérito perfeito: dei, deste, deu, demos, destes, deram.
amar correr partir Pretérito imperfeito: dava, davas, dava, dávamos, dáveis, davam.
amares correres partires Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: dera, deras, dera, déramos, déreis,
amar correr partir deram.
amarmos corrermos partirmos Futuro do presente: darei, darás, dará, daremos, dareis, darão.
amardes correrdes partirdes Futuro do pretérito: daria, darias, daria, daríamos, daríeis, dariam.
amarem correrem partirem Presente do subjuntivo: dê, dês, dê, demos, deis, deem.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: desse, desses, desse, désse-
mos, désseis, dessem.
MODO IMPERATIVO Futuro do subjuntivo: der, deres, der, dermos, derdes, derem.
Imperativo afirmativo: dá, dê, demos, dai, deem.
Infinitivo impessoal: dar.
Afirmativo Infinitivo pessoal: dar, dares, dar, darmos, dardes, darem.
Gerúndio: dando.
ama (tu) corre (tu) parte (tu) Particípio: dado.
ame (você) corra (você) parta (você)
amemos (nós) corramos (nós) partamos (nós) Optar
amai (vós) correi (vós) parti (vós) Presente do indicativo: opto, optas, opta, optamos, optais, optam.
amem (vocês) corram (vocês) partam (vocês) Presente do subjuntivo: opte, optes, opte, optemos, opteis, optem.
Obs.: No caso do verbo optar a irregularidade está na pronúncia. Nas
três pessoas do singular e na terceira do plural do presente do indica-
tivo e do presente do subjuntivo, a vogal o do radical é pronunciada
Negativo aberta e fortemente.

não ames (tu) não corras (tu) não partas (tu)

não ame (você) não corra (você) não parta (você) 2ª CONJUGAÇÃO – ER
não amemos (nós) não corramos não partamos (nós)
não ameis (vós) (nós) não partais (vós) Caber
não amem (vocês) não corrais (vós) não partam (vocês) Presente do indicativo: caibo, cabes, cabe, cabemos, cabeis, ca-
não corra (vocês) bem.
Pretérito perfeito: coube, coubeste, coube, coubemos, coubestes,
FORMAS NOMINAIS couberam.
Pretérito imperfeito: cabia, cabias, cabia, cabíamos, cabíeis, cabi-
am.
Infinitivo impessoal Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: coubera, couberas, coubera, coubéra-
mos, coubéreis, couberam.
amar correr partir Futuro do presente: caberei, caberás, caberá, caberemos, cabereis,
caberão.

– 42 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Futuro do pretérito: caberia, caberias, caberia, caberíamos, caberí-
eis, caberiam.
Presente do subjuntivo: caiba, caibas, caiba, caibamos, caibais,
caibam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: coubesse, coubesses, coubes-
se, coubéssemos, coubésseis, coubessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: couber, couberes, couber, coubermos, cou-
berdes, couberem.
Observação: O verbo caber não se apresenta conjugado nem no
imperativo afirmativo nem no imperativo negativo.
Crer
Presente do indicativo: creio, crês, crê, cremos, credes, creem.
Pretérito perfeito: cri, creste, creu, cremos, crestes, creram.
Pretérito imperfeito: cria, crias, cria, criamos, crieis, criam.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: crera, creras, crera, crêramos, crêreis,
creram.
Presente do subjuntivo: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais,
creiam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: cresse, cresses, cresse, crês-
semos, crêsseis, cressem
Futuro do subjuntivo: crer, creres, crer, crermos, crerdes, crerem.
Imperativo afirmativo: crê, creia, creiamos, crede, creiam.
Imperativo negativo: não creias (tu), não creia (você), não creiamos
(nós), não crede (vós), não creiam (vocês)
Assim se conjugam: ler e descrer.
Ler
Presente do indicativo: leio, lês, lê, lemos, ledes, leem.
Pretérito imperfeito: lia, lias, lia, líamos, líeis, liam.
Pretérito perfeito: li, leste, leu, lemos, lestes, leram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: lera, leras, lera, lêramos, lêreis, leram.
Presente do subjuntivo: leia, leias, leia, leiamos, leiais, leiam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: lesse, lesses, lesse, lêssemos,
lêsseis, lessem.
Imperativo afirmativo: lê, leia, leiamos, lede, leiam.
Assim se conjugam: reler, tresler.
Ver
Rir
Presente do indicativo: rio, ris, ri, rimos, rides, riem.
Pretérito imperfeito: ria, rias, ria, ríamos, ríeis, riam.
Pretérito perfeito: ri, riste, riu, rimos, ristes, riram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: rira, riras, rira, ríramos, ríreis, riram.
Futuro do presente: rirei, rirás, rirá, riremos, rireis, rirão.
Futuro do pretérito: riria, ririas, riria, riríamos, riríeis, ririam.
Presente do subjuntivo: ria, rias, ria, riamos, riais, riam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: risse, risses, risse, ríssemos,
rísseis, rissem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: rir, rires, rir, rirmos, rirdes, rirem.
Imperativo afirmativo: ri, ria, riamos, ride, riam.
Infinitivo pessoal: rir, rires, rir, rirmos, rirdes, rirem.
Gerúndio: rindo. Particípio: rido.
Assim se conjuga: sorrir.
Vir
Presente do indicativo: venho, vens, vem, vimos, vindes, vêm.
Pretérito imperfeito: vinha, vinhas, vinha, vínhamos, vínheis, vi-
nham.
Pretérito perfeito: vim, vieste, veio, viemos, viestes, vieram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: viera, vieras, viera, viéramos, viéreis,
vieram.
Futuro do presente: virei, virás, virá, viremos, vireis, virão.
Futuro do pretérito: viria, virias, viria, viríamos, viríeis, viriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: venha, venhas, venha, venhamos, venhais,
venham.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: viesse, viesses, viesse, viés-
semos, viésseis, viessem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: vier, vieres, vier, viermos, vierdes, vierem.
Infinitivo pessoal: vir, vires, vir, virmos, virdes, virem.
Imperativo afirmativo: vem, venha, venhamos, vinde, venham.
Gerúndio: vindo. Particípio: vindo.
Assim se conjugam: intervir, advir, convir, provir, sobrevir.
VERBOS DEFECTIVOS
São aqueles que não possuem todas as formas, ou seja,
deixam de ser flexionados em algumas conjugações.

Presente do indicativo: vejo, vês, vê, vemos, vedes, veem. ABOLIR

Pretérito perfeito: vi, viste, viu, vimos, vistes, viram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: vira, viras, vira, víramos, víreis, viram. O presente do indicativo começa na segunda pessoa do
Imperativo afirmativo: vê, veja, vejamos, vede, vejam. singular:
Presente do subjuntivo: veja, vejas, veja, vejamos, vejais, vejam. tu aboles, ele abole, nós abolimos, vós abolis, eles abolem
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: visse, visses, visse, víssemos,
vísseis, vissem.
Futuro do subjuntivo: vir, vires, vir, virmos, virdes, virem. ADEQUAR / FALIR / REAVER
Gerúndio: vendo. / Particípio: visto.
Assim se conjugam: antever, prever e rever.
No presente do indicativo, só é conjugado em duas for-
mas:
3ª CONJUGAÇÃO – IR Nós adequamos Vós adequais
Nós falimos Vós falis
Nós reavemos Vós reaveis
Cair
Presente do indicativo: caio, cais, cai, caímos, caís, caem.
Pretérito imperfeito: caía, caías, caía, caíamos, caíeis, caíam.
VERBOS ABUNDANTES
Pretérito perfeito: caí, caíste, caiu, caímos, caístes, caíram.
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: caíra, caíras, caíra, caíramos, caíreis, São os verbos que possuem formas duplas, geralmente
caíram. de particípio.
Imperativo afirmativo: cai, caia, caiamos, caí, caiam.
Presente do subjuntivo: caia, caias, caia, caiamos, caiais, caiam.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: caísse, caísses, caísse, caís- particípio particípio
semos, caísseis, caíssem. infinitivo regular irregular
Futuro do subjuntivo: cair, caíres, cair, cairmos, cairdes, caírem.
Assim são conjugados: atrair, recair, sair, trair, subtrair etc. emergir emergido emerso
encher enchido cheio
entregar entregado entregue
Ferir envolver envolvido envolto
enxugar enxugado enxuto
Presente do indicativo: firo, feres, fere, ferimos, feris, ferem. expelir expelido expulso
Presente do subjuntivo: fira, firas, fira, firamos, firais, firam. expressar expressado expresso
O verbo ferir tem o e do radical substituído por i na primeira pessoa exprimir exprimido expresso
do singular do presente do indicativo, nas pessoas do presente do expulsar expulsado expulso
subjuntivo e nas formas derivadas do imperativo. extinguir extinguido extinto
Assim se conjugam: competir, divertir, expelir, vestir, inserir e os fixar fixado fixo
derivados de ferir. frigir frigido frito
fritar fritado frito

– 43 –
 Língua Portuguesa
ganhar ganhado ganho Correlações verbais corretas
gastar gastado gasto
imprimir imprimido impresso A seguir, veja alguns casos em que os tempos verbais
incluir incluído incluso
isentar isentado isento são concordantes:
inserir inserido inserto
limpar limpado limpo presente do indicativo + presente do subjuntivo:
matar matado morto
misturar misturado misto
morrer morrido morto
Exijo que você faça o dever.
nascer nascido nato
pagar pagado pago pretérito perfeito do indicativo + pretérito imperfeito do
pegar pegado pego subjuntivo:
prender prendido preso
salvar salvado salvo
secar secado seco
Exigi que ele fizesse o dever.
segurar segurado seguro
soltar soltado solto presente do indicativo + pretérito perfeito composto do
sujeitar sujeitado sujeito subjuntivo:
suprimir suprimido supresso
suspender suspendido suspenso Espero que ele tenha feito o dever.
vagar vagado vago

pretérito imperfeito do indicativo + mais-que-perfeito

VERBOS ANÔMALOS composto do subjuntivo:

São os verbos cujos radicais sofrem profundas irregulari- Queria que ele tivesse feito o dever.
dades e que não se enquadram em nenhuma classificação. É
o caso dos verbos ser e ir. futuro do subjuntivo + futuro do presente do indicativo:

Se você fizer o dever, eu ficarei feliz.

Ir
Presente do indicativo: vou, vais, vai, vamos, ides, vão.
Pretérito imperfeito: ia, ias, ia, íamos, íeis, iam. pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo + futuro do pretérito do
Pretérito perfeito: fui, foste, foi, fomos, fostes, foram. indicativo:
Pretérito mais-que-perfeito: fora, foras, fora, fôramos, fôreis, foram.
Futuro do presente: irei, irás, irá, iremos, ireis, irão. Se você fizesse o dever, eu leria suas respostas.
Futuro do pretérito: iria, irias, iria, iríamos, iríeis, iriam.
Presente do subjuntivo: vá, vás, vá, vamos, vades, vão.
Pretérito imperfeito do subjuntivo: fosse, fosses, fosse, fôssemos,
pretérito mais-que-perfeito composto do subjuntivo +
fôsseis, fossem. futuro do pretérito composto do indicativo:
Futuro do subjuntivo: for, fores, for, formos, fordes, forem.
Imperativo afirmativo: vai, vá, vamos, ide, vão. Se você tivesse feito o dever, eu teria lido suas respostas.
Imperativo negativo: não vás, não vá, não vamos, não vades, não
vão.
Infinitivo pessoal: ir, ires, ir, irmos, irdes, irem. futuro do subjuntivo + futuro do presente do indicativo:
Gerúndio: indo. Particípio: ido.
Quando você fizer o dever, dormirei.

CORRELAÇÃO VERBAL futuro do subjuntivo + futuro do presente composto do

indicativo:
Damos o nome de correlação verbal à coerência que, em
uma frase ou sequência de frases, deve haver entre as for-
mas verbais utilizadas. Ou seja, é preciso que haja articula- EXERCÍCIOS
ção temporal entre os verbos, que eles se correspondam, de
maneira a expressar as ideias com lógica. Tempos e modos
verbais devem, portanto, combinar entre si. Vejamos este ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
exemplo: PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:

Seu eu dormisse durante as aulas, jamais aprenderia a lição. 1) Quanto à forma verbal correta nas orações:

No caso, o verbo dormir está no pretérito imperfeito do A( ) Quando eu o vir, dir-lhe-ei algumas verdades.
subjuntivo. Sabemos que o subjuntivo expressa dúvida, incer- B( ) É preciso que se comentem as questões da prova.
teza, possibilidade, eventualidade. C( ) É importante que nós tomamos a decisão agora.
D( ) Digite a sua senha.
Assim, em que tempo o verbo aprender deve estar, de E( ) Vá para a tua classe.
maneira a garantir que o período tenha lógica? Na frase,
aprender é usado no futuro do pretérito (aprenderia), um
tempo que expressa, dentre outras ideias, uma afirmação 2) Quanto ao verbo que indica fenômeno da natureza:
condicionada (que depende de algo), quando esta se refere a
fatos que não se realizaram e que, provavelmente, não se A( ) O homem furioso trovejou vários insultos.
realizarão. B( ) Nevou no Sul do país.
C( ) Durante a noite, trovejou e choveu.
O período, portanto, está correto, já que a ideia transmiti- D( ) Todo o dia garoou intermitentemente.
da por dormisse é exatamente a de uma dúvida, a de uma E( ) Choveram vaias ao político corrupto.
possibilidade que não temos certeza se ocorrerá.

– 44 –
 Língua Portuguesa
3) Quanto ao emprego dos verbos:
6. EMPREGO DO SINAL INDICATIVO DE CRASE
A ( ) Tu odeias teu irmão?
B ( ) Papai permite que vós passeeis pelo jardim.
C ( ) Crianças, dê adeus à professora! Crase é a fusão de duas vogais a + a (à), indicada pelo
D ( ) Será que eu caibo neste lugarzinho? acento grave. A crase pode ocorrer com a junção da preposi-
E ( ) Hoje se atribui má vontade a ele que, no passado, ção com:
tanto pode ajudar os outros.
• o artigo feminino a ou as:

4) Quanto às afirmações: Fomos a a escola.

↙ ↘
A ( ) O verbo prazer é defectivo. preposição artigo
B ( ) O verbo ver é irregular e se conjuga como prever,
rever e antever. Fomos à escola.
C ( ) Os verbos ser,estar, ter e haver são regulares.
D ( ) Os verbos ser, ir, pôr e vir são considerados anôma-
los. • o a dos pronomes demonstrativos aquele, aquela, aquilo:
E ( ) O verbo lembrar-se é pronominal.
Entreguei os documentos a aquele senhor.
↙ ↘
5) Quanto ao emprego dos verbos: preposição pronome demonstrativo

A ( ) Embora o jogo estivesse monótono, a torcida se exal-

tou muito. Entreguei os documentos àquele senhor.
B ( ) Antes de ter omitido o fato, ela já se contradissera.
C ( ) O torcedor gritou tanto que ficara rouco.
D ( ) É preciso que se evita gritar muito. • o a do pronome relativo a qual (as quais):
E ( ) É necessário que os professores averiguem se as
provas estão preparadas. A casa a a qual comprei há muitos anos foi demolida.
↙ ↘
preposição pronome relativo
6) Quanto às afirmações:
A casa à qual comprei há muitos anos foi demolida.
A ( ) O verbo cobrir apresenta duplo particípio.
B ( ) O verbo possuir serve de modelo para se conjugar os A regência de alguns verbos exige a preposição a.
verbos concluir e influir.
C ( ) O modo imperativo exprime um fato incerto. Veja alguns exemplos:
D( ) Na voz ativa, o sujeito recebe a ação expressa pelo
verbo. Fui à feira.
E ( ) O verbo eleger apresenta duplo particípio.
Peça à sua mãe que lhe conte uma história.

7) Quanto à oração estar na voz passiva: Referi-me à sua atual situação.

A ( ) Atualmente se têm conseguido bons resultados na

medicina.
B ( ) Júlio e Paula olharam-se por um instante.
C ( ) Melissa penteou-se rapidamente.
D ( ) A partir de março, abrir-se-ão novas vagas no merca-
do.
E ( ) Ainda não se executaram novos projetos.
CASOS EM QUE NÃO OCORRE A CRASE:
• antes de substantivos masculinos:
Não assisto a jogo de futebol.
• antes de verbos:
Assim que cheguei em casa, começou a chover.

• antes de artigo indefinido:

RESPOSTAS À noite iremos a uma festa.

• antes de pronome indefinido:

Desejo a todos boa viagem.

• antes de pronomes pessoais do caso reto, do caso oblíquo

e de alguns pronomes de tratamento que não admitem artigo:

Dei um presente a ela.

Todos se dirigiram a mim.
Contei meus planos a Vossa Majestade.

– 45 –
 Língua Portuguesa
• quando o a aparece antes de uma palavra no plural, dando • antes da palavra terra:
um sentido genérico:
A palavra terra, no sentido de chão firme, não admite o
Ele se referiu a mulheres estranhas. uso da crase. Se a palavra terra vier determinada, leva o
acento de crase.

• nas expressões formadas por palavras repetidas: Depois de meses no navio, os marinheiros voltaram a
terra.
cara a cara frente a frente Regressarei à terra dos meus avós.

Se estivermos em dúvida quanto ao emprego da crase,

CASOS EM QUE O USO DA CRASE É OBRIGATÓRIO basta recorrermos a três regras básicas:

• nas locuções adverbiais, prepositivas e conjuntivas femini-

nas: 1ª REGRA:

à parte em frente à Troca-se a palavra feminina por uma masculina corres-

às vezes à espera de pondente.
à proporção que à medida que Vou à feira. Ela visitou a irmã.
Vou ao cinema. Ela visitou o irmão.

Exceção:
2ª REGRA:
Locuções adverbiais femininas que indiquem instrumento
não levam o acento de crase. Troca-se o a craseado por para a:

a máquina a bala Irei à Argentina. Irei a Portugal.

Irei para a Argentina. Irei para Portugal.
A carta foi escrita a máquina.
Ele foi ferido a bala.
3ª REGRA:

• nas expressões à moda de e à maneira de, mesmo quando Troca-se cheguei de por a e cheguei da por à:
subentendidas:
Cheguei de Belo Horizonte.
Usava sapatos à Luís XV. (à moda de) Irei a Belo Horizonte.
Cheguei da Bahia.
Irei à Bahia.
• na indicação de horas:

O avião chegará às quinze horas. EMPREGO DE HÁ E A

Essas duas formas, em relação ao tempo, têm o seguin-

CASOS FACULTATIVOS te uso:

São casos em que pode ou não ocorrer a crase: HÁ:

• antes de nomes femininos: É usado no sentido de tempo decorrido, (verbo haver).

Não conte isso a ( à ) Carla.
Não o vejo há três semanas.

• antes de pronomes possessivos femininos: A:

Obedeço a ( à ) minha mãe.
É usado no sentido de tempo futuro, (preposição).

• depois da preposição até: Daqui a cinco dias, retornaremos ao trabalho.

Fui até a ( à ) escola.

EXERCÍCIOS
CASOS ESPECIAIS
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
• antes da palavra casa: PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:

A palavra casa, no sentido de lar, residência, não admite 1) Quanto ao emprego correto do uso do acento indicati-
o uso da crase. Se a palavra casa vier determinada, leva o vo
acento de crase. de crase:

Voltei a casa depois do trabalho. A ( ) Há poucos meses, papai referia-se à mamãe com
Vou à casa de meus pais nas próximas férias. muito carinho.

– 46 –
 Língua Portuguesa
B ( ) Ele saiu às pressas.
C ( ) Fui à São Paulo, negociar as poucas coisas que ainda
possuo. 7. SINTAXE DA ORAÇÃO E DO PERÍODO
D ( ) Gosto de comida a italiana.
E ( ) Partirei às duas horas.
FRASE

2) Quanto à locução que deve receber o acento indicativo É todo enunciado que possui sentido completo, capaz de
de crase: estabelecer uma comunicação. Pode ser curta ou longa, pode
conter verbo ou não, uma única palavra pode ser uma frase.
A( ) à esmo
B( ) à espera de Veja os exemplos:
C( ) à bala
D( ) à medida que Bom dia! Fogo!
E( ) à máquina O menino ganhou uma bicicleta.

ORAÇÃO
3) Quanto ao emprego correto do acento indicativo de
crase: É o enunciado que se forma em torno de um verbo, apre-
sentando sujeito e predicado, ou pelo menos, predicado.
A( ) Ele obedece à professora. A enchente destruiu algumas casas.
B( ) Ele saiu à pé. ↓ ↓
C( ) Vou à Paris no próximo ano. sujeito predicado
D( ) Vou visitar à terra dos meus tios.
E( ) Peça à ela que venha me encontrar. Choveu muito em São Paulo.
↓
predicado
4) Quanto ao acento facultativo no uso do acento indica-
tivo de crase: PERÍODO

A( ) Vou até à farmácia. É a frase estruturada com um ou mais verbos. De acordo

B( ) Ela deu um presente à sua melhor amiga. com o número de orações, o período classifica-se em:
C( ) Usava bigodes à Rivelino.
D( ) Gostava de assistir à óperas. Simples: quando possui uma só oração, ou seja, apenas um
E( ) Vire à direita para chegar ao teatro. verbo ou locução verbal.

A gritaria das crianças acordou o bebê.

5) Quanto às afirmações: ↓
verbo
A ( ) O uso do acento de crase é proibido nas expressões
“à moda de”. Marcelo tinha trabalhado o dia todo.
B ( ) Ocorre o uso do acento indicativo de crase antes de ↓
locução verbal
pronome indefinido.
C ( ) O uso do acento indicativo de crase é proibido nas
Composto: quando possui mais de uma oração, ou seja,
locuções que indiquem instrumento.
mais de um verbo ou locução verbal.
D ( ) O uso do acento indicativo de crase é proibido nas
expressões formadas por palavras repetidas.
Ninguém viu o acidente que ocorreu na esquina.
E ( ) Ocorre o uso do acento indicativo de crase antes de
↓ ↓
palavras masculinas.
verbo verbo

Não me lembrava que tivesse dado o meu nome.

↓ ↓
verbo locução verbal

RESPOSTAS A ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA DO PERÍODO SIMPLES

Analisar sintaticamente os períodos simples, constituídos

de apenas uma oração, significa, antes de tudo,
identificar os termos responsáveis pela estruturação interna
das orações. Os termos das orações costumam ser classifi-
cados em essenciais, integrantes e acessórios.

TERMOS DA ORAÇÃO

Termo da oração é a palavra ou grupo de palavras que

exerce uma função na oração.

– 47 –

Um bando de pássaros sobrevoara uma árvore.
↓ ↓
termo
grupo de palavras
A oração pode ser composta de:
• termos essenciais
• termos integrantes
• termos acessórios
Língua Portuguesa
a) verbo haver quando significa existir.
↓ Há muitos fiéis na igreja.
termo termo
palavra grupo de palavras b) verbos haver e fazer quando indicam tempo transcorrido.
Não o vejo há dez anos.
Faz anos que ele viajou à Bahia.
c) verbo ser na indicação de horas.
É uma hora.
São três horas.

d) verbos ser e estar na indicação de tempo ou clima.

TERMOS ESSENCIAIS DA ORAÇÃO É muito cedo!
Está muito frio lá fora!
Os termos essenciais da oração são:
e) verbos que indicam fenômenos da natureza.
sujeito e predicado. Ontem choveu demais!
Nevou nos Estados Unidos.
Bárbara é muito inteligente.
↓ ↓ PREDICADO
sujeito predicado
Predicado é tudo o que se afirma do sujeito.
SUJEITO
O mar estava agitado.
Sujeito é o termo da oração a respeito do qual se declara
↓ ↓
alguma coisa. Essa declaração pode ser: sujeito predicado

• de ação: Joãozinho chutou a bola. O predicado pode ser:

• de estado: A igreja está enfeitada.
• de qualidade: A casa é bonita. • Predicado verbal: é aquele formado de verbo ou locução
verbal.
NÚCLEO DO SUJEITO André comprou um carro novo.
↓ ↓
Núcleo é a palavra principal dentro do sujeito. sujeito predicado

O presidente dos Estados Unidos chegará ao Brasil. No predicado verbal aparecem os verbos:
↓ ↓
núcleo sujeito a) Verbo intransitivo: é aquele que não necessita de com-
plemento.
CLASSIFICAÇÃO DO SUJEITO O navio afundou.
O sujeito pode ser: b) Verbo transitivo: é aquele que necessita de complemen-
tos. Pode ser:
• Simples: é aquele que possui um só núcleo.
O menino chorou muito. • Direto: não há preposição.
Trouxe alguns livros antigos.
• Composto: é aquele que possui mais de um núcleo.
O pai e a mãe foram viajar. • Indireto: há preposição.
Eu gosto de você.
• Oculto: é aquele que não aparece escrito, mas podemos
identificá-lo através das terminações verbais. • Direto e Indireto: é aquele que necessita de complementos
sem preposição e com preposição ao mesmo tempo.
Trabalharei muito. (eu) Entreguei a encomenda ao chefe.
Trabalharemos muito. (nós)
• Indeterminado: é aquele em que o verbo aparece na • Predicado nominal: é aquele cujo núcleo é um nome (adje-
3ª pessoa do plural ou na 3ª pessoa do singular acompanha- tivo, substantivo ou pronome) que indique a qualidade ou
do do índice de indeterminação do sujeito se. estado do sujeito, ligado por um verbo de ligação. O núcleo
do predicado nominal chama-se predicativo do sujeito.
Contaram o seu segredo.
↓ Os principais verbos de ligação são: ser, estar, parecer,
3ª pessoa do plural
permanecer, ficar, continuar, andar.
Fala-se muito em política.
↓
Samantha parece feliz.
3ª pessoa do singular

• Oração sem sujeito: é aquele que expressa um fato que • Predicado verbo-nominal: é aquele constituído de dois
não pode ser atribuído a nenhum ser. núcleos (verbo e nome).

Ocorre com os seguintes verbos: Melissa voltou satisfeita. ou seja,

Melissa voltou e estava satisfeita.

– 48 –
 Língua Portuguesa
EXERCÍCIOS TERMOS INTEGRANTES DA ORAÇÃO

ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C) Os termos integrantes da oração são aqueles que com-
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO: pletam o sentido de outros termos da oração. São eles:

1) Quanto à oração sem sujeito: • complemento verbal

• complemento nominal
A( ) Na minha cidade, faz muito calor. • agente da passiva
B( ) Meu irmão chega hoje.
C( ) Ninguém entendeu o que havia acontecido. COMPLEMENTOS VERBAIS
D( ) Nevou no Sul durante o inverno.
E( ) Falaram sobre impostos. São os termos que completam o sentido de verbos
transitivos diretos e transitivos indiretos. São eles:
2) Quanto ao sujeito indeterminado:
Objeto direto (OD): é aquele que integra o sentido do verbo
A( ) Dançou a noite inteira. transitivo direto sem o auxílio de uma preposição.
B( ) Batem à porta.
C( ) Esconderam meus livros. Célia ganhou lindas joias.
D( ) Voltamos cedo. ↓ ↓
E( ) No clube, só se fala do campeonato de vôlei. V.T.D. O.D.
José comprou um apartamento no Morumbi.
3) Quanto à classificação: ↓ ↓
V.T.D. O.D.
A ( ) O menino estava com febre. (sujeito composto)
B ( ) Nos salões, choviam confetes. (sujeito simples) Objeto indireto (OI): é aquele que integra o sentido do
C ( ) Atualmente dizem muitas tolices sobre política. (sujeito verbo transitivo indireto com o auxílio de uma preposição.
indeterminado)
D ( ) Não o vejo há anos. (sujeito oculto) Precisamos de mais dinheiro.
E ( ) Retornarei em breve. (sujeito oculto) ↓ ↓
V.T.I. O.I.
4) Quanto ao sujeito destacado nas orações: Ela visa a um emprego melhor.
↓ ↓
V.T.I. O.I.
A( ) Depois do desespero, veio a esperança.
Núcleo do objeto
B( ) Faz noites frias em julho.
C( ) As notícias chegaram de longe.
O núcleo do objeto pode ser formado por:
D( ) No céu escuro, uma lua brilhava.
E( ) Eu e Cíntia viajaremos nas férias.
• substantivo:
Contamos uma nova história.
5) Quanto à oração sem sujeito:
↓
O.D.
A( ) Não havia funcionários na fábrica.
B( ) Choveram tomates no comício.
• pronome substantivo:
C( ) Está tão quente hoje!
Vou pedir algo para o jantar.
D( ) A garotinha amanheceu abatida:
↓
E( ) A noite cai rapidamente no inverno. O.D.

6) Quanto à classificação do termo destacado: • numeral:

Encontramos as cinco no parque.
A ( ) O rapaz continua calado. (verbo transitivo) ↓
B ( ) Eu e você seremos sempre amigos. (núcleo do sujeito) O.I.
C ( ) A moça andava tristonha. (predicado nominal)
D ( ) A mãe deixou a casa preocupada. (predicado verbo- • palavra substantivada:
nominal) Gostavam do azul do céu.
E ( ) Eu o recebo com carinho. (verbo intransitivo) ↓
O.I.

RESPOSTAS • oração:
Sonhei que você havia partido.
↓
O.D.

Objeto direto preposicionado

Há alguns casos em que o objeto direto aparece precedi-

do de uma preposição apenas por razões estilísticas.

“Amar ao próximo como a si mesmo.”

↓ ↓
VTD OD preposicionado

– 49 –
 Língua Portuguesa
COMPLEMENTO NOMINAL TERMOS ACESSÓRIOS DA ORAÇÃO

É o termo que completa o sentido de um nome (substanti- Os termos acessórios da oração são aqueles que acres-
vo, adjetivo ou advérbio) através de uma preposição. centam novas informações a outros termos da oração, espe-
cificando um nome ou indicando uma circunstância ao verbo.
Por obediência às leis, deteve-se.
↓ ↓ São eles: adjunto adnominal, adjunto adverbial, aposto.
substantivo complemento nominal (CN)
ADJUNTO ADNOMINAL
Você é responsável pelos seus atos.
↓ ↓ É o termo que vem junto (adjunto) do nome (adnominal).
adjetivo CN Para achar o adjunto adnominal determina-se primeiramente
o núcleo (a palavra principal) de um conjunto de palavras.
Responderam favoravelmente ao meu apelo.
↓ ↓ A palavra ou palavras que acompanharem o núcleo serão
advérbio CN o adjunto ou adjuntos adnominais.
Obs.: Se o termo regido por uma preposição completa um Exemplo:
verbo, é objeto indireto.
Se o termo regido por uma preposição completa um O meu amigo mandou-me um cartão interessante.
nome, é complemento nominal.
O meu amigo
AGENTE DA PASSIVA
– palavra principal ou núcleo = amigo;
É o elemento que pratica a ação verbal quando a oração – palavras que acompanham o núcleo = o,
está na voz passiva. Em geral, o agente da voz passiva apre-
senta as preposições: por, pelo, de. meu (adjuntos adnominais).
Os ladrões foram levados pelos policiais. um cartão interessante
↓ ↓ ↓
sujeito paciente locução verbal agente da passiva
– palavra principal ou núcleo = cartão;
na voz passiva
– palavras que acompanham o núcleo = um,

EXERCÍCIOS interessante (adjuntos adnominais).

Os adjuntos adnominais podem ser expressos:

ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
1) pelos adjetivos: água fresca; terra fértil.
1) Quanto ao objeto destacado:
2) pelos artigos: o mundo, as ruas.
A( ) Alguém me observava. (objeto indireto)
3) pelos pronomes adjetivos: nosso tio, este lugar, muitas
B( ) Ninguém me deu notícias suas. (objeto direto)
coisas.
C( ) Ela se viu perdida no meio da multidão. (objeto direto)
D( ) Os fãs ofereceram-lhes flores. (objeto indireto)
E( ) Todos nos observavam admirados. (objeto direto) 4) pelos numerais: dois homens, quinto ano.

2) Quanto ao objeto indireto: 5) pelas locuções ou expressões adjetivas introduzidas pela

A ( ) Israel liberta 20 presos políticos. (O Dia)
B ( ) O atropelador fugiu do local sem prestar socorro à
vítima. (Veja)
C ( ) Professores reagem a demissões. (Jornal da Tarde)
D ( ) Deus confiou-me esse talento. (Folha de S. Paulo)
E ( ) Concessionárias intensificam a venda de carros usa-
dos. (Folha de S. Paulo)
preposição de, e que exprimem qualidade, posse, origem, fim
ou outra especificação: presente de rei (régio); qualidade:
livro do mestre (indica a posse do livro).
ADJUNTO ADVERBIAL
É o advérbio ou expressão que funciona como um advér-
bio.

Classifica-se em:
RESPOSTAS
– de afirmação: Realmente, está frio.
– de negação: Não sairei.
– de dúvida: Talvez viaje à noite.
– de tempo: Saiu cedo. Saiu às 3 horas.
– de lugar: Mora longe. Fique aqui.
– de modo: Escreve devagar. Lê bem.
– de intensidade: Corre bastante. Estuda muito.
– de companhia: Passeia com os pais. Trabalha com o
amigo.

Exemplos:

– 50 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Não serei substituído por um trapaceiro.
O avião decolou bem rapidamente.
Paulo é muito vagaroso.
APOSTO
É uma palavra ou expressão que explica ou esclarece,
desenvolve ou resume outro termo da oração.
Exemplos:
4) Quanto à oração em que a palavra destacada é um
vocativo:
A ( ) Bom dia, senhora, que nessa janela está.
B ( ) Papai, nós te amamos!
C ( ) Ei, garota, empreste-me um pouco a sua caneta?
D ( ) Fernanda Montenegro, grande atriz brasileira, visitou
nossa cidade.
E ( ) Como está indo sua loja, seu Marcos?
5) Quanto à oração em que a palavra destacada é um
aposto explicativo:

O Amazonas, rio caudaloso, atravessa grande região. A ( ) As Batistas - Dircinha e Linda - foram um furor musi-
(explica o que é o Amazonas) cal
nos anos 40.
Conquistaram a lua, satélite da terra. B ( ) Cruz e Souza, gênero do Simbolismo, escreveu Bro-
(explica o que é a lua) quéis.
C ( ) Meu amigo Lucas é um cara legal.
O autor do romance, Machado de Assis, ficou famoso. D ( ) Londrina, cidade paranaense, é muito bonita.
(explica quem foi o autor do romance) E ( ) A Lingüística, ciência das línguas humanas, permite-
nos interpretar melhor nossa relação com o mundo.
VOCATIVO
6) Quanto ao advérbio de modo:
É um chamamento; pode referir-se a pessoas, animais,
entidades sobrenaturais. A ( ) Havia reuniões todos os dias.
B ( ) Volta pacientemente ao ponto de partida para reco-
Vocativo é um termo à parte. Não pertence à estrutura da meçar.
oração, por isso, não se anexa nem ao sujeito nem ao predi- C ( ) Fique à vontade.
cado. D ( ) Talvez nos deixem entrar.
E ( ) É verdadeiramente catastrófico quando um autor se
Exs.: Não faça isso, menina. transforma em seu discípulo. (Mário Quintana)
João, dê-me seu livro.
Saia daí, Lulu. 7) Quanto à classificação do termo destacado:
Deus, vinde em meu auxílio.
A ( ) Luís, o diretor, não nos deixou entrar. (aposto)
B ( ) Nunca a vi tão magra. (adjunto adnominal)
EXERCÍCIOS C ( ) Ela é muito rude. (adjunto adverbial de modo)
D ( ) Não coma isso, meu filho, faz mal a sua gastrite.
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C) (vocativo)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO: E ( ) Comprarei o lanche na cantina da escola. (adjunto
adverbial de lugar)
1) Quanto à classificação dos termos que constituem a
oração: “A luz do sol entrava pelas grandes janelas do 8) Quanto ao aposto enumerativo:
casarão.”
A ( ) Debaixo de um juazeiro grande, todo um bando de
A( ) A luz = sujeito retirantes se arranchara: uma velha, dois homens, uma mu-
B( ) do sol = adjunto adnominal lher nova, algumas crianças. (R. Queiroz)
C( ) luz = núcleo do sujeito B ( ) Dinheiro, amor, férias, nada a seduzia.
D( ) entrava pelas grandes janelas do casarão = predicado C( ) A vida humana se compõe de muitas coisas: amor,
E( ) grandes = adjunto adverbial arte, ação.
D ( ) Fantasias, suor e sonho, tudo isso forma o carnaval.
2) Quanto à classificação dos termos destacados: E ( ) Branca Dias passou a arrolar muitas coisas: seu pai,
sua mãe, sua luta, seus anseios e lágrimas, suas alegrias e
A ( ) Crianças, está na hora de dormir. (vocativo) ingênuas esperanças...(Dias Gomes)
B ( ) As terras dos indígenas, foram demarcadas. (adjunto
adnominal)
C ( ) Eu sou um lírio na correnteza. (adjunto adverbial)
D( ) Jorge, o cozinheiro, lembrou que peixe cru é muito RESPOSTAS
nutritivo (aposto)
E ( ) Entrar ilegalmente nos Estados Unidos pelo México é
uma empreitada de alto risco. (adjunto adnominal)

3) Quanto à oração em que o lhe é ajunto adnominal:

A ( ) O peixe caiu-lhe na rede.
B ( ) Alguém lhe propôs uma novidade.
C ( ) As lágrimas caíam-lhe dos olhos.
D ( ) Minha ex-mulher, nunca lhe perdoei.
E ( ) Disse-lhe que não era verdade.

– 51 –
 Língua Portuguesa
A ESTRUTURA SINTÁTICA DO PERÍODO COMPOSTO
No período composto sintaticamente estruturado, as ora-
ções se relacionam por meio de dois processos básicos: a
coordenação e a subordinação.
A ordem normal das orações que formam o período com-
posto é que a oração subordinada venha após a principal, já
que aquela funciona como um termo desta.
Nas frases em que não há dependência sintática entre as
orações, ou seja, nos períodos formados por orações coor-
denadas, o que vai determinar a ordem da frase são as rela-
ções lógicas e/ou cronológicas que há entre os elementos
dessas frases.
ORAÇÕES COORDENADAS
O período composto por coordenação é formado por
orações coordenadas, isto é, orações independentes. Há dois
tipos:
ORAÇÃO COORDENADA ASSINDÉTICA
É aquela que não vem introduzida por conjunções, mas
geralmente, por vírgula.
Chegou, tomou café, foi dormir.
Vim, vi, venci.
ORAÇÃO COORDENADA SINDÉTICA
É aquela que vem introduzida por conjunções.
Fui ao banco e conversei com o gerente.
Paulo estuda muito mas não aprende.
As orações coordenadas sindéticas classificam-se de
acordo com as ideias que expressam:
• aditivas: exprimem ideia de soma, adição.
O médico não veio nem telefonou.
O empregado chegou e começou a trabalhar.
Principais conjunções: e, nem, mas também.
• adversativas: exprimem uma oposição em relação à ideia
anterior.
Tomou o remédio mas não sarou.
Vou ao banco porém voltarei logo.
Principais conjunções: mas, porém, todavia, contudo,
entretanto, no entanto.
• alternativas: exprimem a ideia de alternância, de escolha
ou de exclusão.
Ou o Brasil vence ou será desclassificado.
Ora trabalha ora estuda.
Principais conjunções: ou, ou ... ou, ora ... ora, quer ...
quer, já ... já, seja ... seja.
• conclusivas: exprimem uma conclusão.
Estou ouvindo barulho, portanto há alguém na casa.
Deve ter chovido, logo não saíram de casa.
– 52 –
Principais conjunções: logo, portanto, então, pois
(posposto ao verbo).
• explicativas: exprimem a ideia de justificativa, de explica-
ção em relação à oração anterior.
Deve ter chovido pois o chão está molhado.
Dei-lhe um presente porque era seu aniversário.
Principais conjunções: que, porque, pois (anteposto ao
verbo).
Observações:
• A conjunção e pode ter valor adversativo:
Ele a ama e não demonstra.
Ele a ama mas não demonstra.
• a conjunção mas pode ter valor aditivo:
Ela é muito bonita mas inteligente.
Ela é muito bonita e inteligente.
ORAÇÕES INTERCALADAS OU INTERFERENTES
São aquelas que vêm entre os termos de uma outra
oração para fazer um esclarecimento a uma citação.
O fugitivo, comentaram os policiais, já foi resgatado.
Observação:
As orações intercaladas vêm sempre entre vírgulas ou
travessões e aparecem frequentemente com os verbos:
continuar, dizer, exclamar, comentar, etc.
EXERCÍCIOS
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
1) Quanto à coordenada sindética conclusiva:
A ( ) Quase sorria, logo estava apreciando a cena.
B ( ) São situações delicadas; merecem, pois, toda a nossa
atenção.
C ( ) Com chuva, é perigoso trafegar nessa estrada, pois os
buracos ficam encobertos pela água.
D ( ) Calem-se que eu estou dando as explicações neces-
sárias.
E ( ) Ele ainda é criança, logo depende dos pais.
2) Quanto à classificação do termo em destaque:
A ( ) Ele está confuso, precisa, pois, de nosso apoio.
(conclusiva)
B ( ) Ele era feliz, porém vivia só. (explicativa)
C ( ) Nosso amigo não apareceu, nem mandou notícias.
(aditiva)
D ( ) Ou vai, ou racha. (conclusiva)
E ( ) Eu trouxe o livro, mas ele não leu.(adversativa)
RESPOSTAS
 Língua Portuguesa
ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS Tenho a certeza / de que ele virá.
(oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva
O período composto por subordinação é aquele formado completiva nominal)
por uma oração principal e uma ou mais orações subordina-
das. Sou favorável / a que o prendam.
(oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva
completiva nominal)
Classificam-se em substantivas, adjetivas e adverbiais,
de acordo com a função sintática que exercem em relação à
f) Apositivas
oração principal.
Servem de aposto:
Maria sabe / que desejo sua felicidade.
oração principal oração subordinada
Explicou sua teoria: / que o sol explodirá.
(oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva
Quando cheguei, / o telefone tocou.
apositiva)
oração subordinada oração principal

Só desejo uma coisa: / que vivam felizes.

ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS SUBSTANTIVAS (oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva
apositiva)
Começam por uma conjunção integrante. Têm o valor e
EXERCÍCIOS
função de um substantivo, por isso, podem ser classificadas
como:
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
a) Subjetivas
1) Quanto à oração subordinada substantiva subjetiva:
Funcionam como sujeito do verbo da oração principal:
A ( ) É sabido que esta é a melhor solução.
Convém / que estudes.
(oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva subjetiva) B ( ) Parece que ela mentiu.
C ( ) Comentou-se que ele foi demitido.
Seria melhor / que te apressasses. D ( ) Tenho interesse em que vocês voltem.
(oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva subjetiva) E ( ) O certo é que todos pediram aumento.

b) Objetivas Diretas 2) Quanto à oração subordinada substantiva objetiva

direta:
Funcionam como objeto direto do verbo da oração princi-
pal: A ( ) Convenci-me de que preciso estudar mais.
B ( ) Os pais desejam que os filhos sejam felizes.
Ele julga / que o rapaz é inocente. C ( ) Veja se tudo está em ordem.
(oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva D ( ) Dizem que o vestibular vai ser eliminado.
objetiva direta) E ( ) Tenho certeza de que vou mudar de escola.

Quero / que representes a classe. 3) Quanto à oração subordinada substantiva objetiva

(oração principal)
c) Objetivas Indiretas
Funcionam como objeto indireto do verbo da oração prin-
cipal:
Eu não me oponho
(oração principal)
Lembre-se
(oração principal)
d) Predicativas
(oração subordinada substantiva
objetiva direta)
/ a que ele viaje.
(oração subordinada substantiva
objetiva indireta)
/ de que haverá a reunião.
(oração subordinada substantiva
objetiva indireta)
indireta:
A ( ) Ele se opõe a que você o visite.
B ( ) Tenho certeza de que voltarás rapidamente.
C ( ) O sucesso depende de que te dediques muito aos
estudos.
D ( ) Não tenho muito interesse em que ele venha.
E ( ) Eu não me esqueci de que você fez isto por mim.
4) Quanto à oração subordinada substantiva predicativa:
A ( ) Nada impede que mudemos a reunião para amanhã.
B ( ) O problema foi que acabou a gasolina.
C ( ) Tivemos certeza de que dias melhores viriam.
D ( ) É bom que seja assim.
E ( ) O sonho do menino era que o time fosse campeão.

Exercem a função de predicativo do sujeito: RESPOSTAS

Seu receio era / que chovesse.

(oração principal) (oração subordinada substantiva predicativa)

e) Completivas Nominais

Têm a função de complemento nominal de um substantivo

ou adjetivo da oração principal.

– 53 –
 Língua Portuguesa
ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS ADJETIVAS ORAÇÕES SUBORDINADAS ADVERBIAIS

A oração subordinada adjetiva é aquela que tem valor As orações subordinadas adverbiais são aquelas que
adjetivo de um termo que aparece na oração principal. São desempenham a função de advérbio do verbo expresso na
introduzidas pelos pronomes relativos que e suas flexões (o oração principal.
qual, a qual, os quais, as quais), quem, onde e cujo.

A cena / que vi / foi muito desagradável. Voltei cedo / porque choveu.

oração o..s. adjetiva principal oração principal oração subordinada adverbial

O espetáculo / ao qual me referi / foi ótimo. Quando cheguei, / as crianças brincavam.

oração o. s. adjetiva principal oração subordinada adverbial oração principal

Classificação das orações subordinadas adjetivas: Embora seja tarde, / irá visitar o amigo.
oração subordinada adverbial oração principal
• restritivas: são aquelas que limitam o significado de um
termo da oração principal; são indispensáveis ao sentido do
período e normalmente não aparecem entre vírgulas. Classificação das orações subordinadas adverbiais:

Os homens / que são honestos / merecem nosso respeito.

oração o. s. adjetiva restritiva principal • causais: exprimem causa, motivo:

Há histórias / que nos emocionam. Chegou cansado / visto que seu trabalho fora difícil.
oração principal o. s. adjetiva restritiva oração principal oração subordinada adverbial causal

• explicativas: são aquelas que acrescentam uma informa- Alberto foi aprovado / porque estudou.
ção acessória a um termo da oração principal; são dispensá- oração principal oração subordinada adverbial causal
veis ao sentido do período e sempre vêm separadas por
vírgula. Principais conectivos: porque, já que, visto que, pois
que e como (em orações que antecedem a oração principal).
Os homens, /que são seres racionais, /merecem nosso respeito.
oração o. s. adjetiva explicativa principal
• consecutivas: exprimem consequência:
O mar / que nos fornece alimentos / está poluído.
oração o. s. adjetiva explicativa principal Lia era tão bonita / que ganhou o concurso.
oração principal oração subordinada adverbial consecutiva
EXERCÍCIOS
O nenê chorou tanto / que a mãe desistiu de lhe dar o remédio.
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C) oração principal oração subordinada adverbial consecutiva
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
Principais conectivos: que precedido de tão, tal, tanto,
1) Quanto à oração subordinada adjetiva explicativa: tamanho.

A ( ) O aluno lia sobre Jânio Quadros, que foi o Presidente

do Brasil. • condicionais: exprimem condição:
B ( ) A pessoa que se esforça vence na vida.
C ( ) Teus filhos, que são bonitos, serão fotografados. Se chover / não iremos ao clube.
D ( ) O rapaz cuja mãe chegou é meu primo. oração subordinada oração principal
E ( ) O mundo dos perfumes de luxo no Brasil, que são to- adverbial condicional
dos importados, é muito peculiar.
Caso ele venha cedo, / sairemos para jantar.
oração subordinada oração principal
2) Quanto à oração subordinada adjetiva restritiva:
adverbial condicional

A ( ) Meu pai, que havia arrancado três dentes, não pôde Principais conectivos: se, contanto que, sem que (= se
viajar naquele dia. não), caso, desde que.
B ( ) Não acredite em todas as coisas que lhe dizem.
C ( ) Longe é um lugar que não existe.
D ( ) Os mares, que nos fornecem alimentos, estão sendo • concessivas: exprimem concessão, contrariedade:
poluídos.
E ( ) Os homens nunca prestam atenção aos animais que os Preciso de um livro de português, / qualquer que seja ele.
rodeiam. oração principal oração subordinada
adverbial concessiva
RESPOSTAS
Embora tenha estudado, / não conseguiu fazer boa prova.
oração subordinada oração principal
adverbial concessiva

Principais conectivos: embora, ainda que, se bem que,

conquanto, mesmo que.

– 54 –
 Língua Portuguesa
• conformativas: exprimem uma relação de conformidade: EXERCÍCIOS

Conforme combinamos, / aqui está seu salário. ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
oração subordinada oração principal PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
adverbial conformativa
1) Quanto à oração subordinada adverbial concessiva:
O livro foi publicado / conforme pedimos.
oração principal oração subordinada A ( ) Ela nunca conseguirá o dinheiro por mais que traba-
adverbial conformativa
lhe.
Principais conectivos: conforme, como, segundo, con-
B ( ) Visto que reconheceram tua capacidade, serás
soante.
promovido.
C ( ) Embora todos se oponham, eu casarei com Ernesti-
na.
• comparativas: exprimem comparação:
D ( ) Ainda que não mentisse, ninguém acreditava nele.
E ( ) A vida só é digna, se a enobrece um ideal.
Nós corríamos / como os atletas correm.
oração principal oração subordinada
adverbial comparativa 2) Quanto à classificação da subordinada adverbial:

Meu filho é tão inteligente / como qualquer outra criança. A( ) Já que você vai, eu também vou. (consecutiva)
oração principal oração subordinada B( ) Embora fizesse frio, levei bermuda. (concessiva)
adverbial comparativa C( ) Ele come como um porco. (final)
Principais conectivos: como, que, do que, que nem, D( ) Não saia sem que eu seja avisado. (condicional)
feito. E( ) Mal os avistou, pôs-se a correr. (causal)
Observação: É comum o verbo da oração subordinada com-
parativa estar subentendido. Nós corríamos como os atletas. 3) Quanto à subordinada adverbial consecutiva:

A ( ) Bebeu que ficou doente.

• finais: exprimem finalidade: B ( ) Foi tão enfadonha a palestra que muitos cochilavam.
C ( ) Caso você não venha, telefone-me.
Chamei-o / para que resolvesse o problema. D ( ) Quando saíres, irei contigo.
Oração oração subordinada adverbial final E ( ) Neste inverno fez tanto frio que toda a vegetação
principal secou.

Fale devagar / a fim de que possamos entendê-lo melhor. 4) Quanto à classificação da subordinada adverbial:
oração oração subordinada adverbial final
principal A ( ) À medida que o tempo passa, as nossas ilusões
desaparecem. (comparativa)
Principais conectivos: para que, a fim de que. B ( ) Faço votos para que sejam felizes. (final)
C ( ) Tudo ocorreu segundo a meteorologia previra. (con-
• proporcionais: exprimem proporção. formativa)
D ( ) Envelhecemos como as árvores fortes envelhecem.
Quanto mais penso nela, / mais a amo. (comparativa)
oração subordinada oração principal
E ( ) Logo que o vi, lembrei-me de meu pai. (causal)
adverbial proporcional

À proporção que falava, / mais nervosa ficava. 5) Quanto à oração subordinada adverbial causal:
oração subordinada adverbial oração principal
proporcional A ( ) Fazia tudo que lhe viesse a cabeça, já que ia morrer.
B ( ) A velha prática da corrupção não pode estar voltando,
uma vez que nunca chegou a ir embora.
Principais conectivos: à proporção que, à medida que, C ( ) Leila bateu o carro porque se distraiu na direção.
quanto mais . . . tanto mais, quanto menos . . . tanto me- D ( ) Ele precisava sair, porque tinha um compromisso.
nos. E ( ) Faça um seguro de vida, para que fique tranqüilo.

• temporais: exprimem ideia de tempo:

Desde que chegou, / só arrumou confusão. RESPOSTAS

oração subordinada oração principal
adverbial temporal

Escreva-me / quando puder.

oração principal oração subordinada adverbial temporal

Principais conectivos: quando, enquanto, logo que, depois

que, antes que, desde que.

– 55 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Fez o que pôde, pois sentia-se culpado pelo acidente.
8. PONTUAÇÃO
• isolar as orações subordinadas adjetivas explicativas:
O homem, que é um ser inteligente, também é passível de
erro.
EMPREGO DOS SINAIS DE PONTUAÇÃO
• separar as orações subordinadas adverbiais, principalmente
1) VÍRGULA ( , ) quando vêm antepostas à oração principal:
Quando as férias chegaram, todos foram para o Nordeste.
Geralmente, a vírgula é utilizada para dar uma breve
pausa na leitura. • para separar orações reduzidas:
Terminada a aula, os alunos foram dispensados.
A vírgula entre os termos de uma oração
Não se usa vírgula entre:
Emprega-se a vírgula para:
• o sujeito e o predicado:
• separar elementos de uma enumeração: Os alunos da escola formaram uma comissão.
Crianças, jovens e velhos manifestaram-se contra a vio- sujeito predicado
lência.
• o verbo e seus complementos:
• separar o aposto: O turista pediu informação ao motorista.
Madalena, aquela moça alegre, possuía uma vida infeliz. verbo objeto direto objeto indireto

• separar o vocativo: • o nome e o complemento nominal:

O jantar está servido, senhor! A leitura do jornal é indispensável.
nome complemento nominal
• separar o adjunto adverbial antecipado:
Logo pela manhã, ouviu-se um terrível estrondo. • o nome e o adjunto adnominal:
A claridade da manhã entrava pelas janelas.
Observação: Se o adjunto adverbial viesse no final da frase, nome adjunto adnominal
não seria necessário o uso da vírgula.
• a oração principal e a subordinada substantiva, desde que
• isolar o nome do lugar nas datas: não seja apositiva:
São Paulo, 07 de outubro de 1963. Espero que você seja feliz.
oração principal oração subordinada substantiva
• indicar a omissão de um termo:
Todos estavam alegres; eu, muito triste. 2) PONTO FINAL ( . )

Observação: Neste exemplo, foi omitido o verbo estava. “. . . O ponto final é usado para representar a pausa máxima
eu estava muito triste.” com que se encerra o período.

• depois do sim e do não, usados como resposta, no início da Emprega-se o ponto final:
frase:
• no período simples:
– Você vai à escola?
– Sim, vou. ou – Não, vou ficar em casa. A partida de futebol foi emocionante.

• para separar palavras e expressões explicativas ou retifica- • no período composto:

tivas como por exemplo, ou melhor, isto é, aliás, além disso,
então, etc. Não quero que você tenha medo de mim.
Eles foram à praia ontem, aliás, anteontem.
• nas abreviaturas:
• para separar termos deslocados de sua posição normal na
frase: d.C. - depois de Cristo
De doce, eu gosto. Av. – avenida
pl. - plural
• para separar elementos paralelos de um provérbio:
Tal pai, tal filho. 3) PONTO-E-VÍRGULA ( ; )

O ponto-e-vírgula é utilizado para marcar uma pausa

A vírgula entre orações intermediária entre o ponto e a vírgula.

No período composto, emprega-se a vírgula para: Emprega-se o ponto-e-vírgula para:

• separar orações coordenadas assindéticas: • separar orações coordenadas, se uma delas já tiver vírgula:

Foi até a cozinha, bebeu um copo de água, pensou por Fazia muito calor naquela manhã; alguns hóspedes, pen-
alguns instantes, acendeu seu cigarro. sava eu, tinham ido à piscina.
• separar orações coordenadas sindéticas, exceto as inicia- • separar orações coordenadas de sentido oposto:
das pela conjunção e, ou e nem:

– 56 –
 Língua Portuguesa
As crianças viajarão hoje; os adultos amanhã.
• separar itens de uma enumeração, de um regulamento, de
um decreto, de uma lei, etc.
Art. 17 - Fica vedado:
I - fumar em local fechado;
II - ter animais de grande e médio porte;
III - usar o pátio para promover festas;
IV - usar o salão de festas para reuniões.
4) DOIS-PONTOS ( : )
Os dois-pontos são utilizados para marcar uma sensível
suspensão da voz de uma frase não concluída.
Emprega-se os dois-pontos:
• para anunciar a fala da personagem:
O professor ordenou:
— Façam silêncio!
• para anunciar uma enumeração:
Os entrevistados do programa serão os seguintes: Jô
Soares, Marta Suplicy, Antonio Fagundes e Paulo Maluf.
• para anunciar um esclarecimento:
Escute bem isto: só se vive bem quando se tem paz.
• para anunciar uma citação:
O filósofo Descartes disse: “Penso, logo existo.”
• na invocação das correspondências:
Prezado amigo:
• antes de orações apositivas:
Nós defendemos uma ideia: que todos devem ter acesso
à saúde, à segurança e à educação.
5) PONTO DE INTERROGAÇÃO ( ? )
O ponto de interrogação é utilizado para marcar as ora-
ções interrogativas diretas.
Onde estarão os livros que perdi?
Observações:
a) O ponto de interrogação não é empregado nas perguntas
indiretas:
Melissa perguntou onde estariam os livros que perdeu.
b) O ponto de interrogação e o de exclamação podem apare-
cer lado a lado em frases de entonação interrogativa e ex-
clamativa:
— O senhor outra vez?! Assim não é possível!
6) PONTO DE EXCLAMAÇÃO ( ! )
Emprega-se o ponto de exclamação, geralmente,
depois de:
• frases exclamativas:
Que dia lindo!
• interjeições e onomatopeias:
Puxa! Plim - plim!
• verbo no imperativo:
– 57 –
— Venha cá! Apague a luz!
• Depois de vocativo:
— Tenha paciência, João!
7) RETICÊNCIAS (. . .)
As reticências são utilizadas para indicar que a frase foi
interrompida. Emprega-se as reticências para indicar:
• dúvida, hesitação ou surpresa:
Eu estava pensando . . . não sei se invisto o dinheiro em
ações ou em imóveis.
• interrupção da fala do narrador ou da personagem:
— Eu te amo, disse Luísa em voz baixa. Como Alfredo
não escutou, Luísa ia dizer outra vez: “eu te . . .”, mas foi
interrompida com a chegada de seu pai.
• supressão de palavras:
Samantha parecia impaciente:
— Mamãe, eu quero . . . a senhora sabe . . . eu . . . eu
quero muito bem a senhora.
• ao final de uma frase, que o sentido continua:
E a vida continua . . .
8) PARÊNTESES ( ( ) )
Os parênteses são usados para intercalar pequenos co-
mentários que não se encaixam na ordem lógica da frase.
Empregam-se os parênteses para:
• isolar palavras explicativas:
A diretora da escola pediu aos alunos que conservassem
a escola, e todos (menos o Carlos) resolveram ajudar.
• destacar datas:
Gregório de Matos (1633 - 1695) foi a maior expressão
do Barroco brasileiro.
• isolar frases intercaladas:
O senhor Irineu (que Deus o tenha!) era uma pessoa
arrogante e mal-humorada.
• indicações cênicas (em peças de teatro, roteiros de tevê
etc.):
(Entra Ivone desesperada)
— Onde, onde estão as crianças?
9) TRAVESSÃO ( — )
O travessão é usado para indicar com que pessoa do
discurso está a fala.
Emprega-se o travessão para:
• indicar a mudança do interlocutor no diálogo:
— Bom dia, José. Como vai?
— Bom dia, querida. Eu estou bem.
 Língua Portuguesa
• isolar a parte final de um enunciado:
Todos nós cometemos erros — erros, às vezes, injustifi-
cáveis.
• isolar palavras ou frases, usa-se travessão duplo:
A Chula — dança típica do sul do país — é acompanhada
a sanfona ou violão.
• ligar grupos de palavras que indicam itinerário:
A rodovia Presidente Dutra é a estrada que liga Rio —
São Paulo.
10) ASPAS ( “ ” )
As aspas são utilizadas para isolar do contexto frases ou
palavras alheias.
Empregam-se as aspas:
• no início e no fim de uma citação:
“Deus, ó Deus! onde estás que não respondes?”
(Castro Alves)
• nas palavras ou expressões estrangeiras, arcaísmos, neo-
logismos, gírias, etc.
Fui ao “show” do Roberto Carlos.
O novo cd dos Titãs é “sinistro”!
• dar ênfase a palavras e expressões:
Meu irmão não é “isso” que dizem.
• ironizar os termos de uma oração:
Havia sempre um “porquê” em tudo que dizia.
11) COLCHETES ( [ ] )
Os colchetes são utilizados com a mesma finalidade dos
parênteses, principalmente na linguagem científica e religio-
sa.
estrábico. Adj. 1. Relativo ao, ou próprio do estrabismo
(1). 2. Diz-se de indivíduo atacado de estrabismo
(1). [Sin.: caolho, vesgo, zarolho.]
12) ASTERISCO ( * )
O asterisco é utilizado para chamar a atenção do leitor
para alguma nota (observação), ou para substituir um nome
que não se quer mencionar.
O Marquês * * *
13) PARÁGRAFO ( § )
O parágrafo é utilizado para indicar um item de um texto
ou artigo de lei.
Art. 1º. Constituem Princípios Fundamentais de Contabili-
dade (PFC) os enunciados por esta Resolução.
§ 1º. A observância dos Princípios Fundamentais de Con-
tabilidade é obrigatória no exercício da profissão e consti-
tui condição de legitimidade das Normas Brasileiras de
Contabilidade (NBC).
– 58 –
14) CHAVE ( { ) OU CHAVES ( { } )
A chave é utilizada para dividir um assunto. As chaves
são muito empregadas em matemática.
(Mack / 92) - Sejam os conjuntos
A = {x | x é múltiplo de 7} e 9 = {x 0 ù |12 < x < 864}.
Então o número de elementos de A 1 B é:
a) 78 b) 100 c) 122 d) 146 e) 166
Resposta: Alternativa c.
15) BARRA ( / )
A barra é muito utilizada nas abreviações das datas
e em algumas abreviaturas.
01 / 06 / 94
A/C - ao(s) cuidado(s)
EXERCÍCIOS
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
1) Quanto à oração corretamente pontuada:
A ( ) No inverno, através dos vidros, ele vê a trama dos
finos galhos negros.
B ( ) A moça descontente com a resposta devolveu ao noi-
vo o anel de brilhantes.
C ( ) A questão, porém, não é de pão, é de manteiga.
D ( ) Neste ponto, viúva amiga, é natural que lhe perguntes,
a propósito da Inglaterra, como é que se explica a vitória
eleitoral de Gladstone.
E ( ) Calçados os sapatos, buscou a bolsa e falando muito;
saiu correndo, não sem dizer, um adeus apressado.
2) Quanto ao uso da pontuação:
A ( ) Usamos os dois-pontos para apresentar uma citação.
B ( ) O ponto-e-vírgula separa itens de uma lei, de um de-
creto, etc.
C ( ) Usa-se o ponto final para separar as orações de um
mesmo período.
D ( ) A chave é muito empregada em abreviações das da-
tas.
E ( ) O travessão é usado nos diálogos para indicar mudan-
ça de interlocutor.
RESPOSTAS
 Língua Portuguesa
9. CONCORDÂNCIA NOMINAL E VERBAL
Concordância é o princípio sintático segundo o qual as
palavras dependentes se harmonizam, nas suas flexões, com
as palavras de que dependem.
Assim:
a) os adjetivos, pronomes, artigos e numerais concordam em
gênero e número com os substantivos determinados (concor-
dância nominal).
b) o verbo concordará com o seu sujeito em número e pessoa
(concordância verbal).
CONCORDÂNCIA NOMINAL
1º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a um só nome, o substantivo
concorda com ele em gênero e número.
Boa árvore não dá maus frutos.
2º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos
do mesmo gênero e do singular e vier posposto, toma o
gênero deles e vai facultativamente, para o singular ou plural.
Disciplina, ação e coragem digna (ou dignas).
Porém: Dedicado o pai, o filho e o irmão.
(adjetivo anteposto concordará com o mais próximo).
3º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos
de gêneros diferentes e do singular e vier posposto, pode-
rá ir para o masculino plural ou concordar com o mais próxi-
mo.
Escolheste lugar e hora maus.
Escolheste lugar e hora má.
Porém: Sinto eterno amor e gratidão.
(adjetivo anteposto concordará com o mais próximo).
4º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos
de gêneros diferentes e do plural e vier posposto, tomará
o plural masculino ou concordará com o mais próximo.
Rapazes e moças estudiosos (ou estudiosas).
5º) Quando o adjetivo se referir a dois ou mais substantivos
de gênero e número diferente e vier posposto, poderá
concordar com o mais próximo ou ir para o plural masculino.
Primos, primas e irmãs educadíssimas (ou educadíssi-
mos).
6º) Pode o adjetivo ainda concordar com o mais próximo
quando os substantivos são ou podem ser considerados
sinônimos.
Gratidão e reconhecimento profundo.
– 59 –
7º) Quando dois ou mais adjetivos se referem ao mesmo
substantivo determinado pelo artigo, ocorrem três tipos de
construção:
Estudo as línguas inglesa e francesa.
Estudo a língua inglesa e a francesa.
Estudo a língua inglesa e francesa.
8º) As palavras: mesmo, próprio e só (quando equivale a
sozinho) concordam segundo a regra geral em gênero e
número com a palavra a que se referem. Só quando equivale
a somente é advérbio e invariável.
Ela mesma me avisou.
Vocês próprios me trouxeram a notícia.
Nós não estivemos sós.
Só eles não concordaram.
Obs.: A expressão a sós é invariável. Exemplo:
Gostaria de ficar a sós por uns momentos.
9º) Anexo, incluso, junto, bastante e nenhum, concordam,
normalmente, com os substantivos a que se referem.
Segue anexa a cópia do contrato.
Vão inclusos os requerimentos.
Seguem juntas as notas.
Bastantes pessoas ignoram esse plural.
Homens nenhuns, nenhumas causas.
Observações:
a) Alerta e menos são sempre invariáveis.
Estamos alerta.
Há situações menos complicadas.
Há menos pessoas no local.
b) Em anexo é sempre invariável.
Seguem, em anexo, as fotografias.
10º) Meio - meia, como adjetivo concordam em gênero e
número com o substantivo que modificam, mas como advér-
bio meio permanece invariável.
Obs.: como adjetivo, modifica o substantivo; como advérbio,
modifica o adjetivo, o verbo e o próprio advérbio.
Já é meio-dia e meia (hora). (substantivo)
Comprei dois meios litros de leite. (substantivo)
Quero meio quilo de café. (substantivo)
Ele sentia-se meio cansado. (adjetivo)
Elas pareciam meio tontas. (adjetivo)
Minha mãe está meio exausta. (adjetivo)
Estão nesse caso palavras como: pouco, muito, bastante,
barato, caro, meio, longe, etc.
11º) Dado e visto e qualquer outro particípio, concordam
com o substantivo a que se referem.
Dados os conhecimentos (substantivo masculino)
Dadas as condições (substantivo feminino)
Vistas as dificuldades (substantivo feminino)
12º) As expressões um e outro e nem um nem outro são
seguidas de um substantivo singular.
 Língua Portuguesa
. . . mas aprovei um e outro ato. 17º) Substantivos ligados por ou: o adjetivo concorda com o
. . . mas uma e outra coisa duraram. mais próximo ou, então, vai para o plural.

Porém: uma flor ou um fruto saboroso OU saborosos.

Quando um e outro for seguido de adjetivo, o substanti- 18º) Dois ou mais ordinais determinando o substantivo: este
vo fica no singular e o adjetivo vai para o plural. ficará no singular ou no plural.

Uma e outra parede sujas. a primeira e segunda ferida (OU feridas) do coração.
Um e outro lado escuros.
EXERCÍCIOS

13º) A palavra possível em o mais . . . possível, o pior ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
possível, o melhor possível, mantém-se invariável. PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:

Praias o mais tentadoras possível. 1) Quanto à concordância nominal:

Porém: A( ) Acabada a missa todos saíram.

Com o plural os mais, os menos, os piores, os melho- B( ) O carro apresentava pneus e lanternas defeituosos.
res, a palavra possível vai para o plural. C( ) Tão românticos cartas estariam vindo de quem?
D( ) Muito obrigadas, disseram as meninas.
Praias as mais tentadoras possíveis. E( ) Senhoras, fiquem alerta para o chamado.

14º) A palavra obrigado concorda com o nome a que se 2) Quanto à forma correta:
refere.
A( ) A casa apresentava portões e porta estragada.
Muito obrigado (masculino singular) B( ) A casa apresentava porta e portões estragados.
Muito obrigada (feminino singular) C( ) A casa apresentava portões e porta estragados.
Eles disseram muito obrigados (masculino plural) D( ) Acabado a leitura e o ensaio iniciaremos a transmis-
são.
E( ) Acabada o ensaio e a leitura iniciaremos a transmis-
15º) O verbo ser mais adjetivo. são.

Nos predicados nominais em que ocorre o verbo ser mais 3) Quanto à concordância correta:
um adjetivo, formando expressões do tipo é bom, é claro, é
evidente, etc., há duas construções: A( ) Vigora o estilo português e o brasileiro.
B( ) Estudo o idioma russo e o hebraico.
– se o sujeito não vem precedido de nenhum modificador, C( ) Escreva com as razão e o coração decididos.
tanto o verbo quanto o adjetivo ficam invariáveis. D( ) Estavam no pátio as bandeiras brasileira e a inglesa.
E( ) Este livro apresenta a gíria e os modismos brasileiros.
Cerveja é bom.
É proibido entrada. 4) Quanto à forma correta:

– se o sujeito vem precedido de modificador, tanto o verbo A( ) Já é meio-dia e meio.

quanto o predicativo concordam regularmente. B( ) Pareciam meio preocupadas com a entrevista.
C( ) A porta estava meio aberta.
A cerveja é boa. D( ) A moça estava meia zangada quando saiu.
É proibida a entrada. E( ) Use meia colher de sopa por xícara.

5) Quanto à concordância nominal:

16º) Concordância do Adjetivo (Predicativo)
a) Predicativo do Sujeito: concorda com o sujeito em núme-
ro e gênero:
As crianças estavam tristonhas.
A ( ) É proibida a entrada de crianças desacompanhadas.
B ( ) É necessária a nossa atuação
C ( ) É preciso paciência para prosseguir.
D ( ) É bom hortelã para tosse.
E ( ) É necessária cautela.

b) Predicativo do Objeto:
RESPOSTAS
– Se o objeto direto for simples o adjetivo predicativo concor-
da em gênero e número com o objeto.

Trouxeram-na desmaiada.

– Se o objeto direto for composto o adjetivo predicativo deve-

rá flexionar-se no plural e no gênero dos objetos.

A justiça declarou criminosas a atriz e suas amigas.

– 60 –
 Língua Portuguesa
CONCORDÂNCIA VERBAL
O verbo concorda com o sujeito em número e pessoa com
as seguintes regras:
1ª) Sujeito composto anteposto ao verbo: este fica no
plural.
O pai, a mãe e o filho estão ausentes.
2ª) Sujeito composto posposto ao verbo: este pode con-
cordar com o núcleo mais próximo ou com todos os núcleos
indo para o plural.
Está ausente o pai, a mãe e o filho.
Estão ausentes o pai, a mãe e o filho.
3ª) Sujeito composto por pronomes pessoais diferentes:
o verbo vai para o plural concordando com a pessoa que
possui prioridade gramatical (ou seja, 1ª pessoa prevalece
sobre 2ª e 3ª; 2ª pessoa prevalece sobre a 3ª).
Eu, tu, ele e ela somos bons amigos. (eu - nós)
Tu, ele e ela sois bons amigos. (tu - vós)
Ela e tu ireis embora. (tu - vós)
4ª) Sujeito composto: tendo seus núcleos ligados por não
só ... mas também, tanto ... quanto, não só ... como, o
verbo concorda com o mais próximo ou vai para o plural.
Não só a moça, mas também o príncipe estariam pobres.
Obs.: Caso se trate de uma simples comparação, o verbo
fica no singular.
Este aumento de salário, assim como o anterior, não
compensou.
5ª) Sujeito ligado por "com": o verbo irá para o plural se
indicar cooperação na ação, visto que a preposição forma
verdadeiro sujeito composto, equivalente a e; se a preposição
com exprimir circunstância de companhia, o verbo fica no
singular.
Napoleão com seus soldados invadiram a Europa.
Egas Monis, com a mulher e os filhos, apresentou-se ao
rei da Espanha.
6ª) Sujeito ligado por "ou": levar-se-á em conta para o
verbo ficar:
a) no singular:
exclusão: Pedro ou Paulo será eleito.
sinonímia: A glotologia ou a linguística é uma ciência que se
ocupa da linguagem humana.
b) no plural:
inclusão: O calor ou o frio excessivo prejudicam certas plan-
tas. (ou = e)
antonímia: O choro ou o riso constituíam o viver daquela
gente.
retificação: O ladrão ou os ladrões não deixaram nenhum
vestígio.
Porém: na antecipação do verbo, dá-se concordância com o
mais próximo.
Nenhum vestígio de sua presença deixou o autor ou
autores do crime.
– 61 –
7ª) Sujeitos representados por "um e outro": o verbo pode
ficar no singular ou no plural.
Um e outro testemunho o condenavam (ou condenava).
8ª) Sujeitos representados por "um ou outro": o verbo fica
no singular.
Uma ou outra pode alugar a casa.
9ª) Sujeito representado por "nem um, nem outro": exige
o verbo no singular.
Afirma-se que nem um, nem outro falou a verdade.
10ª) Sujeito representado por expressão como "a maioria
de" (a maior parte, parte de) + um nome no plural: o verbo
irá para o singular ou plural.
A maioria dos doidos ali metidos estão (ou está) em
perfeito juízo.
11ª) Sujeito representado por um coletivo: o verbo fica no
singular, embora em escritores clássicos se encontrem e-
xemplos de concordâncias não com o coletivo, mas com a
ideia de plural que ele encerra (silepse).
Mas nem sempre o povo acerta.
12ª) Sujeito representado pela palavra "que" pronome
relativo: o verbo concorda em número e pessoa com o ante-
cedente da palavra "que".
Fui eu que te vesti do meu sudário.
Não és tu que me dás felicidade.
13ª) Sujeito representado pelo pronome "quem": o verbo
vai para a 3ª pessoa do singular, ou concorda com o sujeito
da oração principal.
Mas não sou eu quem está em jogo. (ou "estou")
14ª) Sujeito composto seguido de um aposto resumidor:
o verbo concorda com a palavra resumidora e não com o
sujeito composto.
Jogos, convenções, espetáculos, nada o distraía.
Desvios, fraudes, roubos, tudo era permitido.
15ª) Verbo + pronome apassivador "se": concorda com o
sujeito paciente em número e pessoa.
Ouviam-se aplausos no salão.
Compram-se livros usados.
Vendem-se apartamentos.
16ª) Verbo + índice de indeterminação do sujeito "se":
fica o verbo na 3ª pessoa do singular.
Precisa-se de carpinteiros.
Gosta-se de praias naquela região.
Necessita-se de outras explicações.
17ª) Verbos impessoais: ficam, normalmente, na 3ª pessoa
do singular:
a) O verbo haver no sentido de existir, acontecer.
Havia dois alunos no corredor.
Houve fatos estranhos naquela cidadezinha.
 Língua Portuguesa
b) Os que indicam fenômenos da natureza: chover, ventar, O filho é as alegrias do pai.
nevar, gear, etc.
c) O sujeito que dá nome a algo pede o verbo concordando
c) Os verbos haver, fazer, estar, ir, ser (com referência a com o predicativo no plural.
tempo).
O problema são as suas dívidas.
Há três dias que não o vejo.
Faz quatro meses que não nado. d) O pronome pessoal sujeito ou predicativo pede a concor-
Vai em dois anos ou pouco mais . . . dância do verbo com ele.
É cedo.
Está frio. Ele era todo ouvidos e angústia.
O trouxa neste caso fui eu.
Entretanto:
– O verbo ser concorda com o predicativo. e) As expressões é muito, é pouco, é mais de, é menos de, é
tanto, quando indicam preço, quantidade, peso ficam com o
São dez horas. verbo no singular.
É uma hora.
Duas horas não é tanto assim.
– Os verbos existir, acontecer, são pessoais, ou seja, admi- Oitocentos gramas é muito.
tem sujeito e concordam com ele.
f) Em horas, datas e distâncias, o verbo ser é impessoal e
Existem duas manchas na parede. concorda com o predicativo.
(sujeito = duas manchas)
Aconteceram fatos estranhos. Hoje são quatorze de outubro.
(sujeito = fatos) predicativo
Hoje é dia quatorze de outubro.
– Nas locuções verbais, o verbo impessoal transmite a sua predicativo
impessoalidade para o verbo auxiliar.
É zero hora em São Paulo.
Vai haver novas oportunidades. São dez horas da manhã.
(não há sujeito) São cem quilômetros daqui até lá.
Está fazendo dez anos que . . .
Obs.: Em datas, o verbo ser pode concordar com a ideia da
Porém: palavra dia, mesmo que ela não apareça.

Vão existir novas oportunidades. Hoje é 2 de outubro.

(existir = verbo pessoal)

Estavam acontecendo coisas estranhas. EXERCÍCIOS

(estar = verbo pessoal)

ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)

18ª) O verbo "dar", "bater" + hora(s): estes verbos concor- PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
dam com o sujeito expresso hora(s).

Deram há pouco nove horas! 1) Quanto à concordância verbal:

Bateram devagar dez horas!
A( ) Reformam-se ternos.
Porém: B( ) Fazem três meses que não chove.
C( ) Minas Gerais faz divisa com São Paulo.
Se, na oração, vem a palavra relógio, funcionando como D( ) Estudam nesta classe Rubens e Ana.
sujeito, o verbo concordará com ela em número e pessoa. E( ) Da minha casa até a sua é cinco quadras.

Que horas deu o relógio?

Vai dar dez horas o relógio da Sé. 2) Quanto à concordância verbal:

A( ) Trinta quilômetros são muito.

19ª) O verbo "ser": B( ) 90% da população está descontente com o governo.
C( ) Deram dez horas no relógio da sala.
a) Com as palavras tudo, isto, isso, aquilo, o que e o predica- D( ) A maior parte dos alunos faltou.
tivo no plural, o verbo ser também pode ir para o plural ou E( ) Eu, você e nossos amigos irão ao shopping.
ficar no singular.

Tudo eram memórias na infância. 3) Quanto à concordância verbal:

Isto não são coisas que você possa dizer.
Tudo são flores. A( ) Dava meio-dia no cortiço; as lavadeiras relaxavam.
B( ) Tinha soado nove horas.
b) O sujeito que dá nome à pessoa concorda com o verbo C( ) O sino bateu três horas.
ser. D( ) Soou uma hora.
E( ) O relógio deu cinco horas.

– 62 –
 Língua Portuguesa
4) Quanto à concordância verbal:
A ( ) Nem um nem ouro sabe Matemática.
B ( ) Um ou outro chegará a tempo para a reunião.
C ( ) Mais de um eleitor apostou no empenho dele.
D ( ) Mais de três professores queixou-se do seu compor-
tamento.
E ( ) A maioria das provas foram canceladas.
10. REGÊNCIA NOMINAL E VERBAL
Regência trata das relações de dependência entre um
nome ou um verbo e seus complementos. Quando um termo
exige complemento o chamamos de regente e o termo com-
plementar de regido. Há dois tipos: regência verbal e regên-
cia nominal.

5) Quanto à concordância verbal: REGÊNCIA NOMINAL

A( ) Nenhum de nós aguentava mais aquela professora. Quando o termo regente é um nome (substantivo, adjetivo
B( ) Quando ele chegou, devia ser três horas. ou advérbio).
C( ) Fui eu quem comprou esse livro.
D( ) Tu e ele são meus amigos. Tenho amor ao próximo.
E( ) Isso são coisas do passado. termo regente termo regido
(substantivo) (complemento nominal)

6) Quanto à concordância verbal: Estou preocupado com o desemprego.

termo regente termo regido
(adjetivo) (complemento nominal)
A ( ) Troca-se motos.
B ( ) Deputados e senadores, ninguém se manifestaram
Agiram favoravelmente à sua decisão.
sobre a greve.
termo regente termo regido
C ( ) Quinze quilos são muito. (advérbio) (complemento nominal)
D ( ) Sou que faço todo o trabalho.
E ( ) São sete horas. Há nomes que admitem mais de uma preposição sem que
o sentido seja alterado:
Estou apto a este tipo de trabalho.
7) Quanto à concordância verbal: Estou apto para este tipo de trabalho.
A( ) As meninas pareciam estar cansadas. Há outros nomes, que dependendo do sentido, pedem
B( ) Algum de nós precisa falar com o chefe. outras preposições:
C( ) Os necessitados são nós. Tenho muita consideração por pessoas que trabalham.
D( ) Alugam-se apartamentos. Tenho muita consideração sobre o trabalho filantrópico.
E( ) O Brasil ou a Itália sairá vencedor.
Veja alguns nomes com as respectivas regências:
8) Quanto à concordância verbal: acessível a equivalente a
acostumado a, com erudito em
A ( ) Precisam-se de empregados. adaptado a essencial para
B ( ) A mãe com os filhos fez ótima refeição. aflito com, por estranho a
C ( ) Vossa Excelência já apresentou as novas leis? agradável a fácil de
D ( ) Os 20% do lucro foram desviados. alheio a, de falha de, em
E ( ) Mias de um professor faltou à aulas. alienado de falta de
alusão a favorável a
ambicioso de fiel a
analogia com, entre firme em
análogo a generoso com
apto a, para grato a
atento a, em hábil em
RESPOSTAS aversão a, para, por habituado a
ávido de, por horror a
benéfico a hostil a
capaz de, para impossível de
compatível com impróprio para
compreensível a imune a, de
comum a, de incompatível com
constante de, em indeciso em
constituído de, por, com independente de, em
contemporâneo a, de indiferente a
contrário a indigno de
cuidadoso com leal a
curioso de, a medo a, de
desatento a necessário a
descontente com passível de
desejoso de perito em
devoto a, de possível de
diferente de preferível a
difícil de prejudicial a
digno de próximo a, de
entendido em relacionado com

– 63 –
 Língua Portuguesa
EXERCÍCIOS
REGÊNCIA VERBAL
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:

1) Quanto à regência nominal correta: Quando o termo regente é um verbo.

A( ) A cerveja é preferível ao vinho. Precisamos de alimento.

B( ) Ele sempre foi desfavorável a sua contratação. termo regente termo regido
C( ) Permaneciam atentos de problemas financeiros. (verbo) (objeto indireto)
D( ) Sua atitude não foi compatível ao seu pensamento.
E( ) Ele é digno para frequentar a nossa casa. Há verbos que admitem mais de uma regência sem que o
sentido seja alterado.
2) Quanto à regência nominal correta:
Nunca esquecerei os favores que fez.
A( ) Fica próximo ao Largo do Paissandu. verbo transitivo direto objeto direto
B( ) Era uma pessoa curiosa de religião.
Nunca esquecerei dos favores que me fez.
C( ) Sou contrário ao voto dele.
verbo transitivo indireto objeto indireto
D( ) Sônia é aflita de insetos.
E( ) Ele era entendido em história. Há outros verbos que mudando a regência, mudam de
significado.
3) Quanto à oração que admite ambas as regências:
O policial visou o alvo e atirou.
A( ) Estou imune a/de insetos. transitivo direto
B( ) As crianças estão imunes ao/do vírus da gripe. (visar = apontar, mirar)
C( ) Este filem é contemporâneo ao/de outro.
D( ) Ele está apto a/para trabalhar conosco. Ele visava a uma boa colocação na firma.
E( ) Sou devota a/de Santo Expedito. transitivo indireto
(visar = pretender)
4) Quanto à regência nominal correta:
REGÊNCIA DE ALGUNS VERBOS
A ( ) José não está acostumado de fartura.
B ( ) Ele não está adaptado ao novo emprego.
Agradar e desagradar
C ( ) Aflito de assumir seu novo emprego, esqueceu-se dos
documentos.
• No sentido de fazer carinho, é transitivo direto.
D ( ) O documento faz alusão de novas perspectivas.
E ( ) Mostrou-se afável a todos os colegas.
O pai agradava a filha.
VTD OD
5) Quanto à regência nominal correta:
• No sentido de contentar, é transitivo indireto (preposição a).
A ( ) Permaneciam atentos nos ladrões.
B ( ) O ministro tem aversão por aparecer em público. O filme agradou ao público.
C ( ) Era ávido com a fama. VTI OI
D ( ) Foi um momento contemporâneo com a Guerra dos
Farrapos. Aspirar
E ( ) Platão é um planeta constituído de material rochoso.
• No sentido de respirar, sorver, é transitivo direto.
6) Quanto à regência nominal correta:
Aspirei o ar da manhã.
A( ) Era um adolescente curioso por novas descobertas. VTD OD
B( ) Estou imbuído com o espírito olímpico.
C( ) A vacina tornou-o imune ao vírus. • no sentido de pretender, desejar, é transitivo indireto
D( ) Joana é muito cuidadosa dos filhos. (preposição a).
E( ) Não tenha medo de encarar o futuro.
Ele aspirava ao cargo de diretor.
VTI OI

RESPOSTAS Assistir

• No sentido de ver, é transitivo indireto (preposição a).

Assistimos ao jogo de basquete.

VTI OI

• No sentido de prestar assistência, ajudar, é transitivo

direto.

A enfermeira assistiu o paciente com muito cuidado.

VTD OD

– 64 –
 Língua Portuguesa
• No sentido de pertencer, caber, é transitivo indireto • No sentido de satisfazer, atentar, observar, é transitivo
(preposição a). indireto (preposição a).

Assiste ao diretor comunicar as novas regras. Mamãe atendia a todas as vontades de João.
VTI OI VTI OI

• No sentido de morar, residir é intransitivo. • No sentido de acolher ou receber, é transitivo direto.

Há dois anos ele assiste em São Paulo O diretor da escola atendeu os pais.
VI VTD OD

Agradecer • No sentido de conceder ou deferir um pedido, é transitivo

direto.
• objeto referindo-se a coisa, é transitivo direto.
O chefe não atendeu as exigências dos empregados.
Agradeci o presente. Agradeci-o. VTD OD
VTD OD
Atingir
• objeto referindo-se a pessoa, é transitivo indireto
(preposição a). • é transitivo direto.

Agradeci ao médico. Agradeci-lhe. O policial não atingiu o alvo.

VTI OI VTD OD

• com os dois objetos, é transitivo direto e indireto. Chamar

Agradeci o presente à mamãe. • No sentido de convidar, convocar, é transitivo direto.

Agradeci-o à mamãe.
Agradeci-lhe o presente. Nós chamamos os acionistas para uma reunião de emergência.
VTD OD

Ajudar • No sentido de denominar, cognominar, é transitivo

direto ou transitivo indireto.
• é transitivo direto.
Chamaram- no empregadinho.
Sempre ajudo mamãe nos afazeres de casa. VTD
VTD OD Chamaram- no de empregadinho.
VTD preposição
• é transitivo direto e indireto. (preposição a). Chamaram- lhe empregadinho.
VTI
Chamaram- lhe de caloteiro.
Ajudei-a a lavar a louça.
VTDI preposição
VTDI OD OI
objeto predicativo do objeto

Amar Chegar

• é transitivo direto. • é intransitivo (preposição a).

As crianças amam seus brinquedos. Cheguei à escola.

VTD OD VI adjunto adverbial

• é intransitivo.
Consistir
Amei demais e não fui correspondido.
VI
• é transitivo indireto (preposição em).

O futuro da nossa empresa consiste em nossa honestidade.

Apelar VTI OI

• é transitivo indireto (preposição para e de). Contentar-se

Não conseguindo resolver seus problemas, apelou para os pais.
• é transitivo indireto (preposição com, em, de).
VTI OI

Atender Ela contenta-se com tão pouco.

VTI OI

• No sentido de levar em consideração, é transitivo indireto Custar

(preposição a).
• No sentido de ser custoso, ser difícil, é transitivo indireto.
Teobaldo não atendia aos pais.
VTI OI

– 65 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Custou à mamãe acreditar naquele terrível acidente. Pagar e perdoar
VTI OI
• É transitivo direto quando o objeto refere-se à coisa.
• No sentido de acarretar, é transitivo direto e indireto.
Vou pagar o livro.
O trabalho custou-nos muita atenção. VTD OD
VTDI OI OD
Papai perdoou suas falhas.
Ensinar VTD OD

• É transitivo direto e indireto. • É transitivo indireto quando o objeto refere-se à pessoa

(preposição a).
Helena ensina inglês aos alunos.
VTDI OD OI Vou pagar ao dentista.
VTI OI

Esquecer e lembrar Papai perdoou aos meninos.

VTI OI
• É transitivo direto quando não for pronominal.
• É transitivo direto e indireto quando possui os dois objetos.
Esqueci o seu nome.
Papai perdoou as falhas aos meninos.
Lembrei o seu aniversário. VTDI OD OI

• É transitivo indireto quando for pronominal (preposição de).

Precisar
Esqueci-me do seu nome.
• No sentido de marcar com precisão, é transitivo direto.
Lembrei-me do seu aniversário. O repórter não precisou o local do acidente.
VTD OD

• No sentido de necessitar, é transitivo indireto (preposição

Informar
de).
Eu preciso de silêncio para pensar.
• É transitivo direto e indireto.
VTI OI

Informou os colegas de seus problemas.

VTDI OD OI
Preferir
Informou aos colegas os seus problemas.
VTDI OI OD • É transitivo direto e indireto (preposição a).

Prefiro vinho a cerveja.

VTDI OD OI
Ir
Prefiro o vinho à cerveja.
• É intransitivo (com preposição).

Fui à escola.
VI Presidir

Fui para Salvador. • É transitivo direto ou transitivo indireto.

VI
Ele presidiu a Câmara dos Deputados.
VTD OD
Namorar
Ele presidiu à Câmara dos Deputados.
VTI OI
• É transitivo direto.

João namorou Clara durante cinco anos.

VTD OD Querer

• No sentido de desejar, é transitivo direto.

Obedecer e desobedecer
Quero uma boa casa para morar.
VTD OD
• É transitivo indireto (preposição a).
• No sentido de estimar, gostar, é transitivo indireto
Os filhos obedecem aos pais.
VTI OI (preposição a).

Aquele motorista desobedeceu aos sinais. Quero bem ao Bruno.

VTI OI VTI OI

– 66 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Simpatizar e antipatizar

• É transitivo indireto (preposição com) 11. SIGNIFICAÇÃO DAS PALAVRAS

Simpatizo com Luísa.

A semântica refere-se ao estudo do significado, em
todos os sentidos do termo. A semântica opõe-se com fre-
Visar quência à sintaxe, caso em que a primeira se ocupa do que
algo significa, enquanto a segunda se debruça sobre as es-
• No sentido de apontar, mirar, é transitivo direto. truturas ou padrões formais do modo como esse algo é ex-
presso (por exemplo, escritos ou falados).
O atirador visou o alvo.
VTD OD SIGNIFICAÇÃO DAS PALAVRAS

• No sentido de passar visto, é transitivo direto. Para o falante ou o escritor ser capaz de selecionar as
palavras adequadas para formar sua mensagem, é preciso
O gerente visou o cheque. conhecer o significado das palavras. Sendo assim, é impor-
VTD OD tante conhecer os fatos linguísticos.

• No sentido de pretender, ter em vista, é transitivo indireto SINÔNIMOS OU SINONÍMIA

(preposição a).
Sinonímia ou sinônimos são palavras que possuem
Sempre visei ao seu bem. significados iguais ou semelhantes.
VTI OI
Aquela garota é veloz.
Aquela garota é rápida.
EXERCÍCIOS Entre os sinônimos, há sempre um que se destaca por ser
mais expressivo, assim, no dicionário, aparecem vários signi-
ficados de cada palavra, cabe ao escritor achar a mais apro-
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C) priada ao seu contexto.
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
ANTÔNIMOS OU ANTONÍMIA
1) Quanto à regência verbal correta: Antonímia ou antônimos são palavras que possuem
significados opostos.
A( ) Visei um passaporte e fui viajar.
B( ) Quero um bom emprego. Seu cabelo está muito comprido.
C( ) Aninha sempre obedece a mãe. Seu cabelo está muito curto.
D( ) Eu preciso calma para pensar.
E( ) Esqueci-me do endereço. Algumas palavras opostas se originam de um prefixo de
sentido negativo ou oposto.
2) Quanto à regência verbal correta: feliz – infeliz
agradável – desagradável
A ( ) Cheguei na casa de Marta às cinco horas. bendizer – maldizer
B ( ) Informei o endereço ao turista.
C ( ) Prefiro chá do que café.
D ( ) O time precisa vencer cinco jogos para aspirar à clas- HOMÔNIMOS OU HOMONÍMIA
sificação.
E ( ) Pedro namora com Joana. Homonímia ou homônimos são palavras que possuem
significados diferentes, mas são iguais no som e/ou na escri-
ta.
Preciso fazer um conserto na roupa.
(reparo)
Vou ao concerto esta noite.
(apresentação musical)
RESPOSTAS
Os homônimos podem ser:

– Homógrafos: possuem a mesma grafia, mas sons diferen-

tes.
seco (substantivo) e seco (verbo)
olho (substantivo) e olho (verbo)

– Homófonos: possuem o mesmo som, mas grafias diferen-

tes.

cheque (ordem de pagamento)

xeque (lance de jogo de xadrez)

– 67 –
 Língua Portuguesa
– Homônimos perfeitos: possuem a mesma grafia e o Veja, a seguir, a relação de alguns parônimos:
mesmo som.
o rio (substantivo) eu rio (verbo) absolver - perdoar
cedo (verbo) cedo (advérbio de tempo) absorver - sorver
acostumar - contrair hábito
Veja, a seguir, a relação de alguns homônimos: costumar - ter por hábito
amoral - indiferente à moral
acender - pôr fogo imoral - contra a moral
ascender - subir
apóstrofe - figura de linguagem
acento - sinal gráfico
assento - lugar de sentar-se apóstrofo - sinal gráfico
aço - metal aprender - instituir-se
asso - (verbo) 1ª pessoa do indicativo apreender - assimilar
banco - assento arrear - pôr arreios
banco - estabelecimento arriar - descer, baixar
caçar - pegar animais cavaleiro - aquele que anda a cavalo
cassar - anular cavalheiro - homem educado
cela - pequeno quarto comprimento - extensão
sela - arreio e (verbo) 3ª pessoa sing. do indicativo cumprimento - saudação
censo - recenseamento deferir - conceder, atender
senso - juízo diferir - ser diferente, adiar
cerrar - fechar
delatar - denunciar
serrar - cortar
dilatar - alargar
cessão - ato de ceder
seção, secção - divisão descrição - ato de descrever
sessão - reunião discrição - ser discreto
cesto - balaio descriminar - inocentar
sexto - numeral ordinal discriminar - distinguir
cheque - ordem de pagamento despensa - lugar onde se guardam mantimentos
xeque - lance do jogo de xadrez dispensa - licença
concerto - apresentação musical destratar - insultar
conserto - (verbo) 1ª pessoa singular do indicativo distratar - desfazer
coser - costurar emergir - vir à tona
cozer - cozinhar imergir - mergulhar
espiar - espionar emigrar - sair da pátria
expiar - sofrer castigo
imigrar - entrar num país estranho para nele morar
estático - imóvel
extático - admirado eminente - notável, célebre
iminente - prestes a acontecer
estrato - tipo de nuvem
extrato - resumo estádio - praça de esportes
incerto - não certo estágio - preparação, período
inserto - incluído flagrante - evidente
intercessão - interceder fragrante - perfumado
interseção - corte feito no meio do objeto incidente - episódio
laço - nó acidente - desastre
lasso - gasto, cansado, frouxo inflação - desvalorização (dinheiro)
manga - fruta da mangueira infração - violação
manga - parte do vestuário infligir - aplicar castigo
paço - palácio infringir - não respeitar
passo - passada
ótico - relativo ao ouvido
ruço - desbotado
russo - da Rússia óptico - relativo à visão
são - saudável, com saúde peão - amansador de cavalos, peça no jogo de xadrez
são - (verbo) 3ª pessoa plural do indicativo pião - brinquedo
são - forma reduzida de santo pequenez - relativo a pequeno
sexta - redução de sexta-feira pequinês - originário de Pequim, raça de cães
cesta - recipiente plaga - região, país
sesta - hora em que se descansa ou dorme após o praga - maldição
almoço pleito - disputa eleitoral
taxar - estabelecer a taxa de preito - homenagem
tachar - qualificar em mau sentido precedente - antecedente
procedente - proveniente
PARÔNIMOS OU PARONÍMIA ratificar - confirmar
retificar - corrigir
Paronímia ou parônimos são palavras que possuem reboco - argamassa de cal e areia
significados diferentes, mas são muito parecidas no som e na reboque - cabo que prende um veículo a outro
escrita.
soar- produzir som
O garotinho gosta de brincar de pião. suar – verter suor pelos poros
O garoto sonha em ser peão de boiadeiro.

– 68 –
 /˞QJXD3RUWXJXHVD
POLISSEMIA
Temos a polissemia quando uma palavra apresenta signi-
ficado diferente que se explica dentro de um contexto.
A decisão está nas mãos do papai.
(dependência)
Machuquei minha mão.
(parte do corpo)
Ele passou a mão nas chaves do carro.
(apropriar-se de coisas alheias)
EXERCÍCIOS
ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)
PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO:
1) Quanto à significação de palavras:
A( ) A sessão será presidida pela professora Vanda.
B( ) Pegamos a última sessão do cinema.
C( ) Bruno fará a cessão de seus livros.
D( ) Flávia está na seção de cosméticos.
E( ) A sessão começará às 14h.
2) Quanto ao significado das palavras parônimas:
A ( ) apóstrofe = figura de linguagem
B ( ) amoral = indiferente à moral
C ( ) cumprimento = saudação
D ( ) deferir = ser diferente
E ( ) estágio = preparação
3) Quanto ao sentido, entre parênteses, da palavra grave:
A ( ) A família sofreu um grave acidente. (trágico)
B ( ) Graves razões trouxeram-me aqui. (importante)
C ( ) Tem uma grave ferida no joelho. (repreensiva)
D ( ) A voz grave de David ecoava por toda a escola.
(sonora)
E ( ) Tinha a grave incumbência de informar-lhe sobre a
morte do amigo. (doloroso)
4) Quanto às palavras homônimas:
A ( ) Homógrafas são palavras que possuem a mesma gra-
fia, mas sons diferentes.
B ( ) Homófonas são palavras que possuem o mesmo som e
grafias iguais.
C ( ) Homônimos perfeitos possuem a mesma grafia e o
mesmo som.
D ( ) Homófonas são palavras que possuem o mesmo som,
mas grafias diferentes.
E ( ) Homógrafas são palavras que possuem grafia e sons
diferentes.
RESPOSTAS
––
12. REDAÇÃO DE CORRESPONDÊNCIAS OFICIAIS
12. REDAÇÃO OFICIAL
(conforme Manual de Redação da Presidência da República)
O Manual de Redação da Presidência da República é o
documento que regulamenta as normas de redação de atos e
comunicações oficiais.
O Manual demonstra os aspectos essenciais da Redação
Oficial, padronizando sua diagramação, exibindo modelos e
adequando, a cada nova edição, as formas textuais aos mei-
os de comunicação em uso no período, o manual possibilita a
reflexão sobre questões como a identificação clara do pro-
blema que motiva um ato ou comunicação, seus possíveis
custos e prováveis efeitos e sua legalidade e constitucionali-
dade.
Desta maneira, contribui para a consolidação de uma cul-
tura administrativa de profissionalização dos servidores públi-
cos e de respeito aos princípios constitucionais, objetivando a
constante melhoria dos serviços prestados à sociedade.
Além disso, explica partes da gramática da Língua Portu-
guesa como o uso dos pronomes de tratamento, a ortografia,
a acentuação gráfica, a sintaxe, as concordâncias verbal e
nominal, a pontuação e a significação de palavras, já estuda-
das anteriormente nesta apostila.
O manual está dividido em: Redação Oficial, Língua
Portuguesa, Gramática, Ortografia e Técnica Legislativa.
Mas, vamos nos ater, aqui, às comunicações oficiais.
O manual original pode ser encontrado na íntegra no site
www.planalto.gov.br .
A Comissão encarregada de elaborar, sem ônus, a pri-
meira Edição do Manual de Redação da Presidência da Re-
pública (Portaria SG nº 2, de 11.1.91, DOU de 15.1.91) foram:
Gilmar Ferreira Mendes (Presidente), Nestor José Forster
Júnior, Carlos Eduardo Cruz de Souza Lemos, Heitor Duprat
de Brito Pereira, Tarcisio Carlos de Almeida Cunha, João
Bosco Martinato, Rui Ribeiro de Araújo, Luis Fernando Panelli
César, Roberto Furian Ardenghy; a revisão ficou a cargo do
professor Celso Pedro Luft.
A matéria que consta nesta apostila é a 2ª edição, revista
e atualizada pela Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos da Casa
Civil da Presidência da República.
AS COMUNICAÇÕES OFICIAIS
ASPECTOS GERAIS DA REDAÇÃO OFICIAL
1. O que é Redação Oficial
Em uma frase, pode-se dizer que redação oficial é a ma-
neira pela qual o Poder Público redige atos normativos e
comunicações. Interessa-nos tratá-la do ponto de vista do
Poder Executivo.
A redação oficial deve caracterizar-se pela impessoalida-
de, uso do padrão culto de linguagem, clareza, concisão,
formalidade e uniformidade. Fundamentalmente esses atribu-
tos decorrem da Constituição, que dispõe, no artigo 37: “A
administração pública direta, indireta ou fundacional, de qual-
quer dos Poderes da União, dos Estados, do Distrito Federal
 Língua Portuguesa
e dos Municípios obedecerá aos princípios de legalidade,
impessoalidade, moralidade, publicidade e eficiência (...)”.
Sendo a publicidade e a impessoalidade princípios fun-
damentais de toda administração pública, claro está que
devem igualmente nortear a elaboração dos atos e comuni-
cações oficiais.
Não se concebe que um ato normativo de qualquer natu-
reza seja redigido de forma obscura, que dificulte ou impossi-
bilite sua compreensão. A transparência do sentido dos atos
normativos, bem como sua inteligibilidade, são requisitos do
próprio Estado de Direito: é inaceitável que um texto legal
não seja entendido pelos cidadãos. A publicidade implica,
pois, necessariamente, clareza e concisão.
Além de atender à disposição constitucional, a forma dos
atos normativos obedece a certa tradição. Há normas para
sua elaboração que remontam ao período de nossa história
imperial, como, por exemplo, a obrigatoriedade – estabeleci-
da por decreto imperial de 10 de dezembro de 1822 – de que
se aponha, ao final desses atos, o número de anos transcor-
ridos desde a Independência. Essa prática foi mantida no
período republicano.
Esses mesmos princípios (impessoalidade, clareza, uni-
formidade, concisão e uso de linguagem formal) aplicam-se
às comunicações oficiais: elas devem sempre permitir uma
única interpretação e ser estritamente impessoais e unifor-
mes, o que exige o uso de certo nível de linguagem.
Nesse quadro, fica claro também que as comunicações
oficiais são necessariamente uniformes, pois há sempre um
único comunicador (o Serviço Público) e o receptor dessas
comunicações ou é o próprio Serviço Público (no caso de
expedientes dirigidos por um órgão a outro) – ou o conjunto
dos cidadãos ou instituições tratados de forma homogênea (o
público).
Outros procedimentos rotineiros na redação de comunica-
ções oficiais foram incorporados ao longo do tempo, como as
formas de tratamento e de cortesia, certos clichês de reda-
ção, a estrutura dos expedientes, etc.
Mencione-se, por exemplo, a fixação dos fechos para
comunicações oficiais, regulados pela Portaria nº 1 do Minis-
tro de Estado da Justiça, de 8 de julho de 1937, que, após
mais de meio século de vigência, foi revogado pelo Decreto
que aprovou a primeira edição deste Manual.
Acrescente-se, por fim, que a identificação que se buscou
fazer das características específicas da forma oficial de redi-
gir não deve ensejar o entendimento de que se proponha a
criação – ou se aceite a existência – de uma forma específica
de linguagem administrativa, o que coloquialmente e pejorati-
vamente se chama burocratês.
Este é antes uma distorção do que deve ser a redação
oficial, e se caracteriza pelo abuso de expressões e clichês
do jargão burocrático e de formas arcaicas de construção de
frases.
A redação oficial não é, portanto, necessariamente árida e
infensa à evolução da língua.
É que sua finalidade básica – comunicar com impessoali-
dade e máxima clareza – impõe certos parâmetros ao uso
que se faz da língua, de maneira diversa daquele da literatu-
ra, do texto jornalístico, da correspondência particular, etc.
– 70 –
Apresentadas essas características fundamentais da
redação oficial, passemos à análise pormenorizada de cada
uma delas.
1.1. A Impessoalidade
A finalidade da língua é comunicar, quer pela fala, quer
pela escrita. Para que haja comunicação, são necessários: a)
alguém que comunique, b) algo a ser comunicado, e c) al-
guém que receba essa comunicação. No caso da redação
oficial, quem comunica é sempre o Serviço Público (este ou
aquele Ministério, Secretaria, Departamento, Divisão, Servi-
ço, Seção); o que se comunica é sempre algum assunto
relativo às atribuições do órgão que comunica; o destinatário
dessa comunicação ou é o público, o conjunto dos cidadãos,
ou outro órgão público, do Executivo ou dos outros Poderes
da União.
Percebe-se, assim, que o tratamento impessoal que deve
ser dado aos assuntos que constam das comunicações ofici-
ais decorre:
a) da ausência de impressões individuais de quem co-
munica: embora se trate, por exemplo, de um expediente
assinado por Chefe de determinada Seção, é sempre em
nome do Serviço Público que é feita a comunicação. Obtém-
se, assim, uma desejável padronização, que permite que
comunicações elaboradas em diferentes setores da Adminis-
tração guardem entre si certa uniformidade;
b) da impessoalidade de quem recebe a comunicação,
com duas possibilidades: ela pode ser dirigida a um cida-
dão, sempre concebido como público, ou a outro órgão públi-
co. Nos dois casos, temos um destinatário concebido de
forma homogênea e impessoal;
c) do caráter impessoal do próprio assunto tratado: se o
universo temático das comunicações oficiais se restringe a
questões que dizem respeito ao interesse público, é natural
que não cabe qualquer tom particular ou pessoal.
Desta forma, não há lugar na redação oficial para impres-
sões pessoais, como as que, por exemplo, constam de uma
carta a um amigo, ou de um artigo assinado de jornal, ou
mesmo de um texto literário. A redação oficial deve ser isenta
da interferência da individualidade que a elabora.
A concisão, a clareza, a objetividade e a formalidade de
que nos valemos para elaborar os expedientes oficiais contri-
buem, ainda, para que seja alcançada a necessária impesso-
alidade.
1.2. A Linguagem dos Atos e Comunicações Oficiais
A necessidade de empregar determinado nível de lingua-
gem nos atos e expedientes oficiais decorre, de um lado, do
próprio caráter público desses atos e comunicações; de ou-
tro, de sua finalidade.
Os atos oficiais, aqui entendidos como atos de caráter
normativo, ou estabelecem regras para a conduta dos cida-
dãos, ou regulam o funcionamento dos órgãos públicos, o
que só é alcançado se em sua elaboração for empregada a
linguagem adequada. O mesmo se dá com os expedientes
oficiais, cuja finalidade precípua é a de informar com clareza
e objetividade.
 Língua Portuguesa
As comunicações que partem dos órgãos públicos fede-
rais devem ser compreendidas por todo e qualquer cidadão
brasileiro. Para atingir esse objetivo, há que evitar o uso de
uma linguagem restrita a determinados grupos.
Não há dúvida que um texto marcado por expressões de
circulação restrita, como a gíria, os regionalismos vocabula-
res ou o jargão técnico, tem sua compreensão dificultada.
Ressalte-se que há necessariamente uma distância entre
a língua falada e a escrita. Aquela é extremamente dinâmica,
reflete de forma imediata qualquer alteração de costumes, e
pode eventualmente contar com outros elementos que auxili-
em a sua compreensão, como os gestos, a entoação, etc.,
para mencionar apenas alguns dos fatores responsáveis por
essa distância. Já a língua escrita incorpora mais lentamente
as transformações, tem maior vocação para a permanência, e
vale-se apenas de si mesma para comunicar.
A língua escrita, como a falada, compreende diferentes
níveis, de acordo com o uso que dela se faça. Por exemplo,
em uma carta a um amigo, podemos nos valer de determina-
do padrão de linguagem que incorpore expressões extrema-
mente pessoais ou coloquiais; em um parecer jurídico, não se
há de estranhar a presença do vocabulário técnico corres-
pondente. Nos dois casos, há um padrão de linguagem que
atende ao uso que se faz da língua, a finalidade com que a
empregamos.
O mesmo ocorre com os textos oficiais: por seu caráter
impessoal, por sua finalidade de informar com o máximo de
clareza e concisão, eles requerem o uso do padrão culto da
língua. Há consenso de que o padrão culto é aquele em que
a) se observam as regras da gramática formal, e b) se em-
prega um vocabulário comum ao conjunto dos usuários do
idioma.
É importante ressaltar que a obrigatoriedade do uso do
padrão culto na redação oficial decorre do fato de que ele
está acima das diferenças lexicais, morfológicas ou sintáticas
regionais, dos modismos vocabulares, das idiossincrasias
linguísticas, permitindo, por essa razão, que se atinja a pre-
tendida compreensão por todos os cidadãos.
Lembre-se que o padrão culto nada tem contra a simplici-
dade de expressão, desde que não seja confundida com
pobreza de expressão. De nenhuma forma o uso do padrão
culto implica emprego de linguagem rebuscada, nem dos
contorcionismos sintáticos e figuras de linguagem próprios da
língua literária.
Pode-se concluir, então, que não existe propriamente um
“padrão oficial de linguagem”; o que há é o uso do padrão
culto nos atos e comunicações oficiais.
É claro que haverá preferência pelo uso de determinadas
expressões, ou será obedecida certa tradição no emprego
das formas sintáticas, mas isso não implica, necessariamen-
te, que se consagre a utilização de uma forma de linguagem
burocrática. O jargão burocrático, como todo jargão, deve ser
evitado, pois terá sempre sua compreensão limitada.
A linguagem técnica deve ser empregada apenas em
situações que a exijam, sendo de evitar o seu uso indiscrimi-
nado.
Certos rebuscamentos acadêmicos, e mesmo o vocabulá-
rio próprio a determinada área, são de difícil entendimento
por quem não esteja com eles familiarizado.
– 71 –
Deve-se ter o cuidado, portanto, de explicitá-los em co-
municações encaminhadas a outros órgãos da administração
e em expedientes dirigidos aos cidadãos.
1.3. Formalidade e Padronização
As comunicações oficiais devem ser sempre formais, isto
é, obedecem a certas regras de forma: além das já mencio-
nadas exigências de impessoalidade e uso do padrão culto
de linguagem, é imperativo, ainda, certa formalidade de tra-
tamento. Não se trata somente da eterna dúvida quanto ao
correto emprego deste ou daquele pronome de tratamento
para uma autoridade de certo nível; mais do que isso, a for-
malidade diz respeito à polidez, à civilidade no próprio enfo-
que dado ao assunto do qual cuida a comunicação. A forma-
lidade de tratamento vincula-se, também, à necessária uni-
formidade das comunicações. Ora, se a administração federal
é una, é natural que as comunicações que expede sigam um
mesmo padrão. O estabelecimento desse padrão, uma das
metas deste Manual, exige que se atente para todas as ca-
racterísticas da redação oficial e que se cuide, ainda, da
apresentação dos textos. A clareza datilográfica, o uso de
papéis uniformes para o texto definitivo e a correta diagrama-
ção do texto são indispensáveis para a padronização.
1.4. Concisão e Clareza
A concisão é antes uma qualidade do que uma caracterís-
tica do texto oficial. Conciso é o texto que consegue transmitir
um máximo de informações com um mínimo de palavras.
Para que se redija com essa qualidade, é fundamental que se
tenha, além de conhecimento do assunto sobre o qual se
escreve, o necessário tempo para revisar o texto depois de
pronto. É nessa releitura que muitas vezes se percebem
eventuais redundâncias ou repetições desnecessárias de
ideias. O esforço de sermos concisos atende, basicamente
ao princípio de economia linguística, à mencionada fórmula
de empregar o mínimo de palavras para informar o máximo.
Não se deve de forma alguma entendê-la como economia
de pensamento, isto é, não se devem eliminar passagens
substanciais do texto no afã de reduzi-lo em tamanho. Trata-
se exclusivamente de cortar palavras inúteis, redundâncias,
passagens que nada acrescentem ao que já foi dito. Procure
perceber certa hierarquia de ideias que existe em todo texto
de alguma complexidade: ideias fundamentais e ideias se-
cundárias. Estas últimas podem esclarecer o sentido daque-
las, detalhá-las, exemplificá-las; mas existem também ideias
secundárias que não acrescentam informação alguma ao
texto, nem têm maior relação com as fundamentais, podendo,
por isso, ser dispensadas.A clareza deve ser a qualidade
básica de todo texto oficial. Pode-se definir como claro aquele
texto que possibilita imediata compreensão pelo leitor. No
entanto, a clareza não é algo que se atinja por si só: ela de-
pende estritamente das demais características da redação
oficial. Para ela concorrem:
a) a impessoalidade, que evita a duplicidade de interpreta-
ções que poderia decorrer de um tratamento personalista
dado ao texto;
b) o uso do padrão culto de linguagem, em princípio, de
entendimento geral e por definição avesso a vocábulos de
circulação restrita, como a gíria e o jargão;
c) a formalidade e a padronização, que possibilitam a im-
prescindível uniformidade dos textos;
d) a concisão, que faz desaparecer do texto os excessos
linguísticos que nada lhe acrescentam.
 Língua Portuguesa
É pela correta observação dessas características que se
redige com clareza. Contribuirá, ainda, a indispensável releitu-
ra de todo texto redigido. A ocorrência, em textos oficiais, de
trechos obscuros e de erros gramaticais provém principalmen-
te da falta da releitura que torna possível sua correção.
Na revisão de um expediente, deve-se avaliar, ainda, se
ele será de fácil compreensão por seu destinatário. O que
nos parece óbvio pode ser desconhecido por terceiros.
O domínio que adquirimos sobre certos assuntos em
decorrência de nossa experiência profissional muitas vezes
faz com que os tomemos como de conhecimento geral, o que
nem sempre é verdade. Explicite, desenvolva, esclareça,
precise os termos técnicos, o significado das siglas e abrevi-
ações e os conceitos específicos que não possam ser dis-
pensados.
A revisão atenta exige, necessariamente, tempo. A pressa
com que são elaboradas certas comunicações quase sempre
compromete sua clareza. Não se deve proceder à redação de
um texto que não seja seguida por sua revisão. “Não há
assuntos urgentes, há assuntos atrasados”, diz a máxima.
Evite-se, pois, o atraso, com sua indesejável repercussão no
redigir.
Por fim, como exemplo de texto obscuro, que deve ser
evitado em todas as comunicações oficiais, transcrevemos a
seguir um pitoresco quadro, constante de obra de Adriano da
Gama Kury, a partir do qual podem ser feitas inúmeras fra-
ses, combinando-se as expressões em qualquer ordem, com
uma característica comum: nenhuma delas tem sentido! O
quadro tem aqui a função de sublinhar a maneira de como
não se deve escrever:
Como não se deve escrever:
A necessidade emergente se caracteriza por uma corre-
ta relação entre estrutura e superestrutura no interesse
primário da população, substanciando e vitalizando, numa
ótica preventiva e não mais curativa, a transparência de
cada ato decisional.
O quadro normativo prefigura a superação de cada obstá-
culo e/ou resistência passiva sem prejudicar o atual nível
das contribuições, não assumindo nunca como implícito,
no contexto de um sistema integrado, um indispensável
salto de qualidade.
O critério metodológico reconduz a sínteses a pontual
correspondência entre objetivos e recursos com critérios
não dirigísticos, potenciando e incrementando, na medida
em que isso seja factível, o aplanamento de discrepâncias
e discrasias existentes.
O modelo de desenvolvimento incrementa o redireciona-
mento das linhas de tendências em ato para além das
contradições e dificuldades iniciais, evidenciando e explici-
tando em termos de eficácia e eficiência, a adoção de uma
metodologia diferenciada.
O novo tema social propicia o incorporamento das fun-
ções e a descentralização decisional numa visão orgânica
e não totalizante, ativando e implementando, a cavaleiro da
situação contingente, a redefinição de uma nova figura pro-
fissional.
O método participativo propõe-se a o reconhecimento da
demanda não satisfeita mediante mecanismos da participa-
ção, não omitindo ou calando, mas antes particularizan-
do,com as devidas e imprescindíveis enfatizações, o co-
envolvimento ativo de operadores e utentes.
A utilização potencial privilegia uma coligação orgânica
interdisciplinar para uma práxis de trabalho de grupo, segun-
do um módulo de interdependência horizontal, recupe-
rando, ou antes revalorizando, como sua premissa indis-
pensável e condicionante, uma congruente flexibilidade
das estruturas.
– 72 –
KURY, Adriano da Gama. Para falar e escrever melhor o português.
2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 1989. p.18 - 19. Segundo o
autor, o quadro consta da obra de Cesare Marchi Impariamo Italiano
(“Aprendamos o Italiano”) Milão, Rizzoli Ed., 1984, e teria sido elabo-
rado por dois professores universitários italianos no estudo “Prontuá-
rio de frases para todos os usos para preencher o vazio de nada”.
AS COMUNICAÇÕES OFICIAIS
2. Introdução
A redação das comunicações oficiais deve, antes de tudo,
seguir os preceitos explicitados anteriormente. Além disso, há
características específicas de cada tipo de expediente, que
serão tratadas em detalhe a seguir. Antes de passarmos à
sua análise, vejamos outros aspectos comuns a quase todas
as modalidades de comunicação oficial: o emprego dos pro-
nomes de tratamento, a forma dos fechos e a identificação do
signatário.
2.1. Pronomes de Tratamento
2.1.1. Breve História dos Pronomes de Tratamento
O uso de pronomes e locuções pronominais de tratamen-
to tem larga tradição na língua portuguesa. De acordo com
Said Ali, após serem incorporados ao português os pronomes
latinos tu e vos, “como tratamento direto da pessoa ou pes-
soas a quem se dirigia a palavra”, passou-se a empregar,
como expediente linguístico de distinção e de respeito, a
segunda pessoa do plural no tratamento de pessoas de hie-
rarquia superior. Prossegue o autor:
“Outro modo de tratamento indireto consistiu em fingir
que se dirigia a palavra a um atributo ou qualidade e-
minente da pessoa de categoria superior, e não a ela
própria. Assim aproximavam-se os vassalos de seu rei
com o tratamento de vossa mercê, vossa senhoria
(...); assim usou-se o tratamento ducal de vossa exce-
lência e adotaram-se na hierarquia eclesiástica vossa
reverência, vossa paternidade, vossa eminência, vos-
sa santidade.”
A partir do final do século XVI, esse modo de tratamento
indireto já estava em voga também para os ocupantes de
certos cargos públicos. Vossa mercê evoluiu para vosmecê, e
depois para o coloquial você. E o pronome vós, com o tempo,
caiu em desuso. É dessa tradição que provém o atual empre-
go de pronomes de tratamento indireto como forma de diri-
girmo-nos às autoridades civis, militares e eclesiásticas.
2.1.2. Concordância com os Pronomes de Tratamento
Os pronomes de tratamento (ou de segunda pessoa indi-
reta) apresentam certas peculiaridades quanto à concordân-
cia verbal, nominal e pronominal. Embora se refiram à se-
gunda pessoa gramatical (à pessoa com quem se fala, ou a
quem se dirige a comunicação), levam a concordância para a
terceira pessoa. É que o verbo concorda com o substantivo
que integra a locução como seu núcleo sintático: “Vossa
Senhoria nomeará o substituto”; “Vossa Excelência conhece
o assunto”.
Da mesma forma, os pronomes possessivos referidos a
pronomes de tratamento são sempre os da terceira pessoa:
“Vossa Senhoria nomeará seu substituto” (e não “Vossa ...
vosso...”).
Já quanto aos adjetivos referidos a esses pronomes, o
gênero gramatical deve coincidir com o sexo da pessoa a que
 Língua Portuguesa
se refere, e não com o substantivo que compõe a locução. A Sua Excelência o Senhor
Assim, se nosso interlocutor for homem, o correto é “Vossa Fulano de Tal
Excelência está atarefado”, “Vossa Senhoria deve estar satis- Juiz de Direito da 10ª Vara Cível
feito”; se for mulher, “Vossa Excelência está atarefada”, “Vos- Rua ABC, nº 123
sa Senhoria deve estar satisfeita”. 01010-000 – São Paulo. SP

2.1.3. Emprego dos Pronomes de Tratamento Em comunicações oficiais, está abolido o uso do trata-
mento digníssimo (DD), às autoridades arroladas na lista
Como visto, o emprego dos pronomes de tratamento anterior. A dignidade é pressuposto para que se ocupe qual-
obedece a secular tradição. São de uso consagrado: quer cargo público, sendo desnecessária sua repetida evoca-
ção.
Vossa Excelência, para as seguintes autoridades:
Vossa Senhoria é empregado para as demais autoridades
a) do Poder Executivo: e para particulares. O vocativo adequado é:
Presidente da República; Senhor Fulano de Tal,
Vice-Presidente da República; (...)
Ministros de Estado;
Governadores e Vice-Governadores de Estado e do Distrito No envelope, deve constar do endereçamento:
Federal;
Oficiais-Generais das Forças Armadas; Ao Senhor
Embaixadores; Fulano de Tal
Secretários-Executivos de Ministérios e demais ocupantes de Rua ABC, nº 123
cargos de natureza especial; 12345-000 – Curitiba. PR
Secretários de Estado dos Governos Estaduais;
Prefeitos Municipais. Como se depreende do exemplo acima, fica dispensado o
emprego do superlativo ilustríssimo para as autoridades que
b) do Poder Legislativo: recebem o tratamento de Vossa Senhoria e para particulares.
Deputados Federais e Senadores; É suficiente o uso do pronome de tratamento Senhor.
Ministros do Tribunal de Contas da União;
Deputados Estaduais e Distritais; Acrescente-se que doutor não é forma de tratamento, e
Conselheiros dos Tribunais de Contas Estaduais; sim título acadêmico. Evite usá-lo indiscriminadamente. Co-
Presidentes das Câmaras Legislativas Municipais. mo regra geral, empregue-o apenas em comunicações dirigi-
das a pessoas que tenham tal grau por terem concluído curso
c) do Poder Judiciário: universitário de doutorado.
Ministros dos Tribunais Superiores;
Membros de Tribunais; É costume designar por doutor os bacharéis, especial-
Juízes; mente os bacharéis em Direito e em Medicina. Nos demais
Auditores da Justiça Militar. casos, o tratamento Senhor confere a desejada formalidade
às comunicações.
O vocativo a ser empregado em comunicações dirigidas
aos Chefes de Poder é Excelentíssimo Senhor, seguido do Mencionemos, ainda, a forma Vossa Magnificência, em-
cargo respectivo: pregada por força da tradição, em comunicações dirigidas a
reitores de universidade. Corresponde-lhe o vocativo:
Excelentíssimo Senhor Presidente da República,
Excelentíssimo Senhor Presidente do Congresso Nacional, Magnífico Reitor,
Excelentíssimo Senhor Presidente do Supremo Tribunal Fe- (...)
deral.
Os pronomes de tratamento para religiosos, de acordo
As demais autoridades serão tratadas com o vocativo com a hierarquia eclesiástica, são:
Senhor, seguido do cargo respectivo: Vossa Santidade, em comunicações dirigidas ao Papa. O
vocativo correspondente é:
Senhor Senador,
Senhor Juiz, Santíssimo Padre,
Senhor Ministro, (...)
Senhor Governador.
Vossa Eminência ou Vossa Eminência Reverendíssima, em
No envelope, o endereçamento das comunicações dirigi- comunicações aos Cardeais. Corresponde-lhe o vocativo:
das às autoridades tratadas por Vossa Excelência, terá a
seguinte forma: Eminentíssimo Senhor Cardeal, ou
Eminentíssimo e Reverendíssimo Senhor Cardeal,
A Sua Excelência o Senhor (...)
Fulano de Tal
Ministro de Estado da Justiça Vossa Excelência Reverendíssima é usado em comunica-
70064-900 – Brasília. DF ções dirigidas a Arcebispos e Bispos; Vossa Reverendíssima
ou Vossa Senhoria Reverendíssima para Monsenhores, Cô-
A Sua Excelência o Senhor negos e superiores religiosos. Vossa Reverência é emprega-
Senador Fulano de Tal do para sacerdotes, clérigos e demais religiosos.
Senado Federal
70165-900 – Brasília. DF
2.2. Fechos para Comunicações

– 73 –
 Língua Portuguesa
O fecho das comunicações oficiais possui, além da finali-
dade óbvia de arrematar o texto, a de saudar o destinatário.
Os modelos para fecho que vinham sendo utilizados foram
regulados pela Portaria nº 1 do Ministério da Justiça, de 1937,
que estabelecia quinze padrões.
Com o fito de simplificá-los e uniformizá-los, este Manual
estabelece o emprego de somente dois fechos diferentes
para todas as modalidades de comunicação oficial:
a) para autoridades superiores, inclusive o Presidente da
República:
Respeitosamente,
b) para autoridades de mesma hierarquia ou de hierarquia
inferior:
Atenciosamente,
Ficam excluídas dessa fórmula as comunicações dirigidas
a autoridades estrangeiras, que atendem a rito e tradição
próprios, devidamente disciplinados no Manual de Redação
do Ministério das Relações Exteriores.
2.3. Identificação do Signatário
Excluídas as comunicações assinadas pelo Presidente da
República, todas as demais comunicações oficiais devem
trazer o nome e o cargo da autoridade que as expede, abaixo
do local de sua assinatura. A forma da identificação deve ser
a seguinte:
(espaço para assinatura)
NOME
Chefe da Secretaria-Geral da Presidência da República
(espaço para assinatura)
NOME
Ministro de Estado da Justiça
Para evitar equívocos, recomenda-se não deixar a assina-
tura em página isolada do expediente. Transfira para essa
página ao menos a última frase anterior ao fecho.
3. O Padrão Ofício
Há três tipos de expedientes que se diferenciam antes
pela finalidade do que pela forma: o ofício, o aviso e o memo-
rando. Com o fito de uniformizá-los, pode-se adotar uma
diagramação única, que siga o que chamamos de padrão
ofício.
3.1. Partes do documento no Padrão Ofício
O aviso, o ofício e o memorando devem conter as seguin-
tes partes:
a) tipo e número do expediente, seguido da sigla do órgão
que o expede:
Exemplos:
Mem. 123/2002-MF
Aviso 123/2002-SG
Of. 123/2002-MME
b) local e data em que foi assinado, por extenso, com alinha-
mento à direita:
Exemplo:
Brasília, 15 de março de 1991.
c) assunto: resumo do teor do documento
Exemplos:
– 74 –
Assunto: Produtividade do órgão em 2002.
Assunto: Necessidade de aquisição de novos computado-
res.
d) destinatário: o nome e o cargo da pessoa a quem é dirigida
a comunicação. No caso do ofício deve ser incluído também
o endereço.
e) texto: nos casos em que não for de mero encaminhamento
de documentos, o expediente deve conter a seguinte estrutu-
ra:
– introdução, que se confunde com o parágrafo de abertura,
na qual é apresentado o assunto que motiva a comunicação.
Evite o uso das formas: “Tenho a honra de”, “Tenho o prazer
de”, “Cumpre-me informar que”, empregue a forma direta;
– desenvolvimento, no qual o assunto é detalhado; se o
texto contiver mais de uma ideia sobre o assunto, elas devem
ser tratadas em parágrafos distintos, o que confere maior
clareza à exposição;
– conclusão, em que é reafirmada ou simplesmente reapre-
sentada a posição recomendada sobre o assunto.
Os parágrafos do texto devem ser numerados, exceto nos
casos em que estes estejam organizados em itens ou títulos
e subtítulos.
Já quando se tratar de mero encaminhamento de docu-
mentos a estrutura é a seguinte:
– introdução: deve iniciar com referência ao expediente que
solicitou o encaminhamento. Se a remessa do documento
não tiver sido solicitada, deve iniciar com a informação do
motivo da comunicação, que é encaminhar, indicando a se-
guir os dados completos do documento encaminhado (tipo,
data, origem ou signatário, e assunto de que trata), e a razão
pela qual está sendo encaminhado, segundo a seguinte fór-
mula:
“Em resposta ao Aviso nº 12, de 1º de fevereiro de 1991,
encaminho, anexa, cópia do Ofício nº 34, de 3 de abril de
1990, do Departamento Geral de Administração, que trata da
requisição do servidor Fulano de Tal.”
ou
“Encaminho, para exame e pronunciamento, a anexa
cópia do telegrama nº 12, de 1º de fevereiro de 1991, do
Presidente da Confederação Nacional de Agricultura, a res-
peito de projeto de modernização de técnicas agrícolas na
região Nordeste.”
– desenvolvimento: se o autor da comunicação desejar
fazer algum comentário a respeito do documento que enca-
minha, poderá acrescentar parágrafos de desenvolvimento;
em caso contrário, não há parágrafos de desenvolvimento em
aviso ou ofício de mero encaminhamento.
f) fecho;
g) assinatura do autor da comunicação; e
h) identificação do signatário.
3.2. Forma de diagramação
Os documentos do Padrão Ofício devem obedecer à
seguinte forma de apresentação:
a) deve ser utilizada fonte do tipo Times New Roman de cor-
po 12 no texto em geral, 11 nas citações, e 10 nas notas de
rodapé;
 Língua Portuguesa
b) para símbolos não existentes na fonte Times New Roman
poder-se-á utilizar as fontes Symbol e Wingdings;
c) é obrigatório constar a partir da segunda página o número
da página;
d) os ofícios, memorandos e anexos destes poderão ser
impressos em ambas as faces do papel. Neste caso, as mar-
gens esquerda e direita terão as distâncias invertidas nas
páginas pares (“margem espelho”);
e) o início de cada parágrafo do texto deve ter 2,5 cm de
distância da margem esquerda;
f) o campo destinado à margem lateral esquerda terá, no
mínimo, 3,0 cm de largura;
g) o campo destinado à margem lateral direita terá 1,5 cm;
h) deve ser utilizado espaçamento simples entre as linhas e
de 6 pontos após cada parágrafo, ou, se o editor de texto
utilizado não comportar tal recurso, de uma linha em branco;
i) não deve haver abuso no uso de negrito, itálico, sublinhado,
letras maiúsculas, sombreado, sombra, relevo, bordas ou
qualquer outra forma de formatação que afete a elegância e a
sobriedade do documento;
j) a impressão dos textos deve ser feita na cor preta em papel
branco. A impressão colorida deve ser usada apenas para
gráficos e ilustrações;
l) todos os tipos de documentos do Padrão Ofício devem ser
impressos em papel de tamanho A-4, ou seja, 29,7 x 21,0 cm;
m) deve ser utilizado, preferencialmente, o formato de arquivo
Rich Text nos documentos de texto;
n) dentro do possível, todos os documentos elaborados de-
vem ter o arquivo de texto preservado para consulta posterior
ou aproveitamento de trechos para casos análogos;
o) para facilitar a localização, os nomes dos arquivos devem
ser formados da seguinte maneira:
tipo do documento + número do documento +
palavras-chaves do conteúdo
Ex.: “Of. 123 - relatório produtividade ano 2002”
3.3. Aviso e Ofício
3.3.1. Definição e Finalidade
Aviso e ofício são modalidades de comunicação oficial
praticamente idênticas.
A única diferença entre eles é que o aviso é expedido
exclusivamente por Ministros de Estado, para autoridades de
mesma hierarquia, ao passo que o ofício é expedido para e
pelas demais autoridades.
Ambos têm como finalidade o tratamento de assuntos
oficiais pelos órgãos da Administração Pública entre si e, no
caso do ofício, também com particulares.
3.3.2. Forma e Estrutura
Quanto a sua forma, aviso e ofício seguem o modelo do
padrão ofício, com acréscimo do vocativo, que invoca o des-
tinatário, seguido de vírgula.
Exemplos:
Excelentíssimo Senhor Presidente da República
Senhora Ministra
Senhor Chefe de Gabinete
Devem constar do cabeçalho ou do rodapé do ofício as
seguintes informações do remetente:
– nome do órgão ou setor;
– endereço postal;
– 75 –
– telefone e endereço de correio eletrônico.
Exemplo de ofício:
[Ministério]
[Secretaria/Departamento/Setor/Entidade]
[Endereço para correspondência].
5 cm [Endereço - continuação]
[Telefone e Endereço de Correio Eletrônico]
Ofício nº 524/1991/SG-PR
Brasília, 27 de maio de 1991.
A Sua Excelência o Senhor
Deputado [Nome]
Câmara dos Deputados
70.160-900 – Brasília – DF
3 cm
Assunto: Demarcação de terras indígenas
Senhor Deputado,
2,5 cm
1. Em complemento às observações
transmitidas pelo telegrama nº 154, de 24 de
abril último, informo Vossa Excelência de que as me-
didas mencionadas em sua carta nº 6708, dirigida ao
Senhor Presidente da República, estão amparadas
pelo procedimento administrativo de demarcação de
terras indígenas instituído pelo Decreto nº 22, de 4
de fevereiro de 1991 (cópia anexa).
2. Em sua comunicação, Vossa Excelên-
cia ressalva a necessidade de que – na definição e
demarcação das terras indígenas – fossem levadas
em consideração as características socioeconômicas
regionais.
3. Nos termos do Decreto nº 22, a de-
marcação de terras indígenas deverá ser
3,5 cm
precedida de estudos e levantamentos técnicos que
atendam ao disposto no art. 231, § 1º, da Constituição
Federal. Os estudos deverão incluir os aspectos etno-
históricos, sociológicos, cartográficos e fundiários. O
exame deste último aspecto deverá ser feito conjun-
tamente com o órgão federal ou estadual competente.
4. Os órgãos públicos federais, estadu-
ais e municipais deverão encaminhar as informações
que julgarem pertinentes sobre a área em estudo. É
igualmente assegurada a manifestação de entidades
representativas da sociedade civil.
5. Os estudos técnicos elaborados pelo
órgão federal de proteção ao índio serão publicados
juntamente com as informações recebidas dos órgãos
públicos e das entidades civis acima mencionadas.
6. Como Vossa Excelência pode verificar, o
procedimento estabelecido assegura que a decisão a
ser baixada pelo Ministro de Estado da Justiça sobre
os limites e a demarcação de terras indígenas seja in-
formada de todos os elementos necessários, inclusive
daqueles assinalados em sua carta, com a necessária
transparência e agilidade.
Atenciosamente,
[Nome]
Cargo
 Língua Portuguesa
Exemplo de aviso:
5 cm
Aviso no 45/SCT-PR
Brasília, 27 de fevereiro de 1991.
A Sua Excelência o Senhor
[Nome e cargo]
Assunto: Seminário sobre uso de energia no
setor público.
Senhor Ministro,
2,5 cm
Convido Vossa Excelência a parti-
cipar da sessão de abertura do Primeiro Seminá-
rio Regional sobre o Uso Eficiente de Energia no
Setor Público, a ser realizado em 5 de março
próximo, às 9 horas, no auditório da Escola Na-
cional de Administração Pública – ENAP, locali-
zada no Setor de Áreas Isoladas Sul, nesta capi-
tal.
O Seminário mencionado inclui-se nas
atividades do Programa Nacional das Comissões
Internas de Conservação de Energia em Órgão
Públicos, instituído pelo
Decreto no 99.656, de 26 de outubro de 1990.
Atenciosamente,
[nome do signatário]
[cargo do signatário]
3.4. Memorando
3.4.1. Definição e Finalidade
O memorando é a modalidade de comunicação entre
unidades administrativas de um mesmo órgão, que podem
estar hierarquicamente em mesmo nível ou em níveis diferen-
tes. Trata-se, portanto, de uma forma de comunicação
eminentemente interna.
Pode ter caráter meramente administrativo, ou ser empre-
gado para a exposição de projetos, ideias, diretrizes, etc. a
serem adotados por determinado setor do serviço público.
Sua característica principal é a agilidade. A tramitação do
memorando em qualquer órgão deve pautar-se pela rapidez e
pela simplicidade de procedimentos burocráticos. Para evitar
desnecessário aumento do número de comunicações, os
despachos ao memorando devem ser dados no próprio do-
cumento e, no caso de falta de espaço, em folha de continua-
ção. Esse procedimento permite formar uma espécie de pro-
cesso simplificado, assegurando maior transparência à toma-
da de decisões, e permitindo que se historie o andamento da
matéria tratada no memorando.
3.4.2. Forma e Estrutura
Quanto a sua forma, o memorando segue o modelo do
padrão ofício, com a diferença de que o seu destinatário deve
ser mencionado pelo cargo que ocupa.
Exemplos:
Ao Sr. Chefe do Departamento de Administração
Ao Sr. Subchefe para Assuntos Jurídicos
– 76 –
Exemplo de Memorando:
5 cm
Mem. 118/DJ
Em 12 de abril de 1991
Ao Sr. Chefe do Departamento de Administração
Assunto: Administração. Instalação de microcom-
putadores
1. Nos termos do Plano Geral de informati-
zação, solicito a Vossa Senhoria verificar a possibili-
dade de que sejam instalados três microcomputadores
neste Departamento.
2 Sem descer a maiores detalhes técnicos,
acrescento, apenas, que o ideal seria que o equipa-
mento fosse dotado de disco rígido e de monitor pa-
drão EGA. Quanto a programas, haveria necessidade
de dois tipos: um processador de textos, e outro ge-
renciador de banco de dados.
3 cm
3. O treinamento de pessoal para operação
dos micros poderia ficar a cargo da Seção de Treina-
mento do Departamento de Modernização, cuja chefia
já manifestou seu acordo a respeito.
4. Devo mencionar, por fim, que a informati-
zação dos trabalhos deste Departamento ensejará ra-
cional distribuição de tarefas entre os servidores e,
sobretudo, uma melhoria na qualidade dos serviços
prestados.
Atenciosamente,
[nome do signatário]
[cargo do signatário]
4. Exposição de Motivos
4.1. Definição e Finalidade
Exposição de motivos é o expediente dirigido ao Presi-
dente da República ou ao Vice-Presidente para:
a) informá-lo de determinado assunto;
b) propor alguma medida; ou
c) submeter a sua consideração projeto de ato normativo.
Em regra, a exposição de motivos é dirigida ao Presidente
da República por um Ministro de Estado.
Nos casos em que o assunto tratado envolva mais de um
Ministério, a exposição de motivos deverá ser assinada por
todos os Ministros envolvidos, sendo, por essa razão, cha-
mada de interministerial.
4.2. Forma e Estrutura
Formalmente, a exposição de motivos tem a apresenta-
ção do padrão ofício. O anexo que acompanha a exposição
de motivos que proponha alguma medida ou apresente proje-
to de ato normativo, segue o modelo descrito adiante.
 Língua Portuguesa
A exposição de motivos, de acordo com sua finalidade,
apresenta duas formas básicas de estrutura: uma para aque-
la que tenha caráter exclusivamente informativo e outra para
a que proponha alguma medida ou submeta projeto de ato
normativo.
No primeiro caso, o da exposição de motivos que sim-
plesmente leva algum assunto ao conhecimento do Presiden-
te da República, sua estrutura segue o modelo antes referido
para o padrão ofício.
Exemplo de Exposição de Motivos de caráter informativo:
5 cm
EM nº 00146/1991-MRE
Brasília, 24 de maio de 1991.
5 cm
Excelentíssimo Senhor Presidente da República.
1,5 cm
O Presidente George Bush anunciou, no último dia
13, significativa mudança da posição norte-
americana nas negociações que se realizam – na
Conferência do Desarmamento, em Genebra – de
uma convenção multilateral de proscrição total das
armas químicas. Ao renunciar à manutenção de
cerca de dois por cento de seu arsenal químico até
a adesão à convenção de todos os países em
condições de produzir armas químicas, os Estados
Unidos reaproximaram sua postura da maioria dos
quarenta países participantes do processo negoci-
ador, inclusive o Brasil, abrindo possibilidades
concretas de que o tratado venha a ser concluído
e assinado em prazo de cerca de um ano. (...)
1 cm
Respeitosamente,
2,5cm
[Nome]
[cargo]
Já a exposição de motivos que submeta à consideração
do Presidente da República a sugestão de alguma medida a
ser adotada ou a que lhe apresente projeto de ato normativo
– embora sigam também a estrutura do padrão ofício –, além
de outros comentários julgados pertinentes por seu autor,
devem, obrigatoriamente, apontar:
a) na introdução: o problema que está a reclamar a adoção
da medida ou do ato normativo proposto;
b) no desenvolvimento: o porquê de ser aquela medida ou
aquele ato normativo o ideal para se solucionar o problema, e
eventuais alternativas existentes para equacioná-lo;
c) na conclusão, novamente, qual medida deve ser tomada,
ou qual ato normativo deve ser editado para solucionar o
problema.
– 77 –
Deve, ainda, trazer apenso o formulário de anexo à expo-
sição de motivos, devidamente preenchido, de acordo com o
seguinte modelo previsto no Anexo II do Decreto no 4.176, de
28 de março de 2002.
Anexo à Exposição de Motivos do (indicar nome do Minis-
tério ou órgão equivalente) nº , de de de 200 .
1 . Síntese do problema ou da situação que reclama provi-
dências
2. Soluções e providências contidas no ato normativo ou na
medida proposta
3. Alternativas existentes às medidas propostas
Mencionar:
• se há outro projeto do Executivo sobre a matéria;
• se há projetos sobre a matéria no Legislativo;
• outras possibilidades de resolução do problema.
4. Custos
Mencionar:
• se a despesa decorrente da medida está prevista na lei
orçamentária anual; se não, quais as alternativas para cus-
teá-la;
• se é o caso de solicitar-se abertura de crédito extraordiná-
rio, especial ou suplementar;
• valor a ser despendido em moeda corrente.
5. Razões que justificam a urgência (a ser preenchido somen-
te se o ato proposto for medida provisória ou projeto de lei
que deva tramitar em regime de urgência)
Mencionar:
• se o problema configura calamidade pública;
• por que é indispensável a vigência imediata;
• se se trata de problema cuja causa ou agravamento não
tenham sido previstos;
• se se trata de desenvolvimento extraordinário de situação
já prevista.
6. Impacto sobre o meio ambiente (sempre que o ato ou me-
dida proposta possa vir a tê-lo)
7. Alterações propostas
Texto atual Texto proposto
8. Síntese do parecer do órgão jurídico
A falta ou insuficiência das informações prestadas pode
acarretar, a critério da Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos da
Casa Civil, a devolução do projeto de ato normativo para que
se complete o exame ou se reformule a proposta.
 Língua Portuguesa
O preenchimento obrigatório do anexo para as exposições
de motivos que proponham a adoção de alguma medida ou a
edição de ato normativo tem como finalidade:
a) permitir a adequada reflexão sobre o problema que se
busca resolver;
b) ensejar mais profunda avaliação das diversas causas do
problema e dos efeitos que pode ter a adoção da medida ou
a edição do ato, em consonância com as questões que de-
vem ser analisadas na elaboração de proposições normativas
no âmbito do Poder Executivo;
c) conferir perfeita transparência aos atos propostos.
Dessa forma, ao atender às questões que devem ser
analisadas na elaboração de atos normativos no âmbito do
Poder Executivo, o texto da exposição de motivos e seu ane-
xo complementam-se e formam um todo coeso: no anexo,
encontramos uma avaliação profunda e direta de toda a situ-
ação que está a reclamar a adoção de certa providência ou a
edição de um ato normativo; o problema a ser enfrentado e
suas causas; a solução que se propõe, seus efeitos e seus
custos; e as alternativas existentes. O texto da exposição de
motivos fica, assim, reservado à demonstração da necessi-
dade da providência proposta: por que deve ser adotada e
como resolverá o problema.
Nos casos em que o ato proposto for questão de pessoal
(nomeação, promoção, ascensão, transferência, readapta-
ção, reversão, aproveitamento, reintegração, recondução,
remoção, exoneração, demissão, dispensa, disponibilidade,
aposentadoria), não é necessário o encaminhamento do
formulário de anexo à exposição de motivos.
Ressalte-se que:
– a síntese do parecer do órgão de assessoramento jurídico
não dispensa o encaminhamento do parecer completo;
– o tamanho dos campos do anexo à exposição de motivos
pode ser alterado de acordo com a maior ou menor extensão
dos comentários a serem ali incluídos.
Ao elaborar uma exposição de motivos, tenha presente
que a atenção aos requisitos básicos da redação oficial (cla-
reza, concisão, impessoalidade, formalidade, padronização e
uso do padrão culto de linguagem) deve ser redobrada.
A exposição de motivos é a principal modalidade de co-
municação dirigida ao Presidente da República pelos Minis-
tros.
Além disso, pode, em certos casos, ser encaminhada
cópia ao Congresso Nacional ou ao Poder Judiciário ou,
ainda, ser publicada no Diário Oficial da União, no todo ou em
parte.
5. Mensagem
5.1. Definição e Finalidade
É o instrumento de comunicação oficial entre os Chefes
dos Poderes Públicos, notadamente as mensagens enviadas
pelo Chefe do Poder Executivo ao Poder Legislativo para
informar sobre fato da Administração Pública; expor o plano
de governo por ocasião da abertura de sessão legislativa;
submeter ao Congresso Nacional matérias que dependem de
deliberação de suas Casas; apresentar veto; enfim, fazer e
agradecer comunicações de tudo quanto seja de interesse
dos poderes públicos e da Nação.
Minuta de mensagem pode ser encaminhada pelos Minis-
térios à Presidência da República, a cujas assessorias caberá
a redação final.
– 78 –
As mensagens mais usuais do Poder Executivo ao Con-
gresso Nacional têm as seguintes finalidades:
a) encaminhamento de projeto de lei ordinária, comple-
mentar ou financeira.
Os projetos de lei ordinária ou complementar são envia-
dos em regime normal (Constituição, art. 61) ou de urgência
(Constituição, art. 64, §§ 1º a 4º).
Cabe lembrar que o projeto pode ser encaminhado sob o
regime normal e mais tarde ser objeto de nova mensagem,
com solicitação de urgência.
Em ambos os casos, a mensagem se dirige aos Membros
do Congresso Nacional, mas é encaminhada com aviso do
Chefe da Casa Civil da Presidência da República ao Primeiro
Secretário da Câmara dos Deputados, para que tenha início
sua tramitação (Constituição, art. 64, caput).
Quanto aos projetos de lei financeira (que compreendem
plano plurianual, diretrizes orçamentárias, orçamentos anuais
e créditos adicionais), as mensagens de encaminhamento
dirigem-se aos Membros do Congresso Nacional, e os res-
pectivos avisos são endereçados ao Primeiro Secretário do
Senado Federal.
A razão é que o art. 166 da Constituição impõe a delibe-
ração congressual sobre as leis financeiras em sessão con-
junta, mais precisamente, “na forma do regimento comum”. E
à frente da Mesa do Congresso Nacional está o Presidente
do Senado Federal (Constituição, art. 57, § 5º), que comanda
as sessões conjuntas.
As mensagens aqui tratadas coroam o processo desen-
volvido no âmbito do Poder Executivo, que abrange minucio-
so exame técnico, jurídico e econômico-financeiro das maté-
rias objeto das proposições por elas encaminhadas.
Tais exames materializam-se em pareceres dos diversos
órgãos interessados no assunto das proposições, entre eles o
da Advocacia-Geral da União.
Mas, na origem das propostas, as análises necessárias
constam da exposição de motivos do órgão onde se geraram
– exposição que acompanhará, por cópia, a mensagem de
encaminhamento ao Congresso.
b) encaminhamento de medida provisória.
Para dar cumprimento ao disposto no art. 62 da Constitui-
ção, o Presidente da República encaminha mensagem ao
Congresso, dirigida a seus membros, com aviso para o Pri-
meiro Secretário do Senado Federal, juntando cópia da me-
dida provisória, autenticada pela Coordenação de Documen-
tação da Presidência da República.
c) indicação de autoridades.
As mensagens que submetem ao Senado Federal a indi-
cação de pessoas para ocuparem determinados cargos (ma-
gistrados dos Tribunais Superiores, Ministros do TCU, Presi-
dentes e Diretores do Banco Central, Procurador-Geral da
República, Chefes de Missão Diplomática, etc.) têm em vista
que a Constituição, no seu art. 52, incisos III e IV, atribui
àquela Casa do Congresso Nacional competência privativa
para aprovar a indicação.
O curriculum vitae do indicado, devidamente assinado,
acompanha a mensagem.
 Língua Portuguesa
d) pedido de autorização para o Presidente ou o Vice-
Presidente da República se ausentarem do País por mais
de 15 dias.
Trata-se de exigência constitucional (Constituição, art. 49,
III, e 83), e a autorização é da competência privativa do Con-
gresso Nacional.
O Presidente da República, tradicionalmente, por cortesia,
quando a ausência é por prazo inferior a 15 dias, faz uma
comunicação a cada Casa do Congresso, enviando-lhes
mensagens idênticas.
e) encaminhamento de atos de concessão e renovação
de concessão de emissoras de rádio e TV.
A obrigação de submeter tais atos à apreciação do Con-
gresso Nacional consta no inciso XII do artigo 49 da Constitu-
ição. Somente produzirão efeitos legais a outorga ou renova-
ção da concessão após deliberação do Congresso Nacional
(Constituição, art. 223, § 3º).
Descabe pedir na mensagem a urgência prevista no art.
64 da Constituição, porquanto o § 1º do art. 223 já define o
prazo da tramitação.
Além do ato de outorga ou renovação, acompanha a
mensagem o correspondente processo administrativo.
f) encaminhamento das contas referentes ao exercício
anterior.
O Presidente da República tem o prazo de sessenta dias
após a abertura da sessão legislativa para enviar ao Con-
gresso Nacional as contas referentes ao exercício anterior
(Constituição, art. 84, XXIV), para exame e parecer da Co-
missão Mista permanente (Constituição, art. 166, § 1º), sob
pena de a Câmara dos Deputados realizar a tomada de con-
tas (Constituição, art. 51, II), em procedimento disciplinado no
art. 215 do seu Regimento Interno.
g) mensagem de abertura da sessão legislativa.
Ela deve conter o plano de governo, exposição sobre a
situação do País e solicitação de providências que julgar
necessárias (Constituição, art. 84, XI).
O portador da mensagem é o Chefe da Casa Civil da
Presidência da República. Esta mensagem difere das demais
porque vai encadernada e é distribuída a todos os Congres-
sistas em forma de livro.
h) comunicação de sanção (com restituição de autógra-
fos).
Esta mensagem é dirigida aos Membros do Congresso
Nacional, encaminhada por Aviso ao Primeiro Secretário da
Casa onde se originaram os autógrafos.
Nela se informa o número que tomou a lei e se restituem
dois exemplares dos três autógrafos recebidos, nos quais o
Presidente da República terá aposto o despacho de sanção.
i) comunicação de veto.
Dirigida ao Presidente do Senado Federal (Constituição,
art. 66, § 1º), a mensagem informa sobre a decisão de vetar,
se o veto é parcial, quais as disposições vetadas, e as razões
do veto. Seu texto vai publicado na íntegra no Diário Oficial
da União, ao contrário das demais mensagens, cuja publica-
ção se restringe à notícia do seu envio ao Poder Legislativo.
– 79 –
j) outras mensagens.
Também são remetidas ao Legislativo com regular fre-
quência mensagens com:
– encaminhamento de atos internacionais que acarretam
encargos ou compromissos gravosos (Constituição, art. 49, I);
– pedido de estabelecimento de alíquotas aplicáveis às ope-
rações e prestações interestaduais e de exportação (Consti-
tuição, art. 155, § 2º, IV);
– proposta de fixação de limites globais para o montante da
dívida consolidada (Constituição, art. 52, VI);
– pedido de autorização para operações financeiras externas
(Constituição, art. 52, V); e outros.
Entre as mensagens menos comuns estão as de:
– convocação extraordinária do Congresso Nacional (Consti-
tuição, art. 57, § 6º);
– pedido de autorização para exonerar o Procurador-Geral da
República (art. 52, XI, e 128, § 2º);
– pedido de autorização para declarar guerra e decretar mo-
bilização nacional (Constituição, art. 84, XIX);
– pedido de autorização ou referendo para celebrar a paz
(Constituição, art. 84, XX);
– justificativa para decretação do estado de defesa ou de sua
prorrogação (Constituição, art. 136, § 4º);
– pedido de autorização para decretar o estado de sítio
(Constituição, art. 137);
– relato das medidas praticadas na vigência do estado de
sítio ou de defesa (Constituição, art. 141, parágrafo único);
– proposta de modificação de projetos de leis financeiras
(Constituição, art. 166, § 5º);
– pedido de autorização para utilizar recursos que ficarem
sem despesas correspondentes, em decorrência de veto,
emenda ou rejeição do projeto de lei orçamentária anual
(Constituição, art. 166, § 8º);
– pedido de autorização para alienar ou conceder terras pú-
blicas com área superior a 2.500 ha (Constituição, art. 188, §
1º); etc.
5.2. Forma e Estrutura
As mensagens contêm:
a) a indicação do tipo de expediente e de seu número, hori-
zontalmente, no início da margem esquerda:
Mensagem nº
b) vocativo, de acordo com o pronome de tratamento e o
cargo do destinatário, horizontalmente, no início da margem
esquerda;
Excelentíssimo Senhor Presidente do Senado
Federal,
c) o texto, iniciando a 2 cm do vocativo;
d) o local e a data, verticalmente a 2 cm do final do texto, e
horizontalmente fazendo coincidir seu final com a margem
direita.
A mensagem, como os demais atos assinados pelo Presi-
dente da República, não traz identificação de seu signatário.
 Língua Portuguesa
Exemplo de mensagem:
5 cm
Mensagem no 118
4 cm
Excelentíssimo Senhor Presidente do
Senado Federal,
2 cm
3 cm
Comunico a Vossa Excelência o recebi-
o
mento das Mensagens SM n 106 a 110, de
1991, nas quais informo a promulgação dos
os
Decretos Legislativos n 93 a 97, de 1991, re-
lativos à exploração de serviços de radiodifu-
são.
2 cm
Brasília, 28 de março de 1991.
6. Telegrama
6.1. Definição e Finalidade
Com o fito de uniformizar a terminologia e simplificar os
procedimentos burocráticos, passa a receber o título de tele-
grama toda comunicação oficial expedida por meio de tele-
grafia, telex, etc.
Por tratar-se de forma de comunicação dispendiosa aos
cofres públicos e tecnologicamente superada, deve restringir-
se o uso do telegrama apenas àquelas situações que não
seja possível o uso de correio eletrônico ou fax e que a ur-
gência justifique sua utilização e, também em razão de seu
custo elevado, esta forma de comunicação deve pautar-se
pela concisão.
6.2. Forma e Estrutura
Não há padrão rígido, devendo-se seguir a forma e a
estrutura dos formulários disponíveis nas agências dos Cor-
reios e em seu sítio na Internet.
7. Fax
7.1. Definição e Finalidade
O fax (forma abreviada já consagrada de fac-simile) é
uma forma de comunicação que está sendo menos usada
devido ao desenvolvimento da Internet.
É utilizado para a transmissão de mensagens urgentes e
para o envio antecipado de documentos, de cujo conheci-
mento há premência, quando não há condições de envio do
documento por meio eletrônico.
Quando necessário o original, ele segue posteriormente
pela via e na forma de praxe.
Se necessário o arquivamento, deve-se fazê-lo com cópia
xerox do fax e não com o próprio fax, cujo papel, em certos
modelos, se deteriora rapidamente.
– 80 –
7.2. Forma e Estrutura
Os documentos enviados por fax mantêm a forma e a
estrutura que lhes são inerentes. É conveniente o envio,
juntamente com o documento principal, de folha de rosto, i.
é., de pequeno formulário com os dados de identificação da
mensagem a ser enviada.
Exemplo:
Órgão Expedidor]
[setor do órgão expedidor]
[endereço do órgão expedidor]
_____________________________________________________
Destinatário:__________________________________________
No do fax de destino:_______________Data:____/_____/____
Remetente: __________________________________________
Tel. p/ contato:__________Fax/correio eletrônico:__________
Nº de páginas: esta +________Nº do documento:__________
Observações:_________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
8. Correio Eletrônico
8.1 Definição e finalidade
O correio eletrônico (“e-mail”), por seu baixo custo e cele-
ridade, transformou-se na principal forma de comunicação
para transmissão de documentos.
8.2. Forma e Estrutura
Um dos atrativos de comunicação por correio eletrônico é
sua flexibilidade.
Assim, não interessa definir forma rígida para sua estrutu-
ra.
Entretanto, deve-se evitar o uso de linguagem incompatí-
vel com uma comunicação oficial.
O campo assunto do formulário de correio eletrônico
mensagem deve ser preenchido de modo a facilitar a organi-
zação documental tanto do destinatário quanto do remetente.
Para os arquivos anexados à mensagem deve ser utiliza-
do, preferencialmente, o formato Rich Text.
A mensagem que encaminha algum arquivo deve trazer
informações mínimas sobre seu conteúdo.
Sempre que disponível, deve-se utilizar recurso de con-
firmação de leitura.
Caso não seja disponível, deve constar da mensagem
pedido de confirmação de recebimento.
8.3 Valor documental
Nos termos da legislação em vigor, para que a mensagem
de correio eletrônico tenha valor documental, i. é, para que
possa ser aceita como documento original, é necessário
existir certificação digital que ateste a identidade do remeten-
te, na forma estabelecida em lei.
SITES PESQUISADOS
http://www.redacaooficial.com.br/
www.planalto.gov.br.
 Língua Portuguesa
EXERCÍCIOS
EXERCÍCIOS FINAIS

ANALISE OS EXERCÍCIOS, A SEGUIR, ESCREVENDO (C)

PARA CERTO E (E) PARA ERRADO: Questão 1

A rua diferente
1 – Quanto ao Manual de Redação da Presidência da
República: Na minha rua estão cortando árvores
botando trilho
A ( ) regulamenta as normas de redação de atos e comuni- construindo casas.
cações oficiais. Minha rua acordou mudada.
B( ) demonstra os aspectos essenciais da Redação Ofici- Os vizinhos não se conformam.
al, padronizando sua diagramação. Eles não sabem que a vida
C( ) possibilita a reflexão sobre questões como a identifi- tem dessas exigências brutas.
cação clara do problema que motiva um ato ou comunicação. Só minha filha goza o espetáculo
D ( ) contribui para a consolidação de uma cultura adminis- e se diverte com os andaimes,
trativa de profissionalização dos servidores públicos. a luz da solda autógena
E( ) está dividido em Redação Oficial e Língua Portugue- e o cimento escorrendo nas formas.
sa. (Carlos Drummond de Andrade).

2 – Quanto à Redação Oficial: 1 ( ) No texto, há narrador- personagem.

A ( ) deve caracterizar-se pela pessoalidade. 2 ( ) Em “Eles não sabem que a vida tem dessas exigên-
B( ) não há lugar na redação oficial para impressões pes- cias
soais. brutas”,a oração destacada é subordinada substantiva obje-
C( ) não impõe certos parâmetros ao uso que se faz da tiva direta.
língua. 3( ) A palavra “autógena” é proparoxítona, assim como
D( ) atende à disposição constitucional, a forma dos atos “exigências”.
normativos obedece a certa tradição. 4 ( ) Em “estão cortando” há uma locução verbal.
E( ) fazemos uso da impessoalidade. 5 ( ) “Só minha filha...”, a palavra “só” quando equivale a
“somente” é advérbio.

3 – Quanto às comunicações oficiais:

Questão 2
A ( ) Usa- se o vocativo Senhor para o tratamento do Presi-
dente da República. DESENCANTO
B( ) Em comunicações oficiais, está abolido o uso do tra-
tamento digníssimo (DD). Eu faço versos como quem chora
C ( ) no fecho das comunicações oficiais, usa-se para auto- De desalento... de desencanto...
ridades superiores, inclusive o Presidente da República Aten- Fecha o meu livro, se por agora
ciosamente. Não tens motivo nenhum de pranto.
D( ) todas as demais comunicações oficiais devem trazer Meu verso é sangue. Volúpia ardente
o nome e o cargo da autoridade que as expede inclusive Tristeza esparsa... remorso vão...
aquelas assinadas pelo Presidente da República. Dói-me nas veias. Amargo e quente,
E( ) O fecho das comunicações oficiais possui, além da Cai, gota a gota, do coração.
finalidade óbvia de arrematar o texto, a de saudar o destina- E nestes versos de angústia rouca
tário. Assim dos lábios a vida corre,
Deixando um acre sabor na boca.
– Eu faço versos como quem morre.
(Manuel Bandeira)

1 ( ) Em “Fecha o meu livro...”, o verbo está na 3ª pessoa

do singular do modo imperativo.
2 ( ) Ocorre próclise em “Dói-me nas veias...”.
RESPOSTAS 3 ( ) “Amargo” e “quente” são adjetivos.
4 ( ) O primeiro verso do poema é um período composto por
Ques- subordinação, assim dividida: “Eu faço versos...” – oração
tões 1 2 3 principal; “... como quem chora.” Oração subordinada ad-
I A C E E verbial comparativa.
T B C C C 5 ( ) O vocábulo “vão” no segundo verso da segunda estro-
E C C E E fe é um adjetivo.
N D C C E
S E E C C Questão 3

Jerônimo era alto, espadaúdo, construção de touro, pes-

coço de Hércules, punho de quebrar coco com um murro: era
a força tranquila, o pulso de chumbo. O outro, franzino, um
palmo mais baixo que o português, pernas e braços secos,

– 81 –
 Língua Portuguesa
agilidade de maracajá; era a força nervosa; era o arrebata-
mento que tudo desbarata no sobressalto do primeiro instan-
te. Um, sólido e resistente; o outro, ligeiro e destemido; mas
ambos corajosos.
(Aluísio Azevedo, O cortiço)
1 ( ) O fragmento do texto de Aluísio de Azevedo é descriti-
vo.
2 ( ) A palavra “tranqüila” letra trema por ter o “u” pronun-
ciado e seguido de “i”.
3 ( ) Há hiato em “primeiro” e “touro”.
4 ( ) “...mas ambos corajosos”, a palavra destacada é con-
junção coordenativa alternativa.
5 ( ) O ponto – e – vírgula foi usado no último período para
separar orações coordenadas explicativas.
Questão 4
Tinta francesa para cegos
Quando se ensina um cego ou deficiente visual a dese-
nhar formas geométricas ou mapas, o método braile é inútil: é
precioso recorrer a uma máquina chamada thermoform, es-
pécie de xerox que faz cópias em relevo, mas é cara e repro-
duz mal as figuras. A thermoform logo poderá ser aposentada
graças a um educador francês que inventou uma caneta cuja
tinta deixa sobre o papel um traço com 1 milímetro de relevo,
portanto reconhecível ao toque. A tinta é carregada com uma
massa que reage ao calor. Assim, o desenhista faz a figura
normalmente e depois a aproxima de uma lâmpada. Instanta-
neamente os traços ganham relevo. A invenção ainda é des-
conhecida no Brasil, onde todo material de desenhos para
cegos, com indicações em relevo, tem de ser importado.
(Superinteressante. n. 10)
1 ( ) O material de desenhos para cegos é facilmente en-
contrado.
2 ( ) O método braile é inútil quando se ensina desenho aos
cegos porque não lida com formas geométricas, mapas, de-
senhos, etc.
3 ( ) A palavra “desenhista” é um substantivo derivado.
4 ( ) “Instantaneamente” é advérbio de tempo.
5 ( ) A palavra “francês” é acentuada por ser oxítona ter-
minada em “e”.
4( ) A estrela fica triste por causa da história da lua.
5( ) Podemos afirmar que o poema é narrativo.
Questão 6
NO JARDIM
O pálido rosto à sombra, uma lagartixa que comeu mosca,
José cochila ao sol. Os copos - de- leite estão quietos como
túmulos brancos. Que sede! Suor frio na testa, coça o queixo,
puxa, é quase uma barba! A mãe surge à porta:
– Quer entrar, meu filho?
A vida escorre na ponta dos dedos. Um copo d'água,
mãe. O cacto desfalece de calor. Com mais sede ele morre
mais um pouquinho. Brincam as sombras ao pé do muro que
nem canteiro de gatos.
– Água, meu filho.
Bebe até a última gota e pisca o olho esquerdo para a
mãe, que lhe afaga o cabelo.
Está melhor?
A cigarra anuncia o incêndio de uma rosa encarnada.
Nuvens brancas enxugam no arame do quintal. E o filho dor-
me, uma lágrima suspensa dos olhos, sem rolar pelo bigodi-
nho grisalho de lagartixa.
(Dalton Trevisan)
1 ( ) No texto predomina a descrição.
2 ( ) “... coça o queixo, puxa, é quase uma barba!”. A
palavra destacada é uma interjeição.
3 ( ) “Rosa encarnada” é rosa amarela.
4 ( ) No texto há narrador-personagem.
5 ( ) Os vocábulos “água” e “incêndio” são acentuados
pela mesma regra.
Questão 7

Questão 5 O EXAME

A menininha voltara muito desconsolada:

A lua no cinema
A lua foi ao cinema, – Mas eu acertei tudo papai. Não sei como a professora
passava um filme engraçado, foi me dar zero.
a história de uma estrela
que não tinha namorado. - Vamos ver isso. Qual foi a primeira pergunta?
Não tinha porque era apenas
uma estrela bem pequena, - A professora perguntou se eu sabia quem era Isabel, a
dessas que, quando apagam, Católica.
ninguém vai dizer que pena!
Era uma estrela sozinha, - E o que foi que você escreveu na prova?
ninguém olhava pra ela,
e toda a luz que ela tinha - Escrevi SIM.
cabia numa janela. (Pedro Bloch)
A lua ficou tão triste 1 ( ) O texto foi escrito no discurso indireto.
com aquela história de amor, 2 ( ) “Mas eu acertei tudo, papai”, a vírgula foi usada para
que até hoje a lua insiste: separar o vocativo.
-Amanheça, por favor! 3 ( ) “Menininha” está escrita no grau diminutivo e expres-
(Paulo Leminski) sa afeição.
1 ( ) O poema retrata a solidão das pessoas. 4 ( ) “Primeira” é um numeral cardinal.
2( ) Os seres que vivenciam essa solidão são a lua e a 5 ( ) “Isabel, a Católica”, a vírgula foi usada para separar o
estrela. aposto.
3 ( ) A estrela não tinha namorado por causa de seu mau
humor.

– 82 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Questão 8
ALBERT EINSTEIN
Cientista, filósofo, e humanista, nascido em Ulm, no sul da
Alemanha. Considerado um dos grandes gênios do século
XX. Em 1915, apresentou a revolucionária descoberta da
Teoria Geral da Relatividade. Em 1921 recebeu o prêmio
Nobel de Física. Escreveu vários livros sobre ciência e
filosofia. Viveu em Princeton (USA), onde foi professor.
(1879- 1955).
(Martin Claret)
1 ( ) As aspas usadas em “acrobacias” indicam que é uma
palavra estrangeira.
2 ( ) A palavra “equilíbrio” é acentuada por ser paroxítona
terminada em ditongo crescente.
3 ( ) As palavras “câmera” e “fotográfica” são acentuadas
pela mesma regra.
4 ( ) A regência nominal de “auxílio de” está correta, assim
como “alusão de” e “cuidadoso de”.
5 ( ) A palavra “arrisca” é verbo.
Questão 11
Toada do amor

1( ) A palavra “Nobel” não tem acento gráfico porque é E o amor sempre nessa toada:
oxítona terminada em “e”. briga perdoa perdoa briga.
2 ( ) “Século XX” lê-se “vinte”. Não se deve xingar a vida,
3( ) As palavras “gênios” e “prêmios” são acentuadas a gente vive, depois esquece.
pela mesma regra. Só o amor volta para brigar,
4 ( ) As formas verbais “recebeu, escreveu, viveu” estão para perdoar,
no pretérito imperfeito do indicativo. amor cachorro bandido trem.
5 ( ) A palavra “relatividade” é proparoxítona. Mas, se não fosse ele, também
que graça que a vida tinha?
Mariquita, dá cá o pito,
Questão 9 no teu pito está o infinito.
(Andrade, Carlos Drummond de , op. cit., p. 55-6.)

CARONA PERIGOSA 1 ( ) A palavra “toada” revela, nesse poema, uma cantiga

A brincadeira é antiga e vive causando acidentes. Apesar das
advertências, os aventureiros estão sempre se arriscando por
uma carona de alguns metros. Como na semana passada, na
Rua Augusta, nos Jardins, um bairro da cidade de São Paulo,
quando meninos de rua tentavam pegar carona em um dos
trólebus, que passam pela região. Mesmo repreendidos pelo
motorista, que parou o veículo várias vezes, eles voltavam a
subir no pára-choque.
monótona.
2 ( ) No 2º verso do poema, o autor emitiu as vírgulas para
conotar a rapidez com que, no relacionamento amoroso, se
sucedem as duas ações expressas pelo verbo.
3 ( ) No poema, o eu-lírico aconselha o leitor a lamentar a
sorte.
4 ( ) O eu-lírico trata o sentimento amoroso de uma maneira
quase displicente. no entanto, concorda que é esse sentimen-
to que impõe sentido à vida nos versos: “Mas, se não fosse
ele, também/ que graça que a vida tinha?”
5 ( ) Em “a gente vive” – a gente substitui o pronome nós.

1 ( ) A palavra “pára-choque” é um substantivo composto

e seu plural é formado acrescentando “s” apenas no Questão 12
último termo.
2 ( ) O vocábulo “advertências” é acentuado por ser uma [...]
proparoxítona. Um cão pára espantado e late
3 ( ) Em “A brincadeira é antiga e vive causando aciden- homenageando a lua.
tes”, O homem explica a lua, o sol, as estrelas, o vento,
a oração em destaque é coordenada adversativa. os relâmpagos, o trovão, a chuva e o arco-íris.
4 ( ) “Apesar de” é uma locução prepositiva, assim como Mesmo explicando todos os fenômenos,
“defronte de” e “por cima de”. ele não perde o encantamento. Pára, olha, se
5 ( ) O termo “aventureiros” refere-se aos meninos de encanta e compõe músicas, quadros ou poemas.
rua. (Elias José)
1 ( ) A palavra “pára” leva o acento diferencial por ser um
verbo.
2 ( ) O tempo verbal predominante está no presente do
indicativo.
Questão 10 3 ( ) “Arco- íris” é um substantivo composto.
4 ( ) “Homenageando” e “encantamento ” são verbos no
ACROBACIA gerúndio.
5 ( ) No texto, há apenas um artigo indefinido.
No lago da Concórdia, no Brás, região central de São
Paulo, o menino improvisa, com o auxílio de um caixote, uma
rampa para suas “acrobacias” com os novos patins. A frente Questão 13
de uma câmera fotográfica, o garoto arrisca um salto. Com
senso de equilíbrio, vai de braços erguidos para não levar um
tombo. MORRE O INVENTOR DA LÂMPADA
(O Estado de S. Paulo)

– 83 –
 Língua Portuguesa
Nova Jersey, 18 de outubro, 1931- O americano Thomas BIBLIOGRAFIA
Alva Edison, um dos maiores inventores do século, morreu
aos • Bechara, Evanildo.
84 anos. A lâmpada elétrica, o fonógrafo e o filme de cinema Moderna Gramática Portuguesa – Rio de Janeiro: Lucerna,
estão entre suas invenções. Logo aos 12 anos, Edison mon- 2005.
tou
um laboratório químico e, aos 15, já era telegrafista. O suces- • Cipro Neto, Pasquale.
so Gramática da língua portuguesa / Pasquale & Ulisses - Nova
veio em 1876, com a abertura de seu laboratório industrial em edição conforme o Acordo Ortográfico - São Paulo: Scipione,
Nova York: de lá saíram mais de 1300 invenções. 2008.
(Revista Os caminhos da Terra)
•Cegalla, Domingos Paschoal.
Novíssima Gramática da Língua Portuguesa – São Paulo:
1 ( ) O americano Thomas Alva Edison foi um dos maiores Companhia Editora Nacional, 2002.
inventores do século. • Paschoalin, Maria Aparecida.
2 ( ) A lâmpada e o filme foram algumas de suas invenções. Gramática: teoria e exercícios / Paschoalin & Spadoto - São
3 ( ) De seu laboratório saíram mais de 5 000 invenções. Paulo: FTD, 1996.
4 ( ) “Nova Jersey, 18 de outubro, 1931” a vírgula foi usada
para isolar o nome do lugar. • Infante, Ulisses.
5 ( ) A palavra “laboratório” está acentuada por ser Curso de Gramática Aplicada aos textos São Paulo: Scipione,
proparoxítona. 1995.

• Barbosa de Souza, Jésus.

Questão 14 Minigramática / Jésus & Samira - São Paulo: Saraiva, 1997.

FELICIDADE ANOTAÇÕES

Um homem e seu destino, ________________________________________________

a menina, pássaros, a vida lá fora.
Será isso a felicidade? ________________________________________________
Um homem cansado abre os olhos às seis
horas da manhã, ergue-se do leito como ________________________________________________
se aquele fosse o último dia de sua vida, caminha às tontas
pelo quarto, põe os pensamentos em ordem e sente o ________________________________________________
amargo na boca. Caminha então para o banheiro, olha o
rosto exausto no espelho, as olheiras, a amargura nos olhos ________________________________________________
sonolentos e diz baixinho: “Bendita é a vida”.
(Luiz Fernando Emediato. A grande ilusão) ________________________________________________

________________________________________________
1 ( ) Em “Um homem e seu destino, a menina, pássaros, a
vida lá fora”, a vírgula foi empregada para separar termos ________________________________________________
numa enumeração.
2 ( ) “... e sente o amargo na boca...”, a palavra destacada é ________________________________________________
adjetivo e se refere à boca.
3 ( ) A palavra “exausto” está escrita corretamente, assim ________________________________________________
como “flexa”.
4 ( ) O tempo verbal predominante está no presente do indi- ________________________________________________
cativo.
5 ( ) Em “Caminha então para o banheiro, olha o rosto ________________________________________________
exausto...”, a vírgula foi empregada para separar orações
coordenadas assindéticas. ________________________________________________
GABARITO ________________________________________________

________________________________________________
QUESTÃO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
I 1 C E C E C C E ________________________________________________
T 2 C E E C C C C
E 3 E C E C E E C
N ________________________________________________
4 C C E C E E E
S 5 C C E C C C C
________________________________________________

________________________________________________
QUESTÃO 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
I 1 C C E C C C C
T 2 C E C C C C E ________________________________________________
E 3 C E C E C E E
N 4 E C E C E C C
S 5 E C C C C E C

– 84 –

1 Conceitos básicos de raciocínio lógico:
proposições; valores lógicos das proposições;
sentenças abertas; número de linhas da tabela
verdade; conectivos; proposições simples;
proposições compostas.
Chama-se proposição a todo conjunto de palavras ou
símbolos que expressam um pensamento ou uma ideia de
sentido completo.
Assim, as proposições transmitem pensamentos, isto
é, afirmam fatos ou exprimem juízos que formamos a
respeito de determinados conceitos ou entes. Esses fatos
ou juízos afirmados pela proposição em questão deverão
sempre ter um valor verdadeiro (V) ou um valor falso (F),
senão a frase em si não constituirá uma proposição lógica,
e sim apenas uma frase.
Vejamos alguns exemplos de proposições:
A) Júpiter é o maior planeta do sistema Solar.
B) Salvador é a capital do Brasil.
C) Todos os músicos são românticos.
Observe que a todas as frases podemos atribuir um
valor lógico (V ou F).
A Lógica matemática adota como regra fundamental
dois princípios (ou axiomas):
I – PRINCÍPIO DA NÃO CONTRADIÇÃO: uma
proposição não pode ser verdadeira E falsa ao mesmo
tempo.
II – PRINCÍPIO DO TERCEIRO EXCLUÍDO:
toda proposição OU é verdadeira OU é falsa, verificamos
sempre um desses casos, NUNCA existindo um terceiro
caso.
Valores lógicos das proposições
Chamamos de valor lógico de uma proposição a
verdade, se a proposição é verdadeira (V), e a falsidade,
se a proposição é falsa (F). Designamos as letras V e F
para abreviarmos os valores lógicos verdade e falsidade
respectivamente.
Com base nas duas regras fundamentais que norteiam
a Lógica Matemática (Princípios da não Contradição e do
Terceiro Excluído), podemos afirmar que:
RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
“Toda proposição tem um, e somente um, dos
valores, que são: V ou F.”
Consideremos as seguintes proposições e os seus
respectivos valores lógicos:
a) A velocidade de um corpo é inversamente
proporcional ao seu tempo. (V)
b) A densidade da madeira é maior que a da água. (F)
A maioria das proposições são proposições
contingenciais, ou seja, dependem do contexto para
sua análise. Assim, por exemplo, se considerarmos a
proposição simples:
“Existe vida após a morte”, ela poderá ser verdadeira
(do ponto de vista da religião espírita) ou falsa (do ponto
de vista da religião católica); mesmo assim, em ambos os
casos, seu valor lógico é único — ou verdadeiro ou falso
Classificação de uma proposição
Uma proposição pode ser classificada como:
1) Sentença aberta: quando não se pode atribuir
um valor lógico verdadeiro ou falso para ela (ou valorar
a proposição!), portanto, não é considerada frase lógica.
São consideradas sentenças abertas:
a) Frases interrogativas: Quando será prova? - Estudou
ontem? – Fez Sol ontem?
b) Frases exclamativas: Gol! – Que maravilhoso!
c) Frase imperativas: Estude e leia com atenção. –
Desligue a televisão.
d) Frases sem sentido lógico (expressões vagas,
paradoxais, ambíguas, ...): “esta frase é verdadeira”
(expressão paradoxal) – O cavalo do meu vizinho morreu
(expressão ambígua) – 2 + 3 + 7
2) Sentença fechada: quando a proposição admitir
um único valor lógico, seja ele verdadeiro ou falso, nesse
caso, será considerada uma frase, proposição ou sentença
lógica.
Uma forma de identificarmos se uma frase
simples é ou não considerada frase lógica, ou
sentença, ou ainda proposição, é pela presença de:
- sujeito simples: “Carlos é médico”;
- sujeito composto: “Rui e Nathan são irmãos”;
- sujeito inexiste: “Choveu”
- verbo, que representa a ação praticada por esse
sujeito, e estar sujeita à apreciação de julgamento de
ser verdadeira (V) ou falsa (F), caso contrário, não
será considerada proposição.
Atenção: orações sem sujeito NÃO são
consideradas proposições lógicas.

RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Observe mais alguns exemplos: Referências
CABRAL, Luiz Cláudio Durão; NUNES, Mauro César de Abreu -
Frase Sujeito Verbo Conclusão Raciocínio lógico passo a passo – Séries e Concursos - Rio de Janeiro:
Maria é Maria É (ser) É uma frase Elsevier, 2013.
baiana (simples) lógica ALENCAR FILHO, Edgar de – Iniciação a lógica matemática – São
Lia e Maria Lia e Maria Têm (ter) É uma frase Paulo: Nobel – 2002.
têm dois (composto) lógica
irmãos ESTRUTURAS LÓGICAS – ESTUDO DAS
Ventou hoje Inexistente Ventou É uma frase PROPOSIÇÕES E DOS CONECTIVOS
(ventar) lógica
Um lindo Um lindo Frase sem NÂO é uma
Definições
livro de livro verbo frase lógica
literatura - Proposições simples (ou atômicas): aquela que NÃO
Manobrar Frase sem Manobrar NÂO é uma
contém nenhuma outra proposição como parte integrante
esse carro sujeito frase lógica
Existe vida Vida Existir É uma frase de si mesma. As proposições simples são designadas
em Marte lógica pelas letras latinas minúsculas p,q,r, s..., chamadas letras
proposicionais.
Sentenças representadas por variáveis
a) x + 4 > 5; Exemplos
b) Se x > 1, então x + 5 < 7; r: Carlos é careca.
s: Pedro é estudante.
c) x = 3 se, e somente se, x + y = 15.
a: O céu é verde.
Classificação das proposições - Proposições compostas (ou moleculares): aquela
formada pela combinação de duas ou mais proposições
As proposições podem ser classificadas em quatro tipos simples. Elas também são chamadas de estruturas lógicas.
diferentes: As proposições compostas são designadas pelas letras
1. Proposições simples (ou atômicas). latinas maiúsculas P,Q,R, R..., também chamadas letras
2. Proposições compostas (ou moleculares. proposicionais.
3. Proposições categóricas.
4. Proposições quantificadas (ou funcionais). Exemplos
P: Carlos é careca e Pedro é estudante.
Q: Carlos é careca ou Pedro é estudante.
Observação: Os termos “atômicos” e “moleculares”
R: Se Carlos é careca, então é triste.
referem-se à quantidade de verbos presentes na frase.
Consideremos uma frase com apenas um verbo, então ela Observamos que todas as proposições compostas
será dita atômica, pois se refere a apenas um único átomo são formadas por duas proposições simples.
(1 verbo = 1 átomo); consideremos, agora, uma frase
com mais de um verbo, então ela será dita molecular, pois Operadores Lógicos
se refere a mais de um átomo (mais de um átomo = uma
molécula). Temos dois tipos

Conceito de Tabela Verdade - os modificadores: têm por finalidade modificar

É uma forma usual de representação das regras da
Álgebra Booleana. Nela, é representada cada proposição
(simples ou composta) e todos os seus valores lógicos
possíveis. Partimos do Princípio do Terceiro Excluído, toda
proposição simples é verdadeira ou falsa , tendo os valores
lógicos V (verdade) ou F (falsidade).
Quando trabalhamos com as proposições compostas,
determinamos o seu valor lógico partindo das proposições
simples que a compõe.
(alterar) o valor lógico de uma proposição, seja ela qual
for.
Exemplo:
Não vou trabalhar neste sábado. (o não modificou o
valor lógico).
- os conectivos (concectores lógicos): palavras
usadas para formar novas proposições a partir de outras,
ou seja, unindo-se ou conectando-se duas ou mais
proposições simples.

Exemplos:

1) O número 2 é par E o número 16 é um quadrado

O valor lógico de qualquer proposição composta
depende UNICAMENTE dos valores lógicos das
proposições simples componentes, ficando por eles
UNIVOCAMENTE determinados.
perfeito. (conectivo “e”)
2) OU Carlos viaja OU Pedro trabalha. (conectivo “ou”)
3) SE o Brasil jogar com seriedade, ENTÂO Portugual
não será campeã.(concectivo “ se ... então”)
4) Luciana casa SE, E SOMENTE SE, Pedro arranjar um
emprego (conectivo “se, e somente se..”)



Em Lógica são considerados operadores lógicos as
seguintes palavras:
Também podemos representar a negação utilizando o
símbolo “¬” (cantoneira).
Estudo dos Operadores e Operações Lógicas
Quando efetuamos certas operações sobre proposições
chamadas operações lógicas, efetuamos cálculos
proposicionais, semelhantes a aritmética sobre números,
de forma a determinarmos os valores das proposições.
1) Negação ( ~ ): chamamos de negação de uma
proposição representada por “não p” cujo valor lógico é
verdade (V) quando p é falsa e falsidade (F) quando
p é verdadeira. Assim “não p” tem valor lógico oposto
daquele de p.
Pela tabela verdade temos:
p ~p
V F
F V
Simbolicamente temos:
~V = F ; ~F = V
V(~p) = ~V(p)
Exemplos
Proposição Negação: ~p
(afirmações): p
Carlos é médico Carlos NÂO é médico
Juliana é carioca Juliana NÂO é carioca
Nicolas está de férias Nicolas NÂO está de férias
Norberto foi trabalhar NÃO É VERDADE QUE
Norberto foi trabalhar
A primeira parte da tabela todas as afirmações são
verdadeiras, logo ao negarmos temos passam a ter como
valor lógico a falsidade.
- Dupla negação (Teoria da Involução):
vamos considerar as seguintes proposições primitivas,
p:” Netuno é o planeta mais distante do Sol” ; sendo seu
valor verdadeiro ao negarmos “p”, vamos obter a seguinte
proposição ~p: “Netuno NÂO é o planeta mais distante do
Sol” e negando novamente a proposição “~p” teremos
~(~p): “NÃO É VERDADE que Netuno NÃO é o planta mais
distante do Sol”, sendo seu valor lógico verdadeiro (V).
Logo a dupla negação equivale a termos de valores lógicos
a sua proposição primitiva.
p Ł ~(~p)
Observação: O termo “equivalente” está associado aos
“valores lógicos” de duas fórmulas lógicas, sendo iguais
pela natureza de seus valores lógicos. Exemplo:
1. Saturno é um planeta do sistema solar.
2. Sete é um número real maior que cinco.
RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Sabendo-se da realidade dos valores lógicos das
proposições “Saturno é um planeta do sistema solar” e
“Sete é um número rela maior que cinco”, que são ambos
verdadeiros (V), conclui-se que essas proposições são
equivalentes, em termos de valores lógicos,
entre si.
2) Conjunção – produto lógico (^): chama-se
de conjunção de duas proposições p e q a proposição
representada por “p e q”, cujo valor lógico é verdade
(V) quando as proposições, p e q, são ambas
verdadeiras e falsidade (F) nos demais casos.
Simbolicamente temos: “p ^ q” (lê-se: “p E q”).
Pela tabela verdade temos:
P Q pšq
V V V
V F F
F V F
F F F
Exemplos
(a)
p: A neve é branca. (V)
q: 3 < 5. (V)
V(p ^ q ) = V(p) ^ V(q) = V ^ V = V
(b)
p: A neve é azul. (F)
q: 6 < 5. (F)
V(p ^ q ) = V(p) ^ V(q) = F ^ F = F
(c)
p: Pelé é jogador de futebol. (V)
q: A seleção brasileira é octacampeã. (F)
V(p ^ q ) = V(p) ^ V(q) = V ^ F = F
(d)
p: A neve é azul. (F)
q: 7 é número impar. (V)
V(p ^ q ) = V(p) ^ V(q) = F ^ V = F
- O valor lógico de uma proposição simples “p” é
indicado por V(p). Assim, exprime-se que “p” é verdadeira
(V), escrevendo:
V(p) = V
- Analogamente, exprime-se que “p” é falsa (F),
escrevendo:
V(p) = F
- As proposições compostas, representadas, por
exemplo, pelas letras maiúsculas “P”, “Q”, “R”, “S” e “T”,
terão seus respectivos valores lógicos representados por:
V(P), V(Q), V(R), V(S) e V(T).
3) Disjunção inclusiva – soma lógica –
disjunção simples (v): chama-se de disjunção inclusiva
de duas proposições p e q a proposição representada por
“p ou q”, cujo valor lógico é verdade (V) quando pelo
menos umas proposições, p e q, é verdadeira e
falsidade (F) quando ambas são falsas.
Simbolicamente: “p v q” (lê-se: “p OU q”).

RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Pela tabela verdade temos: Simbolicamente: “p ĺ q” (lê-se: p é condição suficiente
para q; q é condição necessária para p).
P Q p›q p é o antecendente e q o consequente e “ĺ” é
V V V chamado de símbolo de implicação.
V F V
F V V
F F F Pela tabela verdade temos:
Exemplos P Q p o q
(a) V V V
p: A neve é branca. (V) V F F
q: 3 < 5. (V) F V V
F F V
V(p v q) = V(p) v V(q) = V v V = V
Exemplos
(b) (a)
p: A neve é azul. (F) p: A neve é branca. (V)
q: 6 < 5. (F) q: 3 < 5. (V)
V(p v q) = V(p) v V(q) = F v F = F V(p ĺ q) = V(p) ĺ V(q) = V ĺ V = V

(c) (b)
p: Pelé é jogador de futebol. (V) p: A neve é azul. (F)
q: A seleção brasileira é octacampeã. (F) q: 6 < 5. (F)
V(p v q) = V(p) v V(q) = V v F = V V(p ĺ q) = V(p) ĺ V(q) = F ĺ F = V

(d) (c)
p: A neve é azul. (F) p: Pelé é jogador de futebol. (V)
q: 7 é número impar. (V) q: A seleção brasileira é octacampeã. (F)
V(p v q) = V(p) v V(q) = F v V = V V(p ĺ q) = V(p) ĺ V(q) = V ĺ F = F

4) Disjução exclusiva ( v ): chama-se dijunção (d)

exclusica de duas proposições p e q, cujo valor lógico é p: A neve é azul. (F)
verdade (V) somente quando p é verdadeira ou q q: 7 é número impar. (V)
é verdadeira, mas não quando p e q são ambas V(p ĺ q) = V(p) ĺ V(q) = F ĺ V = V
veradeiras e a falsidade (F) quando p e q são ambas
veradeiras ou ambas falsas. 6) Dupla implicação ou bicondicional
Simbolicamente: “p v q” (lê-se; “OU p OU q”; “OU p (ļ):chama-se proposição bicondicional ou apenas
OU q, MAS NÃO AMBOS”). bicondicional representada por “p se e soemnete se q”,
Pela tabela verdade temos: cujo valor lógico é verdade (V) quando p e q são
ambas verdadeiras ou falsas e a falsidade (F) nos
P Q pvq demais casos.
V V F Simbolicamente: “p ļ q” (lê-se: p é condição
V F V necessária e suficiente para q; q é condição ncessária e
F V V
F F F suficiente para p).
Para entender melhor vamos analisar o exemplo. Pela tabela verdade temos:
p: Nathan é médico ou professor. (ambas podem ser
verdeiras, ele pode ser as duas coisas ao mesmo tempo, P Q p l q
uma condição não exclui a outra – disjunção inclusiva). V V V
Podemos escrever: V F F
Nathan é médico ^ Nathan é professor F V F
F F V
q: Mario é carioca ou paulista (aqui temos que se Mario Exemplos
é carioca implica que ele não pode ser paulista, as duas (a)
coisas não podem acontecer ao mesmo tempo – disjunção p: A neve é branca. (V)
exlcusiva). q: 3 < 5. (V)
Reescrevendo: V(p ļ q) = V(p) ļ V(q) = V ļ V = V
Mario é carioca v Mario é paulista.
(b)
Exemplos p: A neve é azul. (F)
a) Plínio pula ou Lucas corre, mas não ambos. q: 6 < 5. (F)
b) Ou Plínio pula ou Lucas corre. V(p ļ q) = V(p) ļ V(q) = F ļ F = V

5) Implicação lógica ou condicional (ĺ): (c)

chama-se proposição condicional ou apenas condicional p: Pelé é jogador de futebol. (V)
representada por “se p então q”, cujo valor lógico é q: A seleção brasileira é octacampeã. (F)
falsidade (F) no caso em que p é verdade e q é falsa V(p ļ q) = V(p) ļ V(q) = V ļ F = F
e a verdade (V) nos demais casos.



(d)
p: A neve é azul. (F)
q: 7 é número impar. (V)
V(p ļ q) = V(p) ļ V(q) = F ļ V = F
Transformação da linguaguem corrente para
a simbólica
Este é um dos tópicos mais vistos em diversas provas e
por isso vamos aqui detalhar de forma a sermos capazes
de resolver questões deste tipo.
Sejam as seguintes proposições simples denotadas por
“p”, “q” e “r” representadas por:
p: Luciana estuda.
q: João bebe.
r: Carlos dança.
Sejam, agora, as seguintes proposições compostas
denotadas por: “P ”, “Q ”, “R ”, “S ”, “T ”, “U ”, “V ” e “X ”
representadas por:
P: Se Luciana estuda e João bebe, então Carlos não
dança.
Q: É falso que João bebe ou Carlos dança, mas
Luciana não estuda.
R: Ou Luciana estuda ou Carlos dança se, e somente
se, João não bebe.
O primeiro passo é destacarmos os operadores lógicos
(modificadores e conectivos) e as proposições. Depois
reescrevermos de forma simbólica, vajamos:
RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
(I) (p ^ q) v r Conectivo principal é da disjunção.
(II) p ^ (q v r) Conectivo principal é da conjunção.
As quais apresentam significados diferentes, pois os
conectivos principais de cada proposição composta dá
valores lógicos diferentes como conclusão.
Agora observe a expressão: p ^ q ĺ r v s, dá lugar,
colocando parêntesis as seguintes proposições:
a) ((p ^ q) ĺ r) v s
b) p ^ ((q ĺ r) v s)
c) (p ^ (q ĺ r)) v s
d) p ^ (q ĺ (r v s))
e) (p ^ q) ĺ (r v s)
Aqui duas quaisquer delas não tem o mesmo
significado. Porém existem muitos casos que os parêntesis
são suprimidos, a fim de simplificar as proposições
simbolizadas, desde que, naturalmente, ambiguidade
alguma venha a aparecer. Para isso a supressão do uso
de parêntesis se faz mediante a algumas convenções, das
quais duas são particularmente importantes:
1ª) A “ordem de precedência” para os
conectivos é:
(I) ~ (negação)
(II) ^ (conjunção)
(III) ĺ (condicional)
(IV) ļ (bicondicional)
Portanto o mais “fraco” é “~” e o mais “forte” é “ļ”.

Exemplo
p ĺ q ļ s ^ r , é uma bicondicional e nunca uma
condicional ou uma conjunção. Para convertê-la numa
condicional há que se usar parêntesis:
Juntando as informações temos que, P: (p ^ q) ĺ ~r
p ĺ( q ļ s ^ r )
Continuando: E para convertê-la em uma conjunção:
Q: É falso que João bebe ou Carlos dança, mas (p ĺ q ļ s) ^ r
Luciana estuda.
2ª) Quando um mesmo conectivo aparece
sucessivamente repetido, suprimem-se os
parêntesis, fazendo-se a associação a partir da
esquerda.

Segundo estas duas convenções, as duas seguintes

proposições se escrevem:
Simbolicamente temos: Q: ~ (q v r ^ ~p).
Proposição Nova forma de escrever a
R: Ou Luciana estuda ou Carlos dança se, e somente proposição
se, João não bebe. ((~(~(p ^ q))) v ~~ (p ^ q) v ~p
(p v r) ļ ~q (~p))
((~p) ĺ (q ĺ (~(p ~pĺ (q ĺ ~(p v r))
Observação: os termos “É falso que”, “Não é verdade v r))))
que”, “É mentira que” e “É uma falácia que”, quando
iniciam as frases negam, por completo, as frases - Outros símbolos para os conectivos (operadores
subsequentes. lógicos):

- O uso de parêntesis “¬” (cantoneira) para negação (~).

A necessidade de usar parêntesis na simbolização das
proposições se deve a evitar qualquer tipo de ambiguidade,
assim na proposição, por exemplo, p ^ q v r, nos dá a
seguinte proposições:
“Ɣ” e “&” para conjunção (^).
“஼” (ferradura) para a condicional (ĺ).
Em síntese temos a tabela verdade das proposições que
facilitará na resolução de diversas questões


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Disjunção Conjunção Condi Bicondi Construção da tabela verdade de uma
proposição composta
cional cional Para sua construção começamos contando o número de
P Q p›q pšq p o q p l q
V V V V V V proposições simples que a integram. Se há n proposições
V F V F F F simples componentes, então temos 2n linhas. Feito isso,
F V V F V F
F F F F V V atribuimos a 1ª proposição simples “p1” 2n / 2 = 2n -1
(Fonte: http://www laifi.com.)
valores V , seguidos de 2n – 1 valores F, e assim por diante.
Referências Exemplos:
CABRAL, Luiz Cláudio Durão; NUNES, Mauro César de Abreu -
Raciocínio lógico passo a passo – Séries e Concursos - Rio de Janeiro: 1) Se tivermos 2 proposições temos que 2n =22 = 4
Elsevier, 2013. linhas e 2n – 1 = 22 - 1 = 2, temos para a 1ª proposição 2
ALENCAR FILHO, Edgar de – Iniciação a lógica matemática – São valores V e 2 valores F se alternam de 2 em 2 , para a 2ª
Paulo: Nobel – 2002.
proposição temos que os valores se alternam de 1 em 1.
Observe a ilustração, a primeira parte dela corresponde a
ESTUDO DA TABELA VERDADE árvore de possibilidades e a segunda a tabela propriamente
dita.
Sabemos que tabela verdade é toda tabela que
atribui, previamente, os possíveis valores lógicos que
as proposições simples podem assumir, como sendo
verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F), e, por consequência,
permite definir a solução de uma determinada fórmula
(proposição composta).
De acordo com o Princípio do Terceiro Excluído, toda
proposição simples “p” é verdadeira ou falsa, ou seja,
possui o valor lógico V (verdade) ou o valor lógico F
(falsidade).
Em se tratando de uma proposição composta, a
determinação de seu valor lógico, conhecidos os valores
lógicos das proposições simples componentes, se faz com
base no seguinte princípio, vamos relembrar: (Fonte: http://www.colegioweb.com.br/nocoes-de-
logica/tabela-verdade.html)
O valor lógico de qualquer proposição composta 2) Neste caso temos 3 proposições simples, fazendo
depende UNICAMENTE dos valores lógicos das os cálculos temos: 2n =23 = 8 linhas e 2n – 1 = 23 - 1 =
proposições simples componentes, ficando por eles 4, temos para a 1ª proposição 4 valores V e 4 valores F
UNIVOCAMENTE determinados se alternam de 4 em 4 , para a 2ª proposição temos que
os valores se alternam de 2 em 2 e para a 3ª proposição
Para determinarmos esses valores recorremos a temos valores que se alternam de 1 em 1.
um dispositivo prático que é o objeto do nosso estudo:
A tabela verdade. Em que figuram todos os possíveis
valores lógicos da proposição composta (sua solução)
correspondente a todas as possíveis atribuições de valores
lógicos às proposições simples componentes.

Número de linhas de uma Tabela Verdade

O número de linhas de uma proposição composta
depende do número de proposições simples que a
integram, sendo dado pelo seguinte teorema:

“A tabela verdade de uma proposição composta

com n* proposições simpleste componentes
contém 2n linhas.” (* Algumas bibliografias utilizam o
“p” no lugar do “n”)
Os valores lógicos “V” e “F” se alteram de dois em dois (Fonte: http://www.colegioweb.com.br/nocoes-de-
para a primeira proposição “p” e de um em um para a logica/tabela-verdade.html)
segunda proposição “q”, em suas respectivas colunas, e,
além disso, VV, VF, FV e FF, em cada linha, são todos os Exemplo
arranjos binários com repetição dos dois elementos “V” e Vamos construir a tabela verdade da proposição:
“F”, segundo ensina a Análise Combinatória. P(p,q) = ~ (p ^ ~q)

1º Resolução) Vamos formar os par de colunas

correspondentes as duas proposições simples p e q. Em


 RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
seguida a coluna para ~q , depois a coluna para p ^
~q e a útima contento toda a proposição ~ (p ^ ~q),
atribuindo todos os valores lógicos possíveis de acordo
com os operadores lógicos.

p q ~q p ^~q ~ (p ^ ~q)
V V F F V
V F V V F
F V F F V
F F V F V

2º Resolução) Vamos montar primeiro as colunas

correspondentes a proposições simples p e q , depois traçar 3ª Resolução) Resulta em suprimir a tabela verdade
colunas para cada uma dessas proposições e para cada um anterior as duas primeiras da esquerda relativas às
dos conectivos que compõem a proposição composta. proposições simples componentes p e q. Obtermos então a
seguinte tabela verdade simplificada:

~ (p ^ ~ q)
p q ~ (p ^ ~ q) V V F F V
V V F V V V F
V F V F F F V
F V V F F V F
F F 4 1 3 2 1

Depois completamos, em uma determinada ordem as Vejamos mais alguns exemplos:

colunas escrevendo em cada uma delas os valores lógicos.
p q ~ (p ^ ~ q) (FCC) Com relação à proposição: “Se ando e bebo,
V V V V então caio, mas não durmo ou não bebo”. O número de
V F V F
F V F V linhas da tabela-verdade da proposição composta anterior
F F F F é igual a:
1 1 (A) 2;
p q ~ (p ^ ~ q) (B) 4;
V V V F V (C) 8;
V F V V F (D) 16;
F V F F V
F F F V F (E) 32.
1 2 1
p q ~ (p ^ ~ q) Vamos contar o número de verbos para termos a
V V V V F F V
V F F V V V F quantidade de proposições simples e distintas contidas na
F V V F F F V proposição composta. Temos os verbos “andar’, “beber”,
F F V F F V F
4 1 3 2 1 “cair” e “dormir”. Aplicando a fórmula do número de
linhas temos:
Observe que vamos preenchendo a tabela com os Número de linhas = 2n = 24 = 16 linhas.
valores lógicos (V e F), depois resolvemos os operadores Resposta D.
lógicos (modificadores e conectivos) e obtemos em 4 os
valores lógicos da proposição que correspondem a todas (Cespe/UnB) Se “A”, “B”, “C” e “D” forem proposições
possíveis atribuições de p e q de modo que: simples e distintas, então o número de linhas da tabela-
verdade da proposição (A ĺ B) ļ (C ĺ D) será igual a:
P(V V) = V, P(V F) = F, P(F V) = V, P(F F) = V (A) 2;
(B) 4;
A proposição P(p,q) associa a cada um dos elementos (C) 8;
do conjunto U – {VV, VF, FV, FF} um ÚNICO elemento do (D) 16;
conjunto {V,F}, isto é, P(p,q) outra coisa não é que uma (E) 32.
função de U em {V,F}
Veja que podemos aplicar a mesma linha do raciocínio
P(p,q): U ĺ {V,F} , cuja representação gráfica por um acima, então teremos:
diagrama sagital é a seguinte: Número de linhas = 2n = 24 = 16 linhas.
Resposta D.

Referências
CABRAL, Luiz Cláudio Durão; NUNES, Mauro César de Abreu -
Raciocínio lógico passo a passo – Séries e Concursos - Rio de Janeiro:
Elsevier, 2013.
ALENCAR FILHO, Edgar de – Iniciação a lógica matemática – São
Paulo: Nobel – 2002.


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
LÓGICA DE ARGUMENTAÇÃO

A argumentação é a forma como utilizamos o

raciocínio para convencer alguém de alguma coisa. A
argumentação faz uso de vários tipos de raciocínio que
são baseados em normas sólidas e argumentos aceitáveis.
A lógica de argumentação é também conhecida
como dedução formal e é a principal ferramenta
para o raciocínio válido de um argumento. Ela Alguns exemplos de argumentos:
avalia conclusões que a argumentação pode tomar e
avalia quais dessas conclusões são válidas e quais são 1)
inválidas (falaciosas). O estudo das formas válidas de Todo homem é mortal Premissas
inferências de uma linguagem proposicional também faz João é homem
Logo, João é mortal Conclusão
parte da Teoria da argumentação.

Conceitos 2)
Todo brasileiro é mortal Premissas
Todo paulista é brasileiro
Premissas (proposições): são afirmações que Logo, todo paulista é mortal Conclusão
podem ser verdadeiras ou falsas. Com base nelas que os
argumentos são compostos, ou melhor, elas possibilitam 3)
Se eu passar no concurso, então irei
que o argumento seja aceito. Premissas
viajar
Passei no concurso
Inferência: é o processo a partir de uma ou mais Logo, irei viajar Conclusão
premissas se chegar a novas proposições. Quando a
Todas as PREMISSAS tem uma CONCLUSÃO. Os
inferência é dada como válida, significa que a nova
exemplos acima são considerados silogismos.
proposição foi aceita, podendo ela ser utilizada em outras
inferências.
Um argumento de premissas P1, P2, ..., Pn e de
conclusão Q, indica-se por:
Conclusão: é a proposição que contém o resultado
final da inferência e que esta alicerçada nas premissas.
P1, P2, ..., Pn |----- Q
Para separa as premissas das conclusões utilizam-se
expressões como “logo, ...”, “portanto, ...”, “por isso, ...”,
entre outras.
Argumentos Válidos
Um argumento é VÁLIDO (ou bem construído ou
Sofisma: é um raciocínio falso com aspecto de
legítimo) quando a conclusão é VERDADEIRA (V),
verdadeiro.
sempre que as premissas forem todas verdadeiras (V).
Falácia: é um argumento válido, sem fundamento ou
Dizemos, também, que um argumento é válido quando a
tecnicamente falho na capacidade de provar aquilo que
conclusão é uma consequência obrigatória das verdades
enuncia.
de suas premissas.Ou seja:
Silogismo: é um raciocínio composto de três
A verdade das premissas é incompatível com
proposições, dispostas de tal maneira que a conclusão
a falsidade da conclusão.
é verdadeira e deriva logicamente das duas primeiras
premissas, ou seja, a conclusão é a terceira premissa.
Um argumento válido é denominado tautologia
quando assumir, somente, valorações verdadeiras,
Argumento: é um conjunto finito de premissas –
independentemente de valorações assumidas por suas
proposições –, sendo uma delas a consequência das demais.
estruturas lógicas.
O argumento pode ser dedutivo (aquele que confere
validade lógica à conclusão com base nas premissas que
Argumentos Inválidos
o antecedem) ou indutivo (aquele quando as premissas
de um argumento se baseiam na conclusão, mas não
Um argumento é dito INVÁLIDO (ou falácia, ou
implicam nela)
ilegítimo ou mal construído), quando as verdades das
O argumento é uma fórmula constituída de
premissas são insuficientes para sustentar a verdade da
premissas e conclusões (dois elementos fundamentais da
conclusão.
argumentação).
Caso a conclusão seja falsa, decorrente das
insuficiências geradas pelas verdades de suas premissas,
tem-se como conclusão uma contradição (F).
Um argurmento não válido diz-se um SOFISMA.



- A verdade e a falsidade são propriedades das
proposições.
- Já a validade e a invalidade são propriedades
inerentes aos argumentos.
- Uma proposição pode ser considerada verdadeira ou
falsa, mas nunca válida e inválida.
- Não é possível ter uma conclusão falsa se as
premissas são verdadeiras.
- A validade de um argumento depende exclusivamente
da relação existente entre as premissas e conclusões.
Critérios de Validade de um argumento
Pelo teorema temos:
Um argumento P1, P2, ..., Pn |---- Q é VÁLIDO se e
somente se a condicional:
(P1 ^ P2 ^ ...^ Pn) ĺ Q é tautológica.
Métodos para testar a validade dos
argumentos
Estes métodos nos permitem, por dedução (ou
inferência), atribuirmos valores lógicos as premissas
de um argumento para determinarmos uma conclusão
verdadeira.
Também podemos utilizar diagramas lógicos caso
sejam estruturas categóricas (frases formadas pelas
palavras ou quantificadores: todo, algum e nenhum).
Os métodos constistem em:
1) Atribuição de valores lógicos: o método
consiste na dedução dos valores lógicos das
premissas de um argumento, a partir de um “ponto de
referência inicial” que, geralmente, será representado
pelo valor lógico de uma premissa formada por uma
proposição simples. Lembramos que, para que um
argumento seja válido, partiremos do pressuposto que
todas as premissas que compõem esse argumento são, na
totalidade, verdadeiras.
Para dedução dos valores lógicos, utilizaremos como
auxílio a tabela-verdade dos conectivos.
Exemplo
Sejam as seguintes premissas:
P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe não
foge a cavalo.
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge a
cavalo.
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro
usa a espada.
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Se todos os argumentos (P1,P2,P3 e P4) forem válidos,
então todas premissas que compõem o argumento
são necessariamente verdadeiras (V). E portanto pela
premissa simples P4: “a rainha fica na masmorra”;
por ser uma proposição simples e verdadeira,
servirá de “referencial inicial” para a dedução dos valores
lógicos das demais proposições que, também, compõem
esse argumento. Teremos com isso então:
P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe não
foge a cavalo.
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge
a cavalo.
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro
usa a espada.
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
(1º) V
Já sabemos que a premissa simples “a rainha fica
na masmorra” é verdadeira, portanto, tal valor lógico
confirmará como verdade a 1a parte da condicional da
premissa P3 (1º passo).
P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe não
foge a cavalo.
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge
a cavalo.
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro
usa a espada.
(2º) V
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
(1º) V
Lembramos que, se a 1ª parte de uma condicional for
verdadeira, implicará que a 2ª parte também deverá ser
verdadeira (2º passo), já que a verdade implica outra
verdade (vide a tabela-verdade da condicional). Assim
teremos como valor lógico da premissa uma verdade (V).
P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe
não foge a cavalo.
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge
a cavalo.
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro
usa a espada.
(2º) V (3º) V
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
(1º) V
Confirmando-se a proposição simples “o bárbaro usa a
espada” como verdadeira (3º passo), logo, a 1ª parte da
disjunção simples da premissa P1, “o bárbaro não usa a
espada”, será falsa (4º passo).
P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe não
foge a cavalo.
(4º) F
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge
a cavalo.
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro
usa a espada.
(2º) V (3º) V
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
(1º) V
Como a premissa P1 é formada por uma disjunção
simples, lembramos que ela será verdadeira, se pelo menos
RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
uma de suas partes for verdadeira. Sabendo-se que sua 1ª Caso o argumento não possua uma proposição
parte é falsa, logo, a 2ª parte deverá ser, necessariamente, simples “ponto de referência inicial”, devem-se
verdadeira (5º passo). iniciar as deduções pela conjunção, e, caso não
exista tal conjunção, pela disjunção exclusiva ou pela
P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe não bicondicional, caso existam.
foge a cavalo.
(4º) F (5º) V
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge 2) Método da Tabela – Verdade: para resolvermos
a cavalo. temos que levar em considerações dois casos.
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro 1º caso: quando o argumento é representado por
usa a espada. uma fómula argumentativa.
(2º) V (3º)
V Exemplo:
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
(1º) V A ĺ B ~A = ~B

Ao confirmarmos como verdadeira a proposição Para resolver vamos montar uma tabela dispondo
simples “o príncipe não foge a cavalo”, então, devemos todas as proposições, as premissas e as conclusões afim de
confirmar como falsa a 2a parte da condicional “o príncipe chegarmos a validade do argumento.
foge a cavalo” da premissa P2 (6o passo).

P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe não

foge a cavalo.
(4º) F (5º) V
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge
a cavalo.
(6º) F
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro
usa a espada.
(2º) V (3º)
V
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
(Fonte: http://www.marilia.unesp.br)
(1º) V
E, por último, ao confirmar a 2a parte de uma O caso onde as premissas são verdadeiras e a
condicional como falsa, devemos confirmar, também, sua conclusão é falsa esta sinalizada na tabela acima
1a parte como falsa (7o passo). pelo asterisco. Chegamos através dessa análise que o
argumento não é valido.
P1: O bárbaro não usa a espada ou o príncipe não
foge a cavalo. 2o caso: quando o argumento é representado por
(4º) F (5º) V uma sequência lógica de premissas, sendo a última sua
P2: Se o rei fica nervoso, então o príncipe foge conclusão, e é questionada a sua validade.
a cavalo.
(7º) F (6º) Exemplo:
F “Se leio, então entendo. Se entendo, então não
P3: Se a rainha fica na masmorra, então o bárbaro compreendo. Logo, compreendo.”
usa a espada.
(2º) V (3º) P1: Se leio, então entendo.
V P2: Se entendo, então não compreendo.
P4: Ora, a rainha fica na masmorra.
(1º) V C: Compreendo.

Através da analise das premissas e atribuindo os seus
valores lógicos chegamos as seguintes conclusões:
- A rainha fica na masmorra;
- O bárbaro usa a espada;
- O rei não fica nervoso;
- o príncipe não foge a cavalo.
Observe que onde as proposições são falsas (F)
utilizamos o não para ter o seu correspondente como
válido, expressando uma conclusão verdadeira.
Se o argumento acima for válido, então, teremos a
seguinte estrutura lógica (fórmula) representativa desse
argumento:
P1 ‫ ר‬P2 ĺ C
Representando inicialmente as proposições primitivas
“leio”, “entendo” e “compreendo”, respectivamente, por
“p”, “q” e “r”, teremos a seguinte fórmula argumentativa:
P1: p ĺ q
P2: q ĺ ~r
C: r
[(p ĺ q) ‫( ר‬q ĺ ~r)] ĺ (~r) ou


 RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO

Montando a tabela verdade temos (vamos montar o Prova real:

passo a passo):
p q p ĺ (p v q) p ĺ (p v q)
V V V V V V V V V
p q r V F V V F V V V F
V V V F V F F V F F V V
V V F F F F F F F F F F
V F V 1º 1º 1º 1º 1º 2º 1º
V F F
F V V
F V F p ĺ (p v q)
F F V V V V V V
F F F V V V V F
F V F V V
F V F F F
1º 3º 1º 2º 1º
[(p ĺ q) ^ (q ĺ ~r)] ĺ (~r)
V V V V F F A solução pode ser observada no 3º passo e trata-se de
V V V V V V
V F F F F F uma tautologia, logo, esse argumento é dito válido
V F F F V V
F V V V F F
F V V V V V 3.2 - Método da adição (SIMP)
F V F F F F
F V F F V V 1º caso:
1º 2º 1º 1º 1º 1º
p q r
V V V
V V F Prova Real:
V F V
V F F
F V V p q (p ^ q) ĺ p
F V F V V V V V
F F V V F V F V
F F F F V F V F
F F F F F
[(p ĺ q) ^ (q ĺ ~r)] ĺ (~r) 1º 1º 1º
V V V F V F F F
V V V V V V V V (p ^ q) ĺ p (p ^ q) ĺ p
V F F F F V F F V V V V V V V V V
V F F F F V V V V F F V V F F V V
F V V F V F F F F F V F F F V V F
F V V V V V V V F F F F F F F V F
F V F V F V F F 1º 2º 1º 1º 1º 2º 1º 3º 1º
F V F V F V V V
1º 2º 1º 4º 1º 3º 1º 1º
A solução pode ser observada no 3º passo e trata-se de
[(p ĺ q) ^ (q ĺ ~r)] ĺ (~r) uma tautologia, logo, esse argumento é dito válido
V V V F V F F V F
V V V V V V V V V 2º caso:
V F F F F V F V F
V F F F F V V V V
F V V F V F F V F
F V V V V V V V V
F V F V F V F F F
F V F V F V V V V
1º 2º 1º 4º 1º 3º 1º 5º 1º 3.3 - Método da conjunção (CONJ)
Sendo a solução (observado na 5a resolução) uma
1º caso:
contingência (possui valores verdadeiros e falsos),
logo, esse argumento não é válido. Podemos chamar
esse argumento de sofisma embora tenha premissas e
conclusões verdadeiras.

3) Implicações tautológicas: a utilização da 2º caso:

tabela verdade em alguns casos torna-se muito trabalhoso,
principlamente quando o número de proposições simples
que compõe o argumento é muito grande, então vamos
aqui ver outros métodos que vão ajudar a provar a
validade dos argumentos. Utilizaremos a tabela verdade
apenas para tirarmos a prova real, que pode ser feita em
toda as implicações, mas aqui, foram demonstrações nas 3.4 - Método da absorção (ABS)
duas primeiras.

3.1 - Método da adição (AD)


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
3.5 – Modus Ponens (MP)
3.6 – Modus Tollens (MT)
3.7 – Dilema construtivo (DC)
3.8 – Silogismo disjuntivo (SD)
1º caso:
2º caso:
3.9 – Silogismo hipotético (SH)
3.10 – Exportação e importação.
1º caso: Exportação
2º caso: Importação
4) Produto lógico de condicionais
Este produto consiste na dedução de uma condicional
conclusiva – que será a conclusão do argumento –, decorrente
ou resultante de várias outras premissas formadas por,
apenas, condicionais.
Ao efetuar o produto lógico, eliminam-se as proposições
simples iguais que se localizam em partes opostas das
condicionais que formam a premissa do argumento,
resultando em uma condicional denominada condicional
conclusiva. Vejamos o exemplo:

Nós podemos aplicar a soma lógica em três casos:
1º caso - quando a condicional conclusiva é formada
pelas proposições simples que aparecem apenas uma vez no
conjunto das premissas do argumento.
Exemplo
Dado o argumento: Se chove, então faz frio. Se neva,
então chove. Se faz frio, então há nuvens no céu. Se há
nuvens no céu, então o dia está claro.
Temos então o argumento formado pelas seguintes
premissas:
P1: Se chove, então faz frio.
P2: Se neva, então chove.
P3: Se faz frio, então há nuvens no céu.
P4: Se há nuvens no céu, então o dia está claro.
Vamos denotar as proposições simples:
p: chover
q: fazer frio
r: nevar
s: existir nuvens no céu
t: o dia esta claro
Montando o produto lógico teremos:
Conclusão: “Se neva, então o dia esta claro”.
Observe que: As proposições simples “nevar” e “o dia está
claro” só apareceram uma vez no conjunto de premissas do
argumento anterior.
2º caso - quando a condicional conclusiva é formada por,
apenas, uma proposição simples que aparece em ambas as
partes da condicional conclusiva, sendo uma a negação da
outra. As demais proposições simples são eliminadas pelo
processo natural do produto lógico.
Neste caso, na condicional conclusiva, a 1ª parte deverá
necessariamente ser FALSA, e a 2ª parte, necessariamente
VERDADEIRA.
Exemplo
Seja o argumento: Se Ana trabalha, então Beto não
estuda. Se Carlos não viaja, então Beto não estuda. Se Carlos
viaja, Ana trabalha.
Temos então o argumento formado pelas seguintes
premissas:
 RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
P1: Se Ana viaja, então Beto não trabalha. Referências
P2: Se Carlos não estuda, então Beto não trabalha. ALENCAR FILHO, Edgar de – Iniciação a lógica matemática – São
P3: Se Carlos estuda, Ana viaja. Paulo: Nobel – 2002.
CABRAL, Luiz Cláudio Durão; NUNES, Mauro César de Abreu -
Denotando as proposições simples teremos: Raciocínio lógico passo a passo – Séries e Concursos - Rio de Janeiro:
p: Ana trabalha Elsevier, 2013.
q: Beto estuda
r: Carlos viaja
Montando o produto lógico teremos:

2 Tautologia

Esse é um tópico que se refere a classificação mediante

Conclusão: “Beto não estuda”.
3º caso - aplicam-se os procedimentos do 2o caso em,
apenas, uma parte das premissas do argumento.
Exemplo
Se Nivaldo não é corintiano, então Márcio é palmeirense.
Se Márcio não é palmeirense, então Pedro não é são-paulino.
Se Nivaldo é corintiano, Pedro é são-paulino. Se Nivaldo é
corintiano, então Márcio não é palmeirense.
a solução obtidas das proposições compostas.
Vejamos,
Tautologia: é uma proposição composta que tem
valor lógico V (verdade) para quaisquer que sejam os
valores lógicos das proposições componentes, ou seja, uma
tautologia conterá apenas V (verdade) na última coluna
(ou coluna solução) de sua tabela verdade. As tautologias
também são chamadas de proposições tautológicas
ou proposições logicamente verdadeiras.

Então as presmissas que formam esse argumento são: É imediato que as proposições p ĺ p e p ļ p são
P1: Se Nivaldo não é corintiano, então Márcio é tautológicas (Principio de Identidade para as proposições:
palmeirense. toda a proposição é igual a si mesma, ou ainda, todo valor
P2: Se Márcio não é palmeirense, então Pedro não é são- lógico de uma proposição é igual a ele mesmo).
paulino.
P3: Se Nivaldo é corintiano, Pedro é são-paulino.
P4: Se Nivaldo é corintiano, então Márcio não é Exemplos
palmeirense. 1) A proposição “~ (p ^ ~p) é tautológica (Princípio
da não contradição), conforme vemos na sua tabela
Denotando as proposições temos: verdade:
p ~p p ^ ~p ~(p ^ ~p)
V F F V
p: Nivaldo é corintiano F V F V
q: Márcio é palmerense
r: Pedro é são paulino Então podemos dizer que uma proposição não pode
ser simultaneamente verdadeira e falsa.
Efetuando a soma lógica:
2) A proposição “p v ~p” (Princípio do terceiro
excluído) é tautológica, vejamos sua tabela verdade.

p ~p p v ~p
V F V
F V V
Com isso podemos dizer que uma proposição é
verdadeira ou falsa, nunca as duas juntos.

3) A proposição “p v ~ (p ^ q)” é tautológica,

conforme mostra sua tabela verdade.
Vamos aplicar o produto lógico nas 3 primeiras premissas
(P1,P2,P3) teremos: p q p^q ~ (p ^ q) p v ~ (p ^ q)
V V V F V
V F F V V
F V F V V
F F F V V
4) A proposição “p ^ q ĺ (p ļ q)” é tautológica,
Conclusão: “ Márcio é palmeirense”. conforme mostra sua tabela verdade.

p q p^q pĺq p ^ q ĺ (p ļ q)
V V V V V
V F F F V


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
F V F F V Referências
F F F V V CABRAL, Luiz Cláudio Durão; NUNES, Mauro César de Abreu -
Raciocínio lógico passo a passo – Séries e Concursos - Rio de Janeiro:
5) A proposição “p v (q ^ ~q) ļ p” é tautológica,
Elsevier, 2013.
conforme mostra sua tabela verdade.
ALENCAR FILHO, Edgar de – Iniciação a lógica matemática – São
Paulo: Nobel – 2002.
p q ~q q^ p v (q ^ p v (q ^ ~q)
~q ~q) ļp
V V F F V V
V F V F V V
F V F F F V
F F V F F V
- Princípio de Substituição para as tautologias 3 Operação com conjuntos

Seja P (p; q; r; ...) uma proposição composta

tautológica e sejam P0 (p; q; r; ...), Q (p; q; r; ...), R CONJUNTOS
(p; q; r; ...), ..., proposições, também compostas, e
componentes de P (p; q; r; ...). Como o valor de P (p; q; É uma reunião, agrupamento de pessoas, seres,
r; ...) é sempre verdade (V), quaisquer que sejam os objetos, classes…, que possuem a mesma característica,
valores lógicos das proposições simples componentes “p”, nos dá ideia de coleção.
“q”, “r”, ..., é óbvio que, substituindo-se as proposições p
por P0, q por Q0, r por R0, ...na tautologia P (p; q; r; ...), a Noções Primitivas
nova proposição P (P0; Q0; R0; ...) que assim se obtém
também será uma tautologia. É o que chamamos para Na teoria dos conjuntos três noções são aceitas sem
as tautologias “Princípio de substituição”. definições:
- Conjunto;
PRINCÍPIO DA SUBSTITUIÇÃO: Seja P (p, q, r, ...) - Elemento;
- E a pertinência entre um elemento e um conjunto.
é uma tautologia, então P (P0; Q0; R0; ...) também é
uma tautologia, quaisquer que sejam as proposições Um cacho de bananas, um cardume de peixes ou uma
P0, Q0, R0, ... porção de livros são todos exemplos de conjuntos.
Conjuntos, como usualmente são concebidos, têm
Exemplo elementos. Um elemento de um conjunto pode ser uma
banana, um peixe ou um livro. Convém frisar que um
Se “p”, “q”, “r” e “s” são proposições simples, então conjunto pode ele mesmo ser elemento de algum outro
a proposição expressa por: {[(p ĺ q) ļ (r ‫ ר‬s)] ‫( ר‬r ‫ר‬ conjunto.
s)} ĺ (p ĺ q) é uma tautologia, então, veja: Em geral indicaremos os conjuntos pelas letras
maiúsculas A, B, C, ..., X, e os elementos pelas letras
minúsculas a, b, c, ..., x, y, ..., embora não exista essa
p q r s pĺ r^ : {[(p ĺ q) ļ (r ‫ ר‬s)] ‫ר‬
obrigatoriedade.
q s (r ‫ ר‬s)} ĺ (p ĺ q) A relação de pertinência que nos dá um relacionamento
V V V V V V entre um elemento e um conjunto.
[(V ļ V) ‫( ר‬V)] ĺ V
V V V F V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V
V V F V V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V Se x é um elemento de um conjunto A, escreveremos
V V F F V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V x  A.
V F V V F V [(F ļ V) ‫( ר‬V)] ĺ F
V F V F F F [(F ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ F Lê-se: x é elemento de A ou x pertence a A.
V F F V F F [(F ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ F
V F F F F F [(F ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ F Se x não é um elemento de um conjunto A, escreveremos
F V V V V V [(V ļ V) ‫( ר‬V)] ĺ V
F V V F V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V x  A.
F V F V V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V Lê-se x não é elemento de A ou x não pertence a A.
F V F F V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V
F F V V V V [(V ļ V) ‫( ר‬V)] ĺ V
F F V F V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V Como representar um conjunto
F F F V V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V
F F F F V F [(V ļ F) ‫( ר‬F)] ĺ V 1) Pela designação de seus elementos:
Escrevemos os elementos entre chaves, separando os
Substituindo as proposições compostas “p ĺ q” e “r ‫ר‬
por vírgula.
s” pelas proposições simples “a” e “b”, respectivamente,
então obteremos a seguinte proposição composta: {[a ļ
Exemplos:
b] ‫ ר‬b} ĺ a. Pelo Princípio da Substituição, tem-se
{a, e, i, o, u} indica o conjunto formado pelas vogais
que a nova proposição composta também será tautológica,
{1, 2, 5,10} indica o conjunto formado pelos divisores
vejamos:
naturais de 10.
a b aļb [a ļ b ] ‫ ר‬b {[a ļ b] ‫ ר‬b} ĺ (a) 2) Pela sua característica
V V V V‫ר‬V=V VĺV
V F F F‫ר‬F=F FĺV Escrevemos o conjunto enunciando uma propriedade
F V F F‫ר‬V=F FĺF ou característica comum de seus elementos. Assim sendo,
F F V F‫ר‬F=F FĺF o conjunto dos elementos x que possuem a propriedade P
é indicado por:



{x, | (tal que) x tem a propriedade P}
Exemplos:
- {x| x é vogal} é o mesmo que {a, e, i, o, u}
- {x | x são os divisores naturais de 10} é o mesmo que
{1, 2, 5,10}
3) Pelo diagrama de Venn-Euler
Os elementos do conjunto são colocados dentro de uma
figura em forma de elipse, chamada diagrama de Venn.
Exemplos:
- Conjunto das vogaiss
- Conjunto dos divisores naturais de 10
Igualdade de Conjuntos
Dois conjuntos A = B são ditos iguais (ou idênticos)
se todos os seus elementos são iguais, e escrevemos A
= B. Caso haja algum que não o seja dizemos que estes
FRQMXQWRVVmRGLVWLQWRVHHVFUHYHPRV$%
Exemplos:
RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
- Conjuntos Finitos e Infinitos
Finito = quando podemos enumerar todos os seus
elementos. Exemplo: Conjuntos dos Estados da Região
Sudeste, S= {Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Espirito Santo,
Minas Gerais}
Infinito = contrário do finito. Exemplo: Conjunto
dos números inteiros, Z = {..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}.
A reticências representa o infinito.
Relação de Pertinência
A pertinência é representada pelo símbolo (pertence)
ou Ï(não pertence). Ele relaciona elemento com conjunto.
Exemplo:
Seja o conjunto B={1, 3, 5, 7}
* 1 B, 3 B, 5 B
* 2 Ï B, 6 Ï B , 9 ÏB
Subconjuntos
Quando todos os elementos de um conjunto A são
também elementos de um outro conjunto B, dizemos que
A é subconjunto de B.
Podemos dizer ainda que subconjunto é quando
formamos vários conjuntos menores com as mesmas
caraterísticas de um conjunto maior.
Exemplos:
- B = {2, 4}  A = {2,, 3,, 4,, 5,, 6},, p
pois 2  {2, 3, 4, 5,
6} e 4  {2, 3, 4, 5 ,6}}
- C = {2, 7, 4} Œ A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, pois 7  {2, 3,
4, 5, 6}
$ ^`H% ^[_[pSULPRH”[”` - D = {2, 3}  E = {2,, 3},
}, p
pois 2 {2, 3} e 3 {2, 3}
então A = B.
2) B = {6, 9,10} e C = {10, 6, 9}, então B = C, note
que a ordem dos elementos não altera a igualdade dos
conjuntos.

è Tipos de Conjuntos
7RGRFRQMXQWR$pVXEFRQMXQWRGHOHSUySULR
- Conjunto Universo 2FRQMXQWRYD]LRSRUFRQYHQomRpVXEFRQMXQWRGH
Reunião de todos os conjuntos que estamos TXDOTXHUFRQMXQWR
trabalhando. 2FRQMXQWRGDVSDUWHVpRFRQMXQWRIRUPDGRSRUWRGRVRV
Exemplo: VXEFRQMXQWRVGH$
Quando falamos de números naturais, temos como ([HPSOR3HJDQGRRFRQMXQWR%DFLPDWHPRVDVSDUWHVGH
Conjunto Universo os números inteiros positivos. %
% ^^`^`^`%`
- Conjunto Vazio 3RGHPRVFRQFOXLUFRPHVVDSURSULHGDGHTXH6H%WHPn
Conjunto vazio é aquele que não possui elementos. HOHPHQWRVHQWmRBSRVVXLQVXEFRQMXQWRVHSRUWDQWR3%
Representa-se por  ou, simplesmente { }. SRVVXLQHOHPHQWRV
Exemplo:
A = {x| x é natural e menor que 0} 6HTXLVpVVHPRVVDEHUTXDQWRVVXEFRQMXQWRVWHPRFRQMXQWR
$H[HPSORDFLPDEDVWDFDOFXODUPRVDSOLFDQGRRIyUPXOD
- Conjunto Unitário
Conjunto caracterizado por possuir apenas um único 1~PHURVGHHOHPHQWRVQ ÎQ  VXEFRQMXQWRV
elemento. LQFOXLQGRRYD]LRHHOHSUySULR
Exemplos:
Relação de inclusão
- Conjunto dos números naturais compreendidos entre
2 e 4. A = {3}
Deve ser usada para estabelecer relação entre conjuntos
- Conjunto dos números inteiros negativos
com conjuntos, verificando se um conjunto é subconjunto
compreendidos entre -5 e -7. B = {- 6}
ou não de outro conjunto.


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Representamos as relações de inclusão pelos seguintes
símbolos:

 Š
(VWiFRQWLGR  &RQWpP
Œ1mRHVWiFRQWLGR 1mRFRQWpP Note que ao subtrairmos os elementos comuns
evitamos que eles sejam contados
Operações com Conjuntos duas vezes.
- União de conjuntos Observações:
A união (ou reunião) dos conjuntos A e B é o conjunto a) Se os conjuntos A e B forem disjuntos ou se mesmo
formado por todos os elementos que pertencem a A ou a um deles estiver contido no outro, ainda assim a relação
B. Representa-se por A ‰ B. dada será verdadeira.
b) Podemos ampliar a relação do número de elementos
para três ou mais conjuntos com a mesma eficiência.

Observe o diagrama e comprove:

Simbolicamente: A ‰ B = {x | x  A ou x  B}

Exemplos:
- {2, 3} ‰ {4, 5, 6} = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
- {2, 3, 4} ‰ {3, 4, 5} = {2, 3, 4, 5}
- {2, 3} ‰ {1, 2, 3, 4} = {1, 2, 3, 4}
- {a, b} ‰ I = {a, b}

- Intersecção de conjuntos
A intersecção dos conjuntos A e B é o conjunto formado
por todos os elementos que pertencem, simultaneamente,
a A e a B. Representa-se por A ˆ B. Simbolicamente: A ˆ
B = {x | x  A e x  B}

- Propriedades da União e Intersecção de

Conjuntos
Sendo A, B e C conjuntos quaisquer, valem as seguintes
propriedades:
Exemplos: 1) Idempotente: A U A = A e A ˆ A= A
- {2, 3, 4} ˆ {3, 5} = {3} 2) Elemento Neutro: A U Ø = A e A ˆ U = A
- {1, 2, 3} ˆ {2, 3, 4} = {2, 3} 3) Comutativa: A U B = B U A e A ˆ B = B ˆ A
- {2, 3} ˆ {1, 2, 3, 5} = {2, 3} 4) Associativa: A U (B U C) = (A U B) U C e A ˆ (B
- {2, 4} ˆ {3, 5, 7} = I ˆ C) = (A ˆ B) ˆ C
Observação: Se A ˆ B = I , dizemos que A e B são - Diferença
conjuntos disjuntos. A diferença entre os conjuntos A e B é o conjunto
formado por todos os elementos que pertencem a A e não
pertencem a B. Representa-se por A – B. Para determinar
a diferença entre conjuntos, basta observamos o que o
conjunto A tem de diferente de B.
Simbolicamente: A – B = {x | x  A e x  B}

- Propriedades dos conjuntos disjuntos

1) A U (A ˆ B) = A
2) A ˆ (A U B) = A
3) Distributiva da reunião em relação à intersecção: A
U (B U C) = (A U B) ˆ (A U C)
4) Distributiva da intersecção em relação à união: A Exemplos:
ˆ (B U C) = (A ˆ B) U (A ˆ C)
- A = {0, 1, 2, 3} e B = {0, 2} è A – B = {1, 3} e B – A
=I
- Número de Elementos da União e da - A = {1, 2, 3} e B = {2, 3, 4} è A – B = {1} e B – A
Intersecção de Conjuntos = {4}
Dados dois conjuntos A e B, como vemos na figura - A = {0, 2, 4} e B = {1 ,3 ,5} è A – B = {0, 2, 4} e
abaixo, podemos estabelecer uma relação entre os B – A = {1, 3, 5}
respectivos números de elementos.


 RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
EŽƚĞƋƵĞͲтͲ (B) 32 motoristas
(C) 48 motoristas
(D) 36 motoristas
- Complementar Resolução:
Dados dois conjuntos A e B, tais que B A (B é
subconjunto de A), chama-se complementar de B
em relação a A o conjunto A - B, isto é, o conjunto dos
elementos de A que não pertencem a B.

Dizemos complementar de B em relação a A.

Os que dirigem automóveis e motocicleta: 8

Os que dirigem apenas automóvel: 28 – 8 = 20
Os que dirigem apenas motocicleta: 12 – 8 = 4
A quantidade de motoristas é o somatório: 20 + 8 + 4
= 32 motoristas.
Exemplos: Resposta: B
Seja S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Então:
a) A = {2, 3, 4} Ÿ A = {0, 1, 5, 6} 3) Em uma cidade existem duas empresas de transporte
b) B = {3, 4, 5, 6 } Ÿ B = {0, 1, 2} coletivo, A e B. Exatamente 70% dos estudantes desta
c) C = I Ÿ C = S cidade utilizam a Empresa A e 50% a Empresa B. Sabendo
que todo estudante da cidade é usuário de pelo menos
Resolução de Problemas Utilizando Conjuntos uma das empresas, qual o % deles que utilizam as duas
empresas?
Muitos dos problemas constituem- se de perguntas, (A) 20%
tarefas a serem executadas. Nos utilizaremos dessas (B) 25%
informações e dos conhecimentos aprendidos em relação (C) 27%
as operações de conjuntos para resolvê-los. (D) 33%
Exemplos: (E) 35%
1) Numa pesquisa sobre a preferência por dois partidos Resolução:
políticos, A e B, obteve-se os seguintes resultados. Noventa
e duas disseram que gostam do partido A, oitenta pessoas
disseram que gostam do partido B e trinta e cinco pessoas
disseram que gostam dos dois partidos. Quantas pessoas
responderam a pesquisa? 70 – 50 = 20.
Resolução pela Fórmula 20% utilizam as duas empresas.
» n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A ˆ B) Resposta: A.
» n(A U B) = 92 + 80 – 35
» n(A U B) = 137 Referências
GONÇALVES, Antônio R. - Matemática para Cursos de Graduação –
Resolução pelo diagrama: Contexto e Aplicações
- Se 92 pessoas responderam gostar do partido A e 35 IEZZI, Gelson - Fundamentos da Matemática Elementar – Vol. 01 –
delas responderam que gostam de ambos, então o número Conjuntos e Funções
de pessoas que gostam somente do partido A é: 92 – 35
= 57.
- Se 80 pessoas responderam gostar do partido B e
35 delas responderam gostar dos dois partidos, então o
número de operários que gostam somente do partido B é:
92 – 35 = 57. 4 Cálculos com porcentagens
- Se 57 gostam somente do partido A, 45 responderam
que gostam somente do partido B e 35 responderam que
gostam dos dois partidos políticos, então o número de Razões de denominador 100 que são chamadas de
pessoas que responderam à pesquisa foi: 57 + 35 + 45 razões centesimais ou taxas percentuais ou simplesmente
= 137. de porcentagem. Servem para representar de uma
maneira prática o “quanto” de um “todo” se está
referenciando.
Costumam ser indicadas pelo numerador seguido do
símbolo % (Lê-se: “por cento”).

2) Num grupo de motoristas, há 28 que dirigem

automóvel, 12 que dirigem motocicleta e 8 que dirigem Exemplos:
automóveis e motocicleta. Quantos motoristas há no
grupo? 1 - A tabela abaixo indica, em reais, os resultados das
(A) 16 motoristas aplicações financeiras de Oscar e Marta entre 02/02/2013


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
e 02/02/2014. 100,00. Determinar:
a) a porcentagem de lucro em relação ao preço de
custo;
b) a porcentagem de lucro em relação ao preço de
venda.

Notamos que a razão entre os rendimentos e o saldo Resolução:

em 02/02/2013 é:
Preço de custo + lucro = preço de venda è 75 + lucro
=100 è Lucro = R$ 25,00

a)

Quem obteve melhor rentabilidade?

b)
Uma das maneiras de compará-las é expressá-las com
o mesmo denominador (no nosso caso o 100), para isso, 2 - O preço de venda de um bem de consumo é R$
vamos simplificar as frações acima: 100,00. O comerciante tem um ganho de 25% sobre o
preço de custo deste bem. O valor do preço de custo é:
A) R$ 25,00
B) R$ 70,50
C) R$ 75,00
D) R$ 80,00
E) R$ 125,00

Com isso podemos concluir, Marta obteve uma Resolução:

rentabilidade maior que Oscar ao investir no Banco B. , o
lucro
2 – Em uma classe com 30 alunos, 18 são rapazes e 12
são moças. Qual é a taxa percentual de rapazes na classe? é calculado em cima do Preço de Custo(PC).
Resolução:
PC + L = PV
A razão entre o número de rapazes e o total de alunos PC + 0,25.PC = PV
é . Devemos expressar essa razão na forma centesimal, 1,25 . PC = 100
isto é, precisamos encontrar x tal que: PC = 80,00
Resposta D

- Aumento e Desconto Percentuais

E a taxa percentual de rapazes é 60%. Poderíamos ter
divido 18 por 30, obtendo: Aumentar um valor V em p%, equivale a multiplicá-lo
por

- Lucro e Prejuízo ( ).V .

É a diferença entre o preço de venda e o preço de custo. Logo:

Caso a diferença seja positiva, temos o lucro(L), caso VA = ( ).V
seja negativa, temos prejuízo(P).
Exemplos:
Lucro (L) = Preço de Venda (PV) – Preço de Custo 1 - Aumentar um valor V de 20% , equivale a
(PC). multiplicá-lo por 1,20, pois:

Podemos ainda escrever: ( ).V = (1+0,20).V = 1,20.V

PC + L = PV
PC – P = PV 2 - Aumentar um valor V de 200% , equivale a
A forma percentual é: multiplicá-lo por 3 , pois:

( ).V = (1+2).V = 3.V

3 - Aumentando-se os lados a e b de um retângulo

de 15% e 20%, respectivamente, a área do retângulo é
aumentada de:
A)35%
Exemplos: B)30%
C)3,5%
1 - Um objeto custa R$ 75,00 e é vendido por R$ D)3,8%


 RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
E) 38% 1 - Dois aumentos sucessivos de 10% equivalem a um
único aumento de...?
Resolução:
Área inicial: a.b Utilizando VA = ( ).V
Com aumento: (a.1,15).(b.1,20) è 1,38.a.b da área V. 1,1 , como são dois de 10% temos
inicial. Logo o aumento foi de 38%. V. 1,1 . 1,1
Resposta E V. 1,21 Analisando o fator de multiplicação 1,21;
concluímos que esses dois aumentos significam um único
Diminuir um valor V em p%, equivale a multiplicá-lo aumento de 21%.
por
( ).V. Observe que : esses dois aumentos de 10% equivalem
Logo: a 21% e não a 20%.
VD= ( ).V
2 - Dois descontos sucessivos de 20% equivalem a um
Exemplos: único desconto de:

1 - Diminuir um valor V de 20%, equivale a multiplicá- Utilizando VD = ( ).V

lo por 0,80, pois:
( ). V = (1-0,20). V = 0, 80.V
2 - Diminuir um valor V de 40%, equivale a multiplicá-
lo por 0,60, pois:
( ). V = (1-0,40). V = 0, 60.V
3 - O preço do produto de uma loja sofreu um desconto
de 8% e ficou reduzido a R$ 115,00. Qual era o seu valor
antes do desconto?
V. 0,8. 0,8
V. 0,64. .Analisando o fator de multiplicação 0,64,
observamos que esse percentual não representa o valor
do desconto, mas sim o valor pago com o desconto. Para
sabermos o valor que representa o desconto é só fazermos
o seguinte cálculo:
100% - 64% = 36%
Observe que: esses dois descontos de 20% equivalem a
36% e não a 40%.

Temos que V D = 115, p = 8% e V =? é o valor que 3 - Certo produto industrial que custava R$ 5.000,00
queremos achar. sofreu um acréscimo de 30% e, em seguida, um desconto
de 20%. Qual o preço desse produto após esse acréscimo
VD=( ). V e desconto?

115 = (1-0,08).V Utilizando VA = ( ).V para o aumento e

115 = 0,92V
V = 115/0,92 è V = 125 VD = ( ).V, temos:
O valor antes do desconto é de R$ 125,00.
VA = 5000 .(1,3) = 6500 e VD = 6500 .(0,80) =
)LFDD'LFD 5200, podemos, para agilizar os cálculos, juntar tudo em
uma única equação:
$HVVHYDORUGH¿QDOGHSRX 5000 . 1,3 . 0,8 = 5200
SpRTXHFKDPDPRVGHIDWRUGH Logo o preço do produto após o acréscimo e desconto
PXOWLSOLFDomRPXLWR~WLOSDUDUHVROXomRGH é de R$ 5.200,00
FiOFXORVGHSRUFHQWDJHP2PHVPRSRGH
VHUXPDFUpVFLPRRXGHFUpVFLPRQRYDORU Referências
GRSURGXWR IEZZI, Gelson – Fundamentos da Matemática – Vol. 11 – Financeira
e Estatística Descritiva
Abaixo a tabela com alguns fatores de multiplicação: IEZZI, Gelson – Matemática Volume Único
http://www.porcentagem.org
)DWRUGHPXOWLSOLFDomR )DWRUGHPXOWLSOLFDomR http://interna.coceducacao.com.br

$FUpVFLPR 'HFUpVFLPR http://www.infoescola.com
  
  
  
  
  
  
  

- Aumentos e Descontos Sucessivos

São valores que aumentam ou diminuem

sucessivamente. Para efetuar os respectivos descontos ou
aumentos, fazemos uso dos fatores de multiplicação.
Vejamos alguns exemplos:


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Questões Complementares
01. (CESPE - INSS - Direito)
Proposições são sentenças que podem ser julgadas
como verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F), mas não ambas. Se
P e Q são proposições, então a proposição “Se P então Q”,
denotada por P ĺ Q, terá valor lógico F quando P for V
e Q for F, e, nos demais casos, será V. Uma expressão da
forma P, a negação da proposição P, terá valores lógicos
contrários aos de P. P ‫ ש‬Q, lida como “P ou Q”, terá valor
lógico F quando P e Q forem, ambas, F: nos demais casos,
será V. Roberta, Rejane e Renata são servidoras de um
mesmo órgão público do Poder Executivo Federal. Em um
treinamento, ao lidar com certa situação, observou-se que
cada uma delas tomou uma das seguintes atitudes:
A1: deixou de utilizar avanços técnicos e científicos que
estavam ao seu alcance.
A2: alterou texto de documento oficial que deveria apenas
ser encaminhado para providências.
A3: buscou evitar situações procrastinatórias.
Cada uma dessas atitudes, que pode ou não estar de
acordo com o Código de Ética Profissional do Servidor
Público Civil do Poder Executivo Federal (CEP), foi
tomada por exatamente uma das servidoras. Além disso,
sabe-se que a servidora Renata tomou a atitude A3 e
que a servidora Roberta não tomou a atitude A1. Essas
informações estão contempladas na tabela a seguir, em
que cada célula, correspondente ao cruzamento de uma
linha com uma coluna, foi preenchida com V (verdadeiro)
no caso de a servidora listada na linha ter tomado a atitude
representada na coluna, ou com F (falso), caso contrário.
A1 A2 A3 A4
Roberta F 05. (CESPE – Banco do Brasil – Escriturário)
Rejane
Renata V Proposições são sentenças que podem ser julgadas como
Com base nessas informações, julgue os itens seguintes.
Se P for a proposição “Rejane alterou texto de
documento oficial que deveria apenas ser encaminhado
para providências” e Q for a proposição “Renata buscou
evitar situações procrastinatórias”, então a proposição
PĺQ tem valor lógico V.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado
02. (CESPE - TRE-ES - Técnico)
Considere que P e Q sejam duas proposições que
podem compor novas proposições por meio dos conectivos
lógicos ~, ‫ר‬, ‫ ש‬e ĺ, os quais significam “não”, “e”, “ou”,
e “se... então”, respectivamente. Considere, ainda, que a
negação de P, ~P (lê-se: não P) será verdadeira quando P
for falsa, e será falsa quando P for verdadeira; a conjunção
de P e Q, P‫ר‬Q (lê-se: P e Q) somente será verdadeira
quando ambas, P e Q, forem verdadeiras; a disjunção de
P e Q, P‫ש‬Q (lê-se: P ou Q) somente será falsa quando P e
Q forem falsas; e a condicional de P e Q, PĺQ (lê-se: se

P, então Q) somente será falsa quando P for verdadeira e
Q falsa. Considere, por fim, que a tabela verdade de uma
proposição expresse todos os valores lógicos possíveis
para tal proposição, em função dos valores lógicos das
proposições que a compõem. Com base nesse conjunto de
informações, julgue os itens seguintes.
A proposição ~(~P ‫ ר‬P) é verdadeira,
independentemente do valor lógico da proposição P.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado
03. (CESPE – DETRAN-ES – Analista de
Sistemas) Com relação à programação, algoritmos e
estrutura de dados, julgue o item seguinte. Por meio do
operador lógico de disjunção (OU), verificam-se os valores
de entrada, de maneira que, caso ambos os valores sejam
falsos, o resultado será verdadeiro e, caso apenas um dos
valores seja falso, o resultado será falso.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado
04. (CESPE – Banco do Brasil – Escriturário)
Proposições são frases que podem ser julgadas como
verdadeiras (V) ou falsas (F), mas não ambas; são
frequentemente simbolizadas por letras maiúsculas do
alfabeto. A proposição simbolizada por AĺB lida como
“se A, então B”, “A é condição suficiente para B”, ou “B é
condição necessária para A”, tem valor lógico F quando
A é V e B é F; nos demais casos, seu valor lógico é V. A
proposição A‫ר‬B lida como “A e B” tem valor lógico V
quando A e B forem V e valor lógico F, nos demais casos.
A proposição ¬A, a negação de A, tem valores lógicos
contrários aos de A.
Se o valor lógico da proposição “Se as operações de
crédito no país aumentam, então os bancos ganham muito
dinheiro” é V, então é correto concluir que o valor lógico
da proposição “Se os bancos não ganham muito dinheiro,
então as operações de crédito no país não aumentam” é
também V.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado
verdadeiras - V - ou falsas - F -, mas não como ambas,
simultaneamente. As proposições são frequentemente
representadas por letras maiúsculas e, a partir de
proposições simples, novas proposições podem ser
construídas utilizando-se símbolos especiais. Uma
expressão da forma A ĺ B, que é lida como “se A, então
B”, é F se A for V e se B for F e, nos demais casos, será
sempre V. Uma expressão da forma A ‫ ר‬B, que é lida como
“A e B”, é V se A e B forem V e, nos demais casos, será
sempre F. Uma expressão da forma A ‫ ש‬B, que é lida como
“A ou B”, é F se A e B forem F e, nos demais casos, será
sempre V. Uma expressão da forma ¬A, a negação de A, é
V se A for F e é F se A for V.
Julgue os itens que seguem, a respeito de lógica
sentencial e de primeira ordem, tendo como referência as
definições apresentadas no texto. Se a proposição “Algum
banco lucra mais no Brasil que nos EUA” tiver valor lógico
V, a proposição “Se todos os bancos lucram mais nos EUA
que no Brasil, então os correntistas têm melhores serviços
lá do que aqui” será F.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado

06. (CESPE - INSS - Analista) Proposições são
sentenças que podem ser julgadas como verdadeiras
(V) ou falsas (F), mas não como ambas. Se P e Q são
proposições, então a proposição “Se P então Q”, denotada
por PĺQ, terá valor lógico F quando P for V e Q for F, e,
nos demais casos, será V. Uma expressão da forma ¬P, a
negação da proposição P, terá valores lógicos contrários
aos de P. P‫ש‬Q, lida como “P ou Q”, terá valor lógico F
quando P e Q forem, ambas, F: nos demais casos, será V.
Considere as proposições simples e compostas
apresentadas abaixo, denotadas por A, B e C, que podem
ou não estar de acordo com o artigo 5.º da Constituição
Federal.
A: A prática do racismo é crime afiançável.
B: A defesa do consumidor deve ser promovida pelo
Estado.
C: Todo cidadão estrangeiro que cometer crime político
em território brasileiro será extraditado.
De acordo com as valorações V ou F atribuídas
corretamente às proposições A, B e C, a partir da
Constituição Federal, julgue o item a seguir. De acordo
com a notação apresentada acima, é correto afirmar que a
proposição (¬A) ‫¬(( ש‬C) tem valor lógico F.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado
RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
P3 é logicamente equivalente à proposição “O vereador
Vitor participou do esquema ou o chefe de gabinete não foi o
mentor do esquema”.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado
10. Considerando essa situação hipotética, julgue os
itens seguintes, acerca de proposições lógicas. A partir das
premissas P1, P2 e P3, é correto inferir que o prefeito Pérsio
não sabia do esquema.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado
Respostas
01. Resposta “Certo”.
Não foi Rejane quem alterou o texto, foi Roberta, a
expressão será, nestas condições, F então V... o que torna
a assertiva verdadeira uma vez que se então só será falso
na construção V então F. Como estamos diante de uma
condicional, o fato da proposição P ser Falsa, já deixa a
proposição se P então Q verdadeira, já que a condicional
só é falsa se P for V e Q for F. Sendo assim, como não
foi Rejane que alterou o texto, temos que P é Falsa, e a
condicional, independentemente do valor de Q, será
verdadeira.

(CESPE – TRE-RJ – Técnico Judiciário) 02. Resposta “Certo”

Texto para as questões de 07 a 10. Tabela Verdade

P ~P ~P ‫ ר‬P ~(~P ‫ ר‬P)
O cenário político de uma pequena cidade tem sido V F F V
movimentado por denúncias a respeito da existência F V F V
de um esquema de compra de votos dos vereadores. A Quando temos:
dúvida quanto a esse esquema persiste em três pontos, A e ~A = F (o valor lógico sempre será falso. Eu vou
correspondentes às proposições P, Q e R: para praia “e” eu não vou para a praia).
A ou ~A = V ( o valor lógico sempre será verdadeiro.
P: O vereador Vitor não participou do esquema; O cavalo é branco “ou” o cavalo não é branco).
Q: O Prefeito Pérsio sabia do esquema;
R: O chefe de gabinete do Prefeito foi o mentor do Sendo a proposição P e ~P sempre falsa, conforme
esquema. demonstrado acima, a negação então será sempre
verdadeira.
Os trabalhos de investigação de uma CPI da Câmara
Municipal conduziram às premissas P1, P2 e P3 seguintes: 03. Resposta “Errado”.
Existem dois casos de disjunção: inclusiva e exclusiva.
P1: Se o vereador Vitor não participou do esquema,
então o Prefeito Pérsio não sabia do esquema. - Inclusiva (ou soma lógica) - só é falsa quando ambos
P2: Ou o chefe de gabinete foi o mentor do esquema, os valores forem falsos:
ou o Prefeito Pérsio sabia do esquema, mas não ambos. F+F=F
P3: Se o vereador Vitor não participou do esquema, F+V=V
então o chefe de gabinete não foi o mentor do esquema. V+F=V
V+V=F
Considerando essa situação hipotética, julgue os itens
seguintes, acerca de proposições lógicas. - Exclusiva (só é verdadeira quando ambos os valores
forem semelhantes):
07. Das premissas P1, P2 e P3, é correto afirmar que “O F+F=V
chefe de gabinete foi o mentor do esquema ou o vereador F+V=F
Vitor participou do esquema”. V+F=F
( ) Certo ( ) Errado V+V=V
08. Considerando essa situação hipotética, julgue os A questão especificou a disjunção como “ou”.
itens seguintes, acerca de proposições lógicas. A premissa Portanto, está errada.
P2 pode ser corretamente representada por R ‫ ש‬Q.
( ) Certo ( ) Errado 04. Resposta “Certo”.
P: “as operações de crédito no país aumentam”.
09. Considerando essa situação hipotética, julgue os Q: “os bancos ganham muito dinheiro”.
itens seguintes, acerca de proposições lógicas. A premissa P então Q. Tal estrutura lógica equivale a ~Q então ~P.


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
duas forem falsas.
“Se as operações de crédito no país aumentam, então
os bancos ganham muito dinheiro”. Equivale a A ĺ B; A tabela verdade do “ou”. Vejam:
“Se os bancos não ganham muito dinheiro, então as
operações de crédito no país não aumentam”. Equivale a p q p‫ש‬q
~B ĺ ~A; V V F
Logo, como A ĺ B equivale a ~B ĺ ~A a afirmativa V F V
F V V
é correta. F F F

05. Resposta “Errado”.
A proposição do tipo P então Q tem valor lógico V
(verdadeiro) quando as duas condições são verdadeiras, as
duas condições são falsas e a primeira condição é falsa e a
segunda é verdadeira. Sabendo que a primeira condição é
falsa (já que a questão afirma que “algum banco lucra mais
nos Brasil do que nos EUA”), concluímos que a segunda
pode ser falsa ou verdadeira que a proposição terá valor
lógico V(verdadeiro). Logo, não podemos afirmar que a
segunda proposição será F.
No 2º caso, os dois não podem ser verdade ao mesmo
tempo.
Disjunção exclusiva (Ou... ou)
Representado pelo v, ou ainda ou.
Pode aparecer assim também: p v q, mas não ambos.
Regra: Só será verdadeira se houver uma das
sentenças verdadeira e outra falsa.

Negação: Hipótese 1:
Todo A é B = Algum A não é B.
Algum A é B = Todo A não é B. P1: F ĺ V = V (Não poderá aparecer VF).
Algum A é B = Nenhum A é B. P2: V F = V (Apenas um tem que ser verdadeiro).
Nenhum A é B = Algum A é B. P3: F ĺ F = V

Equivalência: Conclusões:
Todo A é B = Nenhum A não é B. Vereador participou do esquema.
Nenhum A é B = Todo A não é B. Prefeito não sabia.
Todo A é B = A condicionado a (ĺ) B. Chefe do gabinete foi o mentor.

1- Verdadeiro - Algum banco lucra mais no Brasil do Então:

que nos EUA. O chefe de gabinete foi o mentor do esquema ou o
2- Falso - Todo banco não lucra mais no Brasil do que vereador Vitor participou do esquema.
nos EUA. V V = verdade, pois sabemos que para ser falso, todos
3- Equivalente à segunda - Se todos os bancos não devem ser falsos.
lucram mais no Brasil do que nos EUA, então... (quer dizer
que nos EUA lucram mais). Hipótese 2:
P1: F ĺ F = V
A primeira parte é falsa, a segunda parte não importa, P2: F V = V
pois falso condicionado a qualquer coisa sempre será P3: F ĺV = V
verdadeiro. Equivalente à terceira - Se todos os bancos Conclusões:
lucram mais no EUA do que no Brasil, então... Não importa Vereador participou do esquema.
o resto, continua sendo falso condicionado a qualquer Prefeito sabia.
coisa, sendo verdadeiro, portanto. Chefe de gabinete não era o mentor.

06. Resposta “Errado”. Então:

F ou V = V. O chefe de gabinete foi o mentor do esquema ou o
A: F; ~A: V vereador Vitor participou do esquema.
C: F; ~C: V F V = verdade.
~A v ~C = V ‫ ש‬V = V
08. Resposta: Errado
A banca misturou constitucional com raciocínio-lógico, Não se trata de uma Disjunção, trata-se de uma
então teríamos que julgar. Disjunção Exclusiva, cujo símbolo é . Também chamado
Proposição A – falsa. de “Ou Exclusivo”. É o famoso “um ou outro mas não
Proposição B – verdadeira. ambos”. Só vai assumir valor verdade, quando somente
Proposição C – falsa. uma das proposições forem verdadeiras, pois quando as
duas forem verdadeiras a proposição será falsa. Da mesma
Na disjunção para ser falsa, ambas as proposições têm forma se as duas forem falsas, a proposição toda será falsa.
que ser falsas.
A ou B - F ou F = Falso Tabela verdade do “Ou Exclusivo”.
¬A ou ¬ B = V ou V = Verdade
p q
p q
07. Resposta: Certo V V F
É só aplicar a tabela verdade do “ou” (v). V F V
V v F será verdadeiro, sendo falso apenas quando as F V V
F F F


 RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
Com a frase em P2 “mas não ambos” deixa claro que será obrigatoriamente falsa, pois na disjunção exclusiva
as duas premissas não podem ser verdadeiras, logo não só vai ser verdade quando apenas um dos argumentos
é uma Disjunção, mas sim uma Disjunção Exclusiva, onde for verdadeiro. E se R é falso, significa dizer que ~R é
apenas uma das premissas pode ser verdadeira para que verdadeiro. Fazendo as substituições:
P2 seja verdadeira.
P1: P ĺ ~Q Verdade
09. Resposta: Certo FĺFV
Duas premissas são logicamente equivalentes quando
elas possuem a mesma tabela verdade: Por que P é falso? Na condicional só vai ser falso se
a primeira for verdadeira e a segunda for falsa. Como
P R PĺR “sabemos” que a premissa toda é verdadeira e que ~Q é
Rĺ P P‫ש‬R
falso, P só pode assumir valor F.
P R
V V F F V V V
V F F V F F F P2: R (ou exclusivo) Q Verdade
F V V F V V V F (ou exclusivo) V V
F F V V V V V
Possuem a mesma tabela verdade,logo são Lembrando que na disjunção exclusiva, só vai ser
equivalentes. verdade quando uma das proposições forem verdadeiras.
Como sei que Q é verdadeiro, R só pode ser falso.
Representando simbolicamente as equivalências,
temos o seguinte: P3: P ĺ ~R Verdade
(P ĺ R) = ( P ‫ ש‬R) = ( R ĺ P) FĺVV

As proposições dadas na questão: Se deduz que R é falso, logo ~R é verdadeiro.

P = O vereador Vitor não participou do esquema. Consideramos inicialmente o argumento sendo não válido
R = O chefe de gabinete do Prefeito foi o mentor do (premissas verdadeiras e conclusão falsa). Significa dizer
esquema. que a questão está errada. Não é correto inferir que o
Prefeito Pérsio não sabia do esquema. Foi comprovado
Premissa dada na questão: P3 = Se o vereador Vitor que ele sabia do esquema.
não participou do esquema, então o chefe do gabinete
não foi o mentor do esquema. Em linguagem simbólica, a
premissa P3 fica assim: (P ĺ R).
A questão quer saber se (P ĺ R) é logicamente
equivalente a proposição: “O vereador Vitor participou
do esquema ou o chefe de gabinete não foi o mentor do
esquema”, que pode ser representada da seguinte forma:
( P ‫ ש‬R). Vemos que P3 tem a seguinte equivalente
lógica: (P ĺ R) = ( P ‫ ש‬R). Negamos a primeira ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
sentença, mudamos o conectivo “ĺ” para “‫”ש‬, e depois
mantemos a segunda sentença do mesmo jeito. Assim ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
sendo, a questão está correta. As duas sentenças são ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
“logicamente equivalentes”.
²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
10. Resposta: Errado
A questão quer saber se o argumento “o Prefeito Pérsio ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
não sabia do esquema” é um argumento válido. Quando ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
o argumento é válido? Quando as premissas forem
verdadeiras e a conclusão obrigatoriamente verdadeira ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
ou quando as premissas forem falsas e a conclusão falsa.
Quando o argumento não é válido? Quando as premissas ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
forem verdadeiras e a conclusão for falsa. Pra resolver essas ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
questões de validade de argumento é melhor começar de
forma contrária ao comando da questão. Como a questão ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
quer saber se o argumento é válido, vamos partir do
princípio (hipótese) que é inválido. Fica assim: ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
P1: P ĺ ~Q verdade
P2: R (ou exclusivo) Q verdade ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
P3: P ĺ ~R verdade
Conclusão: O prefeito Pérsio não sabia do esquema. ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
falso
²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
Se é falso que o Prefeito Pérsio não sabia, significa ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
dizer que ele sabia do esquema. Então, pode-se deduzir
que as proposições ~Q e Q são, respectivamente, falsa e ²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²
verdadeira. Na segunda premissa: Se Q é verdadeira, R
²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²²


RACIOCÍNIO LÓGICO
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 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 1
A Intranet utiliza os serviços e protocolos da Internet

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Conceitos básicos e modos de dentro de uma mesma empresa. Possibilita, por exemplo,
que possamos mandar um e-mail para alguém dentro da em-
utilização de tecnologias, ferramentas, presa ou enviar um arquivo por FTP a um computador em
aplicativos e procedimentos outro andar. Também permite a criação de uma homepage
associados à Internet e intranet com sua identificação e os trabalhos que está desenvolvendo.
Enquanto a Internet estabelece os padrões e as tecnolo-
gias para comunicação entre computadores, através de uma
Uma rede pode ser um computador ligado à Internet ou um rede mundial que conecta muitas redes, a Intranet aplica
computador ligado a outros computadores. A Internet é uma estas tecnologias dentro da organização via rede LAN/WAN
rede que conecta milhões de computadores ao redor do mundo corporativa, com todos os mesmos benefícios. Exatamente
e permite a comunicação e tráfego de milhões de informações. A pela Internet ser um padrão bem estabelecido, montar a
World Wide Web é a parte da Internet mais utilizada por usuários infra-estrutura é simples. O Clássico problema de como fazer
de computadores. A Internet compreende tráfego de informações um se conectar com muitos é resolvida pelo uso de tecnologia
por meio de páginas de hipertexto, notícias e e-mails. Internet via WAN/LAN. O controle de acesso e segurança,
É possível usar o serviço de e-mails sem acessar o conte- problema complicado nos modelos informacionais atuais
údo disponível na Internet. também encontra solução nos moldes da Internet.
A Internet é útil para: A tecnologia da Internet passa a se incorporar na nova logís-
‡ encontrar informações; tica empresarial de fora para dentro, ou seja, para suportar toda
esta nova dinâmica externa a logística interna (suprimento-
‡ trocar mensagens; -fabricação-entrega) precisa acompanhar, a questão básica é:
a empresa quer responder pronta e corretamente às demandas
‡ acessar grupos de notícias; apresentadas pelo seu canal de vendas e seus parceiros.
‡ compartilhar arquivos de fotos, vídeos e documentos; Não dar respostas, seja por telefone ou Internet é igual-
mente inadmissível. Portanto, é hora de começar a operar via
‡ pesquisar e comprar produtos;
Internet, aos poucos, sempre consciente de que a essência do
‡ entretenimentos: jogos, sites de relacionamentos, sucesso operacional neste novo cenário passa, aos poucos, por
dentre outros; uma integração de todos os sistemas computacionais desde o
nível de simples coleta de dados até a apresentação multimídia
Duas coisas são importantes para conectar o computador via Internet. O caminho, não tão longo, passa por:
à Internet:
‡ Criar uma ponte entre os sistemas corporativos de
1. um Provedor de acesso à Internet e logística e os acessos via Internet;
2. um modem. ‡ Simplificar as operações, pois virtualmente estamos
todos trabalhando na mesma sala;
As empresas provedoras de acesso oferecem dois tipos de
conexões à Internet: ‡ Criar bases de dados abertas que possam ser consul-
tadas facilmente;
‡ Acesso por conexão banda-larga (ADSL, ISDN), Li-
nha Privativa, dentre outras; e ‡ Montar uma estrutura de divulgação e pesquisa
‡ Acesso por conexão discada (dial-up) rápidas de informação entre os diversos grupos de
trabalho da empresa via Intranet. Ou seja, Compras
A conexão por banda-larga requer um tipo especial / Engenharia, Produção / Engenharia, Compras
de modem, visto que esta conexão possui um cabo e, / Qualidade / Fornecedores, Vendas / Produção,
normalmente, a contratação do serviço inclui o hardware.
enfim... todos com todos.
Contratado o serviço de acesso de um provedor, é necessário
ter instalado um navegador. Sobre navegadores, falaremos
mais adiante. Intranet e as Organizações: Já é ponto pacífico que
apoiarmos a estrutura de comunicações corporativas em
Dentre os serviços de uma empresa provedora de acesso, uma Intranet, dá para simplificar o trabalho, pois, como já
inclui-se o serviço de email, página de web, hospedagem de foi dito, estamos virtualmente todos na mesma sala. De qual-
arquivos, sites e serviços de bancos de dados.Intranet quer modo, é cedo para se afirmar onde a Intranet vai ser
É uma rede que utiliza tecnologias de Internet, tais como mais efetiva para unir (no sentido operacional) os diversos
navegadores, e-mails e protocolos de comunicação, mas o profissionais de uma empresa. Mas em algumas áreas já se
acesso é privativo às pessoas vinculadas à uma organização, vislumbram benefícios, por exemplo:
tais como funcionários, estagiários, etc.. Marketing e Vendas: Informações sobre produtos, Listas
de Preços, Promoções Leads de Vendas (Indicativos para
prospecção), Informações sobre a concorrência, Análises
Intranet sobre negócios ganhos e pedidos, Planejamento de Eventos,
Pense na Internet e em todos os seu serviços: a WWW, Consultas sobre ATP (Availability to Promise), Material
para divulgação de informações; o FTP, para a troca de para Treinamento etc.
arquivos; o Telnet, para o uso de computadores remotos; e
Desenvolvimento de Produtos: Especificações, Designs,
o e-mail, para troca de mensagens etc. Imagine agora que a
Planejamentos, Milestones de Projeto, Mudanças de Eng., Lis-
sua empresa é o mundo e os vários computadores no mundo
tas de Responsabilidades de membros das equipes, Situação de
todo – isso é uma Intranet.
Projetos, Características de Produtos da Concorrência etc.
2 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Serviço ao Cliente e Suporte: Relatórios sobre problemas todo o mundo e, agora, graças ao arsenal de tecnologia ami-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
comuns, Perguntas e repostas. Andamentos de Ordens de gável dos micros, toma conta das casas e empresas do nosso
Serviços, Treinamentos e dicas para atender a reclamações combalido planeta.
gerais etc. E, finalmente, para se montar uma Intranet é tecnica-
Recursos Humanos: Informações sobre benefícios, políti- mente muito fácil, mas quando for para implementá-la de
cas da companhia, etc. Missões da Companhia Oportunidades modo a alterar mais profundamente o modus operandi e a
de Trabalho, Programas de Desenvolvimento Pessoal etc. logística das corporações, então enfrentaremos tarefas como
Utilização da Intranet: A questão é: por dificuldades aculturação de executivos, remodelamentos operacionais,
de tirar informação de um lugar e disponibilizar para todos renovação de ambientes computacionais (principalmente
os interessados, as empresas replicam esforços em diversas nas grandes corporações, onde realmente este esforço é Her-
áreas e, na falta de unicidade de informações, as decisões cúleo), etc. Mas é errado tentar repensar a empresa inteira
tomadas em áreas diferentes, mas inter-relacionadas, são primeiro e implementar depois, a remodelação correta será
muitas vezes conflitantes. Isso é até natural que aconteça, fruto do uso, que trará os feed-backs necessários. Comece aos
uma vez que os executivos que as tomaram simplesmente poucos, das pontas para o meio, mas comece já.
basearam-se em visões muito diferentes que têm da mesma A conexão com a Internet: Como vimos, a Intranet pode
realidade que a empresa em que trabalham. ser utilizada apenas para acesso dentro da corporação, po-
A Intranet (ou Internet Corporativa) ajuda neste caso? rém se a empresa desejar conectar-se remotamente a outras
Sim, é a melhor ferramenta para disponibilizar a reapresen- Intranets, pode se utilizar de uma Rede de Longa Distância
tação de uma mesma realidade para muitas pessoas. (WAN - Wide Area Network) própria, com custos relativa-
mente altos; pode utilizar a RENPAC - Rede Nacional de
E é exatamente por isso que ela se estabelece como uma Pacotes da Embratel, de médio custo; ou ainda a Internet, de
explosão de remodelamento empresarial e se transforma tão rapi- baixo custo com uma boa relação custo / benefício.
damente, de um sistema de integração pública, a uma estratégia
de comunicação corporativa. Agora, por que ela ajuda? Nestes casos, é recomendado um estudo apropriado para
verificar qual é a melhor forma de conexão.
Motivos para utilização da Intranet: Primeiro, porque
ela é uma estrutura de comunicações ONIPRESENTE, No caso de conexão com a Internet, temos ainda duas
qualquer um se comunica de qualquer lugar para qualquer opções principais a saber:
lugar. Pouquíssimas empresas conseguiram implementar 1. conexão direta à espinha dorsal (backbone) da In-
um sistema eletrônico de comunicações com seus parceiros,
ternet via Embratel, RNP,..., com alta performance,
justamente pela diversidade de ambientes computacionais
porém com custo elevado;
e protocolos de comunicação. Hoje, a empresa A para falar
com a B, via computador, ainda precisa primeiro negociar 2. ou conexão via Provedor de Acesso Internet (ISP).
a “língua” que vão usar, (a Internet não é uma Torre de No primeiro caso, a conexão ao backbone se faz atra-
Babel, é mais fácil se comunicar através dela). Os canais vés de um roteador conectado a um canal dedicado.
de comunicação também variam, um canal dedicado de
alta velocidade atende a um tipo de demanda (atualização
constante de dados entre fábricas e depósitos, p. ex.), canais No segundo caso, utilizaremos um microcomputador,
de acesso compartilhado (vendedores espalhados pelo país, dedicado ou não, como ponte (gateway proxy), que ligado à
consultando a nova lista de preços) caracterizam um acesso rede local, também se conecta à Internet com linha dedicada
não tão constante, mas geograficamente disperso e variado. ou telefônica comum via provedor de acesso.
A Intranet vai usufruir dos dois canais, sem problemas, e os Extranet
usuários não vão ter problema de usar a Intranet ou a Inter-
net, porque são dois nomes para a mesma coisa, ninguém É uma rede que utiliza tecnologias de Internet, tais como
percebe se o canal de comunicação é público ou privado navegadores, e-mails e protocolos de comunicação. O acesso
(a não ser pela velocidade). Um diretor vai olhar o mesmo é privativo às pessoas vinculadas à organização e a outras
gráfico de vendas, ou consultar uma promessa de entrega, pessoas externas, tais como fornecedores, clientes e outros
no computador da sua mesa, no meio da fábrica, de casa, da de interesse da organização.
Disneylândia, dá no mesmo, ele vai entrar na sua Intranet a
partir de qualquer lugar, via Internet. Site (ou sítio)
Segundo, e também importantíssimo pela inovação concei- Um site, website, é um conjunto de páginas de Internet,
tual: a informação não é mais enviada, é buscada sob demanda. interligadas, cujo conteúdo é específico de uma organização.
Não se enviam mais catálogos, listas de preços, promoções, A página principal é conhecida como homepage, ou simples-
mensagens, todos passam, a saber, onde estas informações estão mente home. Na home, há link para todas as demais páginas
disponíveis e as buscam sempre que precisam. Isto simplifica do site e, todas as páginas do site, permitem retornar à página
radicalmente muitas coisas, principalmente no que tange aos principal (a home). O protocolo que permite visualizar o site
procedimentos de atualização e geração de informações, não se é o HTTP.
imprime coisas a mais nem a menos, simplesmente porque não A homepage de qualquer site é acessível na rede mundial
se imprime mais nada. de computadores (Internet) por meio do domínio e, a partir
Terceiro, a interface com o usuário é agradável, fácil de deste endereço, todas as páginas são acessíveis.
usar, é a mesma que ele, a mulher e os filhos usam em casa.
Uma página é ligada a outra e esta ligação é, popularmen-
Quarto, a tecnologia é estável, acreditem se quiser, a te, chamada de link. Os links são âncoras que permitem o
Internet (em termos de informática) é uma senhora mais usuário acessar, rapidamente, o conteúdo associado. Uma
velha que o PC (Personal Computer), primeiro era exclusiva página pode ter dezenas ou centenas de links e links podem
do Pentágono, depois ampliou-se para as universidades de ser textos, imagens ou combinação dos dois.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 3
Quando o mouse é posicionado sobre o link, o ponteiro IP é acrônomo do termo Protocolo de Internet, (do inglês,

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
muda para o formato de uma mão e o endereço do link apa- Internet Protocol). TCP é acrônomo do termo Protocolo
rece na barra de status. de Controle de Transmissão (do inglês, Transfer Control
Protocol). TCP/IP define um conjunto de regras, padrões e
Download convenções para computadores se comunicarem na Internet,
O termo download é usado quando um arquivo é além de gerenciar o envio e recebimento de pacotes de men-
transferido da Internet para o computador. Os downloads sagens de dados enviadas via protocolo IP.
mais comuns são realizados quando acessamos conteúdos
de arquivos anexados a e-mails, aceitamos atualizações de
Protocolo HTTP
software ou gravamos arquivos de conteúdos específicos, tais http:// advém do termo Hyper Text Transfer Protocol,
como músicas, jogos, vídeos ou documentos. e significa Protocolo de Transferência de Hipertexto. Um
site acessível por http:// indica que o conteúdo trafegado será
Ao transferir o arquivo da Internet para o computador páginas de hipertexto. É o protocolo padrão.
(fazer um download), o usuário aceita o risco de gravar em
sua máquina um arquivo que contém vírus, ou um programa Protocolo HTTPS
que pode danificar as informações do computador. Para Uma conexão é segura se as informações trocadas entre
evitar o risco, os cuidados abaixo devem ser observados: o site visitado e o navegador que são codificadas, de modo
a impossibilitar a leitura por softwares diversos. Neste caso,
‡ instalar software de antivirus; o navegador e o site visitado conhecem o certificado digital
‡ fazer download de sites seguros; para decodificar as informações. Este processo de codificação
‡ confira o tipo de arquivo que será transferido para é denominado criptografia e a navegação tende a ser segura
o computador. Arquivos executáveis, com extensões quando a informação é enviada.
.exe, .scr, .bat, .com ou outros, poderão ser executados É possível que mensagens criptografadas tenham seus
e danificar as informações contidas no computador. certificados descobertos, dependendo do algoritmo usado
para criptografar. Portanto não há garantia de segurança que
Upload o site é fidedigno e a privacidade do usuário poderá estar
O termo upload é usado quando um arquivo é transferido comprometida, pelo modo como o site utiliza ou distribui as
do computador para a Internet. Os uploads mais comuns são informações do usuário.
realizados quando publicamos um site, enviamos arquivos
para diretórios virtuais, fotos em sites de relacionamento, No navegador, conexões seguras utilizam o protocolo
dentre outros. HTTPs e exibem um cadeado na barra de status. O certificado
que é usado para criptografar a conexão também contém in-
Domínio formações sobre a identidade do dono do site ou organização.
O domínio do site é o endereço. No Brasil, a organização Você pode clicar no cadeado para ver a identidade do site.
responsável pelo registro dos domínios na Internet é a FA- O protocolo HTTPS é usado para compras online, acesso a
PESP e operacionaliza os registros e consulta de domínios serviços bancários e transações que requer níveis de segurança.
por meio do site www.registro.br.
Protocolo FTP
Os domínios são organizados em 4 partes:
ftp:// advém do termo File Transfer Protocol, e significa
{protocolo} {ponto} {nome do domínio} {ponto} {tipo Protocolo de Transferência de Arquivos. É um protoclo usa-
de domínio} {ponto} {sigla do país} do para transferir arquivos pela Internet. O acesso a arquivos
A sigla do país é opcional, mas todos os outros são pelo protocol FTP torna o download de múltiplos arquivos
obrigatórios. Como exemplo de domínio, veja o da Apostilas mais rápido. Este protocolo é usado para disponibilizar
Sintética. arquivos para que outros façam download.
www.sinteticaapostilas.com.br Para iniciar uma transferência de arquivos no navegador,
digite o endereço de FTP na barra de endereços do navegador.
Para que o conteúdo seja trafegado na rede, é importante
O endereço de FTP inicia com "ftp://" em vez de "http://."
estabelecer uma linguagem para comunicação entre emissor
e receptor de mensagens. Esta linguagem é o protocolo. O Por exemplo, para ir para o site de FTP da Microsoft,
protocolo indica o que será trafegado na rede. Os protocolos digite ftp://ftp.microsoft.com, e então, pressione a tecla
são HTTP e FTP. ENTER.

Protocolos Telnet
Antes de conhecer os tipos de protocolos, vamos enten- Telnet é um programa capaz de conectar outros com-
der o significado do termo Protocolo. Esta palavra é bastante putadores usando a Internet. Este programa permite que,
usada nas configurações da Internet e pode ser entendida remotamente, você execute programas e serviços que estão
como uma linguagem. Para que haja comunicação entre no computador remoto. Seu uso é útil para acessar arquivos
duas pessoas, é importante que o idioma falado seja conhe- em máquinas remotas.
cido pelas duas partes: a pessoa que pergunta e a outra que Wireless
escutará, entenderá a pergunta para poder responder. Em uma rede sem fio, os computadores são conectados
por sinais de rádio, no lugar de fios ou cabos. A vantagem
TCP/IP das redes sem fio inclui a mobilidade e a ausência de fios.
A Internet estabeleceu um protocolo para que todos os Como desvantagens, podemos citar uma conexão mais lenta,
computadores pudessem enviar e receber informações e, as- se comparada a uma rede cabeada e interferência de outras
sim, interconectá-los. Este protocolo de Internet é o TCP/IP. redes sem fio, tais como telefones sem fio. A ajuda do MS-
-Windows® ilustra a rede sem fio com a Figura abaixo.
4 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Barra de Ferramentas padrão do Internet Explorer

Barra de Ferramentas padrão do Mozilla Firefox

Barra de Ferramentas padrão do Google Crome

Quadro Ferramentas do Internet Explorer

Rede sem fio Ferramenta Função

Ethernet A possibilidade de visitar páginas

Uma página é ligada a outra e esta ligação é, popularmen- e páginas na Internet, o botão
te, chamada de link. Os links são âncoras que permitem o Voltar permite visualizar a(s)
usuário acessar, rapidamente, o conteúdo associado. última(s) página(s) visitada(s). Se
clicar no botão Voltar várias vezes,
VoIP Voltar
retrocederá às páginas visitadas
Uma forma de comunicação utilizando recursos de in- na mesma seqüência que foram
ternet, ou seja, um recurso a um melhor custo de estabelecer acessadas. Utilize a seta para
ligações a longa distância. baixo para escolher a página es-
SHFt¿FDTXHGHVHMDYROWDU
Vírus e Antivírus
Antivirus são programas que lêem arquivos antes de Se a ferramenta Voltar foi acionada,
abri-los e notifica se está ou não contaminado por vírus. habilitará a ferramenta Avançar.
Quando o antivírus detecta algo suspeito no arquivo, mas Observe que na Barra de Ferra-
não é capaz de identificar o vírus, ele denuncia como um mentas padrão do Internet Explorer
Avançar
arquivo potencialmente inseguro. esta ferramenta está inativa (cinza).
O conceito é similar ao botão
Firewall Voltar, porém, avançará as páginas
O termo inglês significa corta-fogo. Este conceito, advindo até a última visitada.
das portas corta-fogo, as quais evitam que um incêndio se alas-
tre por outros andares de um edifício, assim é o objetivo dos Quando o navegador está baixan-
programas de firewall, impedir a transmissão e/ou recepção de Parar
do uma página da Internet, se esta
acessos não autorizados de uma rede para outra. ferramenta for acionada, o downlo-
ad da página será cancelado.
Os programas de Firewall aplicam políticas de segurança
a um determinado ponto de controle da rede e definem os
níveis de acesso aos usuários. Atualizar Recarrega a página atual

Navegadores ou Browsers
Um navegador é um software preparado para acessar Home Carrega a página inicial do navegador
o conteúdo disponível na Internet. Leva o nome de nave-
gador porque o conteúdo da Internet é associado a outros
$VVLVWHQWHGHSHVTXLVDGD,QWHUQHW$MX-
conteúdos que, por meio de links, são conectados e o usuário Pesquisar
GDDORFDOL]DUFRQWH~GRVHVSHFt¿FRV
vai de um conteúdo a outro, por meio de cliques a palavras
ancoradas a outros conteúdos.
Favoritos Exibe o menu favoritos
Os navegadores mais usados atualmente são: o Internet
Explorer, Natscape Navigator, Mozilla Firefox e Google
Exibe o histórico dos últimos sites
Crome. Apresentaremos nesta seção, as principais funciona- Histórico
visitados.
lidades, comuns a todos os navegadores.
Esta ferramenta é dis-
Funcionalidades comuns a todos os ponível do Internet Ex-
navegadores Opções plorer e permite acessar
de E-mail o software de correio
As principais funcionalidades estão, normalmente,
HOHWU{QLFR HPDLO UDSLGDPHQWH Mi
disponíveis na barra de ferramentas padrão do navegador. na função
As Figuras ilustram as barras de ferramentas padrão, dos
navegadores Internet Explorer, Mozzila Firefox e Google
Crome, respectivamente. Imprimir Imprime o conteúdo visitado.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 5

Adicionar uma página ao Menu Favo-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
No Internet Explorer No Mozilla Firefox
ritos DFHVVHRVLWHGHVHMDGRH
O menu Favoritos tem por função adicionar sites, a fim siga os procedimentos a
de visualiza-los rapidamente, sem a necessidade de lembrar seguir;
o endereço e digita-lo. Quando um site é adicionado ao menu 2) No menu Ferramentas, clique
favoritos, o título do site é exibido no menu. Na próxima vez em Opções da Internet
que o usuário desejar acessa-lo, basta localizar a opção do 3) Clique na Guia Geral
site no menu. 4) Em Home Page, clique em
Usar atual
DFHVVHRVLWHGHVHMDGRH
siga os procedimentos a
seguir;
2) No menu Ferramentas,
clique em Opções
3) Clique na guia Geral
4) Em Iniciar, clique em Usar
página aberta.

(a)

(b)
Menu Favoritos. (a) do navegador Internet Explorer.
(b) do navegador Mozilla Firefox
As duas funções básicas deste menu são: i) Adicionar
página a Favoritos; e ii) Organizar Favoritos. A organização
de Favoritos corresponde à criação de pastas e agrupamento
de links dentro destas pastas. A funcionalidade básica é igual
Janela Opções da Internet do navegador Internet Explorer
em todos os navegadores.
O processo para salvar um site no menu Favoritos é:
1. Abra o site que deseja salvar no menu Favoritos;
2. No menu Ferramentas, clique em Adicionar a Fa-
voritos (no Internet Explorer) ou Adicionar Páginas
(no Mozilla Firefox)
3. Abrirá uma caixa para digitar o nome, digite um
nome para a página de Internet e, então, clique no
botão Adicionar.

Se há muitas páginas neste menu, é possível organizá-los

em pastas.
Janela Opções do navegador Mozilla Firefox
O processo para abrir um site do menu Favoritos é:
4. Abra o menu Favoritos; Cookies
Cookies são arquivos de textos gravados no computador
5. Na lista de sites favoritos, clique sobre o nome do por sites visitados. Estes arquivos contém informações
site que deseja abrir. dos sites visitados ou de formulários preenchidos pelo
usuário. Exemplos de informações gravadas são nome,
email e preferências. Outro exemplo corresponde a infor-
'HÀQLUDSiJLQDLQLFLDOGR1DYHJDGRU mações sobre os sites visitados. Com base neste histórico,
Quando um navegador é aberto, uma página da Inter- é possível identificar o interesse do internauta e saber
net é aberta ou uma página em branco é apresentada. O quais os sites de seu interesse.
fato é que o usuário poderá definir qual a primeira página O usuário poderá permitir ou não, a gravação de cookies
que deseja visualizar, quando entrar na Internet ou quan- em seu computador, por sites que ele visita, porém, alguns
sites não funcionam se a gravação de cookies estiver desabi-
do clicar na ferramenta .
litada. Arquivos de cookies deveriam ser acessíveis apenas
Para definir a página inicial do Navegador, siga os pro- pelo site que os criou. Mas há casos de cookies contendo
cedimentos a seguir, dependendo do navegador. O procedi- informações pessoais, onde outros sites o acessam para obter
mento é parecido para os demais navegadores: informações sem o consentimento do usuário.
As páginas visitadas na Internet são armazenadas em
Quadro Procedimento para definir a página Inicial, para uma pasta especial para exibição rápida em outra hora. A
os navegadores Internet Explorer e Mozilla Firefox janela Opções da Internet da Figura abaixo apresenta uma
forma de excluir os cookies armazenados no computador.
6 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas

Configurações de privacidade no navegador Mozilla Firefox

Procedimento para exclusão de cookies gravados no computador.

Sistemas de busca e pesquisa na Internet
Os navegadores permitem que o usuário defina o nível de Há diversos sites projetados para buscar conteúdos
privacidade que terá ao visitar sites na Internet. O nível de disponíveis na Internet e pesquisa por assunto/área. Chama-
privacidade está relacionado a permissão dos sites em gravar remos estes sites de buscadores, dentre os mais conhecidos
cookies e ler os cookies já gravados no mercado, citaremos o Google, Yahoo e o Bing.
‡ www.google.com.br
‡ www.yahoo.com.br
‡ www.bing.com
Os sistemas de busca e pesquisa permitem uma busca na
Web por assunto, textos nos sites, imagens, vídeos, mapas,
notícias, artigos disponíveis em revistas científicas, livros,
etc. Os melhores sistemas de busca e pesquisa trazem seg-
mentado as categorias de pesquisa para trazer resultados
relevantes ao pesquisador.

Níveis de privacidade para gravação e acesso aos cookies

no navegador Internet Explorer Site de um sistema de busca e pesquisa

É importante saber buscar para que o resultado da busca

seja relevante.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 7

GRUPOS DE DISCUSSÃO

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
A Internet nos dias de hoje é uma grande forma de co-
municação mundial e além disso ela diponibiliza diversas ANOTAÇÕES
formas de interatividade entre seus adeptos. Uma das formas
de discussão bastante válidas são através do Fórum, pois os
fóruns estão nos principais sites de conteúdo independente
do site e seu segmento.
Uma outra forma de discussão também utilizada são
os chats (bate papos) que também dominam sites diversos
promovendo uma interatividade entre seus visitantes.
REDES SOCIAIS
As redes sociais dominam o mundo da internet pro-
movendo uma interatividade bastante presente no mundo
digital, podemos citar como grandes destaques o Facebook,
Orkut, Youtube, Twitter. Esses ferramentas de Interação
presentes na internet nos faz cada vez mais estarmos ligados
a uma nova subdivisão de sociedade: a sociedade digital.
8 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

A sigla CPU vem do inglês Central Processor Unit e sig-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Conceitos básicos e modos de utilização nifica Unidade Central de Processamento. Em português,
a sigla é UCP. A CPU é responsável por processar cálculos,
de tecnologias, ferramentas, aplicativos e transformar dados em informações e responder a todas as
procedimentos de informática requisições dos usuários. Os dispositivos ligados à CPU são
classificados entre dispositivos de entrada, saída ou entrada e
saída. O processo da CPU é ilustrado na Figura.
Software
A palavra software é um termo inglês que significa a par-
te lógica do computador (soft = leve), a parte abstrata que
corresponde aos programas de computadores. Os softwares Fluxo do processo de entrada e saída dos dados no com-
são classificados como softwares aplicativos ou utilitários. putador. O processo de transformação é realizado pela CPU
Os softwares aplicativos são sistemas de computação desti- O referencial de entrada, saída ou ambos é a CPU. Para
nados aos usuários que utilizam o computador como meio para que os dados entrem na CPU (para serem processados), os
alcançar seus resultados. Um Analista ou um Profissional da mesmos deverão ser digitados ou copiados de algum disco.
área da saúde pode não entender muito de computação, mas A CPU processará os dados e os apresentará ao usuário por
pode ser especialista em trabalhar com algum software apli- meio de dispositivos de saída, ou os armazenará em disco.
cativo da sua área de conhecimento. Os softwares aplicativos
Os dispositivos utilizados pelo usuário para dar entrada na
mais comuns são os editares de textos, planilhas eletrônicas,
instrução ou nos dados são considerados dispositivos de en-
Sistema de Informação Gerencial, dentre outros.
trada. Por exemplo: o usuário utiliza o teclado para cadastrar
Os softwares utilitários são programas que tratam o o seu nome em um formulário a ser processado pela CPU, ou
computador como objetivo fim. Muitos utilitários são uti- o mouse para dar a instrução à CPU de imprimir um arquivo.
lizados com maior freqüência por profissionais da área de
Os dispositivos utilizados pelo usuário para obter in-
informática, por terem como finalidade a organização e a
formações, de forma visual ou impressa são os dispositivos
manutenção do computador. Os softwares utilitários mais
de saída. O usuário obtém um relatório do computador por
comuns são programas para compactar arquivos, efetuar
meio de uma impressora ou do monitor (display). A Figura
cópias de segurança (backups), programas para formatação
representa o processo de entrada e saída.
de discos, execução de mídias, dentre outros.

Hardware
A palavra hardware é um termo inglês que significa a parte
física do computador (hard = rígido), ou seja, a parte material
que pode ser tocada. Compreende o conjunto de componentes
eletrônicos, interligados por meio de circuitos digitais. A
Figura ilustra um computador e o conjunto de equipamentos.

Fluxo do processo de entrada e saída dos dados no computador.

Os dados, para não serem perdidos, devem ser gravados em

dispositivos de armazenamento. Os mais comuns são pendrives
ou discos rígidos (HD, de hard disk) fixos na estrutura interna
do computador. Os dados podem ser armazenados em discos
rígidos, flexíveis, pendrives, CDs ou DVDs. São periféricos
todos os equipamentos (dispositivos) que se conectam à CPU
para agregar recursos e aumentar a quantidade de serviços
(funcionalidades) que o computador poderá prover.
Periféricos
Denominam-se periféricos os dispositivos que estão à
margem da CPU, conectados a ela por tecnologias com ou
sem fio.
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processamento das informações e a comunicação com os dispo- Os periféricos são classificados de acordo com o seu
sitivos para obtenção dos dados (teclado, scanner), apresentação propósito. A única função do teclado é a entrada de dados
(vídeo ou impressora) e/ou armazenamento (câmeras, PDA, dis- para a CPU, logo ele é classificado como periférico de en-
cos). Os periféricos são conectados à CPU por meio de interfaces. trada. A única função da impressora é imprimir os dados
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 9
processados pela CPU (entrados pelo teclado), logo é um Dispositivos de armazenamento...: todos os dispositivos

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10 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

7LSRVGH'LVSRVLWLYRVGH$UPD]HQDPHQWR Quadro 1.1. Unidades de medida da informação

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Há diversos dispositivos de armazenamento, variáveis Unidade de Medida
em termos de praticidade, qualidade, de acordo com o pro-
pósito, e a capacidade de armazenamento. 8 bits 1 byte 20
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GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR PDV VmR
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Pendrives..............................  WDPEpP FRQKHFLGR FRPR
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86% ÀDVK GULYH VmR SUiWLFRV
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&'5: 5HFRPHQGDGD é como se fosse um tijolinho de montar bytes.
SDUD JUDYDU P~VLFDV H GDGRV O byte comporta 8 bits, ou seja, ele tem 8 espaços em que
TXH VHUmR JXDUGDGRV SDUD D
entram os dígitos zero e um, assim: 00000000, 00000001,
SRVWHULGDGH $ GHVYDQWDJHP
GR XVR p TXH VmR VHQVtYHLV D 00000010, 00000011, 00000100, 00000101 etc. São 256 com-
ULVFRHXPDPtGLDULVFDGDWHP binações possíveis (que no sistema binário de numeração
FRPSURPHWLGDDOHLWXUDGHWRGRV resultam em números de 0 a 255), o que significa que num
RVGDGRVJUDYDGRV sistema de bytes de 8 bits cada um estão disponíveis 256 sig-
nos de significado (letras, algarismos, sinais, símbolos etc.)
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DUPD]HQDPHQWR GH DWp  que vão formar textos, fórmulas, instruções etc. Nas instru-
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YtGHRVHP~VLFDV compreensão, a Figura ilustra documentos que constituem
tipos de arquivos.
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Disc'LVFRGH9tGHR'LJLWDOGH ARQUITETURA DO COMPUTADOR
$OWD'H¿QLomR O termo arquitetura de computadores corresponde ao
modo como o conjunto de componentes eletrônicos estão
'LVTXHWH ...............................  FDLX HP GHVXVR GHYLGR j EDL[D organizados, conectados e se comunicam, visando ao pleno
FDSDFLGDGH GH DUPD]HQDPHQWR funcionamento da parte física do computador: o hardware.
Pi[LPRGH0%
A Figura abaixo apresenta a imagem de uma placa-
-mãe (motherboard), assim denominada, por ser a prin-
UQLGDGHVGHPHGLGDGD,QIRUPDomR
cipal placa da máquina eletrônica chamada computador.
A palavra Bit é a simplificação do termo inglês BInary DigiT, Todos os periféricos, tais como impressoras, unidades de
que significa dígito binário. Um bit pode ser expresso apenas pe- disco, monitor, dentre outros, para se comunicar com o
los dígitos 0 ou 1, e corresponde a menor unidade de informação computador, deverão estar conectados a placa-mãe. Nela,
que o computador é capaz de armazenar ou processar. há conexão para a fonte de energia, responsável por ali-
Um símbolo compreensível à leitura do homem, por mentar todos os componentes eletrônicos (HD interno,
exemplo, os símbolos do alfabeto, os numerais, dentre outros, placas de vídeo e rede) e os barramentos para conexão.
são também definidos como caracteres. Para formar um carac-
tere são necessários 8 bits. Um caractere é do tamanho de 1 1$8/(7(&KWWSDXOHWHXROFRPEUVLWHSKS"PGO DXOHWHBGLJLWDO RS ORDG
byte. As unidades de medida estão disponíveis no Quadro 1.1. 9HUEHWH SHVTXLVD  SDODYUD ELW $FHVVRHP2XWXEUR
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 11
Os processadores são diferenciados entre marcas e

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
modelos pela capacidade de processamento, menor aque-
cimento e silencioso.
Devido ao aquecimento durante o processamento, se
a máquina permanecer em uso por muito tempo, para
evitar travamentos durante a execução de uma tarefa,
uma ventoinha é colocada sobre o processador, a fim de
resfriá-lo.
Além do processador principal, é presente nos computa-
dores um processador aritmético. Este processador é respon-
sável por executar tarefas específicas de cálculos aritméticos.
Lembramos ainda que o núcleo do processador é dividido
em duas unidades principais.
UC – Unidade de Controle
ULA – Unidade Lógica e Aritmética

Overclock
O Processador Overclock é o aumento da freqüência do processador
O computador é uma máquina eletrônica, programada para que ele trabalhe mais rapidamente.
para processar dados, transformá-los em informações e
armazená-las para consultas futuras. O componente eletrô- A freqüência de operação dos computadores domésticos
nico que processa os dados é denominado processador. é determinada por dois fatores:
O processador é um circuito eletrônico, conectados à A velocidade de operação da placa-mãe, conhecida tam-
placa-mãe por meio de soquetes, responsável por executar bém como velocidade de barramento, que nos computadores
tarefas de processamento e controle do computador. Os Pentium pode ser de 50, 60 e 66 MHz.
processadores são caracterizados pela marca e capacidade
O multiplicador de clock, criado a partir dos 486 que
de processamento, ou seja, a velocidade do processador para
permite ao processador trabalhar internamente a uma velo-
responder requisições. A Figura abaixo ilustra dois tipos de
cidade maior que a da placa-mãe. Vale lembrar que os outros
processadores, de duas marcas fortemente conhecidas no
periféricos do computador (memória RAM, cache L2, placa
mercado.
de vídeo, etc.) continuam trabalhando na velocidade de
barramento.
Como exemplo, um computador Pentium 166 trabalha
com velocidade de barramento de 66 MHz e multiplicador
de 2,5x Fazendo o cálculo, 66 x 2,5 = 166, ou seja, o proces-
sador trabalha a 166 MHz, mas se comunica com os demais
componentes do micro à 66 MHz.

(a) (b) Tendo um processador Pentium 166 (como o do exemplo

acima), pode-se fazê-lo trabalhar a 200 MHz, simplesmente
Processadores (a) Processador AMD Phenom de 64MHz aumentando o multiplicador de clock de 2,5x para 3x. Caso
a placa-mãe permita, pode-se usar um barramento de 75 ou
(b) Processador Inter Core i até mesmo 83 MHz (algumas placas mais modernas supor-
tam essa velocidade de barramento). Neste caso, mantendo
Quanto mais rápido for o processamento de dados em o multiplicador de clock de 2,5x, o Pentium 166 poderia
informação, menor será o tempo de resposta. A velocidade trabalhar a 187 MHz (2,5 x 75) ou a 208 MHz (2,5 x 83).
do computador depende da capacidade de processamento As freqüências de barramento e do multiplicador podem ser
do processador, expressa em GHz e da quantidade de me- alteradas simplesmente através de jumpers de configuração
mória RAM. da placa-mãe, o que torna indispensável o manual da mesma.
Para facilitar a compreensão, imagine o usuário trabalhar O aumento da velocidade de barramento da placa-mãe pode
com um editor de texto para escrever seus relatórios, deixar criar problemas caso algum periférico (como memória RAM,
um programa utilitário de antivírus monitorando a máqui- cache L2, etc.) não suporte essa velocidade.
na contra ataques, imprimir, abrir um software de correio
eletrônico para receber mensagens enquanto escreve seus Quando se faz um overclock, o processador passa a
relatórios, gravar o relatório em disco, conectar-se à Internet e trabalhar a uma velocidade maior do que ele foi proje-
entrar em dois softwares de troca de mensagens instantâneas, tado, fazendo com que haja um maior aquecimento do
tais como o Skype (que troca voz, vídeo e texto) e o MSN. mesmo. Com isto, reduz-se a vida útil do processador
Adicionalmente, ainda deseja acessar um site da Internet e de cerca de 20 para 10 anos (o que não chega a ser um
ouvir músicas. problema já que os processadores rapidamente se tornam
obsoletos). Esse aquecimento excessivo pode causar
Para que o usuário possa desempenhar todas estas tarefas também freqüentes "crashes" (travamento) do sistema
simultaneamente, sem comprometer o desempenho do equi- operacional durante o seu uso, obrigando o usuário a
pamento, é necessário ter um bom processador. reiniciar a máquina.
12 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Ao fazer o overclock, é indispensável a utilização de um Association. Os adaptadores ligados a este barramento são

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
cooler (ventilador que fica sobre o processador para reduzir divididos em duas partes, sendo uma igual ao barramento
seu aquecimento) de qualidade e, em alguns casos, uma pasta ISA e uma parte adicional. É compatível com os barramen-
térmica especial que é passada diretamente sobre a superfície tos anteriores, o EISA e ISA.
do processador. Barramentos PCI: é um barramento com capacidade de
32 ou 64 bits para transferência de dados, com freqüência de
Barramentos (ou slots) 33MHz a 133MHz. PCI é acrônomo de Peripheral Compo-
O barramento é um meio para comunicar ao proces- nents Interconnect. É presente nas arquiteturas modernas de
sador memórias e placas adaptadoras de dispositivos. Os computadores.
dispositivos podem ser placas adaptadoras de vídeo, redes, Barramento USB: acrônomo de Universal Serial
som, memórias, dentre outros. Os adaptadores são pequenos Bus, é um conector padronizado, capaz de conectar à
circuitos integrados, projetados em uma placa, compatível CPU vários tipos de aparelhos, tais como impressoras,
com um dos barramentos disponíveis na placa-mãe, para celulares, scanners, aparelhos musicais, leitoras de car-
comunicar-se com o processador. tões, HDs externos, mouses, teclados, MP3-players, câ-
meras digitais, dentre outros. A tecnologia USB tornou
Os barramentos são conhecidos como barramentos de
simples o processo de adicionar novos equipamentos ao
expansão, pois permitem conectar dispositivos adicionais, computador. Cita-se a seguir algumas das principais
que não acompanham a arquitetura básica do computador. características do padrão USB: oferece alimentação de
Um usuário poderá desejar visualizar a imagem do com- energia, facilidade de instalação, plug and play, ou seja,
putador em duas saídas de vídeo. Para isto, basta conectar conectar e usar, compatibilidade com vários dispositivos
dois adaptadores de vídeo e poderá conectar dois monitores eletrônicos.
simultaneamente.
A placa-mãe da Figura acima apresenta dois, dos tipos Cabeamentos
de barramentos existentes. A seguir, uma breve descrição de
cada tipo de barramento. Os cabos ilustrados na Figura abaixo servem para conec-
tar HD e unidades de discos à placa-mãe. Cada cabo possui
Barramentos ISA: é um barramento com capacidade uma quantidade específica de pinos. O cabo que conecta a
de 8 bits para transferência de dados, adaptado para 16 bits. unidade de CD à placa-mãe possui 40 pinos. O cabo que co-
Opera com clock de 8MHz. Úteis para conectar placas de necta a unidade de disco flexível (disquete) possui 20 pinos.
vídeo e disco rígido. ISA é acrônomo de Industry Standard Há cabos de 12 pinos, há outros de energia e para interligar
Architecture. portas USB, serial, porta paralela, dentre outras específicas
para ligar dispositivos.

Foto de um Barramento ISA

Barramentos EISA: é um barramento compatível com o

barramento ISA, com clock de 8MHz, mas com capacidade
de 32 bits para transferência de dados. EISA é acrônomo de
Extended Industry Standard Architecture.

Tipos de cabos

Placas de Rede
As placas de redes são adaptadores que se comunicam
com o processador por intermédio dos barramentos e têm
por objetivo propiciar e controlar a comunicação entre os
computadores interligados.
Barramento EISA Há dois tipos de placas de rede, as que conectam os
computadores à rede por meio de cabos e as que conectam
Barramentos VESA Local Bus: é um barramento com computadores por meio de rede sem fio (wireless). A Figura
capacidade de 32 bits para transferência de dados, projetado abaixo ilustra ambas, respectivamente. Diferenciadas no
inicialmente para melhorar o desempenho dos adaptadores mercado pela taxa de transmissão, tipo de barramento utili-
de vídeo, foi desenvolvido pela Vídeo Eletronics Standards zado e cabos de redes suportados.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 13

Fonte de Alimentação

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(a) (b)
Placas de rede.
(a) placa de rede com conector RJ45. (b) placa de rede sem fio.

Placa de Som
As placas adaptadoras de som são circuitos integrados
capazes de controlar sons com alta qualidade. Possuem Fonte de alimentação de 12 Volts.
entradas para microfone e caixas acústicas. Os cabos da fonte vêm fixos e há conexões específicas na placa-mãe.
O lado correto é preto com lado preto, caso contrário, dará curto.

Impressoras
As tecnologias de impressoras têm modernizado muito
e, com preços cada vez mais baixos e a qualidade cada vez
maior, as impressoras a laser e os equipamentos multifun-
cionais têm ganhado a preferência dos usuários domésticos
e corporativos.

Paca de som

Placa de Vídeo
Para que a imagem produzida seja refletida na tela do
monitor ou de uma TV com entrada RGB, é importante
conectar à placa-mãe uma placa de vídeo. Ela possui uma (a) (b)
entrada com 14 pinos fêmea. O cabo de vídeo transforma as
cores vermelho, verde e azul (RGB, de Red, Green e Blue,
respectivamente).

(c) (d)
(a) Impressora jato de tinta; (b) impressora a laser;

(c) impressora matricial; (d) multifuncional com função de impressora.

Placa de vídeo
HD ou Winchester
Memórias Os discos rígidos podem ser internos, ligados por um
Memória ROM, de Random Access Memory é uma flat-cable de 40 pinos conectado diretamente à placa-mãe,
memória volátil, acessível pelo computador. ou externos, conectados por meio de portas USB. Os discos
rígidos (HDs) possuem alta capacidade de armazenamento.

(a)
(b)
Figura 2.12. Discos rígidos. (a) HD interno.

Memória RAM, DIMM barramento de 32 bits (b) HD externo

14 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Unidades de Disco (c)

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Os discos rígidos podem ser internos, ligados por um
flat-cable de 40 pinos diretamente à placa-mãe, ou externos,
conectados por meio de portas USB. Os discos rígidos (HD’s)
possuem alta capacidade de armazenamento.

(d)

Placa de fax-modem. (a) onboard. (b) offboard.

(c) modem para celular. (d) modem para banda-larga

Swicth
(a)

Unidades de CD/DVD, disquete 1.44 MB

(b)
Placa de Fax Modem
A junção das palavras modulador e demodulador ori-
ginou a palavra modem. É um circuito integrado capaz de
converter sinais digitais para analógicos e vice-versa, esta-
belecendo assim a transmissão de dados por meio de canais
de telefonia.
(a)
(a)Esquema de montagem de Rede . (b) Swicth.

%,26
Utilizado para dar o boot no computador, ou seja iniciá-
-lo e reconhecer seu hardware cada placa-mãe possui sua
bios não funcionando em outra.
6(783
Ele nos fornece acesso para configurar opções de hardwa-
re instalado, além de desempenho do sistema , senhas etc..
uma má configuração do setup pode tornar seu computador
uma carroça. Neste curso você aprenderá a maneira mais
fácil e rápida de configurá-lo tornando sua máquina mais
(b) rápida tanto para iniciar quanto para trabalhar.
&026
Utilizado para armazenar os dados configurados no
setup para não perdê-los, o cmos contém aproximadamente
128 bytes de memória ram embutido no cartucho da bios, é
alimentado por uma bateria que evita a perda dos dados com
a máquina desligada.
3267
É uma parte da Memória que tem a finalidade de checar
o hardware durante o processo de inicialização, caso for en-
contrado alguma inconformidade o computador trava antes
de chegar na inicialização do sistema.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 15
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!1RYR!&75/1´³$UTXLYR!$EULU!&75/2´)DoD H DYDQoDGDV VREUH R GRFXPHQWR ,QFOXL HVWDWtVWLFDV GH OHWUDV
LVWRFRPWRGRVRVPHQXVHWRGRVRVFRPDQGRVTXHDSDUHFHUHP SDODYUDVHRXWURVREMHWRVGRWH[WR
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 17
Assinaturas digitaisDSyVFULDUVXDLGHQWLGDGHGLJLWDO Colar especial: Possibilita aplicar, no documento

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
DWUDYpVGHXP³(QWLGDGH&HUWL¿FDGRUD´pSRVVtYHODVVLQDUGLJL aberto, o conteúdo da área de transferência, de acordo com
WDOPHQWHXPGRFXPHQWRFRPSURYDQGRVXDDXWRULD opções de formatação selecionadas na caixa de diálogo.
Modelos: São arquivos contendo diversos parâmetros Selecionar texto: Permite separar textos de objetos
relativos ao tipo de documento a ser criado, simplificando a (imagens, desenhos, gráficos, etc), possibilitando a cópia
elaboração de memorandos, cartas, etc. Documentos criados ou transferência somente do texto.
através do comando: Arquivo->Modelos baseiam-se no mo- Selecionar tudo: Seleciona todo o conteúdo do
delo-padrão vigente, e podem ser alterados à vontade (e tam- documento ativo.
bém podem se tornar novos modelos-padrão, desde que sejam
gravados através do comando ArquivoĺModelosĺSalvar). Alterações: Permite analisar as modificações efetua-
A caixa de diálogo dispões de quatro campos: Organizar, das no documento em uso, sendo ativado (ou desativado).
Fonte do Catálogos de Endereços, Salvar e Editar. O primeiro ‫ ط‬Registrar: Registra as alterações no documento.
desses campos permite organizar os modelos existentes e o
segundo permite definir qual banco de dados será adotado ‫ ط‬Proteger registros: Permite salvar o documento com
como padrão para determinado modelo. O terceiro salva um proteção por senha. Quando você usa esta opção, automa-
modelo e o último edita um modelo existente. ticamente ativa recurso Alterações.

Visualizar no navegador Web: permite visualizar ‫ ط‬Mostrar: Caso esta opção esteja marcada, as modi-
o documento como se fosse uma página Internet. ficações efetuadas aparecem em destaque, sublinhadas e
em vermelho.
Visualizar página: exibe o documento exatamente
como ele ficará caso seja impresso. ‫ ط‬Aceitar ou rejeitar: Permite aceitar ou não as modifi-
cações, listando-as por ação e por data.
Imprimir: abre a janela “Imprimir”. Para determinar
o que será impresso, você dispõe das seguintes opções: ‫ ط‬Esta opção também aciona, automaticamente, o
recurso Mostrar.
‡,PSULPLUWXGR,PSULPHWRGDVDVSiJLQDVGRGRFXPHQWR
‫ ط‬Comentário: Permite acrescentar comentário às
‡,PSULPLUSiJLQDV,GHQWL¿TXHDVSiJLQDVDVHUHPLPSUHVVDV modificações efetuadas.
‫ ط‬Use um hífen para definir um intervalo de páginas. ‫ ط‬Mesclar documento: Caixa de diálogo que permite
‫ ط‬Use ponto e vírgula para definir páginas indepen- integrar as modificações efetuadas em uma cópia ao docu-
dentes, por exemplo, as páginas 1, 5, 9 serão impressas se mento original.
você introduzir, na lacuna, os seguintes caracteres: 1-5;9 Comparar documento: Permite comparar o docu-
(ou seja, páginas de 1 a 5 e a página 9). mento em uso com um documento selecionado na caixa de
‫ ط‬Indique a quantidade de páginas a serem impressa e diálogo associado, no qual, quando o comando Inserir for
inicie a impressão. selecionado após a abertura de um segundo documento,
as diferenças entre este e o documento ativo aparecerão
Configurar impressora: abre a janela que permite em destaque.
alterar a impressora de destino e sua configuração como
tipo de papel, tamanho, qualidade de impressão, etc. Localizar e substituir: Localiza palavras ou trechos
no texto em edição, possibilitando sua substituição. Para
Sair: fecha o arquivo e o programa solicitando salvar efetuar uma busca comande Editar ĺ Localizar e Substi-
as alterações caso seja necessário. tuir, ou ative o botão com a figura de um binóculo na barra
Menu Editar: possui comandos para editar o docu- de ferramentas principal, fazendo abrir a caixa de diálogo.
mento que está aberto. Possui os seguintes comandos: des- Proceda da seguinte maneira: No campo Localizar, digite
fazer, refazer, repetir, cortar, copiar, colar, colar especial, uma palavra ou sequência de palavras.
selecionar texto, modo de seleção, selecionar tudo, altera- ‫ ط‬No campo Substituir, digite o que vai ser usado, em
ções, comparar documentos, localizar, localizar e substituir, caso de substituição.
autotexto, trocar banco de dados, campos, notas de rodapé
/ Notas de fim, entrada de índice, entrada bibliográfica, ‫ ط‬Uma caixa de diálogo permite adequar a busca ao
hyperlink, vínculos, plug-in, mapa de imagem, objeto. seu objetivo.
Desfazer ou Repetir: Clique para desfazer a última Autotexto: Complementa a digitação de palavras do
modificação introduzida; para repetir, selecione Repetir. texto. Use este recurso para organizar ocorrências comuns
no documento em uso. Você pode salvar uma coleção de
Cortar: Retira do documento em edição uma área, ocorrências (formatação de texto, gráficos, molduras, etc)
moldura ou texto selecionado. O conteúdo “recortado” é em uma Coleção Tema personalizada para aquela aplicação.
armazenado na área de transferência do sistema operacio-
nal, podendo ser reutilizado. Trocar de banco de dados: Possibilita a substitui-
ção da base de dados ativa por outra de sua conveniência.
Copiar: Semelhante à função “recortar”, porém deixa Indique uma base de dados em sua caixa de diálogo e em
o original intacto e apenas copia a parte selecionada para seguida, selecione Definir.
a área de transferência.
Plugin: Genericamente, plugins de um gráfico em um
Colar: Aplica, no ponto onde o cursor estiver posicio- documento-texto, ou de um documento-texto em uma
nado, o conteúdo da área de transferência (texto, figura, apresentação, deixa seus ícones e comandos disponíveis
tabela, etc.) Pode ser acionado por meio de teclas atalho, para edição, tão logo você clique dentro da moldura
ou através de dois outros procedimentos: correspondente. A este mecanismo também denominamos
‫ ط‬Via menu: selecione Editar ĺ Colar. “plugin”, já que tem “vida própria”, apesar de estar incor-
‫ ط‬Via barra de funções: selecione o botão colar. porado a outro documento.
18 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Menu exibir: contém os comandos referentes a várias opções pré-definidas de tamanho da tela e ainda,

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
visualização do documentos e barras de ferramentas com oferece a possibilidade do usuário definir uma escola que
os seguintes comandos: Layout de impressão, layout Web, lhe seja conveniente. Entretanto, a opção Ideal assegura a
barra de ferramentas, barra de status, status do método de melhor visibilidade possível.
entrada, régua, limites do texto, sombrear campos, nomes Menu Inserir: Utilizado para inserir objetos como
de campos, caracteres não imprimíveis, parágrafos ocultos, figura e tabela no seu documento. Contém os comandos:
anotações, fontes de dados, navegador, tela inteira e zoom. quebra manual, campos, caractere especial, marca de
Layout de Impressão: Modelo de layout (visualiza- formatação, seção, hyperlink, cabeçalho, rodapé, notas de
ção) que vem por padrão no LibreOffice. rodapé, legenda, indicador, referência, anotação, script,
Layout da Web: Deixa a área de edição do LibreOffi- índice, envelope, quadro, tabela, régua horizontal, figura,
ce similar a de uma página de internet. filme e som, objeto, quadro flutuante e arquivo.
Barra de Ferramentas: Permite definir quais barras Quebra Manual: Pontos de quebra são locais onde
estarão disponíveis na área de trabalho. Esta configuração se torna necessária uma modificação no desenvolvimento
proporciona um melhor aproveitamento da área de tra- normal da edição. Por exemplo, quando você não tem
balho, desafogando-a de comandos que não sejam indis- mais espaço para continuar em uma página, será obrigado
pensáveis ao tipo de trabalho que esteja sendo realizado. a passar para a página seguinte e aí, se localiza uma Que-
A opção personalizar, permite que você possa trocar o bra de Página. Uma vez inserida, uma quebra manual só
posicionamento dos botões. poderá ser removida manualmente.
Barra de Status: Este botão habilita a exibição da Campos: Este comando abre uma caixa de diálogo
barra localizada no extremo inferior da área de edição e contendo um resumo da coleção de campos que podem
proporciona informações sobre: página corrente/total, ser inseridos na posição corrente do cursor. Caso nenhum
taxa de zoom, modo (inserir/sobrescrever) e idioma. dos tipos oferecidos satisfaça, selecione Outros...
Régua: Habilita a exibição da régua horizontal no O LibreOffice controla a visualização do conteúdo
topo da área de edição. dos campos, atualizando-os automaticamente; caso haja
necessidade de atualização manual, selecione o(s) campo
Limites do texto: Coloca uma moldura em torno do (s) a serem atualizados e acione a tecla [F9]. Eis a relação
texto exibido na tela, indicando a área aproveitável. dos tipos de comandos disponíveis:
Sombrear campos: Este botão habilita a exibição ‫ ط‬Data: Insere a data atual.
do sombreamento, nos campos onde esse atributo tenha
sido preestabelecido (por exemplo, para destaque dos ‫ ط‬Hora: Insere a hora atual, no formato hh;mm;ss.
marcadores). ‫ ط‬Número de Página: Insere em um local do docu-
Campos/Nomes de campo: Botão que alterna a mento a numeração de página, a qual será incrementada
exibição entre o nome e o conteúdo dos campos existentes automaticamente a cada página, caso esse campo esteja
no documento. Por exemplo: Campo: Data-Fixo <> 15 Fev incluído em um cabeçalho ou rodapé.
11. ‫ ط‬Total de Páginas: Insere número total de páginas que
Caracteres não imprimíveis: Este botão habilita/ o documento contém, valor que será atualizado à medida
desabilita a exibição deste tipo de caracteres (tabulação, que novas páginas forem adicionadas.
final de linha, etc.), dispondo das seguintes formas de ‫ ط‬Assunto: Insere o assunto constante do item proprie-
acionamento; dades do arquivo.
‫ط‬Barra de Menus: Clique sobre o menu Exibir e selecio- ‫ ط‬Título: Insere o título constante o item propriedades
ne Caracteres não imprimíveis. do arquivo.
‫ ط‬Barra de Ferramentas: Acione o botão Caracteres ‫ ط‬Autor: Insere o autor constante do item propriedades
não imprimíveis. do arquivo.
Parágrafos Ocultos: Este botão habilita a exibição ‫ ط‬Outros: Abre caixa de diálogo que apresenta todas
de tais parágrafos. as opções disponíveis para inserção de um campo gené-
Fonte de Dados (somente para Windows): Permi- rico no documento. A caixa de diálogo que dispõe de seis
te acessar, criar ou modificar bases de dados do documento guias: Banco de Dados, Documento, Referência cruzada,
(etiqueta, mala direta, etc). Funções, Informações do documento e Variáveis.
Navegador: Este recurso, acionado também pela tecla Caracteres Especiais: Esta caixa de diálogo lista todos
F5, facilita o acesso a qualquer parte do documento, me- os caracteres existentes para cada fonte disponível. Alguns
morizando as posições de cada objeto no texto em edição. desses caracteres não podem ser digitados diretamente, por
Tela Inteira: Permite alternar a forma de visualização não estarem vinculados a teclas próprias. O botão [ź] no
entre Normal (área de edição é circundada pelas barras campo Fonte, lista as fontes disponíveis, bastando acionar
de ferramentas) e Tela Inteira (área de edição toma toda o mouse sobre a que lhe interessar. A seguir, navegue pe-
a tela, fornecendo uma pré-visualização). A tela inteira é los caracteres por meio das setas do teclado ou usando o
muito usada no LibreOffice Impress para verificar como um mouse, selecione o carácter desejado, que será visualizado
slide se apresenta para exibição. Para retornar ao modo de
à direita do quadro. Você pode escolher outros caracteres:
exibição normal, pressione a tecla Esc ou selecione o botão
que aparece no extremo esquerdo superior da tela. a cada nova seleção, o carácter anterior fica guardado na
área inferior do quadro. Selecionado(s) o(s) caracteres
Zoom: Possibilita modificar a escala de visualização da pretendidos, clique em OK para inseri-lo(s) no documento.
página. Este comando abre uma caixa de diálogo contendo
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 19
Seção: Esta facilidade permite criar seções no docu- Legenda: Acrescenta um texto numerado ao objeto

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
mento em edição, as quais podem ser personalizadas e selecionado: Gráfico, Tabela, Figura, Desenho ou Moldura.
formatadas independentemente. Por exemplo, cabeçalhos Existem várias opções de numeração, de reinício de nu-
e rodapés podem se referir ao nome da seção e portanto, meração e de posição relativa. Também podemos atribuir
identificarem os capítulos de um livro; as páginas podem legendas a objetos indexados.
ser numeradas a partir do início de uma seção. Pode-se Marcador: Insere um lembrete vinculado na posição
ainda, criar um caminho para uma seção vinculado a outro do cursor. Esta posição será acessível com facilidade através
arquivo. A caixa de diálogo possui cinco guias, sendo que do recurso Navegador. Esta marcação pode ser identificada
as descrições das guias Seção, Colunas, Recuos, Plano de da forma que desejar, através de nomes, numeração, etc.
Fundo e Notas de Rodapé/Notas de Fim. Quando um lembrete é selecionado dentro do navegador,
‫ ط‬Seção: Nesta guia, você pode atribuir o nome e a o cursor se desloca para o ponto onde o texto associado se
seção que será criada, criar vínculos com outros arquivos, encontra. Lembretes de texto também podem ser usados
pode definir condições de proteção contra gravação e até como âncoras de hiperlinks. Após selecionar esse recurso,
mesmo ocultar seção. digite a identificação na caixa de diálogo associada. Caso
‫ ط‬Notas de Rodapé/Notas de Fim: Esta guia permite prefira que o lembrete fique associado a algo no texto,
estabelecer condições para numeração e apresentação selecione o que deseja com o mouse.
dessas notas, que tanto podem situar-se no fim das seções Referência: Esta facilidade lhe permite inserir campos
como no final da obra que está sendo editada. referenciando a outros, em seu documento. Referências
Hyperlink: É um vínculo que associa algo existente no cruzadas são campos referenciados no mesmo documento
texto do documento ativo a outro local, que tanto pode es- ou em documentos atrelados a um documento base. A van-
tar na internet como no próprio sistema local. Obviamente, tagem do uso referências ou campos referenciados é que
é possível inserir vínculos entre diferentes setores locais de você não precisa ajustar o documento a cada modificação
um mesmo documento. Para utilizar este recurso, inicial- introduzida.
mente selecione a parte do texto que ancorará o vínculo. Um exemplo simples que ilustra o processo. Se você
Preencha os campos de configurações adicionais. Defina deve apresentar em uma carta, o nome do remetente no
o “alvo” no comando Destino. Ao acionar o botão que se cabeçalho e no final (abaixo da assinatura), referencie o
encontra a direita do referido campo, surge uma caixa de nome do final ao do cabeçalho e não terá que digitá-lo
diálogo com diversas opções: Tabelas, Molduras de texto, duas vezes. Lista de fornecedores, clientes, produtos, etc.,
Imagens, Objetos OLE, Categorias, Títulos e Marcadores podem se beneficiar desta facilidade.
de texto. Os itens assinalados por um sinal positivo contém Anotação: Insere uma anotação na posição do cursor,
alvos, com os quais o vínculo pode ser estabelecido. Basta a qual fica assinalada por um pequeno retângulo amarelo.
selecionar um deles, acionar o mouse sobre Aplicar e em Para inserir uma anotação:
seguida, em Fechar. A palavra do texto inicialmente sele-
cionada aparece sublinhada. Ao passar sobre ela o ponteiro ‫ط‬Posicione o cursor no ponto em que deseja fazer a
do mouse assume o formato de uma pequena mão ou luva, inserção.
indicando a possibilidade de se estabelecer uma conexão. ‫ ط‬Acione o mouse sobre Inserir ĺ Nota, para abrir a
Cabeçalho: Torna possível definir o cabeçalho das área de edição.
páginas do documento. Quando este recurso é acionado ‫ ط‬Edite a nota e opcionalmente, dê informações sobre
Inserir ĺ Cabeçalho ĺ Padrão, surge uma linha para o autor.
digitação do texto a ser usado como cabeçalho.
‫ ط‬Clique em OK.
Para eliminar um cabeçalho, selecione o texto dele e
siga os passos já descritos. O programa indicará se o texto Para ler ou editar novamente a nota, dê um clique
se o texto deve ser realmente apagado. Em caso positivo, duplo sobre o retângulo e mantenha ali o mouse, a fim de
clique em OK. ativar a exibição automática da nota. A anotação não será
impressa.
Rodapé: Processo semelhante ao da criação de
cabeçalhos, para definição dos rodapés das páginas do Script: São instruções programáveis que podem ser
documento. Quando este recurso é acionado Inserir ĺ executadas sem interação do usuário. Este comando abre,
Rodapé ĺ Padrão, faz surgir uma linha para digitação do na posição corrente do cursor, uma tela para inserção do
texto a ser usado como rodapé. Para eliminar um rodapé, script, o qual fica assinalado por um retângulo verde. Este
selecione o texto dele e proceda de forma semelhante à recurso não será detalhado, por fugir da alçada desse livro.
descrita no item anterior.
Índices e tabelas: Este comando abre um menu de
Nota de Rodapé/Nota de Fim: Este recurso possi- contexto com os seguintes itens:
bilita acrescentar notas de rodapé ou de final ao texto que
está sendo editado. Para acionar este recurso, coloque o 1) Entrada: Para criar uma entrada em um índice,
cursor adiante da palavra a qual a nota de rodapé ficará inicialmente selecione um trecho do documento (pode
associada ou selecione a palavra desejada e comande Inserir ser uma palavra, um parágrafo, etc.). Em seguida, abra o
ĺ Nota de Rodapé. Na caixa de diálogo associada, você menu de contexto Inserir ĺ Índices e Tabelas e escolha o
pode optar por uma numeração automática, como usar ca- tipo de índice desejado.
racteres próprios para a nota. Por exemplo: *. A numeração Você pode definir se a formatação daquele parágrafo
que identifica a nota aparece adiante da palavra associada (ou palavra) será adotada em todos os parágrafos que pos-
(âncora) ou no lugar dela. O texto da nota pode ser digitado suírem formatação idêntica, dentro do documento, o que
livremente, bastando levar o cursor à área da página onde facilita em muito a criação do índice. Introduza os dados e
uma cópia da referida numeração se encontra. clique em OK. Podemos criar índices dos seguintes tópicos:
20 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

‫ ڹ‬Alfabético; tados de características peculiares (não são aceitos na área

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
‫ ڹ‬Tabela de conteúdos; de transferência). Esse tipo de objeto pode ser editado
quando se ativa a sua fonte por meio de um duplo clique.
‫ ڹ‬Definido pelo usuário.
‫ ط‬Plug-in: Insere esse tipo de objeto.
‫ ط‬Som e vídeo: Abre caixa de diálogo para seleção de
2) Índices e sumários: Recurso para inserção arquivos deste tipo a serem inseridos.
de índices e tabelas formatadas conforme necessidades
específicas, e que é adequado para a criação de índices ‫ ط‬Fórmula: Abre o LibreOffice Math.
em um texto longo. A quantidade de opções para tipos de ‫ ط‬Gráfico: Abre caixa de diálogo que permite visualizar
índice é grande. Como o procedimento de criação é típico, os dados disponíveis ou criar um gráfico no ponto onde se
analisaremos somente a opção Índice de Conteúdo. encontra o cursor.
‫ ڹ‬Criando um Índice de Conteúdo (Índice): A melhor Quadro Flutuante: Permite inserir uma moldura no
forma de gerar um índice é aplicar estilos pré-definidos a documento. Recurso utilizado para criação de páginas de
elementos do parágrafo que você deseja incluir no índice, internet, não será explorado neste livro.
por exemplo: Nível 1 para capítulos, Nível 2 para seções e Arquivo: Este comando possibilita inserir no docu-
assim sucessivamente. Em seguida: mento em edição, o conteúdo de outro documento. Note
a) Clique no documento a ser indexado e escolha: que a caixa de diálogo associada é idêntica ao comando
Inserir ĺ Índices ĺÍndice/Sumário. Abrir do menu Arquivo.
b) Em Tipo, selecione Sumário.
c) Selecione a opção que desejar e clique OK. Menu formatar: comandos utilizados para alterar
‫ ڹ‬Atualizando um Índice de Conteúdo (Índice) Para algum conteúdo do texto ou layout, formatar. Comandos
atualizar um índice de conteúdo, execute uma das sequ- deste menu: limpar formatação, caractere, parágrafo,
ências abaixo: marcadores e numeração, página, página de rosto, alterar
caixa, colunas, seções, estilos e formatação, autocorreção,
a) Pressione botão direito sobre o índice/sumário e âncora, quebra automática, alinhamento, dispor, inverter,
aparecerá a opção atualizar. agrupar, objeto, quadro / objeto e figura.
b) Depois selecione atualizar todos e pressione OK. Limpar Formatação Direta / Formatação
Padrão: Este recurso restaura os padrões originais de
formatação em um parágrafo que tenha sido formatado
3) Entrada bibliográfica: Criação de índice com os de outra forma.
dados existentes em uma base de Dados
Caractere: Todos os comandos referentes à formata-
Envelope: Você pode imprimir diretamente sobre um ção de caracteres estão também disponíveis na barra de
envelope com esta facilidade, utilizando informações pro- objetos de texto. A caixa de diálogo associada dispõe de
veniente de uma base de dados, o que torna desnecessária cinco guias e do recurso de pré-visualização, que auxilia
a confecção de etiquetas adesivas. A guia Envelope define na escolha da opção mais adequada. Sempre que você
a posição do texto a ser impresso, dos dados fixos e dos realizar alguma modificação, selecione OK para ativá-la,
campos existentes na fonte de dados. A guia Formato Cancelar para abandonar ou Redefinir para revalidar as
serve para determinar o tamanho do envelope, bem como definições anteriores. É possível definir:
a posição dos campos Destinatário e Remetente, na área
de impressão. Na guia impressora é definida a impressora ‫ ڹ‬Fonte:
a ser utilizada e a orientação do envelope. ‫ ط‬Fonte: Escolhe a fonte que vai ser utilizada, permi-
Quadro: Insere uma moldura no texto, com várias tindo definir:
opções de plano de fundo, cor, imagem, etc. Além das ‫ ط‬Tipo: Afeta a aparência das letras, tais como: negrito,
opções padrão, também é possível empregar uma imagem itálico, etc.
ou motivo escolhido pelo usuário.
‫ ط‬Tamanho da fonte: Define o tamanho da letra, em
Tabela: Possibilita inserir tabelas. Comande Inserir ĺ pontos.
Tabela ou acione o botão da barra de ferramentas princi-
pal, para abrir uma caixa de diálogo. Defina o número de ‫ ط‬Idioma: Define o idioma padrão.
linhas e colunas no campo Tamanho. ‫ ڹ‬Efeitos de Fonte: Disponibiliza os seguintes efeitos:
Régua Horizontal: Permite a inserção/retirada de ‫ ط‬Cor da fonte: Define a cor do corpo da letra.
uma régua na posição horizontal. ‫ ط‬Efeitos: Tem as opções maiúsculas, minúsculas,
Figura: Serve para importação de imagens. Oferece título e caixa alta.
duas opções: ‫ ط‬Relevo: Nesse item, podemos deixar o texto em alto
‫ ط‬De um arquivo: Permite usar material já armazenado. ou baixo relevo.
‫ ط‬Digitalizar: Captura imagens através de um scanner ‫ ط‬Tachado: Deixa um pequeno efeito com traço no
ou de algum programa específico. meio do texto.
Recurso não será explicado nesta obra. ‫ ط‬Sublinhado: Deixa um traço embaixo do texto.
Objeto: Recurso que controla a inserção de vários ‫ ڹ‬Posição: permite alterar:
tipos de objetos: ‫ ط‬A posição relativa do carácter em relação ao texto,
‫ ط‬Objeto OLE: Insere objetos do tipo OLE, que são do- com as opções normal, sobrescrito e subscrito.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 21
‫ ط‬A rotação do carácter em relação ao texto. ‫ ط‬Plano de fundo: Possibilita escolher uma cor ou uma

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‫ ط‬O espaçamento do carácter. imagem como plano de fundo, que será aplicada em todo
o texto.
‫ ڹ‬Hyperlink: Menu de contexto que dispõe de duas
opções: Hyperlink e estilos de caractere. ‫ ط‬Cabeçalho: Configura um cabeçalho segundo os
seguintes parâmetros: espaçamento, autoajuste da altura,
‫ ڹ‬Plano de fundo: Possibilita definir uma cor de fundo ajuste dinâmico da altura, etc. O botão Mais faz abrir uma
a ser aplicada sob o que está sendo digitado, contribuindo caixa de diálogo para definição de bordas e planos de
para destacar trechos do texto. fundo.
Parágrafo: Caixa de diálogo disposto em oito guias, ‫ ط‬Rodapé: Definição idêntica à do item anterior.
discriminadas abaixo: O parágrafo a ser formatado deve
ser previamente selecionado (algumas das opções são do- ‫ ط‬Bordas: Formata um padrão de bordas para todas as
tadas de pré-visualização e o estilo de um parágrafo pode páginas.
ser registrado como estilo de página): ‫ ط‬Colunas: Ajusta configurações como a largura e
‫ ڹ‬Recuos e espaçamento: Determina a posição do pa- quantidade de colunas.
rágrafo em relação às margens, bem como de algumas de ‫ ط‬Notas de rodapé: Formata as notas de rodapé criadas
suas linhas em relação às outras. Estabelece as distâncias em Notas de Rodapé/Notas de Fim. Este recurso dispõe de
entre as linhas e entre os parágrafos do texto. várias opções de formatação, como separadores, espessura
‫ ڹ‬Alinhamento: Controla a posição do texto, bem das linhas, etc.
como o alinhamento vertical em relação ao restante do Alterar caixa: Altera a formatação de uma frase,
texto. Caso deseje, você pode registrar um tipo de pará- como inicializá-la com letra maiúscula, todas as letras em
grafo, a fim de aproveitar a mesma formatação em outros maiúsculas ou minúsculas.
parágrafos. Colunas: Tem caixa de diálogo que é bastante intuitiva
‫ ڹ‬Fluxo do Texto: Formata as palavras com a opção de e completa. Você ainda pode modificar um estilo adotando
divisão silábica automática, que permite definir o número uma formatação de coluna.
de caracteres nas extremidades das linhas e a quantidade Seções: Você pode modificar as seções anteriormente
de hifens consecutivos. Permite, ainda, controlar quebras criadas através deste recurso.
de páginas ou colunas através do controle de linhas “órfãs
e viúvas”. Estilos e formatação: A caixa de diálogo associada
a este comando permite aplicar estilos de formatação a
‫ ڹ‬Estrutura de Tópicos e Numeração: Permite definir objetos ou áreas do texto. É ancorável e pode permanecer
uma numeração para parágrafos e linhas do texto, sepa- oculto, quando conveniente. A criação de novos estilos
rando por seções, se necessário. pode ser feita pelo processo de arrastar-e-soltar (a área
‫ ڹ‬Tabulação: Define o tipo e a posição das tabulações, que contém a formatação a ser preservada pode ser trans-
bem como o tipo de carácter empregado no preenchimento portada para dentro do designer com o mouse, após ser
opcional do espaço tabulado. selecionada). Abre-se uma janela para digitação do título
‫ ڹ‬Capitulares: Formata os capítulos do texto, podendo do estilo recém-criado.
criar destaques no início de cada capítulo. Autocorreção: Permite ao LibreOffice Writer corrigir
‫ ڹ‬Bordas: Atribui bordas ao parágrafo, oferecendo de forma automática, palavras que algumas vezes escre-
opções de disposição (lateral, inteiro, etc), sombreamento, vemos de forma errada. Existem quatro opções de Auto-
cor da linha de contorno e cor da sombra projetada. correção: Ao digitar, Aplicar e editar alterações e Opções
de autocorreção. Essa última opção, se erramos a palavra
‫ ڹ‬Plano de fundo: Aplica um plano de fundo ao pará- “eletrecidade”, é possível corrigi-la para “eletricidade”.
grafo que pode ser constituído de uma cor sólida ou por Para isso clique em Opções de autocorreção e digite a pa-
imagens retiradas de arquivos. lavra que costumeiramente é digitada de maneira errada e
Marcadores e numerações: Possibilita escolher o a palavra correta, depois clique em Novo e pressione OK.
tipo de marcador ou numeração para destaque no pará- Âncoras: Permite alternar entre as opções de ancora-
grafo. Dispõe das guias: Marcadores, Tipo de Numeração, mento. O ícone Alterar âncora é visível somente quando
Estrutura de Tópicos, Figura, Posição e Opções. um objeto, tal como uma figura ou um campo de controle
Página: Recurso que engloba atributos de formatação ou um quadro for selecionado.
das páginas, (tamanho, cor, cabeçalhos e rodapés, notas Quebra automática: Esse recurso somente funcio-
de rodapé, etc). Oferece opções de disposição, tipo e afas- na, quando estiver um objeto selecionado, principalmente
tamento do conteúdo das linhas que compõem as bordas. uma figura. Temos as seguintes opções: Desativar a quebra
Além disto, admite diversos estilos de sombras com cores automática de um texto, Quebra automática de texto,
variadas. Dentro de Página encontramos os menus: Quebra automática de página ideal, Quebra automática
Organizador: Permite configurar o estilo das pági- através no plano de fundo, Contorno, Editar contorno,
nas do ‫ ط‬documento. As definições do estilo selecionado Primeiro parágrafo e Editar.
constam do Contém. Caso deseje, você poderá selecionar Alinhamento: Essa opção também está disponível na
um estilo pré-configurado e personalizá-lo como desejar. Barra de Formatação, existem quatro tipos de alinhamentos
‫ ط‬Página: Permite adotar uma configuração pré-defi- de textos: À esquerda, Centralizado, À direita e Justificado.
nida ou personalizada, de acordo com as dimensões do Dispor: Coloca o objeto em diversas posições, os no-
papel a ser usado na impressão ou com suas preferências mes são bem intuitivos como: Trazer para frente, Avançar
pessoais. um, Voltar um e Enviar para trás.
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YiULDVDEHUWDV botão permite ao usuário salvar as alterações feitas no do-
Lista de documentos abertos: Cada novo do- cumento. Porém se o documento nunca foi salvo, ao clicar
cumento que for aberto será acrescentado à lista que nesse botão será aberta a janela salvar como, onde é
aparece na área abaixo do comando Fechar Janela. Um possível definir o local onde o arquivo será salvo, o nome
[Ɣ], à esquerda do título do documento ativo, facilita à sua e o tipo do arquivo. Se o documento já foi salvo e alguma
identificação. alteração foi realizada, ao clicar nesse botão elas serão
simplesmente salvas. Quando não há alterações esse botão
fica desativado.
Menu ajuda: contém comandos para auxiliar na E-mail com o documento anexo – Cria uma
resposta de dúvidas quanto ao aplicativo utilizado. Co- mensagem de Correio Eletrônico e adiciona o documento
mandos deste menu: ajuda do LibreOffice, o que é isto?, como anexo desta mensagem, utilizando o cliente de e-
enviar minha opinião, informações da licença, verificar -mail padrão do sistema.
por atualizações, sobre o LibreOffice.
Editar arquivo: Ativa/desativa a possibilidade de
Ajuda do LibreOffice: É a principal opção do menu editar o arquivo, seria uma forma mais simples de travar o
ajuda, sendo que será consultada para tirar qualquer dúvi- arquivo contra alterações, porém, sem senha.
da sobre o aplicativo.
Exportar diretamente como PDF – Com esta op-
O que é isto: Clicando nessa opção, aparecerá um ção o Writer exporta o arquivo em edição para o formato
ponto de interrogação, que o usuário pode clicar em PDF. Este formato é um tipo de arquivo não alterável por
qualquer parte do aplicativo para saber qual a função programas comuns, somente versões pagas permitem
de determinado ícone. Informações da licença: Explica alterações em arquivo do formato PDF. Não é necessário
detalhadamente como está licenciado o LibreOffice e trás nenhum outro aplicativo para que este comando funcione.
a cópia da licença.
Imprimir arquivo diretamente – Similar ao
Créditos do LibreOffice: Trás a lista dos voluntários Impressão Rápida de outros editores de texto, imprime o
responsáveis pelo projeto. conteúdo do arquivo diretamente para a impressora que
Sobre o LibreOffice: Informações genéricas sobre a estiver definida como padrão e suas configurações.
presente versão do LibreOffice. Quando houver um texto selecionado no texto, o pro-
grama solicitará confirmação se a impressão será do todo o
documento ou apenas a parte selecionada do texto.
O LibreOffice possui diversas barras de ferramentas
que ficam ocultas, pois caso todas fossem exibidas ao mes- Visualizar impressão: Permite, verificar como
mo tempo, não haveria local para digitar o texto, por isso, ficará o documento caso seja impresso. A visualização será
ficam ocultas e aparecem conforme a necessidade e são feita em tela inteira para que o usuário possa visualizar a
sensíveis ao contexto, por exemplo, quando se clica sobre formatação do documento e corrigi-lo antes de imprimir.
um gráfico a barra de assistente gráfico é exibida. Ortografia e Gramática (F7): Exibe a caixa de
Logo abaixo da barra de menus encontramos a Barra diálogo “Verificar Ortografia e Gramática” que permite ao
de Ferramentas Padrão. Esta barra é a mesma em todos usuário iniciar a correção ortográfica do documento, com
os aplicativos da suíte LibreOffice. Ela é do tipo barra de base no dicionário do Writer.
ferramenta Encaixada e pode ser movimentada e colocada DICA: A correção começa a partir de onde o cursor está
em qualquer local da janela tornando-se flutuante. Para posicionado, executa a verificação até o final do documen-
movimentar uma barra basta clicar sobre cinco pontos na to e retorna ao início para verificar até o ponto que foi
vertical localizados no início da barra e arrasta-la para o
iniciado. O fato do Writer Indicar, com o sublinhado ver-
novo local desejado.
melho, um erro ortográfico, não significa que há um erro,
isso acontece quando a palavra ou expressão não existe
Barra de Ferramentas Padrão no dicionário do Writer. Lembre-se por mais que o nome
Nesta barra temos os seguintes botões da esquerda do botão seja ortografia e gramatica o WRITER possui por
para a direita: padrão apenas o corretor ortográfico.
Novo (Ctrl+N): cria um novo arquivo de qualquer Auto verificação Ortográfica: Exibe/oculta a in-
aplicativo. No LibreOffice todos os aplicativos são inte- dicação de erro ortográfico (sublinhado vermelho). Obs.:
grados, desta forma, é possível abrir uma nova planilha Mesmo que a indicação esteja desativada o Writer continua
através do programa Writer aberto e clicando na seta executando a verificação do erro ortográfico, porém ape-
existente ao lado do botão Novo ou utilizando o atalho de nas é indicado se o usuário clicar no ícone “Ortografia e
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quer aplicativo. conteúdo da área de transferência independentemente se
foi copiado ou recortado e não importando o tamanho.
24 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Pincel de Estilo: Esse recurso (principalmente o Caixa de formatação com o texto “Arial”: $TXL

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
ícone) cai em vários concursos. Ele permite copiar a for- R XVXiULR SRGH HVFROKHU R WLSR GD IRQWH 4XDQGR Ki XP WH[WR
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GH IHUUDPHQWD GH GHVHQKR (VWH p XP ERWmR EDVWDQWH FREUDGR GHXPSDUiJUDIRDRWH[WRWRGR
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explicado no parágrafo anterior.
Por se tratar de um programa “Editor de Texto” sua
função é elaborar documentos de texto como cartas, rela-
tórios, memorando, anotações, livros, etc. Ao carregar o
Regras de um editor de texto Writer ele exibe uma folha de papel em branco pronto pra
você digitar seu texto. É só digitar e depois utilizar os re-
$SHVDUGHWHUPRVYiULDVVXtWHVGH(GLWRUHVGH7H[WRVFHUWDV cursos poderosos do Writer para deixar o texto exatamente
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26 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Nas duas figuras acima observe que a régua horizontal pois estas contém o recurso de reatribuir a numeração da

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
alinha facilmente o texto. Na régua existem dois pequenos página, quando da aplicação de um estilo de página em
triângulos. Quando não há nenhum marcador ou numera- particular.
ção o triangulo superior controla a primeira linha do pa- Observe ainda que o Writer adere ao modelo de
rágrafo e o triangulo inferior controla as demais linhas do formatação página esquerda X página direita, ou seja,
parágrafo. Se o parágrafo estiver formatado com marcador a página par, para o Writer, sempre apontará para uma
ou numeração o triangulo superior controla o marcador página à direita do operador. Não levar isto em conta pode
e o triangulo inferior controla todo o texto do parágrafo. suscitar resultados indesejados, quando da impressão do
documento.
Numeração de páginas no Writer
Para se numerar um conjunto de páginas, no Writer, Criando cabeçalhos e rodapés
segue-se o usual de fazer a numeração utilizando-se das Um cabeçalho é uma área que aparece no topo de uma
seções de Cabeçalho ou Rodapé. Você pode utilizar um página. Um rodapé aparece no fim da página. Informações
estilo para configuração e numeração de páginas, bem como números de página inseridos dentro de um cabe-
como utilizar um estilo de formatação de numeração, çalho ou rodapé são mostradas em todas as páginas do
alterando assim o default, que é exibir a numeração com documento com aquele estilo de página.
caracteres arábicos. No caso de trabalhos acadêmicos, que,
via de regra, têm a primeira página numerada, computada, Para inserir um cabeçalho, selecione Inserir ĺ Cabeça-
porém, não exibindo tal numeração, utiliza-se para isso lho ĺ Padrão (ou o estilo de página, se não for Padrão).
de um estilo de página pré-definido: “Primeira Página”. É Outras informações como títulos de documento e títu-
bastante atribuí-lo na primeira página e fazer a numera- los de capítulo são frequentemente colocados dentro do
ção como de praxe, pois o estilo Primeira Página, quando cabeçalho ou rodapé. Estes itens são melhor adicionados
descontinuado, quebrado, passa a ser seguido pelo estilo como campos. Dessa forma, se alguma coisa mudar, os
“Padrão”. Vamos a um pequeno exercício de numeração cabeçalhos e rodapés são automaticamente atualizados.
de páginas. Crie um documento de texto novo. Invoque o
menu Formatar ĺ Página. Habilite, na sua guia, o Rodapé
da página. Feche o diálogo de formatação. Estando dentro Mudando as margens da página
da Seção do rodapé, clique em Inserir ĺ Campos ĺ Nú- Pode-se mudar as margens da página de duas ma-
mero da Página. Pronto. neiras:
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sequência de numeração afetará o atual, com figuras, ma- Se mudarmos as margens usando as réguas, as no-
pas, gráficos a serem anexados, ou outro motivo, haverá vas margens afetam o estilo de página e essa mudança
ocasiões em que precisaremos inserir uma numeração de será mostrada no menu Estilo de página da próxima
página em sequência diferente. O Writer tem dois modos vez que abri-lo.
de fazer isto: ou você pode descontinuar a numeração Uma vez que o estilo de página é afetado, as mar-
lançando mão do diálogo de Inserir ĺ Quebra Manual ĺ gens modificadas se aplicam a todas as páginas que
Quebra de Página, o qual permite que mudemos o estilo, usam esse estilo.
bem como o número de página, ou você pode se utilizar
do recurso de Deslocamento de Página. O Deslocamento
de Página nos é apresentado quando escolhemos inserir Para mudar as margens usando as réguas:
campos e optamos por Outros. Na guia Documentos, desta
caixa de diálogo, há vários campos. 1) As seções cinzas das réguas são as margens. Coloque
o ponteiro do mouse sobre a linha entre as seções cinza e
Clicamos em Página e selecionamos, à direita do branca. O ponteiro muda para uma seta dupla.
campo, a opção “Números de Páginas”. O formato da
numeração default é “Como Estilo de Página”, mas você 2) Pressione o botão esquerdo do mouse e arraste-o
pode escolher qualquer outro. No Campo Deslocamento, para mover a margem.
coloca-se o número de página a ser incrementado da con-
tagem do número de páginas. É possível colocar aqui um
número negativo (o positivo é subentendido), mas observe
que o sistema só exibirá a numeração caso este documento
comporte a operação de subtração, i. e., se o documento
contém 21 (vinte e uma) páginas, e você assinala um
deslocamento de 23 (vinte e três), a numeração não será
exibida (mas será calculada. Lembre-se: este recurso é
apenas um “truque sujo”, para este tipo de situação, pois
é um recurso muito mais útil quando estamos trabalhando
com Documentos-Mestre, que são documentos que mani-
pulam vários tipos de documentos simultaneamente. Se
quiser manipular números de páginas com mais controle,
em um documento simples, recorra a quebras de página,
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 27
Para mudar as margens usando o menu de Estilo de "EstParaDestaque", bem como deveria ser aplicada em

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
página: determinados trechos do seu trabalho. Clique em qualquer
1. Clique com o botão direito em qualquer lugar da lugar em "EstParaDestaque"; abra o Estilista e selecione,
página e selecione Página do menu contexto. com um (1) clique, o estilo "EstParaDestaque". Clique no
botão trifunção e acione "Atualizar estilo". Pronto. Estilo
2. Na aba Página do menu, digite as distâncias requeri- atualizado. O raciocínio para estilos de caracteres, de
das nas caixas de Margens. quadros, de listas, etc., é o mesmo. A terceira função deste
versátil ícone é a de carregar estilos a partir de modelos ou
documentos existentes. Aquele documento que você acaba
Formatando o documento de receber via internet, por exemplo, rico em formatação,
Como se falou no início, o processador de textos é um e que você encontrou muitas coisas a serem copiadas,
aplicativo sofisticado. Não poderia, assim, lhe faltarem como os estilos das páginas, de alguns parágrafos, de qua-
recursos de formatação. Formatar, em última instância, dros, por exemplo, você pode carregá-los para um outro
significa dar forma ao documento e de modo, espera-se, documento sem se preocupar com a sequência da criação
condizente com o seu objeto. Se, no passado, usar um destes estilos. Você pode, inclusive, selecionar os estilos
processador de textos e aplicar ao conteúdo recursos ela- a serem importados e sobrescrever ou não estilos com o
borados de formatação e aparência consistia em decorar mesmo nome, casa haja coincidência de nomes entre os
e aplicar uma constelação de comandos complicados, a estilos atuais e aqueles sendo importados. Na caixa de diá-
tarefa hoje se resume a invocar o menu "Formatar" e dali logo de importação de estilos você pode escolher, claro, se
retirar as ações necessárias ao nosso trabalho. Quem tra- deseja importar estilos a partir de modelos, por aplicação e
balhou com WordStar, Redator e similares conhece bem também a partir de um arquivo, como se mencionou.
esta diferença...
Clique em "Do Arquivo..." para habilitar a importação
No Writer, muita coisa pode e deve ser feita com o uso a partir do seu documento-base dos estilos a serem impor-
de Estilos. O software dispõe de uma Janela do Estilista, tados.
disponível a partir do menu Formatar ou de seu atalho,
F11. Na verdade, toda a suíte dispõe do seu Estilista, sendo
que seu uso muda de acordo com o aplicativo sendo acio- Cortando, copiando e colando texto
nado. Trataremos de Estilos e do Estilista oportunamente. Cortar e copiar texto no Writer é semelhante a cortar
e copiar texto em outras aplicações. Pode-se usar o mouse
O Importante é ter Estilo(s)! ou o teclado para essas operações. Pode-se copiar ou mo-
ver texto dentro de um documento, ou entre documentos,
O que são estilos? São conjuntos pré-definidos de
formatação. Estes se aplicam a qualquer contexto, desde arrastando o texto ou usando seleções de menu, ícones, ou
uma lista numerada a um modelo de documento oficial. atalhos de teclados. Também pode-se copiar texto de ou-
O conceito de estilo é, para o LibreOffice.org, algo bem tras fontes como páginas Web e colar em um documento
próximo do conceito de Seção para outras suítes, tendo o do Writer.
estilo, porém, no LibreOffice.org, muito mais recursos e Para mover (cortar e colar) o texto selecionado usando
flexibilidade. o mouse, arraste-o para o novo local e solte. Para copiar
Enquanto em outros processadores de texto o re- o texto selecionado, segure pressionada a tecla CTRL en-
curso “estilo”, genericamente falando, é utilizado para quanto arrasta. O texto retém a formatação dada antes de
definição de parágrafos e fontes, no Writer, o conceito arrastá-lo.
vai bem além: pode-se, com o recurso estilo, manipular
a orientação da página, o tipo (espelhada, somente à Quando cola-se um texto, o resultado depende da
esquerda, somente à direita , por exemplo). É um recurso fonte do texto e como o texto foi colado. Se clicar no ícone
muito útil e coerente. As planilhas do Calc, por exemplo, Colar, toda formatação que o texto tem (tal como negrito
se valem do conceito de estilo para a aplicação do recurso ou itálico) é mantida. Texto colado de páginas Web e
“Formatação Condicional”. outras fontes podem também ser colocados em quadros
Ali se aplica um estilo ao resultado lógico e pronto. ou tabelas. Caso não goste dos resultados, clique no ícone
Para invocar, de modo rotativo e rapidamente a "Caixa de Desfazer ou pressione CTRL+Z.
Estilos", aponta-se para Formatar... Estilos e Formatação Para fazer o texto colado assumir o formato do texto
ou pressiona-se F11. O último ícone no Estlista, como
em volta do ponto onde ele está sendo colado, escolha
mostrado na imagem acima, tem três funções: a primeira
permite que nominemos uma região selecionada do texto uma dessas opções:
e lhe atribuamos um nome, criando-se assim um novo es- 1. Editar ĺ Colar especial, ou
tilo a partir da seleção; a vantagem não óbvia disto é que,
quando quisermos aplicar aqueles atributos ali contidos, 2. Clique no triângulo à direita do ícone Colar, ou
que podem ser vários, não precisaremos fazê-lo passo a 3. Clique no ícone Colar sem soltar o botão esquerdo
passo e nem tampouco conhecer a sequência extata da sua do mouse.
formatação; a segunda nos permite atualizar um estilo a
partir de uma seleção. Então selecione Texto sem formatação do menu que
aparece.
Digamos que você criou um estilo de parágrafos cha-
mado "EstParaDestaque". No decorrer do seu trabalho, A variedade de escolhas no menu Colar especial muda
você formata um parágrafo convenientemente e resolve dependendo da origem e formatação do texto (ou outro
que esta formatação é aquela a que se deveria chamar objeto) a ser colado.
28 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Localizando, substituindo e formatando ‡ Pode-se adicionar uma palavra ao dicionário, cli-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
texto cando em Adicionar no menu Ortografia e gramá-
tica e selecione o dicionário para o qual adicionar
O Writer possui duas maneiras de localizar texto
a palavra.
dentro de um documento: a barra de ferramentas Loca-
lizar para busca rápida e o menu Localizar e substituir. ‡ Clique no botão Opções no menu Ortografia e
No menu, pode-se: gramática para abrir um menu semelhante àquele
em Ferramentas ĺ Opções ĺ Configurações
‡ /RFDOL]DUHVXEVWLWXLUSDODYUDVRXIUDVHV
de idioma ĺ Recursos para redação descrito no
‡ 8VDU FRULQJDV H H[SUHVV}HV UHJXODUHV SDUD DMXVWDU D capítulo 2. Lá pode-se escolher verificar palavras
EXVFD com letras maiúsculas e palavras com números,
‡ /RFDOL]DUHVXEVWLWXLUXPDIRUPDWDomRHVSHFt¿FD e pode-se gerenciar dicionários customizados, ou
seja, adicionar ou apagar dicionários e adicionar
‡ /RFDOL]DUHVXEVWLWXLUHVWLORVGHSDUiJUDIRV ou apagar palavras em um dicionário.
‡ Na aba Fonte no menu Estilos de parágrafo, pode-
Se a barra de ferramentas Localizar não estiver visível, -se configurar parágrafos para serem verificados
pode-se mostrá-la usando Exibir ĺ Barras de ferramentas em um idioma específico (diferente do idioma do
ĺ Pesquisar. resto do documento).
Para mostrar o menu Localizar e substituir, use a tecla ‡ O Writer não inclui um verificador gramatical, mas
de atalho CTRL+F ou selecione Editar ĺ Localizar e subs- pode-se instalar uma extensão como a Ferramenta
tituir a partir da barra de menu. de idioma e acessá-la de Ferramentas ĺ Ortografia
1. Digite o texto que se deseja localizar na caixa Loca- e gramática.
lizar.
A Ferramenta de idioma adiciona um novo item de
2. Para substituir um texto por outro texto, digite o “menu e submenu” ao menu de Ferramentas, a partir do
novo texto na caixa Substituir por. qual pode-se configurar a ferramenta e verificar/reverifi-
3. Pode-se selecionar várias opções tais como diferen- car o documento.
ciar maiúsculas de minúsculas, somente palavras inteiras,
ou fazer uma busca por palavras similares. Formatando parágrafos
4. Quando já tiver configurado sua busca, clique em Pode-se aplicar vários formatos para parágrafos usando
Localizar. Para substituir texto, clique em Substituir. os botões na barra de ferramentas Formatação de parágra-
fos. A barra de Formatação de parágrafos aparece como
9HUL¿FDQGRRUWRJUD¿DHJUDPiWLFD uma barra de ferramentas flutuante, customizada para
O Writer fornece um verificador ortográfico, que pode mostrar apenas os ícones de formatação de parágrafos. A
ser usado de duas maneiras: aparência dos ícones pode variar dependendo do sistema
operacional e a seleção do tamanho do ícone e o estilo em
Verificação automática, verifica cada palavra como ela Ferramentas ĺ Opções ĺ BrOffice ĺ Exibir.
foi digitada e mostra uma linha ondulada vermelha sob
qualquer palavra com erros ortográficos. Quando a palavra Formatando caracteres
é corrigida, a linha desparece.
Pode-se aplicar vários formatos de caracteres usando os
Para efetuar uma verificação ortográfica separada no botões da barra de ferramentas Formatação. A aparência
documento (ou numa seleção de texto) clique no botão dos ícones pode variar dependendo do sistema operacional
Ortografia e gramática. Isto verifica o documento ou se- e a seleção do tamanho dos ícones e estilo em Ferramentas
leção e abre o menu Ortografia e gramática caso alguma ĺ Opções ĺ BrOffice ĺ Exibir.
palavra com erro de ortografia for encontrada.
Criando listas de marcadores e listas nu-
Algumas características adicionais do verificador orto-
meradas
gráfico: Há várias maneiras de criar listas de marcadores e listas
numeradas:
‡ Pode-se clicar com o botão direito em uma palavra
com uma onda sublinhada para abrir o menu de ‡ 8VDQGRDXWRIRUPDWDomR
contexto. Selecionando-se palavras sugeridas no ‡ 8VDQGRHVWLORVGHOLVWDQXPHUDomR
menu, a seleção substituirá a palavra com erro de
ortografia no texto. Outras opções de menu são ‡ 8VDQGR HVWLORV GH OLVWD QXPHUDGD H 0DUFDGRUHV GD
discutidas abaixo. EDUUDGHIHUUDPHQWDV)RUPDWDomR
‡ Pode-se mudar o idioma do dicionário (por ‡ 8VDQGRtFRQHVGHPDUFDGRUHVHQXPHUDomRQDEDUUDGH
exemplo, espanhol, francês, ou alemão) no menu IHUUDPHQWDV GH IRUPDWDomR GH SDUiJUDIR VHOHFLRQH RV
Ortografia e gramática. SDUiJUDIRVQDOLVWDHHQWmRFOLTXHQRtFRQHDSURSULDGR
QDEDUUDGHIHUUDPHQWDV
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 29

Formatando páginas Na guia Geral do menu de Impressão, poderá definir:

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
2 :ULWHU IRUQHFH YiULDV PDQHLUDV GH FRQWURODU OD\RXWV GH ‡ $LPSUHVVRUDHQWUHDVLPSUHVVRUDVGLVSRQtYHLV
SiJLQD
‡ 4XDLVDVSiJLQDVDVHUHPLPSUHVVDVRQ~PHURGHFySLDV
‡ (VWLORVGHSiJLQD HFRPRDJUXSiODVVHomR,QWHUYDORVHFySLDV
‡ &ROXQDV ‡ 6H DV DQRWDo}HV VHUmR LPSUHVVDV RX QmR H VH IRUHP
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‡ 7DEHODV
‡ 6Ho}HV Visualizando a impressão antes de imprimir
A visualização de página normal no Writer permite vi-
sualizar cada página da mesma forma como será impressa,
Criando cabeçalhos e rodapés no entanto, mostra apenas uma página por vez.
Um cabeçalho é uma área que aparece no topo de uma Se desejar imprimir um documento frente e verso,
página. Um rodapé aparece no fim da página. Informações é possível ver o resultado da impressão através de dois
como números de página inseridos dentro de um cabe- modos:
çalho ou rodapé são mostradas em todas as páginas do
documento com aquele estilo de página. ‡ Layout de visualização (modo editável):
XVH DV IROKDV GR PRGR /LYUR QR FDQWR LQIHULRU GLUHLWR
Para inserir um cabeçalho, selecione Inserir ĺ Cabeça-
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lho ĺ Padrão (ou o estilo de página, se não for Padrão).
Outras informações como títulos de documento e títu- ‡ Layout de visualização (modo não-editá-
los de capítulo são frequentemente colocados dentro do vel): RQGH WDPEpP VH SRGHUi LPSULPLU PDLV GH XPD
cabeçalho ou rodapé. Estes itens são melhor adicionados SiJLQDSRUIROKD
como campos. Dessa forma, se alguma coisa mudar, os
cabeçalhos e rodapés são automaticamente atualizados. Para utilizar a visualização de página clique em Arquivo
ĺ Visualizar página ou clique no botão Visualizar página
Numerando páginas na barra padrão: O Writer passará a exibir a página atual
e a página seguinte e, também, a barra de Visualização no
Para numerar automaticamente páginas:
lugar da barra de formatação.
1. Insira um cabeçalho ou rodapé
2. Posicione o cursor no cabeçalho ou rodapé onde Acompanhamento de alterações em um
deseja-se que o número de página apareça e selecione
documento
Inserir ĺ Campos ĺ Número da página.
Pode-se usar alguns métodos para acompanhar as
mudanças feitas em um documento.
Imprimindo
Faça comparações automaticamente em uma cópia do
Writer proporciona várias opções para imprimir.
documento, use o Writer para combinar os dois arquivos
e mostrar as mudanças realizadas. Clique em Editar ĺ
Impressão rápida Comparar documento...
Para imprimir rapidamente seu documento, basta cli-
Use as marcas de mudança do Writer (muitas vezes
car no botão Imprimir arquivo diretamente, disponível no
chamadas de “linhas vermelhas” ou “marcas de revisão”)
ícone impressora da barra padrão do Writer. Este comando
para mostrar onde se adicionou ou se excluiu material
envia o documento atual diretamente para a impressora
ou alterou-se a formatação. Depois, você pode analisar e
padrão. Note que a impressora padrão aparece entre pa-
aceitar ou rejeitar cada alteração.
rênteses caso posicione-se o cursor do mouse sobre o ícone
da impressora por alguns segundos.
Pode-se alterar a ação do ícone Imprimir arquivo di-
retamente para enviar o documento para ser impresso na
impressora definida no documento e não na impressora
padrão do computador. Selecione o menu Ferramentas ĺ
Opções ĺ Carregar/Salvar ĺ Geral e selecione a opção
Carregar as configurações da impressora com o documento.

Controlando a impressão
Para um controle mais eficiente da impressão do do-
cumento, use o menu Arquivo ĺ Imprimir. Esse comando
abrirá o menu de impressão.
30 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Colar 2EHGHFH R PHVPR FRQFHLWR GH FRSLDU XWLOL]DGR

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
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 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 31
Lista de FunçõesDEUHXPDMDQHOD¿[DQDODWHUDOGLUHLWD

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
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 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 33
SubtotaisH[LEHVRPDVLQWHUPHGLiULDVDRYDORUWRWDOTXH Cada quadradinho formado pela junção da coluna

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
UHSUHVHQWD D VRPD GH RXWUDV VRPDV ([HPSOL¿FDQGR VH WLYHU com a linha forma a célula, é dentro das células que in-
PRVXPDSODQLOKDGHYHQGDVHKRXYHUDQHFHVVLGDGHGHH[LELUDV serimos os textos e número que formarão nossa planilha.
VRPDVGDVYHQGDVSDUFLDLVXWLOL]DPRVHVWHFRPDQGR Cada célula possui um endereço que formado pela letra
ValidaçãoUHVWULQJHDGLJLWDomRGHGDGRVQDFpOXODDRWLSR da coluna seguido do número da linha, por exemplo, a
GHLQIRUPDomRGHVHMDGDeSRVVtYHOTXHQDFpOXODDWLYDVRPHQWH primeira célula da planilha é formada pela coluna A linha
WH[WRSRVVDVHUGLJLWDGRRXQ~PHURRXGDWDHDVVLPSRUGLDQWH 1, desta forma o endereço da célula é A1, sempre nesta
&DVRWHQWHVHGLJLWDUXPWH[WRHPXPDSODQLOKDFRQ¿JXUDGDSDUD sequência, nunca coloque o número primeiro como 1A,
GDWDXPDPHQVDJHPGHHUURHLQVWUXo}HVIHLWDSRUYRFrVHUi isto é errado e constantemente aparece em questões de
H[LELGD DR XVXiULR LQIRUPDQGR FRPR GHYHP VHU SUHHQFKLGRV concurso público para confundir os que não estudam. O
WRGRVRVFDPSRVGDSODQLOKD endereço da célula ativa, aquela que recebe os textos e
números que são digitados, é exibido na Caixa de Nome na
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QDiUHDVHOHFLRQDGD$FDL[DGHGLiORJRDVVRFLDGDSHUPLWHHVFR é que a letra da coluna e número da linha, onde a célula
OKHUIyUPXODVHVHOHFLRQDUOLQKDVHFROXQDV ativa está, ficam na cor azul destacado das demais linhas e
Texto Para Colunas ,PDJLQH TXH YRFr WHQKD QXPD colunas que permanecem em cinza (cor padrão).
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Tabela dinâmica $ WDEHOD GLQkPLFD DQWHULRUPHQWH Caixa de Nome é o indicativo da área selecionada na
FKDPDGDGH$VVLVWHQWHGHGDGRVSHUPLWHFRPELQDUFRPSDUDU planilha em uso. Quando uma única célula estiver sele-
HDQDOLVDUJUDQGHVYROXPHVGHGDGRV9RFrSRGHYHUGLIHUHQWHV cionada, a caixa de nome indicará o endereço da célula.
UHVXPRVGRVGDGRVGHRULJHPH[LELUGHWDOKHVGDViUHDVGHLQWH Se mais de uma célula estiver selecionada (um intervalo),
UHVVHHFULDUUHODWyULRV8PDWDEHODFULDGDFRPRWDEHODGLQkPLFD exibirá o endereço deste intervalo.
pXPDWDEHODLQWHUDWLYD2VGDGRVSRGHPVHUDUUXPDGRVUHDUUX Assistente de Funções (fx): Abre uma janela que possi-
PDGRVRXUHVXPLGRVGHDFRUGRFRPYiULRVSRQWRVGHYLVWD bilita a edição de fórmulas complexas.
Atualizar Intervalo $WXDOL]D XP LQWHUYDOR TXH KDYLD Soma (Ȉ): Clicando em Soma a célula ativa será pre-
VLGR LQVHULGR QD SODQLOKD SURYHQLHQWH GH XP EDQFR GH GDGRV enchida com o valor da soma dos conteúdos das células
H[WHUQR imediatamente acima ou à esquerda dela.
Função (=): Clicando este botão, inicialmente você
Menu janela colocará um sinal de igual na Linha de entrada da Barra
$OpPGRVUHFXUVRVGHDEULUHIHFKDUXPDMDQHODDTXLpSRVVt de Fórmulas e na célula ativa. Verifique que, na caixa de
YHOGLYLGLUDMDQHODHPTXDWURYLVXDOL]Do}HVHPRYLPHQWDODVGD nome, aparece a palavra “Soma”. Ao clicar o botão dessa
IRUPDTXHDFKDUQHFHVViULRHDLQGDFRQJHODURQGHDOLQKDDFLPD caixa, as seguintes opções de funções matemáticas são
HDFROXQDGDHVTXHUGDGDFpOXODDWLYD¿FDUmRFRQJHODGDVRQGH exibidas: Soma, Média, SE, Máximo e Mínimo surgem no
VHUmR VHPSUH H[LELGDV ¿FDQGR VRPHQWH R UHVWDQWH GD SODQLOKD menu de contexto deste comando. Selecionando-se uma
SDUDQDYHJDomRLVWRp~WLOTXDQGRWUDEDOKDPRVFRPSODQLOKDV dessas funções e seguindo a montagem da função con-
JUDQGHV H SUHFLVDPRV GD UHIHUrQFLD GD FROXQD SDUD VDEHUPRV forme sua necessidade, aparecerá o resultado da função
H[DWDPHQWHRTXHSUHHQFKHUHPXPDGHWHUPLQDGDFpOXOD na célula ativa. Note que, quando você no botão função
(=), os botões Soma (Ȉ) e Função (=) se transformam em
Como já falamos uma planilha é uma tabela e uma tabe- Cancelar (x) e Aceitar (¥).
la é formada por linhas e colunas. Pois bem, no Calc todas
as colunas são representadas por letras na parte superior e Linha de entrada: Esta é a área onde é exibido
que vão da primeira coluna representada pela letra “A” até a tudo que está dentro da célula. Podemos visualizar textos,
última representada pela combinação das letras “AMJ” que números, fórmulas, funções, etc.
somam 1.024 colunas. Esta contagem é feita desta forma Existem algumas formas para mover a célula ativa
quando uma coluna é representada pela letra “Z” a próxima pela planilha. Para pequenos deslocamentos basta utilizar
coluna recebe a representação com duas letras “AA, AB, ... ” as teclas setas ou apenas um clique do mouse sobre o
até chegar em “AZ” daí a próxima coluna é “BA, BB, BC, ...” endereço desejado e a célula clicada será a célula ativa.
até chegar “AMJ” somando as 1.024 colunas. É possível selecionar uma sequência de células chamadas
Já as linhas são representadas por números do lado de “Intervalo” quando as células são adjacentes (sequen-
esquerdo da janela e são representadas do número 1 até ciais), basta clicar sobre uma célula, manter o botão do
a última linha que é 1.048.576, isto mesmo, mais de um mouse pressionado e movimentar o mouse sobre a pla-
milhão de linhas, é uma planilha bem grande. nilha e todas as células por onde o mouse passar serão
selecionadas. É possível ainda selecionar células não-
34 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

-adjacentes, separadas, basta clicar sobre a primeira célula

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
que se deseja selecionar, manter a tecla CTRL (control)
pressionada enquanto clica sobre as demais células e todas
serão selecionadas. Não solte a tecla CTRL até que todas as
células desejadas estejam selecionadas.
A finalidade de um gerenciador de planilhas é fazer
cálculos. Para isto utilizamos duas formas de fazermos
estes cálculos utilizando fórmulas e funções. As fórmulas
são bem simples de montar e são utilizadas para realizar-
mos cálculos mais simples como somar dois números por
exemplo. Já as funções podem ser simples ou bem comple-
xas capacitando ao usuário utilizar vários conhecimentos
físicos e matemáticos para resolver problemas complexos
com cálculos bem complexos.
Mas vamos nos atentar ao concurso, os cálculos exigi-
dos são mais simples e requerem um raciocínio lógico com
bastante atenção e cuidado. As questões de Calc são sem-
pre bem elaboradas e requerem uma análise cuidadosa,
por isso, realizar a prova com calma e fazer os exercícios
desta apostila e procurar outros na Internet irão preparar
você para se classificar bem em qualquer concurso.
Preste bastante atenção nos detalhes que iremos ver
agora, eles possivelmente irão desclassificar os outros
candidatos que não prestarão atenção neles.
Primeiro detalhe que você não pode esquecer, qualquer
cálculo simples ou complexo, fórmula ou função, sempre
começará com um sinal de igual “=”. Este símbolo dirá
ao Calc que tudo o que será digitado naquela célula é um
cálculo e não um texto. Então se você digitar “3+5” em
Baseando-se na tabela acima fica fácil montar qual-
uma célula o Calc entenderá que se trata de um texto e
quer cálculo simples com as fórmulas. Basta iniciar
não realizará nenhuma conta. Já se você digitar “=3+5” com sinal de igual, e colocar o endereço da célula e o
o programa entenderá que você quer realizar uma soma operador matemático até que todas as condições tenham
entre os números 3 e 5, quando você pressionar a tecla sido atingidas. Por exemplo “=B1+C5”; “=d5+c8+f7”;
“Enter” o RESULTADO deste cálculo será exibido na célula “=j33+k88-v45+s90” não é necessário utilizar letras
onde você digitou o cálculo, desta forma o valor “8” apa- maiúsculas. Em cálculos simples os endereços podem
recerá exatamente onde você digitou “=3+5”. É possível estar entre parênteses ou não: “=b5+d5” é igual a
iniciar um cálculo inserindo também o sinal de soma “+” “=(b5+d5)”. Porém se utilizar parênteses eles devem
ou subtração “-”, isto dará um valor positivo ou negativo abrir e fechar, em uma fórmula ou função o parêntese
ao número que será inserido na sequência. Neste caso não pode ficar “aberto”. Cuidado porém com a seguinte
não é necessário digitar o sinal de igual “=” basta digitar situação: vamos supor que o cálculo seja a média de 4 nú-
mero que estão nas células A1 até A4. A média aritmética
“+A1+B1” ou “-a1+c2”.
é obtida pela soma dos valores e divide-se o resultado da
Segundo detalhe importante, não utilizamos os valo- soma pela quantidade de números que foram somados.
res numéricos para digitarmos uma fórmula ou função, No nosso exemplo a média de quatro números é obtida
sempre utilizamos os endereços da célula onde estão os com a soma dos quatro números e dividido por quatro.
valores que queremos somar. Por exemplo, temos o valor A média de oito números é obtida somando-se os oito
“2” no endereço A1 e o valor “3” no endereço B1 para co- números e dividindo-se o resultado da soma por oito.
Para que o Calc realize o cálculo da média vamos digitar
locar o resultado da soma dos dois números na célula C1
a fórmula “=a1+a2+a3+a4/4”. O resultado estaria
temos que fazer o seguinte: digitar o cálculo no endereço correto se não fosse uma regra matemática onde existe
onde queremos que apareça o resultado, então posicione a uma hierarquia de sinais que precisa ser respeitada pelo
célula ativa em C1 e vamos digitar “=A1+B1”. programa. Neste caso o Calc dividiria o valor da célula a4
O sinal de “=” indica ao Calc que tudo nesta célula é por 4 e depois faria a soma das células de a1 até a3. Para
um cálculo; resolver este problema vamos obrigar o Calc a realizar
primeiramente a soma e após isso dividir o resultado
A1 é onde está o primeiro número; desta soma para obtermos corretamente a média dos
+ é o operador matemático; quatro números. A fórmula deverá ser escrita desta for-
ma: “=(a1+a2+a3+a4)/4”. Desta forma utilizamos de
B1 é onde está o segundo número. um outro recurso da matemática onde o parêntese indica
Terceiro detalhe é que na informática alguns operado- a parte que tem precedência em cálculos com mais de um
res matemáticos são representados com símbolos diferen- operador matemático. Para usar bem o Calc é necessário
tes da matemática convencional. Veja a tabela abaixo: conhecer algumas regras matemáticas, já que o programa
é especialista em fazer cálculos.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 35
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Slide
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HP~VLFDV

Modelos de Slides
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Animação
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Transição
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6HPHOKDQWHDRVGRLVDSOLFDWLYRVTXHYLPRVDQWHULRUPHQWH/LEUH2I¿FH:ULWHUH/LEUH2I¿FH&DOFR/LEUH2I¿FH,PSUHVVSRVVXL
%DUUDGH7tWXOR%DUUDGH0HQX%DUUDGH)HUUDPHQWDV3DGUmR%DUUDGH)HUUDPHQWDV)RUPDWDomRHXPDEDUUDH[FOXVLYDGR,PSUHVV
TXHpD%DUUDGH)HUUDPHQWDV$SUHVHQWDomR
38 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Como podemos observar na figura acima, a janela Em um Slide é possível inserir sons MP3, wma, etc.,

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
principal do LibreOffice Impress é dividido em três partes: imagens, narrações e vídeos.
Painel de Slides, Área de Trabalho e Painel de Tarefas. O Conjunto de Slides chama-se Apresentação e pode
O Painel de Slides e o de Tarefas podem ser ocultados conter quantos Slides forem necessários.
clicando no “X” dentro destes painéis, ou simplesmente,
utilizando o menu Exibir onde estas opções estão disponí- Cada uma das exibições da área de trabalho é projetada
veis para você desabilita-los. para facilitar a realização de determinadas tarefas; por-
tanto, e útil se familiarizar com elas, a fim de se realizar
O Painel de Slides exibe todos os Slides na sequência rapidamente estas tarefas.
como eles serão apresentados. Para alterar sua ordem bas-
ta clicar e arrastar o Slide para a posição correta, é possível A exibição Normal é a principal exibição para tra-
utilizar o Cortar e Colar para organiza-los. Com o botão balharmos com slides individuais. Use esta exibição para
direito do mouse é possível é possível criar novo Slide, projetar e formatar e adicionar texto, gráficos, e efeitos de
Excluir o Slide, Renomear, Modelos de Slides (substituir), animação.
Layout do Slide (substituir), Transição de Slides (persona- Para colocar um slide na área de trabalho (Exibição
lizar), Ocultar Slide (não será exibido na apresentação), normal), clique na miniatura do slide no Painel de slides
Cortar e Copiar. ou clique duas vezes no Navegador.
O Painel de Tarefas possibilita um gerenciamento com- Exibição estrutura de tópicos: esta visualização
pleto de toda a apresentação. Dentro do Painel temos várias contém todos os slides da apresentação em sua sequência
áreas de formatação como Páginas Mestre (Modelos de numerada. Mostra tópico dos títulos, lista de marcadores e
Slide padrão) no LibreOffice Impress os modelos são cha- lista de numeração para cada slide no formato estrutura de
mados de “Mestre”, Layouts (tipos de Slides – há Slides para tópicos. Apenas o texto contido na caixa de texto padrão
foto, texto, gráfico, etc.), Modelos de Tabela, Animação Per- em cada slide é mostrado, portanto se o seu slide inclui
sonalizada (Aqui colocamos efeito nos objetos dentro dos outras caixas de texto ou objetos de desenho, o texto
Slides) e por último a Transição de Slides (como acontecerá nesses objetos não é exibido. Nome de slides também não
a troca entre todos os Slides da apresentação – pode ser são incluídos.
personalizado um-a-um ou todos com o mesmo efeito).
Exibição Notas: Use as Notas para adicionar comen-
tários sobre o conteúdo do slide.
Páginas mestre
Exibição Folheto: este modo de exibição é para
Aqui é definido o estilo de página para sua apresenta- configurar o layout de seu slide para uma impressão em
ção. O Impress contém Páginas Mestre pré-preparadas (sli- folheto. Clique na guia Folheto e escolha Layouts no painel
des mestres). Um deles, o padrão, é branco, e os restantes
de Tarefas. Pode-se então optar por imprimir 1,2,3,4,6 ou
possuem um plano de fundo.
9 slides por página, ou ainda Exportar como PDF nesta
mesma configuração.
Layout Exibição classificador de slides: A exibição Clas-
Os layouts pré-preparados são mostrados aqui. Você sificador de slides contém todas as miniaturas dos slides.
pode escolher aquele que se deseja, usá-lo como está ou Use esta exibição para trabalhar com um grupo de slides
modificá-lo conforme suas próprias necessidades. ou com apenas um slide. Neste módulo fica muito mais
fácil visualizar toda sua apresentação e fazer alterações
Modelos de tabela quanto a movimentação e sequência dos Slides.
Os estilos de tabela padrão são fornecidos neste painel.
Pode-se ainda modificar a aparência de uma tabela com as Renomeando slides
seleções para mostrar ou ocultar linhas e colunas específi- Clique com o botão direito do mouse em uma miniatura
cas, ou aplicar uma aparência única às linhas ou colunas. no Painel de slides ou o Classificador de slides e escolha Re-
nomear slide no menu suspenso. No campo Nome, apague
Animação personalizada o nome antigo do slide e digite o novo nome. Clique OK.
Uma variedade de animações/efeitos para elementos
selecionados de um slide são listadas. A animação pode Navegador
ser adicionada a um slide, e também pode ser alterada ou O Navegador exibe todos os objetos contidos em um
removida posteriormente. documento. Semelhante ao que acontece nos aplicativos
vistos anteriormente. Ele fornece outra forma conveniente
Transição de slide de se mover em um documento e encontrar itens neste.
Para exibir o Navegador, clique no ícone na barra de fer-
Muitas transições estão disponíveis, incluindo Sem
transição. Pode-se selecionar a velocidade de transição ramentas Padrão, ou escolha Exibir ĺ Navegador na barra
(lenta, média, rápida), escolher entre uma transição au- de menu, ou pressione Ctrl+Shift+F5.
tomática ou manual, e escolher por quanto tempo o slide O Navegador é mais útil se se der aos slides e objetos
selecionado será mostrado. (figuras, planilhas, e assim por diante) nomes signifi-
A Área de Trabalho é o Slide atual para você editar cativos, ao invés de deixá-los como o padrão “Slide 1”
como queira. Temos cinco opções de exibição da Área de e “Slide 2”, isto facilita no momento de localizar algum
Trabalho, Normal, Estrutura de Tópico, Notas, Folheto, Slide específico.
Classificação de Slides,
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 39

Inserindo slides Colando texto

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
‡ Isto pode ser feito de várias maneiras: Pode-se inserir texto em uma caixa de texto copiando-o
de qualquer documento e colando-o no Impress. Caso o tex-
‡ Inserir ĺ Slide.
to não esteja com a formatação desejada basta formatá-lo.
‡ Botão direito do mouse no slide atual e selecione
Slide ĺ Novo slide no menu suspenso. Adicionando imagens
‡ Botão direito do mouse no Painel de Slides ĺ Novo Para adicionar uma imagem a uma caixa de conteúdo:
slide
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e um título. Como já foi dito existe Slide para qualquer
objeto, gráfico, som, imagem, etc.
Adicionando tabelas
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tem são reposicionados de acordo com o novo layout. É
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recomendável executar a apresentação e observar todos os
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slides quanto ao posicionamento dos objetos.
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Vários layouts contêm uma ou mais caixas de conte-
‡ Escolha Inserir ĺ Tabela na barra de menu.
údo. Cada uma dessas caixas pode ser configurada para
conter um dos seguintes elementos: Texto, Filme, Imagem, ‡ Com o botão Tabela na barra de ferramenta Prin-
Gráfico ou Tabela. Pode-se escolher o tipo de conteúdo cipal
clicando no ícone correspondente que é exibido no meio ‡ Com o botão Modelos de tabela na barra de ferra-
da caixa de conteúdo. Para texto, basta clicar no local menta tabela.
indicado na caixa.
‡ Selecione uma opção de estilo na seção Modelos de
Para selecionar ou alterar o layout, coloque o slide na
tabela do painel de Tarefas.
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de tarefas. &DGDPpWRGRDEUHDFDL[DGHGLiORJR,QVHULUWDEHOD$OWHU
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Adicionando texto a um slide PRVWUDXPJUi¿FRTXHSRGHVHDUUDVWDUHVHOHFLRQDURQ~PHUR
GHOLQKDVHFROXQDVSDUDDWDEHOD
Se o slide contém caixas de texto, clique em “Clique aqui
para adicionar um texto” no quadro de texto e então digite o
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como vimos no LibreOffice Writer e LibreOffice Calc, utilizan- 3DUD LQVHULU XP JUiILFR HP XP VOLGH SRGHVH XVDU R
do a barra de formatação ou Menu Formatar ĺ Caractere. UHFXUVR ,QVHULU JUiILFR RX VHOHFLRQDU JUiILFR FRPR WLSR GH
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Adicionando clips de mídia
os slides na mesma ordem em que aparecem no Painel de
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um slide para o próximo. FRQWH~GRYD]LD8PUHSURGXWRUGHPtGLDVHUiDEHUWRQDSDUWH
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alterar a ordem dos slides, escolher quais serão mostra-
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dos, automaticamente mover de um slide para outro e
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outras configurações. Para alterar a transição, animação
de slides, adicionar uma trilha sonora na apresentação e
fazer outras melhorias, necessita-se o uso de funções do
Painel de tarefas.
40 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Foca na primeira entrada da Superbar.
WINDOWS 7 Tecla Windows + T Pressionando novamente, alterna
entre elas
Tecla Windows +
Mostra o desktop (Aero Peek)
O Windows 7 é o mais recente sistema operacional de- Barra de espaço
senvolvido pela Microsoft. Tecla Windows + G Traz os gadgets à frente, em ordem-z
Mostra opções de monitores/projetores
Tecla Windows + P
externos
Tecla Windows + X Central de mobilidade
Abre uma nova instância do programa
Tecla Windows + # correspondente ao número fixado na
(# = número, de 1 Superbar. Por exemplo: WinKey + 1
a 5) abre o primeiro programa; WinKey +
4, abre o quarto programa
Tecla Windows + +
Estas são as recomendações mínimas de hardware da (sinal de mais) / Tecla
Zoom
Microsoft para os sistemas que executarão o Windows 7: Windows + – (sinal
de menos)
(VSHFLÀFDo}HVPtQLPDV Aero Flip (alterna entre os programas
‡ Processador de 800 MHz (32-bit) Tecla Windows + Tab
abertos)
‡ Memória (RAM) de 512 MB
‡ Placa de Vídeo compatível com DirectX 9.0 e 32 MB Windows Explorer
de memória (sem Windows Aero)
‡ Espaço requerido de 16GB Mostra/oculta painel de
Alt + P
‡ DVD-ROM pré-visualização

‡ Saída de Áudio
(VSHFLÀFDo}HV5HFRPHQGDGDV 0RGLÀFDGRUHVGD6XSHUEDU
‡ Processador de 1 GHz (32 ou 64 bits) Shift + clique Abre nova instância
‡ Memória (RAM) de 1 GB Botão do meio do mouse Abre nova instância
‡ Espaço requerido de disco rígido: 16 GB Abre nova instância
‡ Placa de vídeo com suporte a elementos gráficos Ctrl + Shift + clique com privilégios
DirectX 9 com 128 MB de memória (para habilitar o administrativos
tema do Windows Aero) Abre menu da
‡ Unidade de DVD-R/W janela (maximizar,
Shift + clique (botão direito)
minimizar, mover,
‡ Conexão com a Internet (para obter atualizações) etc.)
Abre menu de janela
Shift + clique (botão direito) em grupo
Principais teclas de atalho do Windows 7 referente a todas as
de janelas
janelas do grupo
Como o nome já indica as teclas de atalho podem ser Circula através das
usados para facilitar ainda mais o uso do sistema operacio- Control + clique em grupo de janelas janelas (ou abas) do
nal Windows. Entre os principais atalhos estão: Restaurar grupo
janela, Maximizar janela, Zoom e entre outras.
Principais atalhos PRINCIPAIS RECURSOS:
Tecla Windows +
Maximiza janela 1. Aero Shake
Seta para cima
Tecla Windows + Precisa vasculhar uma área de trabalho bagunçada para
Restaura janela encontrar uma só janela? Basta clicar em um painel e sacudir o
Seta para baixo
Tecla Windows + mouse. Pronto! Todas as janelas abertas desaparecem, exceto a
Seta para esquerda
Arruma a janela à esquerda que você escolheu. Sacuda de novo – e todas as janelas voltam.
Tecla Windows + 2. Aero Peek
Arruma janela à direita
Seta para direita O Aero Peek permite que você enxergue através de outras
Tecla Windows +
Move janela para monitor da esquerda
janelas abertas no Windows 7. Basta apontar o mouse para a
Shift + Seta para borda direita da barra de tarefas – e veja as janelas abertas fica-
(se houver mais de um)
esquerda rem transparentes na hora, revelando todos os ícones e gadgets.
Tecla Windows + Para mostrar rapidamente uma janela escondida, aponte
Move janela para monitor da direita
Shift + Seta para para a sua miniatura na barra de tarefas. Agora, apenas essa
(se houver mais de um)
direita janela aparece na área de trabalho.
Tecla Windows + Minimiza / restaura todas as janelas, O Peek está incluído nas edições Home Premium, Pro-
Home exceto a que estiver em destaque fessional e Ultimate do Windows 7.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 41
3. Snap

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
O Snap é um novo e rápido (e divertido!) jeito de redi- Gerencie várias contas de email (como Hotmail)
mensionar as janelas abertas, simplesmente arrastando-as em um só lugar.
para as bordas da tela. Mail
Dependendo de onde você arrastar uma janela, será
possível expandi-la verticalmente, colocá-la na tela inteira Redija seu blog, adicione fotos e vídeos e
ou exibi-la lado a lado com outra janela. O Ajustar faz com poste-os na Web.
que ler, organizar e comparar janelas seja tão fácil quanto... Writer
bem, ajustá-las.
4. Grupo Doméstico Transforme fotos e vídeos em filmes e
O Grupo Doméstico elimina a dor de cabeça do com- apresentações de slides incríveis.
Movie
partilhamento de arquivos e impressoras em uma rede
Maker
doméstica. Conecte dois ou mais PCs com o Windows 7, e o
Grupo Doméstico permitirá iniciar fácil e automaticamente
o compartilhamento de músicas, fotos, vídeos e documentos
em bibliotecas com outros em sua casa. Gerencie e monitore atividades online, para a
Proteção segurança de seus filhos
Privacidade?. É por isso que o Grupo Doméstico é prote-
para a
gido por senha e permite que você tenha controle total. Você
Familia
decide o que é compartilhado – e o que permanece privado.
Também é possível tornar seus arquivos "somente leitura",
para que outras pessoas possam visualizar as suas coisas - 7RROEDU
mas não tocar nelas.
Pesquise instantaneamente em qualquer página da web
Você pode ingressar em um grupo doméstico usando
qualquer edição do Windows 7, mas só pode criar um nas
edições Home Premium, Professional ou Ultimate. 7. Windows Search
5. Listas de Atalhos No Windows 7, você pode encontrar mais coisas em mais
As Listas de Atalhos – novidade do Windows 7 – levam lugares – e com mais rapidez.
você diretamente aos documentos, fotos, músicas ou sites Comece a digitar na caixa de pesquisa do menu Iniciar – e
que você usa todos os dias. Para abrir uma Lista de Atalhos, você verá instantaneamente uma lista de documentos, fotos,
basta clicar com o botão direito do mouse em um ícone de músicas e emails relevantes no seu PC. Os resultados serão
programa na barra de tarefas do Windows 7. (Você também agrupados agora por categoria e conterão palavras realçadas
os encontrará no menu Iniciar.) e trechos de textos para facilitar sua verificação.
O que você vê em uma Lista de Atalhos depende total- Poucas pessoas armazenam todos os seus arquivos
mente do programa. A Lista de Atalhos do Internet Explo- em um lugar hoje em dia. Então, o Windows 7 também é
rer 8 mostra os sites visitados com frequência. Windows projetado para procurar em discos rígidos externos, PCs em
Media Player 12 lista músicas que você escuta mais. Sua rede e bibliotecas. Sobrecarregado com os resultados da sua
Lista de Atalhos está com um favorito faltando? Você pode pesquisa? Agora você pode filtrá-los instantaneamente por
"fixar" o arquivo que desejar nela. data, tipo de arquivo e outras categorias úteis.
As Listas de Atalhos não mostram apenas atalhos de
arquivos. Às vezes, elas também fornecem acesso rápido a
comandos para coisas como redigir novas mensagens de e- 8. Barra de Tarefas do Windows
-mail ou reproduzir músicas. A nova barra de tarefas do Windows 7 ainda é o mesmo
6. Windows Live Essentials local familiar para alternar entre janelas. Mas agora ela está
mais fácil de se visualizar
O que é o Windows Live Essentials? Resumindo, é um
software gratuito que permite a um computador com o Por exemplo, no Windows 7, é possível "fixar" programas
Windows 7 fazer mais coisas como email, mensagens instan- favoritos em qualquer lugar da barra de tarefas, para fácil
tâneas, edição de fotos e publicação em blogs. acesso. Não gostou muito do alinhamento de ícones? Agora
você pode reorganizá-los do modo que desejar, clicando e ar-
O Windows Live Essentials está disponível no site do
rastando. Finalmente, há novas maneiras para se visualizar
Windows Live. O download gratuito inclui:
janelas. Aponte o mouse sobre um ícone da barra de tarefas
para ter uma visualização em miniatura dos programas e
arquivos abertos. Em seguida, mova seu mouse sobre uma
Converse instantaneamente com os amigos e miniatura para visualizar a janela em tela inteira. Você pode
familiares no PC ou dispositivo móvel. até mesmo fechar janelas das visualizações em miniatura – o
Messenger que economiza bastante tempo.
9. 6XSRUWHSDUDELWV
Se você foi comprar um PC recentemente, é provável que
Encontre, corrija e compartilhe suas fotos.
tenha percebido que há um número maior de computadores
Galeria de com processadores de 64 bits e deve ter se perguntado quais
Fotos
as vantagens deles.
42 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Grosso modo, um PC de 64 bits pode gerenciar quantida- Você pode usar o Aero Peek para ver rapidamente outras

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
des maiores de informação que um sistema de 32 bits. Como janelas abertas sem clicar fora da janela em que você está
pode usar mais RAM – de 4 GB para cima – um computador trabalhando. Aponte o mouse para um botão da barra de
de 64 bits pode ser muito mais rápido ao executar vários tarefas, e as visualizações em miniatura de qualquer janela
programas de uma vez. aberta associada a esse botão serão exibidas acima da barra
Qualquer que seja a sua escolha, o Windows 7 está pronto. de tarefas. Se desejar abrir uma janela que esteja visualizan-
Todas as edições comerciais em caixa do Windows 7 (exceto do, basta clicar em sua miniatura.
pelo Home Basic) incluem software de 32 e de 64 bits. ,WHQVGHÀ[DomR
10. ÉUHDGHWUDEDOKR A fixação de programas na barra de tarefas complementa
Com o Windows 7 ficou mais fácil fazer mais na área de a fixação de programas no menu Iniciar, como nas versões
trabalho. anteriores do Windows. Quando você fixa um programa
favorito à barra de tarefas, você sempre pode vê-lo nela e
‡ Novas maneiras de manipular janelas acessá-lo facilmente com um único clique. O Windows 7
Sobrecarregado de janelas abertas? O Windows 7 vem também inclui Listas de Atalhos, de forma que, além de
com três novos recursos simples e poderosos chamados Aero iniciar um programa a partir da barra de tarefas, você pode
Shake, Aero Peeke Snap para ajudá-lo a eliminar instantane- agora iniciar itens favoritos e usados recentemente a partir
amente a bagunça na área de trabalho. desse programa, apenas clicando no mesmo botão.
Peek-esconde: O Aero Peek deixa as janelas abertas As Listas de Saltos são listas de itens abertos recente-
translúcidas, para que você possa ver o que está na sua área mente ou com frequência, como arquivos, pastas ou sites,
de trabalho. organizados pelo programa que você usa para abri-los. Além
de poder abrir os itens recentes usando uma Lista de Saltos,
‡ Novos papéis de parede espetaculares você pode também fixar itens favoritos em uma Lista de
Nós passamos muito tempo olhando nossos PCs. A Saltos, para que possa acessar rapidamente os itens que usa
estética não deveria ser apenas algo secundário. É por isso todos os dias.
que o Windows 7 inclui uma grande variedade de novos Na barra de tarefas, Listas de Saltos aparecem para pro-
planos de fundo de área de trabalho – papéis de parede – gramas que você fixou à barra de tarefas e programas que
que variam do sublime ao caricato. Ou experimente a nova estão atualmente em execução. Você pode exibir a Lista de
apresentação de slides para área de trabalho, que exibe uma Atalhos de um programa, clicando com o botão direito no
série de fotos. botão da barra de tarefas ou arrastando o botão para a área
O Windows 7 permite que você expresse facilmente a sua de trabalho. Os itens da Lista de Salto se abrem ao serem
personalidade, com novos temas criativos e outros toques clicados.
personalizados. ÉUHDGHQRWLÀFDomR
$EDUUDGHWDUHIDVGR:LQGRZV" Uma nova forma de gerenciar a área de notificação ao
No Windows 7, a barra de tarefas foi completamente final da barra de tarefas significa que você obtém menos
reprojetada para ajudar você a gerenciar e acessar mais facil- notificações, e as que você recebe são coletadas em um único
mente seus arquivos e programas mais importantes. lugar no Windows.
%RW}HVGDEDUUDGHWDUHIDV No passado, a área de notificação podia às vezes ficar
cheia de ícones. Agora, você pode escolher quais ícones
Os botões da barra de tarefas têm um nova aparência e estão sempre visíveis. E você pode manter o resto dos ícones
fazem mais do que apenas mostrar quais programas estão em disponíveis em uma área de excedentes, onde eles estão
execução. acessíveis com um único clique de mouse..
Na exibição padrão, cada programa aparece como um Central de Ações é uma única área que coleta mensa-
botão único sem rótulo - mesmo quando vários itens de gens de notificação importantes sobre configurações de
um programa estão abertos - para se obter uma aparência segurança e manutenção. Você pode revisar essas mensa-
limpa e organizada. Você pode personalizar o aspecto da gens mais tarde se não quiser ser interrompido. Quando
barra de tarefas para alterar como os botões são exibidos e você clica no ícone da Central de Ações e em Abrir Central
como eles se agrupam quando você tem vários itens aber- de Ações, você vê informações sobre os itens a respeito
tos. Você pode também optar por ver botões individuais dos quais você precisará tomar medidas e encontra links
para cada arquivo aberto. úteis para solução de problemas e outras ferramentas que
Você pode também reordenar e organizar os botões na podem ajudar a corrigir problemas.
barra de tarefas, incluindo programas fixos e programas ([LELQGRDiUHDGHWUDEDOKR
em execução que não foram fixados, para que eles sejam
exibidos na ordem que você preferir. Para reorganizar a O botão Mostrar área de trabalho foi movido para a
ordem dos botões na barra de tarefas, arraste um botão de extremidade oposta da barra de tarefas do botão Iniciar,
sua posição atual para uma posição diferente na barra de facilitando clicar ou apontar para o botão sem abrir aciden-
tarefas. Você pode reorganizar botões com a frequência talmente o menu Iniciar.
que desejar.
9LVXDOL]DQGRMDQHODVDEHUWDVFRP$HUR3HHN
Quando você abre várias janelas na área de trabalho,
algumas vezes pode ser um desafio ver janelas separadas e
alternar entre elas. Mostrar botão da área de trabalho na barra de tarefas
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 43
Além de clicar no botão Mostrar área de trabalho O recurso Reproduzir em funciona com outros PCs com

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
para chegar à área de trabalho, você pode exibir tempo- Windows 7 e dispositivos com o logotipo "Compatível com o
rariamente ou espiar a área de trabalho simplesmente Windows 7". Para encontrar um, visite o Centro de Compa-
apontando o mouse para o botão Mostrar área de tra- tibilidade do Windows 7.
balho, sem clicar nele. Quando você aponta para o botão
Mostrar área de trabalho ao final da barra de tarefas,  6WUHDPLQJGHPtGLDUHPRWR
qualquer janela aberta esmaece da exibição, revelando a O Windows 7 apresenta o streaming de mídia remoto,
área de trabalho. Para fazer as janelas reaparecerem, afaste que fornece acesso à biblioteca do Windows Media Player
o mouse do botão Mostrar área de trabalho. 12 pela Internet.
Isso pode ser útil para exibir rapidamente gadgets de Para usar o streaming de mídia remoto, ambos os com-
área de trabalho ou quando você não deseja minimizar todas putadores devem ter o Windows 7 em execução. Ative-o
as janelas abertas e depois precisar restaurá-las. Para mais usando o novo menu Fluxo no Windows Media Player 12 e
informações, consulte Visualizar temporariamente a área de associe ambos a um ID online, como um endereço de email
trabalho usando o Peek. do Windows Live.
‡ Barra de tarefas reformulada O Streaming de Mídia Remoto é apenas uma das opções
Desde o Windows 95, a barra de tarefas tem sido o local para desfrutar de sua biblioteca de mídia em outro lugar,
usado para iniciar programas e alternar janelas. Agora, isso usando o Windows 7. Se você tiver um grupo doméstico, é
mudou . Assim, no Windows 7, a barra de tarefas foi total- fácil transmitir mídia entre os computadores da sua casa. Você
mente reprojetada.. também pode fazer transmissões para o seu aparelho de som
ou TV usando o Reproduzir em (pode ser necessário hardware
Os aperfeiçoamentos da nova barra de tarefas do Windo- adicional).
ws 7 incluem visualizações em miniatura de páginas da web,
documentos – e mesmo de vídeos em exibição Ouça músicas e outras mídias longe de casa com o strea-
ming de mídia remoto.
‡ Gadgets aprimorados
14. Windows Touch
Gadgets, os populares miniprogramas introduzidos no
Windows Vista, estão mais flexíveis e divertidos. Com base nos Ao emparelhar o Windows 7 a um PC com uma tela sen-
seus comentários, eliminamos a Barra lateral. Agora, você pode sível ao toque, você pode ler jornais online, movimentar-se
deixar seus gadgets em qualquer lugar da área de trabalho. por álbuns de fotos e mudar arquivos e pastas de posição
– usando apenas os seus dedos.
Os seus gadgets favoritos podem ficar em qualquer lugar
da área de trabalho do Windows 7. Um recurso de toque limitado esteve disponível no
Windows por anos. Mas o Windows 7 é o primeiro a adotar
11. Aprimoramentos do desempenho a tecnologia multitoque. Precisa ampliar algo? Coloque dois
Os principais aprimoramentos de desempenho incluem: dedos na tela de um PC compatível com multitoque e afaste-
-os um do outro. Para clicar com o botão direito do mouse
‡ Dormir
em um arquivo, toque-o com um dedo e toque a tela por um
O Windows 7 foi projetado para entrar em suspensão, segundo.
retornar dela e reconectar à rede sem fio mais rápido.
O Windows Touch – disponível apenas nas edições
‡ Pesquisar Home Premium, Professional e Ultimate do Windows 7 –
Ao procurar alguma coisa, você quer respostas, não atra- é divertido de aprender e fácil de usar. O menu Iniciar e
sos. No Windows 7, os resultados das pesquisas aparecem a barra de tarefas agora ostentam ícones maiores, prontos
mais rápido. Organizar e agrupar os resultados das pesquisas para serem usados com os dedos. Todos os seus programas
também é muito mais rápido. favoritos do Windows 7 também estão prontos para o toque.
Você até mesmo pintar com o dedo no Paint!
‡ Dispositivos USB
Quando você conecta um pen drive ou um outro dispo- $ÉUHDGHWUDEDOKRGR:LQGRZV
sitivo USB pela primeira vez, o Windows 7 pode prepará-lo
para você em segundos. Se você já tiver usado o dispositivo,
a espera é ainda menor.
‡ Mais leve e menos ocupado
Ao contrário das versões anteriores, o Windows 7 foi fei-
to para executar serviços em segundo plano somente quando
você precisar deles. Não está usando nenhum dispositivo
Bluetooth? Portanto, o serviço Bluetooth do Windows 7 fica
desativado. O Windows 7 também consome menos memória
do que o Windows Vista – outro aperfeiçoamento interno
que pode melhorar o desempenho geral.
12. Reproduzir em
Reproduzir em, um recurso novo do Windows 7, facilita a
reprodução das suas músicas e vídeos em outros PCs, TVs ou
aparelhos de som pela casa. Basta clicar com o botão direito
nas faixas que você quiser ou adicioná-las à lista de reprodução O novo sistema de Backup e Restauração que faz parte do
do Windows Media Player 12 e selecionar Reproduzir em – Windows 7 tem muitas mudanças e melhorias.
44 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

A ferramenta faz backups de imagem para proteção do Você pode excluir permanentemente um arquivo do

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
sistema e backups de arquivos para proteção dos dados. computador sem enviá-lo para a Lixeira, clicando no arqui-
Para o backup de arquivos, o programa já tem um padrão vo e pressionado as teclas Shift+Delete.
do que gravar (bibliotecas, appdata, meus documentos), mas
Instalando e reinstalando o Windows 7
também permite que você selecione e insira as pastas que
quer proteger. Há duas opções para se escolher durante o processo de
instalação do Windows 7:
A ferramenta é capaz de fazer backup apenas dos arquivos
que foram criados e/ou alterados depois que o último backup Atualização. Essa opção substitui sua versão atual do
foi feito. E, caso haja mais de uma versão de um mesmo Windows pelo Windows 7 e mantém seus arquivos, configu-
arquivo salva, o aplicativo dá ao usuário a opção de escolher rações e programas no lugar, em seu computador.
qual deve ser recuperada mas, por padrão, o programa irá Personalizado. Essa opção substitui sua versão atual
restaurar a versão mais recente dele. do Windows pelo Windows 7, mas não preserva arquivos,
O sistema de Backup e Restauração deixa o usuário configurações e programas. Às vezes, ela é chamada de insta-
escolher qual drive deve ser utilizado para o backup, mas lação limpa por esse motivo.
não deixa que se selecione apenas uma pasta do drive. Além Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opção de Atu-
disso, restaurar uma imagem ISO não é simples e talvez não alização
seja a melhor ferramenta para esta função.
1. Ligue o computador para que o Windows inicie
Para iniciar o programa, clique no botão Iniciar e digite normalmente. (Para realizar uma atualização, você
backup, e a página de Backup e Restauração irá abrir. Co- não pode iniciar ou inicializar o computador com a
necte seu disco externo – local onde a cópia de segurança mídia de atualização do Windows 7).
será gravada – e clique em Configurar Backup.
2. Após a inicialização do Windows, faça o seguinte:
Escolha os ajustes, mas quando chegar à última página
clique em Modificar Agendamento. Desmarque a opção ‡ Se você tiver baixado o Windows 7, vá até onde está
Executar Backup Agendado (recomendado), e clique em OK. o arquivo de instalação que você baixou e dê um
duplo-clique nele.
Para fazer backup de seus dados (e o recomendável é
que isso ocorra diariamente!), conecte o drive externo, ‡ Se você tiver um disco de instalação do Windows 7,
inicie o programa de backup e clique em Fazer Backup. insira-o no computador. O Programa de Instalação
Não haverá problemas em usar o computador enquanto o deve ser iniciado automaticamente. Senão, clique
backup estiver rodando. no botão Iniciar , em Computador, dê um duplo-
-clique na unidade de DVD para abrir o disco de
A Lixeira instalação do Windows 7 e dê outro duplo-clique em
Quando você exclui um arquivo ou pasta, eles na verdade setup.exe.
não são excluídos imediatamente; eles vão para a Lixeira. ‡ Se você tiver baixado os arquivos de instalação do
Isso é bom porque, se você mudar de idéia e precisar de um Windows 7 em um pen drive USB, insira a unidade
arquivo excluído, poderá obtê-lo de volta. no seu computador. O Programa de Instalação deve
ser iniciado automaticamente. Do contrário, clique
no botão Iniciar , em Computador, clique duas
A Lixeira vazia (à esquerda) e cheia (à direita) vezes na unidade e clique duas vezes em setup.exe.
3. Na página Instalar o Windows, clique em Instalar
Se tiver certeza de que não precisará mais dos itens agora.
excluídos, poderá esvaziar a Lixeira. Ao fazer isso, excluirá 4. Na página Obter atualizações importantes para
permanentemente os itens e recuperará o espaço em disco instalação, recomendamos obter as atualizações mais
por eles ocupados. recentes para ajudar a garantir uma instalação bem-
Ao excluir um arquivo, geralmente ele é movido para a -sucedida e a proteger o computador contra ameaças
Lixeira, de forma que você possa restaurá-lo posteriormente, de segurança. É preciso ter uma conexão com a
se necessário. Internet para obter as atualizações para a instalação.
Para remover arquivos permanentemente do computa- 5. Na página Leia os termos de licença, se você aceitar
dor e recuperar o espaço que eles estavam ocupando no disco os termos de licença, clique em Aceito os termos de
rígido, é necessário excluí-los da Lixeira. Você pode excluir licença e em Avançar.
arquivos específicos da Lixeira ou esvaziá-la totalmente de
uma só vez. 6. Na página Que tipo de instalação você deseja?, clique
em Atualizar para começar a atualização. Pode ser
1. Clique duas vezes na Lixeira na área de trabalho
exibido um relatório de compatibilidade.
para abri-la.
2. Siga um destes procedimentos: 1. Siga as instruções para concluir a instalação do
Windows 7.
‡ Para excluir permanentemente um arquivo, clique
nele, pressione Excluir e clique em Sim. Observação
‡ Para excluir todos os arquivos, na barra de ferramen- Poderá ser necessário atualizar os drivers após a instala-
tas, clique em Esvaziar Lixeira e em Sim. ção do Windows 7. Para isso, clique no botão Iniciar , em
Todos os Programas e em Windows Update. Se o Win-
Dicas dows Update não tiver o driver de que você precisa, acesse
Você pode esvaziar a Lixeira, sem abri-la, clicando com o Atualizar um driver de hardware que não está funcionando
botão direito do mouse em Lixeira e depois em Esvaziar Lixeira. adequadamente
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 45
Para compartilhar impressoras 7. Na caixa de diálogo Windows.old, clique em OK.

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Se você compartilhava impressoras no Windows Vista, 8. Siga as instruções para concluir a instalação do
precisará compartilhá-las novamente, seguindo estas instru- Windows 7, inclusive a nomenclatura do compu-
ções:
tador e a configuração de uma conta do usuário
1. Clique no botão Iniciar e em Dispositivos e Im- inicial.
pressoras.
2. Clique com o botão direito do mouse na impressora
que deseja compartilhar e clique em Propriedades da Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opção de instalação
impressora. Personalizada e formatando o disco rígido
3. Clique na guia Compartilhamento, marque a caixa Para formatar o disco rígido durante a instalação do
de seleção Compartilhar esta impressora e clique em Windows 7, você precisa inicializar o computador usando o
OK. disco de instalação do Windows 7 ou o pen drive USB.
Se outros computadores ainda não puderem acessar a 1. Ligue o seu computador, de forma que o Windows se
impressora, exclua-a dos outros computadores e adicione-a de inicialize normalmente, insira do disco de instalação
novo. do Windows 7 ou o pen drive USB e desligue o seu
computador.
Para instalar o Windows 7 usando a opção de instalação
Personalizada sem formatar o disco rígido 2. Reinicie o computador.
1. Ligue o seu computador, de forma que o Windows 3. Pressione qualquer tecla, quando solicitado a fazer
se inicialize normalmente, e siga uma destas opções: isso, e siga as instruções exibidas.
‡ Se você tiver baixado o Windows 7, vá até onde está 4. Na página Instalar o Windows, insira o seu idioma e
o arquivo de instalação que você baixou e dê um outras preferências e clique em Avançar.
duplo-clique nele. Se a página Instalar o Windows não aparecer e o
‡ Se você tiver um disco de instalação do Windows 7, sistema não solicitar que você pressione uma tecla,
insira-o no computador. O Programa de Instalação poderá ser necessário alterar algumas configurações
deve ser iniciado automaticamente. Senão, clique do sistema.
no botão Iniciar , em Computador, dê um duplo- Na página Leia os termos de licença, se você aceitar
-clique na unidade de DVD para abrir o disco de os termos de licença, clique em Aceito os termos de
instalação do Windows 7 e dê outro duplo-clique em licença e em Avançar.
setup.exe.
5. Na página Que tipo de instalação você deseja?,
‡ Se você tiver baixado os arquivos de instalação do clique em Personalizada.
Windows 7 em um pen drive USB, insira a unidade
no seu computador. O Programa de Instalação deve 6. Na página Onde deseja instalar o Windows?, clique
ser iniciado automaticamente. Do contrário, clique em Opções de unidade (avançadas).
no botão Iniciar , em Computador, clique duas 7. Clique na partição que você quiser alterar, clique na
vezes na unidade e clique duas vezes em setup.exe. opção de formatação desejada e siga as instruções.
2. Na página Instalar o Windows, siga as instruções 8. Quando a formatação terminar, clique em Avançar.
exibidas e clique em Instalar agora.
9. Siga as instruções para concluir a instalação do
3. Na página Obtenha atualizações importantes para Windows 7, inclusive a nomenclatura do compu-
instalação, recomendamos obter as atualizações tador e a configuração de uma conta do usuário
mais recentes para ajudar a garantir uma instalação inicial.
bem-sucedida e a proteger o computador contra
ameaças de segurança. É preciso ter uma conexão
com a Internet para obter as atualizações para a Windows Defender
instalação.
O Windows Defender é sua primeira linha de defesa
4. Na página Leia os termos de licença, se você aceitar contra spyware e outros programas indesejados.
os termos de licença, clique em Aceito os termos de
E, no Windows 7, ele possui notificações mais simples,
licença e em Avançar.
mais opções de verificação e menos impacto no desempenho
5. Na página Que tipo de instalação você deseja?, do seu computador também. Um novo recurso chamado
clique em Personalizada. "Sistema Limpo" permite eliminar, com um clique, todos os
6. Na página Onde você deseja instalar o Windows?, programas suspeitos. Windows O Defender agora faz parte
selecione a partição que contém a versão anterior do da Central de Ações o novo e simplificado local para manter
Windows (geralmente, é a unidade C: do computa- o bom funcionamento do seu PC.
dor) e clique em Avançar.
46 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

ou software potencialmente indesejado e alertá-lo sobre pos-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
síveis riscos. Para ajudar a manter as definições atualizadas,
o Windows Defender trabalha com o Windows Update para
instalar automaticamente novas definições à medida que
elas são lançadas. Também é possível definir o Windows
Defender para conferir se há definições atualizadas antes da
verificação.

7UDEDOKDQGRFRPR3DLQHOGH&RQWUROH
Você pode usar o Painel de Controle para alterar as confi-
gurações do Windows. Essas configurações controlam quase
tudo a respeito do visual e do funcionamento do Windows,
e você pode usá-las para configurar o Windows da melhor
forma para você.
Windows O Defender ajuda a livrar seu PC de spywares.
Para abrir o Painel de Controle, clique no botão Iniciar
Usando o Windows Defender e em Painel de Controle.

É importante executar software anti-spyware sempre que

você estiver usando o computador. Spyware e outros softwa-
res potencialmente indesejados podem tentar se instalar no
seu computador toda vez que você se conectar à Internet.
Eles também podem infectar o computador quando você
instalar alguns programas usando CD, DVD ou outra mídia
removível. Software mal-intencionado ou potencialmente
indesejado também pode ser programado para ser executado
em horários inesperados, e não apenas quando é instalado.
O Windows Defender oferece três formas de ajudar a
impedir que spyware e outros softwares potencialmente
indesejados infectem o computador:

‡ Proteção em tempo real.O Windows Defender Use a caixa de pesquisa para localizar as tarefas rapidamente.
alerta quando spyware ou software potencialmente
indesejado tenta se instalar ou ser executado no seu Há dois modos de localizar itens no Painel de Controle:
computador. Ele também alerta caso os programas
‡ Use a Pesquisa. Para localizar as configurações nas
tentem alterar configurações importantes do Win-
quais está interessado ou uma tarefa que você deseja
dows.
realizar, digite uma palavra ou uma frase na caixa de
‡ Comunidade SpyNet. A comunidade online do pesquisa. Por exemplo, digite "som" para localizar as
Microsoft SpyNet ajuda você a ver como outras configurações específicas da placa de som, sons do
pessoas respondem a software que ainda não tenha sistema e o ícone de volume na barra de tarefas.
sido classificado com relação aos riscos. Ver se outros ‡ Procurar. Você pode explorar o Painel de Controle
membros da comunidade permitem a execução do clicando em diferentes categorias (por exemplo,
software poderá ajudá-lo a decidir se deve ou não Sistema e Segurança, Programas ou Facilidade de
permitir no seu computador. Por sua vez, se você Acesso) e exibindo as tarefas comuns listadas em
participar, suas opções serão adicionadas às classifi- cada categoria. Ou em Exibir por, clique em Ícones
cações da comunidade para ajudar outras pessoas a grandes ou Ícones pequenos para exibir uma lista
escolherem o que devem fazer. de todos os itens do Painel de Controle.
‡ Opções de verificação. Você pode usar o Windows
Defender para verificar se há spyware e outros Dicas
softwares potencialmente indesejados instalados em ‡ Se você navegar por ícones no Painel de Controle,
seu computador, agendar verificações regularmente poderá encontrar rapidamente um item da lista
e remover automaticamente qualquer software digitando a primeira letra do nome do item. Por
mal-intencionado que seja detectado durante a exemplo, para encontrar Teclado, digite T e uma
verificação. lista de itens do Painel de Controle começando com
a letra T, incluindo Teclado, será exibida.
Ao usar o Windows Defender, é importante manter as
‡ Você também pode usar as teclas de direção (Seta
definições atualizadas. As definições são arquivos que atuam
para Cima, Seta para Baixo, Seta para a Esquerda e
como uma enciclopédia de possíveis ameaças de software
Seta para a Direita) para rolar a lista de ícones no
em constante crescimento. O Windows Defender usa as
Painel de Controle.
definições para determinar se o que ele detectou é spyware
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 47
Firewall do Windows

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O Firewall do Windows ajuda a proteger seu PC de
hackers e programas mal-intencionados. No Windows 7, ele
ainda é eficiente – mas nós o deixamos mais flexível e fácil
de usar.
Por exemplo, agora você pode ajustar a proteção e as
notificações desejadas para cada um de seus perfis de rede
– Casa, Trabalho e Público. Quando estiver conectado a
uma rede pública, como de uma biblioteca ou uma cafeteria,
convém bloquear todas as conexões recebidas. Em casa ou
no trabalho, isso pode ser um exagero. Qualquer que seja o
nível de proteção escolhido para os seus perfis, você poderá
Obtenha atualizações do Windows com poucos cliques.
alternar entre eles com facilidade.
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A Área de Trabalho Remota conecta dois computadores
através de uma rede ou da Internet. Uma vez conectado, você
verá a área de trabalho do computador remoto como se estivesse
bem na frente dele e terá acesso a todos os programas e arquivos.
Esse recurso está presente em todas as versões do Windo-
ws 7, mas você só pode se conectar a computadores com as
edições Professional, Ultimate ou Enterprise.

O Firewall do Windows pode personalizar

a proteção para diferentes ambientes de rede.

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Você deve estar com logon de administrador para realizar
essas etapas.
O Firewall do Windows com Segurança Avançada é um
snap-in do Console de Gerenciamento Microsoft (MMC)
que fornece opções mais avançadas para profissionais de TI.
Com este firewall, você pode configurar e exibir regras deta-
lhadas de entrada e saída, e integrar com o protocolo IPsec.
Siga estas etapas para abrir o Firewall do Windows com
Segurança Avançada:
1. Para abrir Firewall do Windows, clique no botão Ini-
ciar e em Painel de Controle. Na caixa de pesquisa,
digite firewall e clique em Firewall do Windows.
2. No painel esquerdo, clique em Configurações avan-
çadas. Se você for solicitado a informar uma senha
de administrador ou sua confirmação, digite a senha Conecte-se ao seu computador, de qualquer lugar,
ou forneça a confirmação. com a Conexão de Área de Trabalho Remota.

Windows Update $OWHUDURSo}HVGHSDVWD

O Windows Update mantém seu PC mais seguro – e seu Você pode alterar a forma como arquivos e pastas fun-
software atualizado – buscando as atualizações e recursos cionam e como itens são exibidos no computador usando
mais recentes da Microsoft pela Internet. Opções de Pasta, no Painel de Controle.
No Windows 7, Windows Update agora é parte da Para abrir Opções de Pasta, clique no botão Iniciar ,
Central de Ações, o que torna a atualização do seu PC ainda em Painel de Controle, em Aparência e Personalização e
mais conveniente. Para verificar atualizações, basta clicar no em Opções de Pasta.
ícone da Central de Ações, na barra de tarefas.
Fonte: adaptado de http://windows.microsoft.com/pt-BR/windows7/
48 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

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58 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

seu código que “chama” e carrega os modelos de títulos, textos,

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
formulários e página de fundo. Quando for necessário criar uma
NAVEGADORES nova página é só chamar novamente o layout de título, texto,
formulário e página de fundo.
Os navegadores realizam a comunicação entre seu computa-
dor e os servidores onde o site que você procura está hospedado.
Eles são capazes de interpretar as linguagens HTML, CSS,
Javascript, entre outros, estas linguagens e recursos permitem
a estes programas interpretar corretamente os elementos que
formam uma página WEB.
A funcionalidade principal de um navegador é apresentar o
recurso da web escolhido por você por meio de uma solicitação
Conceito: Navegadores são programas especializados em ao servidor e exibição na janela do navegador. O recurso geral-
visualizar páginas WEB, ou Internet, ou seja, são os programas mente é um documento HTML, mas também pode ser um PDF,
que utilizamos para visitar sites de notícias, compras, blogs, uma imagem ou outro tipo de arquivo como Download. O local
fotolog, redes sociais, e-mail, etc. GHVVHVUHFXUVRVpHVSHFL¿FDGRSHORXVXiULRSRUPHLRGHXPURI
,GHQWL¿FDGRU8QLIRUPHGH5HFXUVRV±%DUUDGH(QGHUHoR
Os navegadores também são conhecidos pelo seu termo
em inglês WEB Browser, ou simplesmente Browser (bastante Os programadores da web utilizam com frequência essa poten-
FREUDGRHPSURYDV WHFRPELQDomRGH-DYD6FULSW;+5&66HRXWUDVWHFQRORJLDVGD
web, como AJAX (AssynchronousJavaScript e XML2+70/
As páginas da web são escritas em basicamente em HTML, também continuou evoluindo, conforme mais recursos e aperfei-
a linguagem de marcação que informa aos navegadores como çoamentos eram incorporados a novas versões do HTML padrão.
estruturar e apresentar conteúdo em uma página. Em outras pa-
lavras, HTML fornece os blocos básicos de construção de uma A evolução da web se dá graças aos esforços contínuos de
página web, como se fossem painéis empilhados e posicionados WRGRVRVSUR¿VVLRQDLVGHWHFQRORJLDHPSUHVDVTXHHYROXtUDPH
lado-a-lado, e neste painéis são exibidos todo conteúdo de uma desenvolveram essas tecnologias e garantiram que elas fossem
SiJLQD 2 WtWXOR R WH[WR ¿JXUDV ¿OPHV HWF WRGR FRQWH~GR reconhecidas pelos principais navegadores do mercado. Essa
pLQVHULGRQHVWHVSDLQpLV8PDSiJLQD:(%pEHPSDUHFLGDD interação entre tecnologias e navegadores transformou a web
XPDWDEHOD3HJXHXPDIROKD$VXO¿WHHGHVHQKHXPDWDEHOD em uma plataforma de construção aberta e amigável para desen-
FRPTXDQWDVOLQKDVHFROXQDTXLVHUHGH¿QDRWDPDQKRGHFDGD volvedores, que deram à luz vários aplicativos úteis e divertidos
célula. É assim que se “monta” uma página WEB. Durante mui- que usamos diariamente.
to tempo, esses blocos de construção eram simples e estáticos: HTML5
linhas de texto, links e imagens que duraram bastante tempo. A evolução da última versão do HTML, conhecido como
Hoje em dia, esperamos realizar diversas tarefas, como HTML5, é um conjunto de recursos que permite aos WEB De-
jogar on-line ou analisar um mapa de nossa região sem ter que signers e aos desenvolvedores a capacidade de criar a próxima
esperar que a página seja carregada a cada movimento de peças geração de incríveis aplicativos on-line.
ou mudança de mapa. No começo, os vídeos não faziam parte da web. Os usuários
A ideia dessas páginas dinâmicas teve início com a invenção da Internet precisavam instalar softwares adicionais, chamados
da linguagem de script JavaScript. O suporte a JavaScript pelos plug-ins, para assistir a vídeos em seus navegadores. Em pouco
PHOKRUHV QDYHJDGRUHV VLJQL¿FDYD TXH DV SiJLQDV SRGHULDP WHPSR¿FRXFODURTXHRIiFLODFHVVRDYtGHRVHUDXPUHFXUVRPXLWR
incorporar mais interações importantes em tempo real. Por desejado na WEB. A introdução da tag de <vídeo> em HTML5
exemplo, se você preencheu um formulário on-line e pressionou permite que vídeos sejam facilmente incorporados e reproduzidos
RERWmRHQYLDUDSiJLQDSRGHUiXVDU-DYD6FULSWSDUDYHUL¿FDU em páginas da web sem a utilização de softwares adicionais.
suas inserções em tempo real e alertá-lo quase que instantanea- Outros excelentes recursos de HTML5 incluem opções off-
mente, caso você tenha preenchido algum campo do formulário -line que permitem aos usuários interagir com aplicativos da
LQFRUUHWDPHQWH 2 -DYD6FULSW SRGH YHUL¿FDU VH VHX &3) HVWi web mesmo quando não tiverem conexão com a Internet, além
preenchido corretamente, se o CEP da sua rua confere e seu de recursos do tipo “arrastar e soltar”. No Gmail, por exemplo,
número de telefone não está faltando algum número. os recursos de arrastar e soltar permitem que os usuários ane-
Entretanto, a web dinâmica, na forma como a conhecemos xem com facilidade e rapidez um arquivo a uma mensagem de
KRMHJDQKRXYLGDTXDQGR;+5XMLHttpRequestIRLLQWURGX- e-mail. Basta arrastar o arquivo da área de trabalho do computa-
zido em JavaScript e usado pela primeira vez em aplicativos da dor do usuário para a janela do navegador esta foi uma melhoria
web, como o Microsoft Outlook para a web, Gmail e Google que por muitas vezes não observamos.
0DSV 2 ;+5 SHUPLWLX TXH SDUWHV GLVWLQWDV GH XPD SiJLQD Como toda a Internet, a tecnologia HTML5, está em cons-
como um jogo, um mapa, um vídeo ou uma pesquisa, fossem tante evolução, com base nas necessidades e imaginação dos
alteradas sem a necessidade de carregar novamente toda a desenvolvedores. Sendo um padrão aberto, o HTML5 incorpora
página. Como resultado, os aplicativos da web são mais rápidos alguns dos melhores aspectos da web: funciona em qualquer lu-
e mais ágeis. gar e em qualquer dispositivo com um navegador moderno. Mas
As páginas da web também se tornaram mais interessantes DVVLPFRPRYRFrVySRGHDVVLVWLUDWUDQVPLVV}HVHPDOWDGH¿QLomR
HH¿FD]HVFRPDLQWURGXomRGH&66CascadingStyleSheets$ XVDQGRWHOHYLV}HVFRPSDWtYHLVFRPDOWDGH¿QLomRYRFrSUHFLVDUi
tecnologia CSS garante aos Web Designers uma maneira fácil usar um navegador atualizado e compatível com HTML5 para
HH¿FLHQWHGHHODERUDUXPOD\RXWHHPEHOH]DUXPDSiJLQDFRP poder desfrutar de sites e aplicativos que utilizam os recursos do
HOHPHQWRVJUi¿FRV$SULQFLSDOIXQomRGR&66pDSRVVLELOLGDGH HTML5. Ainda bem que, como usuário da Internet, você dispõe
de replicar o layout da página para outras páginas do seu site de diversas opções de navegadores e, ao contrário das TVs, os
sem ter que reprogramar toda a página. Toda página contém navegadores da web podem ser baixados gratuitamente.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 59
Atualize seu navegador (VVDLQGHSHQGrQFLDVLJQL¿FDTXHXPSOXJLQHPSDUWLFXODU

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Navegadores antigos e novos NÃO DEVEM continuar pode trabalhar em diversos navegadores. No entanto, essa oni-
instalados: os navegadores modernos são mais rápidos, repletos presença também torna os plug-ins alvos principais de ataques
de recursos e mais seguros, os navegadores antigos são lentos de segurança contra navegadores deixando-os vulneráveis. Seu
e, em último caso, um temido perigo pois em caso de ataques computador estará ainda mais vulnerável a ataques de segu-
maliciosos eles não conseguem eliminar. Eis um perigo para rança se você estiver executando plug-ins que não estiverem
quem continua usando o Windows XP, ele suporta até o Internet atualizados, já que os plug-ins desatualizados não apresentam
Explorer 8. Se você usa o XP deve utilizar um outro navegador as correções de segurança.
atualizado e nunca usar o IE. Alguns fornecedores de navegadores e de plug-ins estão
A maioria das pessoas não percebe o quanto um navegador trabalhando em conjunto para proteger os usuários contra riscos
DQWLJR H GHVDWXDOL]DGR SRGH LQÀXHQFLDU QHJDWLYDPHQWH QRVVDV de segurança. Por exemplo, as equipes do Google Chrome e do
vidas on-line, em especial nossa segurança on-line. Você não Adobe Flash Player vêm unindo esforços para integrar o Flash
dirigiria um carro antigo com pneus carecas, freios desgastados Player no navegador. O mecanismo de atualização automática
e motor corroído por muitos anos. É uma péssima ideia arriscar- do Chrome ajuda a garantir que o plug-in do Flash Player nunca
-se da mesma forma com o navegador que você usa para navegar esteja desatualizado e sempre receba as correções e atualizações
por todas as páginas e todos os aplicativos na WEB. de segurança mais recentes, se você tem o Chrome atualizado,
FRPFHUWH]DWHPRÀDVKDWXDOL]DGRWDPEpP
A atualização de um navegador moderno, como a versão
mais recente do Mozilla Firefox, do Apple Safari, do Microsoft Extensões do navegador
Internet Explorer, do Opera ou do Google Chrome, é importante As extensões para navegadores acrescentam recursos
por três motivos: DGLFLRQDLV DR VHX QDYHJDGRU ZHE PRGL¿FDQGR SiJLQDV H
Em primeiro lugar, os navegadores antigos são vulneráveis LQWHJUDQGRRFRPRXWURVVHUYLoRVTXHYRFrXWLOL]H,VVRVLJQL¿FD
a ataques porque normalmente não são atualizados com as que você pode personalizar seu navegador com os recursos que
últimas correções e os últimos recursos de segurança. As vul- são mais importantes para você. Considere as extensões como
nerabilidades de um navegador podem levar a senhas roubadas, formas de adicionar superpoderes ao navegador.
softwares maliciosos penetrando secretamente em seu compu- Se você quiser integrar o seu navegador a algum serviço ou
WDGRURXSLRU8PQDYHJDGRUDWXDOL]DGRDMXGDDHYLWDUDPHDoDV adicionar algum recurso extra, você pode fazer isso com uma
de segurança como phishing e malware. extensão que já exista ou instalar uma nova.
Em segundo lugar, a web evolui rapidamente. Muitos dos Esses recursos extra podem ser simples ou complexos
recursos mais recentes em sites e aplicativos atuais não fun- dependendo de suas necessidades. Por exemplo, você pode ins-
cionarão em navegadores antigos. Somente navegadores atua- talar uma extensão de conversão de moeda que aparecerá como
lizados apresentam as melhorias de velocidade que permitem um novo botão ao lado da barra de endereços do navegador, um
a execução de páginas e aplicativos rapidamente, em conjunto botão para fazer download de vídeo, bloqueio de propagandas,
com o suporte para tecnologias de ponta, como HTML5, CSS3 etc. Cada navegador terá seus complementos que foram desen-
e JavaScript veloz. volvidos para ele.
Por último, os navegadores antigos atrasam a inovação da As extensões dos navegadores também podem agir por
web. Se muitos usuários da Internet seguirem usando esses FRQWD SUySULD IRUD GDV SiJLQDV GD ZHE 8PD H[WHQVmR GH
navegadores antigos, os desenvolvedores serão forçados a criar QRWL¿FDomR GH HPDLOV SRGH HVWDU LQVHULGD QD EDUUD GH IHUUD-
sites que funcionem com tecnologias antigas e atuais. Diante de PHQWDVGHVHXQDYHJDGRUGLVFUHWDPHQWHYHUL¿FDQGRDFKHJDGD
tempo e recursos limitados, eles acabarão desenvolvendo tecno- de novas mensagens em sua conta de e-mail e informando
logias que sejam compatíveis com todos os navegadores e não você quando houver um novo e-mail. Nesse caso, a extensão
poderão construir a próxima geração de aplicativos úteis e ino- estará sempre trabalhando, independentemente da página que
vadores. Imagine se os engenheiros de tráfego de hoje tivessem você estiver acessando. Além disso, você não precisará fazer
que elaborar autoestradas de alta velocidade que fossem seguras ORJLQHPVHXHPDLOHPRXWUDMDQHODSDUDYHUL¿FDUVHKiQRYDV
para automóveis da década de 50. Por esse motivo, navegadores mensagens.
desatualizados são prejudiciais para os usuários em geral e para
a inovação da web. Você precisa ser muito cuidadoso com extensões. Elas estão
atuando no seu navegador, então uma extensão ruim pode uti-
Plug-in lizar o seu acesso para visualizar o histórico da sua navegação,
No início da Internet, as primeiras versões de HTML não podendo capturar as suas informações bancárias. É aconselhá-
podiam fornecer conteúdo versátil como vídeos, apenas texto, vel utilizar apenas extensões de desenvolvedores conhecidos,
imagens e links eram possíveis. bem avaliadas e com muitos usuários — é o mínimo a se pedir
de uma extensão.
Os plug-ins foram inventados para compensar as limitações
da tecnologia inicial de HTML e fornecer mais conteúdo inte- 3DUDFRQKHFHUQRYDVH[WHQV}HVYHUL¿TXHDJDOHULDGHH[WHQ-
UDWLYR8PSOXJLQpXPDSDUWHDGLFLRQDOGHVRIWZDUHHVSHFLDOL- sões de seu navegador. Você verá muitas extensões que podem
]DGDHPSURFHVVDUWLSRVHVSHFt¿FRVGHFRQWH~GR3RUH[HPSOR DMXGiORDQDYHJDUGHIRUPDPDLVH¿FLHQWHIXQFLRQDORXPDLV
os usuários podem fazer download e instalar um plug-in, como divertida.
o Adobe Flash Player, para visualizar uma página que contenha Diferentes navegadores têm sistemas diferentes de exten-
um vídeo ou um jogo interativo. sões. O Firefox possui o mais poderoso deles. Muitas pessoas
O nível de interação entre um plug-in e um navegador fazem uso do Firefox por causa disso — ele torna muitas exten-
FXULRVDPHQWHpTXDVHQHQKXP2QDYHJDGRUGH¿QHXPHVSDoR sões avançadas possíveis, e que não seriam compatíveis com
HVSHFt¿FRQDSiJLQDSDUDRSOXJLQHGHL[DRWUDEDOKDU2SOXJLQ outros navegadores. Devido à sua história, muitas extensões
é livre para operar naquele espaço, independentemente do que seriam impossíveis em outros navegadores podem estar
navegador. disponíveis apenas no Firefox.
60 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

O Chrome também tem um reservatório de extensões bem rações favoritas do navegador estão prontas para serem usadas

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
sucedido, e muito provavelmente há uma extensão do Chrome no novo computador. Independentemente de quantos compu-
para qualquer coisa que você quiser fazer. O Chrome coloca al- tadores você precisa usar, desde que haja conexão à Internet e
guns limites nas suas extensões de navegador, fazendo com elas um navegador moderno que esteja sincronizado com a nuvem,
não sejam tão poderosas quanto às do Firefox, mas estes limites você está pronto.
permitem que o Chrome mantenha o seu sistema de permissões Cookies do navegador
e restrinja alguns detalhes para uma navegação mais segura.
Cookie HP LQJOrV VLJQL¿FD ³ELVFRLWR´ PDV RV FRRNLHV
O Internet Explorer tem um reservatório de extensões bem desempenham uma função importante no fornecimento da
pequeno. Poucas estão disponíveis, e a maioria das atualmente funcionalidade que os usuários de Internet desejam de sites
em uso no Internet Explorer são provavelmente as barras da web: uma memória de visitas, já ocorridas ou em anda-
de ferramentas como Ask toolbar, que não é bem vista pelos mento.
utilizadores e desenvolvedores de navegadores, e que teve sua
utilização forçada aos usuários em conjunto com outros progra- Basicamente, um Cookie é um arquivo de texto muito
mas. Se você quer os recursos extras das extensões utilize outro simples, cuja composição depende diretamente do conteúdo do
navegador além do Internet Explorer. endereço Web visitado. Por exemplo, a maioria dos sites arma-
zenam informações básica, como endereços IP e preferências
O Safari e o Opera também tem extensões disponíveis, mas sobre idiomas, cores, etc. Contudo, em portais como o Gmail e
seus recursos são bem menores que os do Firefox e do Chrome. o Hotmail, nomes de usuários e senhas de e-mail também fazem
As extensões, ou add-ons, não são a mesma coisa que os parte dos Cookies.
plug-ins para navegador. “Plug-ins” são complementos como o 6HYRFrYLVLWDUXPVLWHGH¿OPHVHLQGLFDUTXHYRFrJRVWDGH
Adobe Flash, Oracle Java ou Microsoft Silverlight. Elas permi- comédias, por exemplo, os cookies enviados pelo site poderão
tem que as páginas incorporem e transmitam conteúdos como lembrar isso. Dessa forma, você poderá visualizar comédias no
¿OPHVHP)ODVK3')V RXDSOLFDWLYRVHP-DYDSRUH[HPSOR começo de seu próximo acesso ao site.
que sem o plug-in não seriam mostrados no navegador. Os plug-
-ins são alvo comum de ataques porque páginas podem carregá- Carrinhos de compras on-line também usam cookies.
-los e explorar seus erros, enquanto extensões são diferentes. (QTXDQWRQDYHJDSRU'9'VQHVVHVLWHGHFRPSUDVGH¿OPHV
As páginas que você visita não podem fazer nada com as suas você observará que poderá adicioná-los ao carrinho sem
extensões. Essencialmente, as extensões adicionam recursos a precisar fazer login toda vez que adicionar um novo produto.
mais para você, enquanto os plug-ins adicionam recursos para Seu carrinho de compras não “se esquece” dos DVDs, mesmo
serem utilizadas pelas páginas que você visita. que você visite outras páginas do site, porque eles estarão
preservados pelos cookies do navegador. Os cookies também
Sincronizando o navegador podem ser usados em publicidade on-line, lembrando seus
Você utiliza aplicativos da web para acessar e-mails, mú- interesses e mostrando a você anúncios relacionados enquanto
sicas e outras atividades. Você salva documentos importantes, você navega pela web.
fotos e arquivos on-line e os acessa de qualquer computador Algumas pessoas preferem não permitir cookies. Por isso,
conectado à Internet, de qualquer lugar no mundo. Se houver os navegadores mais modernos possibilitam o gerenciamento
algum acidente com seu computador ou se ele for roubado, nem de cookies para se enquadrar às suas preferências. É possível
tudo estará perdido. Basta encontrar outro dispositivo conectado FRQ¿JXUDUUHJUDVGHJHUHQFLDPHQWRGHFRRNLHVSDUDFDGDVLWH
à Internet e voltar a trabalhar com todas as informações vitais permitindo um maior controle de sua própria privacidade.
que você inteligentemente salvou on-line. Mas, e o que aconte- 2 TXH LVVR VLJQL¿FD p TXH YRFr SRGH HVFROKHU HP TXDLV VLWHV
ce com as marcações de favoritos, as extensões e preferências FRQ¿D H SHUPLWLU FRRNLHV VRPHQWH SDUD HVVHV VLWHV EORTXHDQ-
de navegadores que você usa diariamente? Eles foram perdidos do cookies de outras fontes. Como existem muitos tipos de
junto com seu computador? cookies, incluindo “cookies de sessão única”, que funcionam
A resposta costumava ser “sim”. Você precisaria procurar apenas durante a sessão de navegação, ou cookies permanentes,
novamente por suas extensões favoritas e reunir todos os sites que existem durante diversas sessões, os navegadores modernos
que havia marcado como favoritos com tanto esforço. Mas QRUPDOPHQWHRIHUHFHPFRQWUROHVGHVLQWRQLD¿QDSDUDTXHYRFr
agora não! Muitos dos navegadores atuais, como o Firefox e SRVVDHVSHFL¿FDUVXDVSUHIHUrQFLDVFRPUHODomRDGLIHUHQWHVWL-
o Chrome, começaram a construir um recurso conhecido como pos de cookies, como aceitar cookies permanentes como sendo
sincronização$VLQFURQL]DomRSHUPLWHVDOYDUVXDVFRQ¿JXUD- de sessão.
ções do navegador on-line, na nuvem, para que elas não sejam No navegador Google Chrome, é possível observar algo
SHUGLGDVPHVPRTXHVHXFRPSXWDGRUVHSHUFDGH¿QLWLYDPHQWH extra nos menus de opções: um link direto para o gerenciador de
$ IXQFLRQDOLGDGH GD VLQFURQL]DomR WDPEpP VLPSOL¿FD VXD FRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHDUPD]HQDPHQWRGR$GREH)ODVK3OD\HU(VVH
vida se você usar diversos computadores, como um laptop no link facilita o controle de dados locais armazenados pelo Adobe
trabalho e um computador desktop em casa. Não será necessário )ODVK3OD\HUWDPEpPFRQKHFLGRVFRPR³FRRNLHV)ODVK´TXH
UHFULDUPDQXDOPHQWHDPDUFDomRGHVLWHVIDYRULWRVRXUHFRQ¿- poderão conter informações sobre sites e aplicativos baseados
JXUDUDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGRQDYHJDGRUHPFDGDFRPSXWDGRUTXH em Flash que você acessa. Junto com o gerenciamento de
YRFr SRVVXLU $V PXGDQoDV TXH YRFr ¿]HU DR VHX QDYHJDGRU cookies dos navegadores, você também pode controlar facil-
sincronizado em um computador aparecerão automaticamente PHQWHDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHFRRNLHV)ODVK
em todos os outros computadores sincronizados em questão de Cookies devem ser usados com cautela em computadores
segundos. de uso compartilhado, como Lan House, principalmente caso
No Chrome, por exemplo, a sincronização salva todos os FRQWDVGHHPDLOVVHMDPDFHVVDGDV8PDSHVVRDTXHXVDUR3&
favoritos, as extensões, as preferências e os temas em sua Conta depois que você, poderá ter acesso aos seus e-mails simples-
GR*RRJOH8WLOL]HRXWURFRPSXWDGRUFRQHFWDGRj,QWHUQHWDEUD mente por entrar no mesmo site que você entrou. Logo, nesse
o Chrome e faça o login em sua Conta do Google por meio do tipo de máquina, é fortemente recomendado que os cookies
UHFXUVRGHVLQFURQL]DomRGRQDYHJDGRUHWRGDVDVVXDVFRQ¿JX- sejam apagados após o uso.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 61
Navegadores e privacidade primeiramente se não se trata de um caixa falso. Quando você

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Segurança e privacidade estão intimamente ligadas, mas não navega pela web e realiza transações on-line, dois riscos de
são idênticas. segurança que devem ser observados: malware e phishing.
Esses ataques são realizados por indivíduos ou organizações
Considere a segurança e a privacidade de sua casa: trancas e que buscam roubar suas informações pessoais ou invadir seu
alarmes ajudam a protegê-lo de ladrões, mas janelas e cortinas computador. Estes indivíduos são rotineiramente chamados
mantêm sua intimidade privada de pessoas que passam perto de GH +DFNHU SRUpP D FODVVL¿FDomR FRUUHWD GH SHVVRDV TXH
sua janela. possuem um farto conhecimento de informática e telefonia e
Enquanto navega pela web, você gera um diário onde são utilizam estes conhecimentos na tentativa de roubar seus dados
armazenados localmente em seu computador: um histórico de importantes implantando arquivos em seu computador ou ainda
sites visitados, os cookies enviados ao navegador e os arquivos GHVHQYROYHQGR IRUPDV GH DWDTXH SDUD HVWH ¿P R FKDPDPRV
de download. Se você solicitou ao seu navegador para lembrar de “cracker”. Hacker é uma pessoa que possui grandes co-
suas senhas ou dados de formulários, essas informações também nhecimentos mas não utiliza estes conhecimentos para efetuar
estarão armazenadas em seu computador. crimes, eles trabalham com o desenvolvimento de vacinas para
antivírus, desenvolvem defesas contra ataques e testam a prote-
Algumas pessoas podem não saber que é possível limpar
ção de empresas para que não sejam alvo de cracker.
de nossos computadores todos esses dados dos navegadores
a qualquer momento. É fácil de realizar essa tarefa acessando Phishing RFRUUH TXDQGR DOJXpP ¿QJH VHU RXWUD SHVVRD
o menu “Opções” ou “Preferências” do navegador. Os nomes normalmente por meio de um site falso, para enganá-lo e
variam de navegador para navegador. De fato, as versões mais fazer você compartilhar informações pessoais. Chama-se
recentes de quase todos os navegadores modernos oferecem um ³SKLVKLQJ´VHPHOKDQWHj³SHVFDULD´HPLQJOrVSRUTXHHVVDV
modo “privado” ou “anônimo” para navegar. Por exemplo, no pessoas lançam iscas eletrônicas e esperam até que alguém
modo de navegação anônima do Chrome, as páginas visuali- morda. Em um golpe de phishing típico, a pessoa envia um
zadas não aparecerão no histórico de navegação. Além disso, e-mail que parece ser de um banco ou de um serviço da web
todos os novos cookies são excluídos depois que você fecha as que você conhece e usa. A linha de assunto poderá dizer “Atu-
janelas abertas no modo de navegação anônima. Esse modo é alize suas informações bancárias”. O e-mail contém links de
especialmente útil se você compartilhar seu computador com phishing que parecem direcioná-lo ao site de seu banco, mas
outras pessoas, ou se utilizar um computador público em uma QD YHUGDGH R DSRQWDUi D XP VLWH LPSRVWRU 8PD YH] QR VLWH
biblioteca ou Lan House. você será solicitado a fazer login, revelando assim números de
Todos esses recursos de privacidade do navegador permitem contas e de cartões de crédito, senhas ou outras informações
o controle sobre os dados de navegação localmente em seu FRQ¿GHQFLDLVDRVEDQGLGRV
FRPSXWDGRU RX VREUH GDGRV HVSHFt¿FRV TXH VmR HQYLDGRV SHOR Malware, por outro lado, é um software malicioso insta-
VHXFRPSXWDGRUDVLWHV$VFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHSULYDFLGDGHGHVHX lado em seu computador, geralmente sem seu conhecimento.
navegador não controlam outros dados que esses sites possam ter Você pode ser solicitado a fazer download de um antivírus
sobre você, como informações enviadas anteriormente no site. que, na verdade, é o próprio vírus. Ou você pode visitar uma
Existem maneiras de limitar algumas das informações que página que instala o software em seu computador sem nem
os sites recebem quando você os visita. Muitos navegadores mesmo solicitar, ou ainda, faz o download de um programa
permitem que você controle suas preferências de privacidade que instala outros softwares, alguns vêm listados nas janelas
para cada site e faça suas próprias escolhas sobre dados es- onde clicamos “Next” ou “Próximo” sem ler e instalamos
SHFt¿FRV FRPR FRRNLHV -DYD6FULSW H SOXJLQV 3RU H[HPSOR quatro ou cinco softwares de uma única vez, cuidado. O
pSRVVtYHOFRQ¿JXUDUUHJUDVSDUDSHUPLWLUFRRNLHVVRPHQWHGH software é desenvolvido para roubar números de cartões de
XPDOLVWDHVSHFt¿FDGHVLWHVFRQ¿iYHLVHLQVWUXLURQDYHJDGRUD crédito ou senhas de seu computador. Em alguns casos, ele
bloquear cookies de outros sites. SRGHUi GDQL¿FDU VXD PiTXLQD $VVLP TXH R PDOZDUH HVWLYHU
em seu computador, não só é difícil removê-lo, como ele tam-
6HPSUHKiXPSRXFRGHWHQVmRHQWUHSULYDFLGDGHHH¿FLrQ- bém terá liberdade para acessar todos os dados e arquivos que
cia. A coleta de dados agregados e de feedback de usuários do encontrar, enviar essas informações a qualquer lugar e causar
mundo real pode ajudar a melhorar produtos e a experiência dos estragos ao seu computador.
usuários. O segredo é encontrar um bom equilíbrio entre os dois
e manter fortes padrões de privacidade. 8PQDYHJDGRUPRGHUQRHDWXDOL]DGRpDSULPHLUDOLQKDGH
defesa contra ataques de phishing e malware. A maioria dos
Veja um exemplo do mundo real: cookies de navegadores. navegadores modernos, por exemplo, pode ajudar a analisar
Por um lado, com cookies, um site visitado frequentemente pode
páginas da web para buscar por sinais de malware oculto,
lembrar os conteúdos de seu carrinho de compras, manter você
alertando-o quando encontrarem algo.
conectado e fornecer uma experiência mais útil e personalizada
com base em visitas anteriores. Por outro lado, permitir cookies Ao mesmo tempo, os ataques nem sempre usam técnicas
GH QDYHJDGRUHV VLJQL¿FD TXH R VLWH SRGHUi FROHWDU H OHPEUDU VR¿VWLFDGDV SDUD LQYDGLU VHX FRPSXWDGRU (P YH] GLVVR HOHV
informações sobre essas visitas anteriores. Se desejar, você pode poderão encontrar maneiras inteligentes de enganá-lo e fazer
bloquear cookies a qualquer momento. Assim, na próxima vez você tomar decisões equivocadas.
HPTXHHVWLYHUFXULRVRVREUHDVLQWRQLD¿QDGDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGH O uso dos endereços da web
SULYDFLGDGHGHVHXQDYHJDGRUYHUL¿TXHDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHSUL-
vacidade no menu “Opções” ou “Preferências” de seu navegador. 8P85/UniformResourceLocatorWUDWDVHGHXPDVHTX-
ência de caracteres utilizado para obter um recurso na Internet.
Malware, phishing e riscos de segurança Este recurso está armazenado em algum servidor e o que digita-
Quando você utiliza um caixa 24 h, deve olhar por cima mos na barra de endereço dos navegadores é a localização exata
GR RPEUR SDUD FHUWL¿FDUVH GH TXH QLQJXpP HVWHMD HP YROWD deste armazenamento, ou seja, sua localização. É desta forma
SDUDURXEDUVXDVHQKDRXVHXGLQKHLURYHUL¿FDVHWHPDOJXpP que acessamos um download, uma página WEB, uma foto, um
HVWUDQKRSRUSHUWR1DYHUGDGHpSURYiYHOTXHYRFrYHUL¿TXH formulário, etc...
62 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

$RGLJLWDUXPHQGHUHoRQR85/RVLWHpEXVFDGRQRVHU- Por causa de seu efeito prático, muitos ainda continuam cha-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
vidor que o hospeda em algum ponto do mundo, transportado PDQGRRVHQGHUHoRVGHLQWHUQHWGH85/FDXVDQGRPXLWDFRQIXVmR
SRU PLOKDUHV GH TXLO{PHWURV GH FDERV GH ¿EUD yWLFD DWp VXD na cabeça das pessoas. Contudo, como os endereços de internet
FRQH[mRGH,QWHUQHWORFDOH¿QDOPHQWHH[LELGRSHORQDYHJDGRU SRVVXHPWDQWRRVQRPHVGRVUHFXUVRV851TXDQWRDVXDORFDOL]D-
em seu computador, agora nem parece que sua Internet é tão omRQRPXQGRYLUWXDO85/RWHUPRPDLVFRUUHWRSDUDHOHVp85,
lenta assim. Para navegar para qualquer localVLWHHPLQJOrVpQHFHVViULR
$QWHV GH SURVVHJXLUPRV YDPRV GH¿QLU H FRPSUHHQGHU R inserir o endereço deste local para que o navegador possa entrar
TXHVLJQL¿FDGRVWHUPRV85,85/H851HVHXVREMHWLYRVDR em contato com o servidor e “pedir” o recurso que você deseja.
serem criados. Esta é a função da barra de endereço, permitir que você insira o
ORFDOSDUDRQGHTXHULUSRUpPXPD85,pPDLVTXHXPVLPSOHV
URI – 8QLIRUP5HVRXUFH,GHQWLÀHU endereço, ela permite que você execute algumas tarefas relacio-
Também conhecido como ,GHQWL¿FDGRU GH 5HFXUVRV 8QL- nadas com a troca de informações. Para cada tarefa é necessário
versal IRL FULDGR SDUD LGHQWL¿FDU RV UHFXUVRV GLVSRQtYHLV QD utilizar um protocolo diferente. Eis os protocolos que podem ser
Internet, através de um endereço ou um nome. XWLOL]DGRVHPXPD85,KWWSIWSWHOQHWPDLOWRZDLVHJRSKHU
8PUHFXUVRGH,QWHUQHWSRGHVHUXPDSiJLQD:(%XPVLWH $WUDYpVGD85,WDPEpPpSRVVtYHORHQYLRGHSDUkPHWURV
um e-mail, uma imagem, arquivos, um programa de computador dados de um formulário ou senhas para os servidores. As senhas
ou um vídeo. Cada objeto disponível na Internet precisa de um QmRGHYHPVHUHQYLDGDVDWUDYpVGD85,SRLVSRGHPVHUFDSWXUD-
LGHQWL¿FDGRU~QLFRSDUDQmRVHUFRQIXQGLGRFRPRXWURVUHFXUVRV das e lidas por quem receber ou sequestrar esta informação. As
e sabermos exatamente em que lugar eles estão. Exemplos: VHQKDVGHYHPVHUWUDQVPLWLGDVFULSWRJUD¿FDPHQWH
KWWSZZZVROXFDRFRPEUORFDOL]DFDR85,FRPRQRPH- 8PD85,SRGHVHUIRUPDGDSRUFLQFRSDUWHV1(072'$6
-do-recurso.html 6­22%5,*$7Ï5,$6
IWSVROXFDRFRPEUGH85,FRPORFDOL]DFDRHQRPHGR- Protocolo: é o tipo de linguagem usada para se comunicar
-recurso.txt na rede. Para cada serviço da Internet utilizamos um protocolo
'HVVD IRUPD XPD 85, p FRPSRVWD SHOR QRPH GR UHFXUVR diferente, desta forma, o protocolo é indicado em primeiro lugar
e pela localização do mesmo na grande rede de computadores. QD85/2SURWRFRORPDLVXWLOL]DGRpRSURWRFROR+773Hyper-
TextTransferProtocol HVWH SURWRFROR SHUPLWH WURFDU SiJLQDV
URN – UniformResourceName Web em formato HTML. Contudo, outros protocolos podem ser
7DPEpP FRQKHFLGR FRPR 1RPHV GH 5HFXUVRV 8QLYHUVDO XWLOL]DGRVFRPRMiPHQFLRQDPRV)730DLOWR*RSKHU
HOHVHUYHSDUDLGHQWL¿FDUUHFXUVRVGH,QWHUQHWXVDQGRDSHQDVXP ,GHQWL¿FDGRUHVHQKDSHUPLWHHVSHFL¿FDURVSDUkPHWURVGH
QRPH e FRPXP DVVRFLDU D 851 FRP RV QRPHV GH DUTXLYRV acesso a um servidor protegido. Esta opção é desaconselhada
páginas e vídeos. Cada um desses recursos possui um nome que numa rede não segura porque a senha é visível quando transmi-
pFRQVLGHUDGRXPD851 WLGDYLD85,
URL – UniformResourceLocator Nome do servidor: Trata-se do nome de domínio do computa-
&RQKHFLGRFRPR/RFDOL]DGRUGH5HFXUVRV8QLYHUVDOHIRL dor que armazena o recurso solicitado. É possível utilizar o endereço
criado com objetivo associar um endereço com qualquer nome ,3GRVHUYLGRUDRLQYpVGRQRPHSRUpPWRUQDD85,PHQRVOHJtYHO
de recurso na internet. Número da porta: trata-se de um número associado a um
$ 85/ JHUDOPHQWH HVWi UHODFLRQDGD FRP R HQGHUHoR GH serviço que permite ao servidor saber que tipo de recurso é pe-
Internet, seja o endereço de um site, um endereço de e-mail, o dido. A porta é associada por padrão ao protocolo, por exemplo,
endereço de um vídeo ou imagem. Desta forma, conseguimos ao utilizar o protocolo http a porta padrão é a 80. Assim, quando
navegar na internet, fazer downloads e muito mais. o serviço Web do servidor é associado ao número de porta
80, o número de porta é facultativo, não é necessário digitá-
$WUDYpV GDV 85/V FRQVHJXLPRV VDEHU H[DWDPHQWH RQGH -lo. Pelas portas de comunicação é que entram e saem todas
estão todos os recursos disponíveis na internet, de forma sim- as informações do nosso computador. Por curiosidade existem
SOL¿FDGDHVHPFRQIXVmR([HPSOR 65.536 portas, nem todas são utilizadas, e podem ser abertas por
KWWSZZZVROXFDRFRPEUDSRVWLOD algum aplicativo durante sua instalação e utilizada por ele para
se comunicar com seu servidor. Caso você instale um aplicativo
IWSVROXFDRFRPEUDSRVWLODFXUVRVQDFLRQDO de fontes não seguras, este programa abre portas que podem ser
3RUVHUXPLGHQWL¿FDGRUJHQHUDOLVWDXP85,SRGHFRQWHUR utilizadas por um cracker para invadir seu computador, ou este
endereço da localização de um recurso na Internet e um nome aplicativo pode coletar informações pessoais como número da
para distingui-lo de todos os outros recursos. Sendo assim, toda sua conta corrente, senhas, etc. e enviada a um site utilizando
85,SRGHFRQWHUXPD851HRXXPD85/ estas portas. As portas são monitoradas pelo Firewall.
O caminho de acesso ao recurso: Esta última parte permite
ao servidor conhecer o lugar onde o recurso está armazenado e
o nome do arquivo pedido.
Endereços seguros
2OKDQGRXPD85,FRPDWHQomRpSRVVtYHOLGHQWL¿FDUXPD
SRVVtYHOIUDXGHSKLVKLQJGLJLWDQGR
www.bancodobrasil.com.br é um modelo de endereçamento
que parece te direcionar para o site do Banco do Brasil. Este
7RGD851H85/VmRXPD85,XPDYH]TXHDPERVVHUYHP HQGHUHoR HVWi FRUUHWR ¿FDQGR GHVWD IRUPD KWWSZZZEEFRPEU
SDUDLGHQWL¿FDUXPUHFXUVRQDLQWHUQHWVHMDSRUXPQRPH851 SRUWDOEEKRPHEEDSyV SUHVVLRQDUPRV R
RXSRUXPHQGHUHoR85/RXSHODVGXDVFRLVDVMXQWDV (17(5RXFOLFDUQRERWmRGH,5
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 63
3RGHP RFRUUHU YDULDo}HV KWWSZZZEEFRPEUSRUWDOEE

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
KRPHEE"FRGLJR0HQX 
Este último endereço te leva à página de cartões dentro do
GRPtQLR%DQFRGR%UDVLOEE
'HVFRQ¿HGHDOJRFRPRKWWSZZZ[\]EEFRPEU±QHVWH
endereço o bb.com.br é uma página dentro do endereço www.
[\]FRPEU ± RX DLQGD ZZZ[\]FRPEUEDQFRGREUDVLO ±
também não é um endereço seguro, pois o “bancodobrasil”
também é uma página dentro do site www.xyz.com.br. Tome
bastante cuidado com estes endereços, principalmente se
você os recebe por e-mail, é grandemente aconselhável digi-
tar o endereço na barra do navegador, depois deixa-lo como
)$925,72 H QmR FOLFDU HP OLQNV SDUD GLPLQXLU TXDOTXHU
trabalho de digitação.
Outra dica de segurança é observar o protocolo, quando
for digitar dados cadastrais ou sigilosos, seja em instituições $ IRUPD GH H[LELU R FHUWL¿FDGR YDULD GH DFRUGR FRP R
¿QDQFHLUDVRXORMDVRQOLQHTXDOTXHUSiJLQDGHVWLQDGDDLQVHULU QDYHJDGRU(VWHMDDWHQWRDV¿JXUDVFLPDVmRGRVQDYHJDGRUHV
login, número de conta, número de cartão e senha o protocolo 23(5$H)LUHIR[
KWWSGHYHUiVHUVXEVWLWXtGRSHORKWWSV±LVWRLQGLFDTXHWRGD 3DUD UHFHEHU D FHUWL¿FDomR GH YDOLGDomR HVWHQGLGD R SUR-
comunicação entre seu computador e o servidor será feito através SULHWiULRGHXPVLWHSUHFLVDSDVVDUSRUXPDVpULHGHYHUL¿FDo}HV
de uma conexão segura. FRQ¿UPDQGRVXDLGHQWLGDGHHDXWRULGDGHOHJDLV1DV¿JXUDVDFL-
PDDYDOLGDomRHVWHQGLGDGDLQVWLWXLomRFRQ¿UPDTXHVLPRVLWH
SHUWHQFHDLQVWLWXLomRHpYHUGDGHLUR3HQVHQHVVDFHUWL¿FDomR
como algo que associa o nome do domínio do endereço da web
a algum tipo de identidade no mundo real.
É importante compartilhar informações delicadas com um
VLWHVRPHQWHVHYRFrFRQ¿DUQDHPSUHVDUHVSRQViYHOSHORVLWH
Portanto, na próxima vez em que você for realizar uma transação
delicada envolvendo dados como números de cartão ou conta e
senhas, observe por um momento e analise as informações de
9HULÀFDULGHQWLÀFDomR segurança do site.
Outra funcionalidade de seu navegador é validar a identidade O mecanismo de renderização
na Internet. Quando estamos conversando com alguém é mais A responsabilidade do mecanismo de renderização, que
IiFLOID]HUPRVDLGHQWL¿FDomRGHVWDSHVVRD-iQD,QWHUQHWLVWRp VLJQL¿FDH[LELURVFRQWH~GRVVROLFLWDGRVpGRQDYHJDGRU
mais difícil, saber exatamente com quem estamos em contato é
muito mais complicado. Por padrão, o mecanismo de renderização pode exibir
documentos e imagens HTML e XML. Ele pode exibir outros
Nesta função o seu navegador exerce um papel fundamental, IRUPDWRVSRUPHLRGHSOXJLQVRXH[WHQV}HVGRQDYHJDGRU3RU
existem ferramentas que nos ajudam a determinar se um site exemplo, é possível exibir um PDF por meio de um plug-in do
p JHQXtQR RX QmR $OJXQV VLWHV SRVVXHP XP FHUWL¿FDGR GH navegador para visualização de PDF.
validação estendida que nos permite determinar o nome da
organização responsável pelo site. Protocolos de Internet que os navegadores
utilizam para se comunicar:
2FHUWL¿FDGRGHYDOLGDomRHVWHQGLGDRIHUHFHDVLQIRUPD-
IP/DNS
o}HVQHFHVViULDVSDUDDMXGDUYRFrDFHUWL¿FDUVHGHTXHQmR
HVWHMDFRQ¿DQGRVXDVLQIRUPDo}HVDXPVLWHIDOVR9HMDXP Estas cinco letras são a alma do mapeamento da Internet,
exemplo da validação estendida em ação no navegador. No sem elas, seria impossível trocar informações entre dispositivos
VLWH GH XP EDQFR TXH IRL YHUL¿FDGR SRU PHLR GD YDOLGDomR HIRUPDPMXQWDPHQWHFRPRSURWRFROR7&3,3RVPDLVLPSRU-
estendida, o nome do banco é exibido em uma caixa verde tantes protocolos da Internet.
entre o ícone de cadeado e o endereço da web na barra de Em uma rede de computadores cada dispositivo necessita
endereços: VHULGHQWL¿FDGRSDUDTXHDVFRPXQLFDo}HVSRVVDPVHUUHDOL]D-
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um protocolo chamado DHCP. Não somente os dispositivos
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ros, separados por pontos, que vão de 0 a 255 cada conjunto,
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a versão 4 do protocolo IP, por isso o chamamos de IPV4, e
possui capacidade de endereçamento de 32bits. Este tamanho
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tintos. A época de seu desenvolvimento, esta quantidade era com.br, o protocolo DNS entra em ação, procura um servidor DNS,
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na rede e suportar o surgimento de novas sub-redes. No entanto, dereço IP está associado ao nome www.umsitequalquer.com.br. O
com o rápido crescimento da Internet, surgiu o problema da VHUYLGRU'16UHVSRQGHUiQRFDVRGR*RRJOHH
escassez dos endereços IPv4, motivando a criação de uma nova então o seu navegador saberá qual endereço IP usar nesta cone-
geração do protocolo IP. xão. Esta lista usada pelo servidor DNS é atualizada constante-
A versão 6, IPV6, tem uma representação dividindo o mente e é a mesma no mundo inteiro, por isso é possível acessar
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separando-os por dois pontos “:”, escritos com dígitos hexa- Brasil. Então quando cair DNS na prova de qualquer concurso
GHFLPDLV))LFDQGRFRPDOJRSDUHFLGRFRPHVWHH[HPSOR você já sabe que é o protocolo que converte o nome digitado na
2001:0DB8:AD1F:25E2:CADE:CAFE:F0CA:84C1 ± FRP barra de endereço do navegador pelo endereço IP. Como se fos-
HVWHWLSRGHHQGHUHoDPHQWRpSRVVtYHOREWHU se uma lista telefônica da WEB. Isto é extremamente necessário
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vezes a quantidade de endereços IPv4 e representa, também, A propósito, o DNS permite que mais de um nome seja
mais de 56 octilhões (5,6uGHHQGHUHoRVSRUVHUKXPDQR associado a um mesmo endereço IP. Isto permite que você
na Terra, considerando-se a população estimada em 6 bilhões hospede mais de um site em um único servidor, por exemplo.
de habitantes. Quando você acessa um servidor que tem mais de um site hos-
O protocolo IP foi desenvolvido para prover duas funções pedado, seu navegador acessará ele através do seu endereço
básicas: a fragmentação, que permite o envio de pacotes maiores IP (descoberto através de uma requisição DNS, como expli-
que o limite de tráfego estabelecido num enlace, dividindo-os FDPRVHQTXDQWRTXHRVHUYLGRUYHUL¿FDUiRQRPHTXHYRFr
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o destino e a origem dos pacotes a partir dos endereços armaze- para você.
nados no cabeçalho do protocolo. DHCP ('LQDPLF+RVW&RQÀJXUDWLRQ3URWRFRO)
5HVXPLQGRDRTXHpLQWHUHVVDQWHSDUDRVFRQFXUVRV Este protocolo é uma das funções de um servidor de rede.
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(192.168.5.240&DGDQ~PHURRXEORFRpUHSUHVHQWDGRSRU processamento e armazenamento médio, se comparado a uma
bits totalizando 32 bits. rede de computadores.
,39 ± RLWR EORFRV FRP UHSUHVHQWDomR KH[DGHFLPDO 2001 Em qualquer rede de computadores, grande ou pequena,
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FRQWpPELWVWRWDOL]DQGRELWVGHHQGHUHoDPHQWR localizados nesta rede através do endereço IP.
É um dos protocolos mais importantes da Internet, porque Este endereço é atribuído à sua placa de rede, que o har-
permite a elaboração e o transporte dos datagramas IP (os paco- dware responsável pela comunicação do seu computador com
WHVGHGDGRVVHPFRQWXGRDVVHJXUDUD³HQWUHJD´1DUHDOLGDGH RXWURVGLVSRVLWLYRVYLDUHGHGHGXDVIRUPDV¿[RRXGLQkPLFR
o protocolo IP trata os datagramas IP independentemente uns IP Fixo, como o nome já diz, é o que não se altera. Em
GRVRXWURVGH¿QLQGRDVXDUHSUHVHQWDomRRVHXHQFDPLQKDPHQ- SHTXHQDVUHGHVpDWULEXtGRPDQXDOPHQWHQDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGH
to e a sua entrega. conexão da placa de rede, pois não é uma tarefa difícil e não há
Os dados circulam na Internet sob a forma de datagramas a necessidade de um servidor para controlar estes endereços.
IDODVHWDPEpPGHSDFRWHV2VGDWDJUDPDVVmRGDGRVHQFDS- IP Dinâmico, este tipo de conexão é quando o endereço IP é
sulados, isto é, são dados aos quais se acrescentaram cabeçalhos atribuído ao nosso computador por outro computador, ou seja,
que correspondem a informações sobre o seu transporte (como HP XPD UHGH PpGLD RX JUDQGH H[LVWH $3(1$6 80 HTXLSD-
RHQGHUHoR,3GHGHVWLQR mento na rede capaz de fornecer um endereço IP. Quando seu
Os dados contidos nos datagramas são analisados (e eventu- computador é ligado sua placa de rede, que também possui uma
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dentro de uma rede. PHQVDJHPQDUHGHSDUDDVPiTXLQDV%URDGFDVWSHUJXQWDQGR
quem fornece endereço IP. Nesta hora o nosso servidor DHCP é
O pacote é roteado com base no endereço de destino que ele este computador que responde a esta mensagem informando seu
carrega no cabeçalho e pode atravessar várias redes distintas HQGHUHoR,3GRVHUYLGRUVXDPiTXLQDPDQGDXPDPHQVDJHP
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endereço virtual único, chamado endereço IP. No entanto, para ID]SDUWHGDTXHODUHGHFDVRD¿UPDWLYRRVHUYLGRU'+&3HQYLD
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que números. o endereço IP que ela utilizará por um tempo determinado pelo
O DNS ('RPDLQ1DPH6\VWHP, Sistema de Nome de Domí- servidor.
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é mais fácil memorizar o nome de um site do que o endereço servidor é capaz de distribuir automaticamente endereços de IP
IP dele: é muito mais fácil memorizar www.google.com.br do diferentes a todos os computadores à medida que eles fazem a
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Pesquisas Usando várias janelas de navegação

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(VWRXSHVTXLVDQGRIyUPXODQRVLWHIROKDFRPEU uma janela e arraste-a de cima para baixo, para o lado direito ou
esquerdo da tela. Em seguida, arraste a outra janela a partir do
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.PDF ou .PPTX? Após a palavra ou frase coloque
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serão arquivos do Power Point sobre fotossíntese. em Opções e, em Aparência, altere Sempre mostrar a barra de
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da WEB Personalizando sua navegação
Internet Explorer: Depois de ter aprendido as noções básicas sobre o uso do
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Explorer facilita o acesso a sites e ajuda a ver com o máximo Para escolher suas home pages: As home pages são os sites
de qualidade todo o conteúdo incrível que você pode encontrar. que se abrem sempre que você inicia uma nova sessão de navega-
Depois de aprender alguns gestos e truques comuns, você pode- ção no Internet Explorer. Você pode escolher vários sites, como
rá usar seu novo navegador com todo o conforto e aproveitar ao seus sites de notícias ou blogs favoritos, a serem carregados na
máximo seus sites favoritos. abertura do navegador. Dessa maneira, os sites que você visita
Lembre-se que os programas no Windows 8 aparecem de com mais frequência estarão prontos e esperando por você.
duas formas a versão Metro e versão Desktop.
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está em uso para dar mais espaço para os sites. Para que a barra page ou toque ou clique em Adicionar site atual se estiver em
de endereços apareça, passe o dedo de baixo para cima na tela um site que gostaria de transformar em home page.
ou clique na barra na parte inferior da tela se estiver usando um
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morizar os sites de que você gosta e que deseja visitar sempre.
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comandos de aplicativos. Em seguida, toque ou clique no botão
uma palavra na barra de endereços para ver sugestões de sites,
Favoritos para mostrar a barra de favoritos.
aplicativos e pesquisa enquanto digita. Basta tocar ou clicar em
uma das sugestões acima da barra de endereços. Toque ou clique em Adicionar a favoritos e, em seguida,
toque ou clique em Adicionar.
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e alternar os sites. A barra de guias mostra todas as guias ou fornece acesso com touch ao site em questão. Alguns sites
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termo de pesquisa ou selecione um de seus sites favoritos ou Toque ou clique no botão Favoritos , toque ou clique no
mais visitados. botão Fixar site e, em seguida, toque ou clique em Fixar na
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barra de guias. Você pode ter até JXLDVDEHUWDV em uma só Você pode alternar rapidamente os favoritos e as guias tocan-
janela. Feche as guias tocando ou clicando em Fechar no do ou clicando no botão Favoritos ou no botão Guias nos
canto de cada guia. comandos de aplicativos.
66 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Lendo, salvando e compartilhando conteúdo O que são cookies?

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da Internet Cookies são pequenos arquivos que os sites colocam no
Ao percorrer seus conteúdos online favoritos, procure pelo seu computador para armazenar informações sobre você e suas
ícone Modo de exibição de leitura na barra de endereços. O preferências. Os cookies podem melhorar a sua experiência de
Modo de exibição de leitura retira quaisquer itens desne- navegação, permitindo que os sites se lembrem das suas prefe-
cessários, como anúncios, para que as matérias sejam destaca- rências ou evitando que você tenha de se conectar sempre que
das. Toque ou clique no ícone para abrir a página no modo de visitar determinados sites. No entanto, alguns cookies podem
exibição de leitura. Quando quiser retornar à navegação, basta colocar a sua privacidade em risco ao rastrear os sites que você
tocar ou clicar no ícone novamente. visita.
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de exibição de leitura Na tela inicial, toque ou clique em Internet Explorer para
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(Se você estiver usando um mouse, aponte para o canto 3DVVHRGHGRGDERUGDGLUHLWDGDWHODHWRTXHHP&RQ¿JX-
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Para salvar páginas na Lista de Leitura Toque ou clique em Opções e, na seção Histórico, toque ou
clique em Selecionar.
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ler mais tarde, basta compartilhá-lo com sua Lista de Leitura em Marque a caixa de seleção Cookies e toque ou clique em
vez de enviá-lo por e-mail para você mesmo ou de deixar mais Excluir.
guias de navegação abertas. A Lista de Leitura é a sua biblioteca Para excluir cookies na área de trabalho
pessoal de conteúdo. Você pode adicionar artigos, vídeos ou
outros tipos de conteúdo a ela diretamente do Internet Explorer, %ORTXHDUFRRNLHVHSHUVRQDOL]DUFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHFRRNLHV
sem sair da página em que você está. Se não quiser que os sites armazenem cookies em seu com-
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partilhar. personalizar para quais sites os cookies devem ser bloqueados.
(Se usar um mouse, aponte para o canto superior direito da tela, Para bloquear cookies
PRYDRSRQWHLURGRPRXVHSDUDEDL[RHFOLTXHHP&RPSDUWLOKDU Abra a área de trabalho e toque ou clique no ícone do Inter-
Toque ou clique em Lista de Leitura e, em seguida, em net Explorer na barra de tarefas.
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Leitura. depois em Opções da Internet.
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tilhar e trabalhar: você provavelmente faz tudo isso diariamente todos os cookies e toque ou clique em OK.
na Internet, o que pode disponibilizar suas informações pessoais 3DUDSHUVRQDOL]DUFRQÀJXUDo}HVGHFRRNLHV
para outras pessoas. O Internet Explorer ajuda você a se proteger Abra a área de trabalho e toque ou clique no ícone do Inter-
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privacidade. Estas são algumas das maneiras pelas quais você
pode proteger melhor a sua privacidade durante a navegação: Toque ou clique no botão Ferramentas Ferramentas e depois
em Opções da Internet.
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pode navegar normalmente, mas os dados como senhas, o histó- permitidos, mova o controle deslizante.
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refere-se à maneira como os sites, os provedores de conteúdo 3DUD UHVWDXUDU DV FRQ¿JXUDo}HV GH SULYDFLGDGH RULJLQDLV
terceiros, os anunciantes, etc. aprendem a forma como você toque ou clique em Padrão.
interage com eles. Isso pode incluir o rastreamento das páginas Quando terminar de fazer as alterações, toque ou clique em OK.
que você visita, os links em que você clica e os produtos que
você adquire ou analisa. No Internet Explorer, você pode usar
Permitir cookies
D3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWRHRUHFXUVR'R1RW7UDFNSDUD O bloqueio de cookies pode impedir que algumas páginas
ajudar a limitar as informações que podem ser coletadas por ter- sejam exibidas corretamente. Também pode aparecer uma men-
ceiros sobre a sua navegação e para expressar suas preferências sagem em um site avisando que é preciso permitir os cookies
de privacidade para os sites que visita. para poder ver esse site.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 67
Para permitir cookies &OLFDUQROLQNFRPR6FUROOGRPRXVH 

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depois em Opções da Internet. Para abrir uma nova aba ao digitar no campo de endereço ou
7RTXHRXFOLTXHQDJXLD3ULYDFLGDGHHPVHJXLGDHP&RQ¿- no campo de pesquisa: pressione Alt ao teclar Enter.
gurações, mova o controle deslizante até embaixo para permitir Comande as abas com o teclado
os cookies e toque ou clique em OK.
$EULQGR)HFKDQGR
Exibir e excluir seu histórico de navegação
Abrir uma aba: Ctrl+T
Seu histórico de navegação é composto pelas informações Fechar a aba atual: Ctrl+W ou Ctrl+F4
que o Internet Explorer lembra e armazena em um computador
conforme você navega pela Web. Isso inclui dados digitados 5HDEULUDDEDTXHIRLIHFKDGD&WUO6KLIW7
em formulários, senhas e sites visitados, e contribui para uma Navegando
melhor experiência de navegação. Se você estiver usando um
computador compartilhado ou público, não é recomendável que ,USDUDDDEDGDHVTXHUGD&WUO6KLIW7DERX&WUO3J8S
o Internet Explorer lembre seus dados de navegação. Ir para a aba da direita: Ctrl+Tab ou Ctrl+PgDn.
([LELUVHXKLVWyULFRGHQDYHJDomRHH[FOXLUVLWHVHVSHFt¿FRV ([LELUGDSULPHLUDDRLWDYDDED&WUODWp&WUO
Ao exibir seu histórico de navegação, você pode optar por ([LELUD~OWLPDDED&WUO
H[FOXLUVLWHVHVSHFt¿FRVRXSRGHUHWRUQDUDXPDSiJLQDGD:HE 1R:LQGRZVHpSRVVtYHO¿[DUTXDOTXHUDEDGR,QWHUQHW
que já visitou.
Explorer na barra de tarefas, basta clicar e arrastar sua aba até
No Internet Explorer para a área de trabalho, toque ou clique EDUUD6HXVLWH¿FDUiGLVSRQtYHODWpTXHYRFrTXHLUDUHPRYrOR
no botão Favoritos Botão Favoritos.
Pesquisa
Clique na guia Histórico e escolha como deseja exibir o
KLVWyULFRVHOHFLRQDQGRXP¿OWURQRPHQXVXVSHQVR No IE a pesquisa é realizada diretamente na barra de ende-
UHoRV85/
Exibir por Data mostra as últimas três semanas do histórico
em ordem cronológica. A escolha do site de busca é feita na janela “Opções da In-
WHUQHW´FOLFDQGRQRERWmR³FRQ¿JXUDo}HV´QRFDPSR3HVTXLVD
Exibir por Site mostra uma lista com os sites que você
visitou nas últimas três semanas, mas não as datas das visitas. Gerenciador de Download
Exibir por Mais Visitados mostra os sites mais visitados nas O Gerenciador de Download mantém uma lista dos arquivos
últimas três semanas. EDL[DGRVSRUYRFrHRQRWL¿FDTXDQGRXPDUTXLYRSRGHVHUXP
PDOZDUHVRIWZDUHPDOLQWHQFLRQDGR(OHWDPEpPSHUPLWHTXH
Exibir pela Ordem de Visita Hoje mostra apenas os sites que
você pause e reinicie um download, além de lhe mostrar onde
você visitou hoje.
encontrar os arquivos baixados em seu computador.
3DUDH[FOXLUVLWHVHVSHFt¿FRVSUHVVLRQHHVHJXUHRXFOLTXH
FRP R ERWmR GLUHLWR XP VLWH GH TXDOTXHU XPD GHVVDV OLVWDV H Vulnerabilidades
toque ou clique em Excluir. Ou retorne a uma página tocando O Internet Explorer foi sendo ao longo dos anos apontado
ou clicando em qualquer site da lista. como um software com numerosas falhas de segurança. Progra-
Excluir o histórico de navegação mas maliciosos ou oportunistas exploravam brechas para roubar
Excluir regularmente o histórico de navegação ajuda a pro- LQIRUPDo}HV SHVVRDLV 6RIWZDUHV PDOLFLRVRV ± YtUXV ± ZRUPV
teger sua privacidade, especialmente se você estiver usando um ±WURMDQV±H[SORUDYDPIDOKDVGRQDYHJDGRUSDUDFRQWURODUH
computador compartilhado ou público. ou direcionar os usuários a determinadas páginas. Alguns espe-
Mostrar tudo cialistas apontam estes problemas como uma das causas para a
SHUGDGHPHUFDGRQ~PHURGHXVXiULRVXWLOL]DQGRRQDYHJDGRU
Para excluir seu histórico de navegação no aplicativo Internet A Microsoft argumenta que a quantidade de vulnerabilidades
Explorer
encontradas está relacionada ao contingente de usuários. Sendo
Para excluir seu histórico de navegação na área de trabalho este fator predominante para que pessoas mal-intencionadas
Navegação por abas H[SORUDVVHP HUURV FRP ¿QV LOtFLWRV (QWUHWDQWR SUREOHPDV UH-
Os navegadores, em sua versão atual, utilizam a navegação lacionados a vulnerabilidade de navegadores não restringem-se
através de abas. ao Internet Explorer. Outros navegadores populares também já
foram vítimas de pessoas mal-intencionadas, como exemplo:
Estas abas funcionam como janelas que são exibidas na
mesma página do navegar. )LUHIR[   ± *RRJOH &KURPH   ± 2SHUD  $VVLP
sendo, torna-se óbvio que pessoas que projetam pragas digitais
%DVWDFOLFDUFRPR6FUROOGRPRXVHURGLQKDSDUDTXHTXDO-
HQIDWL]HPVRIWZDUHQDYHJDGRUHVVLVWHPDVRSHUDFLRQDLVSRSXOD-
quer link seja aberto em uma nova aba na janela ativa.
res. Depois que o Internet Explorer passou a perder mercado,
Basta arrastar sua aba para o menu “favoritos” ou para a falhas de segurança em outros navegadores começaram a ser
“Barra dos favoritos” para armazena-la como página favorita e
divulgadas. Talvez o fato que leve o Internet Explorer a ser
estará disponível para retornar à ela quando quiser.
alvo de tantas críticas está relacionado com o fato de o mesmo
Abrir links em nova aba VHUGHFyGLJRIHFKDGR'HVWDIRUPDWRUQDVHGLItFLOLGHQWL¿FDU
Clique no link com o botão direito do mouse e escolha a problemas antes que algum software mal-intencionado seja
opção “Abrir em nova aba”. descoberto.
68 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

O Internet Explorer já foi o navegador mais utilizado chegan-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
GRDGRVXVXiULRVPDVWHYHXPDJUDQGHTXHGDQRV~OWLPRV
DQRVFKHJDQGRD¿FDUHPVHJXQGROXJDU'HDFRUGRFRPD6WDUW
&RXQWHUR,QWHUQHW([SORUHU¿FRXFRP¿FDQGRDWUiV
GR&KURPHQRPrVGHPDLRGHHGHVGHHQWmRQmR
recuperou mais o primeiro lugar. Apesar disso outras pesquisas
como a Marketshare 20 aponta que a queda não chegou a ser tão
H[SUHVVLYDDSHVDUGHWHUFKHJDGRHPHWHPVHPRVWUDGR
HPTXHGDQRV~OWLPRVDQRV$Wp6HWHPEURGHVHPDQWpP
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dos usuários mundiais, segundo o StatCounter.
Como funciona...
Privacidade de navegação Quando você inicia a Navegação InPrivate, o Internet Ex-
Você pode impedir que outras pessoas acessem suas infor- plorer abre uma nova janela do navegador. A proteção oferecida
mações de navegação usando dois recursos de privacidade no pela Navegação InPrivate tem efeito apenas durante o tempo
Windows Internet Explorer: que você usar essa janela. Você pode abrir quantas guias desejar
nessa janela e todas elas estarão protegidas pela Navegação
‡ 3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWRH InPrivate. Entretanto, se você abrir uma segunda janela do
‡ Navegação InPrivate. navegador, ela não estará protegida pela Navegação InPrivate.
3DUD¿QDOL]DUDVHVVmRGH1DYHJDomR,Q3ULYDWHIHFKHDMDQHOD
Proteção contra rastreamento
GRQDYHJDGRU$WDOKRGHWHFODGR&756+,)73
Quando você visita um site, alguns conteúdos podem ser for-
necidos por um site diferente. Esse conteúdo pode ser usado para
coletar informações sobre as páginas que você visita na Internet.
$ 3URWHomR FRQWUD 5DVWUHDPHQWR EORTXHLD HVVH FRQWH~GR
GHVLWHVTXHHVWmRHP/LVWDVGH3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWR
([LVWHXPD/LVWDGH3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWR3HUVRQDOL]D-
da incluída no Internet Explorer que é gerada automaticamente
com base nos sites visitados por você. Também é possível
EDL[DU/LVWDVGH3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWRHGHVVDPDQHLUD
R,QWHUQHW([SORUHUYHUL¿FDUiSHULRGLFDPHQWHVHKiDWXDOL]Do}HV
para as listas.
9RFrSRGHDWLYDUD3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWRQR:LQ-
GRZV,QWHUQHW([SORUHUSDUDDMXGDUDHYLWDUTXHVLWHVFROHWHP
informações sobre sua navegação na Web. Você também pode
ativar a Filtragem ActiveX para ajudar a evitar que programas
acessem o seu computador sem o seu consentimento.
Depois de ativar qualquer um desses recursos, você pode
GHVDWLYiORDSHQDVSDUDVLWHVHVSHFt¿FRV
Firefox: O Firefox é um Browser, programa navegador,
Clique no botão Ferramentas, aponte para Segurança e GHVHQYROYLGRSHOD0R]LOOD)XQGDWLRQ)XQGDomR0R]LOOD(VWH
FOLTXHHP3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWR navegador é de código aberto, por isso é alguns programadores
GHVHQYROYHP YHUV}HV QmR R¿FLDLV TXH ³URGDP´ HP 6LVWHPDV
Na caixa de diálogo Gerenciar Complemento, clique em uma Operacionais não listados pela Mozilla e multiplataforma, ou
/LVWDGH3URWHomRFRQWUD5DVWUHDPHQWRHFOLTXHHP+DELOLWDU seja, possível de ser instalado em vários Sistemas Operacionais
Usar a Filtragem ActiveX para bloquear con- como Windows, Linux, Android, Mac OS X, etc.
troles ActiveX O navegador promete manter seus dados pessoais em sigilo
Controles ActiveX e complementos do navegador da Web e possui boas ferramentas para diminuir o rastreamento feito
pelos sites enquanto navega pela Internet.
são pequenos programas que permitem que os sites forneçam
conteúdos como vídeos. Eles também podem ser usados para O Firefox é dividido em três fases de desenvolvimento até
FROHWDU LQIRUPDo}HV GDQL¿FDU LQIRUPDo}HV H LQVWDODU VRIWZDUH FKHJDUQDVXDYHUVmR¿QDO
em seu computador sem o seu consentimento ou permitir que 1LJKWO\: É aqui que as novidades aparecem. O Nightly
outra pessoa controle o computador remotamente. QRUPDOPHQWH p XVDGR DSHQDV SRU TXHP SUHFLVD RX JRVWD GH
acompanhar o desenvolvimento. É atualizado no mínimo diaria-
Navegação InPrivate PHQWHHUHÀHWHRHVWDGRDWXDOGRFyGLJRIRQWH1mRVmRWHVWDGRV
A Navegação InPrivate impede que o Windows Internet ao usar o Nightly você é quem estará fazendo os testes.
Explorer armazene dados de sua sessão de navegação, além de Aurora: Após 6 semanas de desenvolvimento ativo, a
ajudar a impedir que qualquer pessoa que utilize o seu compu- versão Nightly vira Aurora. Somente são feitos ajustes de
tador veja as páginas da Web que você visitou e o conteúdo que compatibilidade e estabilidade. Em casos especiais pode haver
visualizou. a adição ou remoção de recursos. As traduções são atualizadas
durante este ciclo.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 69
Firefox Beta: Depois de 6 semanas como Aurora, uma nova Não Me Rastreie

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
YHUVmRGR)LUHIR[HVWiTXDVHSURQWD3RXFDVPRGL¿FDo}HVVHUmR 2 1mR 0H 5DVWUHLH p XP UHFXUVR GR )LUHIR[ TXH WH DMXGD
efetuadas nesta fase. a controlar a maneira como seus dados online são coletados e
9HUVmR ¿QDO: Após as 6 semanas de teste como beta, o XWLOL]DGRV 4XDQWR DWLYDGR R 1mR 0H 5DVWUHLH FRPXQLFD DRV
desenvolvimento de um novo Firefox está concluído. A atuali- sites que estão te rastreando que você não quer mais ter suas
zação automática é liberada para todos os usuários. LQIRUPDo}HVXWLOL]DGDVSDUD¿QVGHSURSDJDQGD
Possui uma versão portátil onde é possível carrega-lo em um Lightbeam
pendrive e executá-lo através deste dispositivo sem a necessida- O Lightbeam, complemento para Firefox, permite que você
de de insta-lo no sistema. saiba quem são os sites que estão te rastreando enquanto você
O programa é bastante personalizável tendo à disposição uma navega pela Web. Criado com uma interface dinâmica e de sim-
lista de complementos, addons, que são acessados diretamente ples compreensão, feito para te colocar no controle da situação.
QR PHQX GH FRQ¿JXUDomR GR SURJUDPD (VWHV FRPSOHPHQWRV Restauração da sessão
agregam novas funcionalidades ao programa.
Agora quando a energia elétrica for interrompida ou mesmo
2)LUHIR[WHPXPFRUUHWRURUWRJUi¿FRHPEXWLGRDRGLJLWDU se o Firefox travar, todas as janelas são reabertas assim que você
um e-mail ou post em um blog ou rede social o corretor infor- reiniciar. Para acelerar o início do Firefox, algumas abas só serão
mará quando encontrar alguma palavra que ele não reconheça carregadas ao serem selecionadas. Esse comportamento pode ser
como correta, semelhante ao que acontece em um editor de PRGL¿FDGRSHODVRSo}HV9RFrWDPEpPSRGHUHVWDXUDUDEDVMiIH-
WH[WR2I¿FHFRPRR06:RUGRX/LEUH2I¿FH:ULWHU chadas através do comando Ctrl+Shift+T ou pelo menu Histórico.
Instalação no Windows Senhas
Visite a página de download do Firefox de qualquer nave- O Firefox pode memorizar suas senhas. Mas para deixá-las
JDGRUH[0LFURVRIW,QWHUQHW([SORUHU$XWRPDWLFDPHQWHVHUi ORQJH GH FXULRVRV YRFr SRGH GH¿QLU XPD VHQKD PHVWUD SDUD
detectado a melhor versão do Firefox para seu PC. criptografá-las. Só quem souber a senha mestra terá acesso a
Clique no link verde para baixar o instalador do Firefox. todas senhas memorizadas.
Dependendo da velocidade de sua conexão, poderá demorar Salvando uma página web
DOJXQVPLQXWRV,QLFLHRSURFHVVRFOLFDQGRQRERWmR5RGDURX Clique no menu e depois em Salvar página para abrir
executar. a janela “Salvar como”. Altere o nome da página se desejar,
Depois basta seguir os passos. selecione um local e o “Tipo” do arquivo.
Instalando o Firefox no Linux ‡ Página da web, completa: Salva a página juntamente
com as imagens, permitindo que a página seja visua-
Instalar o Firefox em seu computador é o primeiro passo
lizada como é originalmente, mas pode não manter a
para poder usá-lo.
estrutura HTML. Será criada uma pasta para armazenar
Muitas distribuições do Linux incluem o Firefox como as imagens e outros arquivos necessários para exibição
navegador padrão, e muitas têm um gerenciador de aplicativos completa da página.
que pode facilmente auxiliá-lo a instalar o Firefox. O gerencia- ‡ Página da web, somente HTML: Salva a página
dor de aplicativos irá: original sem imagens, preservando a estrutura HTML.
‡ &HUWL¿FDUTXHYRFrSRVVXLWRGDVDVELEOLRWHFDVQHFHVVi- ‡ Arquivos de texto: Salva a página como um arquivo de
rias para rodar o Firefox. texto sem preservar a estrutura HTML, mas poderá ser
‡ Instalar o Firefox de um modo que funciona melhor visualizada em qualquer editor de texto.
com sua distribuição do Linux. ‡ Todos os arquivos: É equivalente à “Página da web,
‡ Criar atalhos para iniciar o Firefox. VRPHQWH +70/´ PDV SHUPLWH TXH HVSHFL¿TXH XPD
‡ Disponibilizar o Firefox para todos os usuários do seu H[WHQVmRSDUDRDUTXLYRFRPRKWPRXVKWPO
computador. ‡ Clique em Salvar.
‡ Habilitar a remoção do Firefox como qualquer outro Salvando partes de uma página web
aplicativo. Para salvar uma imagem: Clique com o botão direito do
O gerenciador de aplicativos também possui alguns pontos mouse na imagem, selecione Salvar imagem como... no menu
negativos: GHFRQWH[WR3RU¿PVHOHFLRQHRORFDORQGHDLPDJHPVHUiVDOYD
‡ Pode não obter a última versão do Firefox. Para salvar outros elementos da página use o painel de mídia
‡ Pode obter uma versão sem a marca Firefox. da janela de propriedades da página.
Instalando o Firefox no Mac Criando atalhos para um site
9LVLWHKWWSPR]LOODRUJ¿UHIR[XVDQGRTXDOTXHUQDYHJDGRU Você pode usar o Firefox para criar atalhos na área de traba-
SRUH[HPSORR6DIDUL&KURPH,(6HUiGHWHFWDGRDXWRPDWL- lho para uma página que você visitou:
camente a plataforma e o idioma do seu computador e recomen-  5HGLPHQVLRQH D MDQHOD GR )LUHIR[ SDUD SRGHU YHU D
dado a versão do Firefox adequada para você. janela do Firefox e a área de trabalho na mesma tela.
Clique no botão verde para realizar o download do Firefox 2. Clique no ícone à esquerda da Barra de endereço (onde
8PDYH]TXHRGRZQORDGIRUFRQFOXtGRRDUTXLYR)LUH- D85/pH[LELGD
IR[GPJ GHYH DEULU DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH $SyV DEHUWR DUUDVWH 3. Enquanto você segura o botão do mouse, mova o pon-
R tFRQH GR )LUHIR[ SDUD D SDVWD GH $SOLFDWLYRV D ¿P GH teiro para sua área de trabalho, e então solte o botão do mouse.
copiá-lo. O atalho será criado.
70 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Histórico

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Comando Atalho
Painel Histórico Ctrl + H
-DQHOD%LEOLRWHFD+LVWyULFR Ctrl + Shift + H
Apagar histórico recente Ctrl + Shift + Del
Favoritos
Comando Atalho
Adicionar todas as abas aos favoritos Ctrl + Shift + D
Você também pode segurar e soltar itens do seus favoritos e
histórico para sua área de trabalho para criar os atalhos. Adicionar esta página aos favoritos Ctrl + D
Se você abrir o atalho que você criou, seu Navegador Ctrl + B
Painel Favoritos
Padrão será aberto exibindo a página do atalho. Além disso, Ctrl + I
pode haver extensões do Firefox de terceiros que podem ajudá-lo. -DQHOD%LEOLRWHFD)DYRULWRV Ctrl + Shift + B

Comando Atalho Ferramentas

Ctrl + W ±H[FHWRSDUDDEDV Comando Atalho

Fechar aba
Ctrl + F4 de aplicativos Ctrl + J
Downloads
Ctrl + Shift + W
Fechar janela Ctrl + Shift + A
Alt + F4 Complementos
Move a aba em foco Ctrl + Shift + Page )
Alternar Ferramentas de desenvol-
para Esquerda 8S
vimento Ctrl + Shift + I
Move a aba em foco Ctrl + Shift + Page
para Direita Down Console da web Ctrl + Shift + K
Move a aba em foco
Ctrl + Home Inspector Ctrl + Shift + C
para o início
Debugger Ctrl + Shift + S
Move a aba em foco
Ctrl + End
SDUDR¿QDO Editor de estilos 6KLIW)
Nova aba Ctrl + T Shift + F5
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Nova janela Ctrl + N
Network Ctrl + Shift + Q
Nova Janela Privada Ctrl + Shift + P
Barra do desenvolvedor Shift + F2
Ctrl + Tab
Próxima aba Modo de design adaptável Ctrl + Shift + M
Ctrl + Page Down

Abrir endereço em
±QRFDPSRGH Scratchpad Shift + F4
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uma nova aba Código Fonte &WUO8
campo de busca
Ctrl + Shift + Tab Console do navegador Ctrl + Shift + J
Aba anterior
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PDF Viewer
Desfazer fechar aba Ctrl + Shift + T
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Desfazer fechar
Ctrl + Shift + N Próxima página 1RX-RXĺ
janela
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aba
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abas Girar o documento no sentido horário 5
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zação do Grupo de Esc 6KLIW5
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anterior layouts de teclado entrada

Outros
Comando
Completar o endereço com .com
Completar o endereço com .net
Completar o endereço com .org
Apagar a entrada de autocompletação
selecionada
Tela inteira
Alternar a barra de menus (quando
A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 71
Enquanto a Barra de Pesquisa está sendo exibida, você pode
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usar os seguintes comandos:
Atalho ‡ X: Fecha a barra de pesquisa
Ctrl + Enter ‡ Setas Próximo e Anterior: Navega pelas ocorrências
Shift + Enter do texto pesquisado.
Ctrl + Shift + Enter ‡ Realçar tudo 5HDOoD FDGD RFRUUrQFLD GR WH[WR SHV-
quisado. Clique em Realçar tudo novamente para
desativar.
Del
‡ Diferenciar maiúsculas/minúsculas Torna a pesquisa
) sensível a letras maiúsculas e minúsculas. Se você
pesquisar por “texto” ocorrências de “Texto” na página
Alt também serão encontradas. Se Diferenciar maiúscu-
RFXOWD ) las/minúsculas estiver selecionado, apenas ocorrências
do texto exatamente como digitado serão localizadas.
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Pesquisa rápida
Navegação com o cursor )
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F6 normalmente desaparece depois de alguns segundos. Ela não
Selecionar a barra de endereço Alt + D FRQWpPRVERW}HV3Uy[LPD$QWHULRUH5HDOoDUWXGR
Ctrl + L 3UHVVLRQH D WHFOD ³´ EDUUD LQFOLQDGD SDUD D GLUHLWD SDUD
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Atalhos de multimídia Localizar em links
Comando Atalho Se você quiser encontrar textos em links da página que você
está navegando:
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 3UHVVLRQH¶DVSDVVLPSOHVSDUDTXHDEDUUD³/RFDOL]DU
Diminuir o volume Ļ em links” apareça.
Aumentar o volume Ĺ 2. Digite o texto no campo “Localizar em links”. O pri-
meiro link que contém o texto pesquisado será selecionado.
Desabilitar áudio &WUOĻ
3. Aperte Ctrl + G para realçar o próximo link que con-
Abilitaraudio &WUOĹ tém o texto pelo qual você pesquisou.
9ROWDUVHJXQGRV ĸ Para fechar a barra “Localizar em links”, espere um segundo
9ROWDU &WUOĸ e aperte Esc, ou simplesmente clique em qualquer lugar fora da
barra “Localizar em links”.
$YDQoDUVHJXQGRV ĺ
Localizar enquanto digita em uma página
$YDQoDU &WUOĺ O Firefox pode pesquisar por textos que você digita sem ter
Ir para o início Home que abrir a barra “Localizar”. Para ativar este recurso:
,USDUDR¿P End  &OLTXHQRERWmR , depois em Opções
2. Selecione a opção Avançado.
Como buscar por textos e links no conteúdo 3. Clique na aba Geral.
de uma página 4. Marque a opção Localizar texto ao começar a digitar.
Enquanto você navega em um site usando o Firefox, você 5. Clique em OK para fechar a janela de Opções.
pode procurar palavras ou textos na página. O Firefox vai lhe
direcionar para onde o texto aparece pela primeira vez, e vai Após você ativar este recurso:
destacar todas as demais combinações da pesquisa.  'LJLWHXPWH[WRHQTXDQWRHVWLYHUYLVXDOL]DQGRXPVLWH
Enquanto você digita, a primeira combinação será realçada.
Utilizando a Barra de Pesquisa
2. Pressione Ctrl+G ou F3 para realçar a próxima combi-
Para fazer uma pesquisa por texto em uma página:
nação.
 $EUDD%DUUDGH3HVTXLVDXWLOL]DQGRXPGRVVHJXLQWHV 3DUD IHFKDU D %DUUD GH 3HVTXLVD 5iSLGD DJXDUGH XP
métodos: momento até ela desaparecer ou pressione Esc para fechá-la
‡ 8VHRDWDOKRGHWHFODGR&WUO) imediatamente. Você também pode clicar em qualquer lugar no
‡ Clique no botão menu e depois clique em Localizar. )LUHIR[ TXH QmR VHMD SDUWH GD EDUUD GH 3HVTXLVD 5iSLGD SDUD
fechá-la.
2. Digite o texto a ser pesquisado no campo “Localizar”
da barra de pesquisa. O Firefox irá marcar ocorrências da frase Trabalhando com abas
à medida que você digitar. Se você gosta de abas, e regularmente tem várias delas, que
‡ Se não forem encontradas ocorrências do texto na não cabem na barra de abas, Grupos de Abas foram feitos para
página que você está navegando, o campo “Localizar” você. Eles também são ótimos para agrupar abas por tarefa e
¿FDUi YHUPHOKR H D PHQVDJHP 7H[WR QmR HQFRQWUDGR então trocar entre os grupos.
aparecerá ao lado dela. 6HYRFrDLQGDQmRDEULXYiULDVDEDVIDoDLVVR.
72 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

 3DUD YLVXDOL]DU RV *UXSRV GH $EDV XVH R DWDOKR GH 6HYRFrFULDUXPJUXSRTXHpSHTXHQRRVX¿FLHQWHDV

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
teclado, Ctrl + Shift + E. DEDV¿FDUmRHPSLOKDGDVXPDVVREUHDVRXWUDV$EDL[R
‡ Quando você está visualizando os Grupos de Abas pela desta pilha, um botão de pré-visualização aparecerá.
primeira vez, você verá miniaturas de suas abas em um Clique neste botão para ver quais abas estão na pilha
grupo. Para criar um novo grupo, simplesmente arraste sem mudar o tamanho do grupo.
uma aba para fora do grupo. ‡ Reorganizando Grupos de Abas ± &OLTXH H DUUDVWH
‡ Você pode continuar adicionando abas para um novo em uma área vazia nas bordas ou embaixo de um grupo
grupo, e você pode criar mais grupos. para movê-lo pela tela.
2. Quando terminar, clique em uma aba para sair da ‡ Nomeando Grupos de Abas±&OLTXHDRODGRGRtFRQH
visualização de grupos. Você voltará para o Firefox, a aba em da caneta no topo de um grupo e digite um nome para
que você clicou será ativada e somente as abas daquele grupo ele. Então pressione Enter ou clique em algum lugar
estarão visíveis. da janela.
‡ Fechando Grupos de Abas±&DGDJUXSRGHDEDVWHP
Dica: Você pode adicionar um botão Grupo de abas na um botão fechar no canto superior direito. Clicar nele
sua barra de ferramentas para facilitar o acesso. Consulte irá fechar aquele grupo e todas as suas abas.
Personalize os controles, botões e barras de ferramentas do
Firefox para obter instruções. Se você fechou um grupo de abas acidentalmente,
YRFr SRGH FOLFDU QR ERWmR 5HDEULU JUXSR SDUD
Alternando entre os Grupos de Abas restaurá-lo.
Alternar entre grupos é fácil. Visualize os Grupos de Abas, $EDVÀ[DVHP*UXSRVGH$EDV
usando o atalho de teclado, Ctrl + Shift + E em seguida, clique 4XDQGRYRFrHVWiXVDQGR$EDV¿[DVFRP*UXSRVGH$EDV
no grupo de abas que você deseja visualizar. A aba em que você elas serão representadas pelo ícone do site no lado direito de
clicou será ativa e apenas as abas deste grupo serão visíveis. cada grupo.
‡ Você também pode usar o atalho de teclado Ctrl+` Importar favoritos do Google Chrome
permite que você avance para o próximo grupo, e
Ctrl+Shift+` permite que você volte para o grupo O Firefox permite que você importe facilmente seus favori-
anterior. tos e outros dados do Google Chrome.
Grupos de Abas são ótimos para agrupar abas por tarefa. Por  &OLTXH QR ERWmR IDYRULWRV em seguida clique em
exemplo, você pode ter um grupo relacionado a um trabalho da Exibir todos os favoritos para abrir a janela da Biblioteca.
faculdade, e um outro grupo para pagar as suas contas online. 2. Na barra de ferramentas na janela Biblioteca clique no
É possível criar grupos para coisas que você faz online normal- botão Importar e backup e selecione Importar dados de outro
mente e usar os Grupos de Abas para alternar entre eles. É um navegador....
modo fácil de se manter organizado. 3. No Assistente de Importação que surge, selecione
Procurando por uma aba Chrome e clique no botão Avançar.
$FKHUDSLGDPHQWHDTXHODDED.  2)LUHIR[OLVWDUiRVWLSRVGHFRQ¿JXUDo}HVHLQIRUPD-
 9LVXDOL]H RV *UXSRV GH $EDV XVDQGR R DWDOKR GH ções que poderão ser importados. Selecione os itens que você
teclado, Ctrl + Shift + E. deseja importar para o Firefox e clique em Avançar.
2. Clique no botão de busca no canto direito da janela e Cookies: Pequenas quantidades de informação armazenadas
então digite no campo de busca que aparecerá para buscar uma em seu computador por algumas páginas da web que os utilizam
aba. SDUDPDQWHUYRFrDXWHQWLFDGRDUPD]HQDUVXDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVH
‡ Ou simplesmente comece a digitar e a busca irá acontecer outras coisas.
automaticamente. Histórico: Informações sobre páginas da web que você
3. À medida que você digita, as abas que correspondem a visitou.
sua busca irão ser destacadas. Simplesmente clique em uma aba Favoritos: Páginas da web que você salvou no Google
para selecioná-la e voltar ao Firefox. Chrome.
‡ Se você tem mais de uma janela do Firefox aberta, você
pode ver abas de outras janelas que correspondem a sua 5. Clique no botão Concluir. Os itens selecionados serão
busca no inferior da janela. Clicar em uma destas abas importados pelo Firefox.
irá focar aquela janela, aba e grupo Como o padrão do Google Chrome é salvar seus favoritos
Organizando os Grupos de Abas na barra de favoritos, você deve procurar os seus favoritos
importados em uma pasta chamada “Do Google Chrome” na
Grupos de Abas podem ser facilmente redimensionados, Barra dos favoritos do Firefox.
reorganizados e nomeados. Quando você não precisa mais de
um grupo você pode fechá-lo e se livrar de todas as abas de Atualização
uma vez.
Por Default, ou padrão, o navegador Mozilla Firefox está
Visualize os Grupos de Abas, usando o atalho de teclado, SURJUDPDGR SDUD YHUL¿FDU DXWRPDWLFDPHQWH SRU DWXDOL]Do}HV
Ctrl + Shift + E. e instala-las automaticamente. Caso deseje alterar estas con-
‡ Redimensionando Grupos de Abas±&OLTXHHDUUDVWH ¿JXUDo}HVFOLTXHQRERWmR , depois em Opções, clique no
o canto do grupo para aumentar ou diminuí-lo. À PHQX³$YDQoDGR´ H ¿QDOPHQWH QD JXLD ³DWXDOL]Do}HV´ QHVWD
PHGLGDTXHYRFrUHGLPHQVLRQDRJUXSRDVDEDV¿FDUmR JXLDpSRVVtYHODOWHUDUWRGDVDVFRQ¿JXUDo}HVGHFRPRRQDYH-
maiores ou menores para melhor se ajustarem. gador irá procurar por atualizações.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 73
Chrome: Com esta função, todos os resultados da sua busca aparecem

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
O Chrome é um navegador desenvolvido pela Google enquanto o assunto pesquisado está sendo digitado. Assim, o
lançado em 2008 e compilado com base em código aberto usuário visualiza as sugestões de pesquisa que são atualizadas
com poderoso software de renderização WebKit, o mecanismo automaticamente. Se o resultado desejado não for sugerido, no
JavaScript V8.Em menos de dois anos após seu lançamento entanto, basta terminar de digitar o termo desejado e pressionar
o Google Chrome já era o terceiro navegador mais usado do DWHFOD³(17(5´
mundo, atrás apenas do Internet Explorer e Mozilla Firefox. Foi Por que acessar primeiro o YouTube.com para depois
um software que agradou muito a população mundial devido a procurar um vídeo? Basta digitar youtube.com na omnibox e
sua navegação por abas e área de trabalho bem limpa deixando pressionar a tecla TAB para pesquisar diretamente no YouTube.
DYLVXDOL]DomRGDVSiJLQDV:(%EHPPDLRUHVHPDLVGH¿QLGDV 9RFr WDPEpP SRGH FRQ¿JXUDU SDODYUDVFKDYH SHUVRQDOL]DGDV
tornando-se tendência que foi seguida pelos outros softwares para seus sites favoritos.
QDYHJDGRUHV2%URZVHUHVWiGLVSRQtYHOHPPDLVGHLGLRPDV
SDUD DV SODWDIRUPDV :LQGRZV 0DF 26 ; $QGURLG 8EXQWX $ GH¿QLomR GH TXDO SURYHGRU GH SHVTXLVD XWLOL]DU HQWUH
Debian, Fedora e OpenSuSE. Google, Bing, Yahoo! Brasil ou o Ask é selecionado na tela
GH FRQ¿JXUDomR GR QDYHJDGRU 2XWURV SURYHGRUHV GH EXVFD
Possui um leitor de arquivos PDF integrado, é possível poderão ser acrescentados e selecionados como padrão.
visualizar, salvar e imprimir estes arquivos.
DOWNLOAD E INSTALAÇÃO
Após fazer o download do arquivo instalador no Windows,
clique em “executar” ou “salvar”. Depois disso, o usuário deve
clicar duas vezes no arquivo de instalação para que o processo
de instalação comece. Lembrando que você poderá instalar o
Google Chrome mesmo estando off-line.
1R:LQGRZV9LVWDRXDWpPHVPRQR;3XPDMDQHODGR
EURZVHUVHLQLFLDDXWRPDWLFDPHQWHGHSRLVGHUHDOL]DUDFRQ¿JX- Como pesquisar no Google Chrome
ração. Já no Windows 8, uma caixa de diálogo de boas-vindas 8VH D EDUUD GH HQGHUHoR SDUD SHVTXLVDU QD :HE QRV VHXV
aparece. Basta clicar em “avançar” para escolher o navegador favoritos e no seu histórico de navegação. Digite seu termo de
padrão. Caso o usuário escolha o Chrome, ele será iniciado pesquisa na barra e pressione Enter para ver os resultados do
como um aplicativo na tela inicial do Windows 8, por exemplo. seu mecanismo de pesquisa padrão.Existem outras formas de
Fazer o download e instalar o software no Mac também é pesquisa no Google Chrome. Estas dicas se aplicam ao Google
muito simples. Depois de baixar o instalador, o usuário deve Chrome nos sistemas operacionais Windows, Mac e Linux .
abrir o arquivo “Google Chrome.dmg”. Em seguida, é neces- 3HVTXLVDU VLWHV HVSHFtÀFRV WHFOD 7DE SDUD SHV-
sário arrastar o ícone do navegador para a pasta “Application”, quisar)
assim, ele será instalado em todos os usuários da máquina.
Comece digitando na barra de endereço o endereço do
No Linux, o procedimento de instalação é semelhante. De- site que você deseja pesquisar. Se o Google Chrome tiver um
pois de baixar o instalador, o usuário precisa clicar em “ok” para registro do site, ele oferecerá automaticamente a opção para
abrir o pacote. O próximo passo é selecionar “instalar pacote”
pesquisar nesse site. Caso você se lembre da palavra-chave do
para iniciar a instalação. Depois que tudo estiver devidamente
mecanismo de pesquisa, também pode digitar a palavra-chave
FRQ¿JXUDGRXPDMDQHODGREURZVHUDEULUiDXWRPDWLFDPHQWH
na barra de endereço. Pressione Tab para escolher em qual local
Velocidade deseja navegar e pressione Enter.
Equipado com o V8, um poderoso motor de JavaScript que Pesquisar uma página
permite executar aplicações Web complexas rapidamente, e
com o WebKit, o Chrome é um dos navegadores mais rápidos 8VHDEDUUDGHORFDOL]DomRSDUDHQFRQWUDUSDODYUDVRXWHUPRV
da atualidade. Para cada novo lançamento, ele continua a me- HVSHFt¿FRVQDSiJLQDTXHYRFrHVWiYHQGR3UHVVLRQHRVDWDOKRV
lhorar a sua velocidade. GR WHFODGR &WUO  ) :LQGRZV /LQX[ H &KURPH 26 H ႛ-F
0DFSDUDH[LELUDEDUUDGHORFDOL]DomRQDSiJLQD(VWDEDUUD
Há, então, a garantia de uma inicialização rápida, mesmo em ¿FDRFXOWDHVHUYHSDUDSURFXUDUSDODYUDVQDSiJLQDTXHYRFr
máquinas modestas. A velocidade também é sentida no carrega- está visitando.
mento de páginas e na execução de apps e extensões. O software
se destaca, também, pelo sistema de administração por abas. Pesquisar seu histórico de navegação, downloads
e favoritos
Omnibox: a barra única de endereços e busca
Você também pode usar as caixas de pesquisa na parte supe-
A versão nova traz novidades na Omnibox, a famosa barra ULRUGDSiJLQD³+LVWyULFR´&75/+GDSiJLQD³'RZQORDGV´
GH SHVTXLVD TXH p LQWHJUDGD j EDUUD GH 85/ TXH EDVHLD DV &75/  - H GR JHUHQFLDGRU GH IDYRULWRV SDUD SHVTXLVDU VHX
respostas pelos últimos sites visitados pelo usuário. O objetivo histórico de navegação, o histórico de download e os favoritos,
é tornar os resultados de busca mais satisfatórios. A Omnibox,
respectivamente. Esses recursos estão disponíveis no menu
também chamada de barra de endereço, não tem somente a
do Google Chrome Chrome , na barra de ferramentas do
funcionalidade de caixa de pesquisa.
navegador.
O browser do Google foi projetado para aproveitar ao
Pesquisa com o botão direito do mouse
máximo espaço da tela. Nele, só existe um local para digitar
endereços e fazer pesquisas. Nesta barra, o usuário pode colo- 8VH R FXUVRU SDUD GHVWDFDU TXDOTXHU WH[WR RX LPDJHP HP
car o endereço do site ou a palavra que quer encontrar, sem se uma página da Web. Clique com o botão direito do mouse e
preocupar com nada. A aplicação analisa e faz a pesquisa que selecione a opção para realizar uma pesquisa sobre a imagem
deve ser feita. ou o texto em destaque.
74 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Colar e pesquisar Ao iniciar uma seção, o usuário tem acesso aos seus mar-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Destaque qualquer texto em uma página da Web com seu FDGRUHV DSOLFDo}HV KLVWyULFR H RXWUDV GH¿QLo}HV HP WRGRV RV
cursor e o copie. Quando estiver pronto para pesquisar, clique VHXV GLVSRVLWLYRV 4XDOTXHU LWHP PRGL¿FDGR HP XP JDGJHW p
com o botão direito do mouse na barra de endereço e selecione atualizado instantaneamente nos outros, assim que acessarem a
Colar e pesquisar. Internet. Dessa forma, seus itens estão seguros caso haja algum
problema com o computador, smartphone ou tablet. É a ideia de
Pesquisa com destacar e arrastar(somente para computação em nuvem, de qualquer computador todas as suas
Windows e Linux) FRQ¿JXUDo}HV H SHUVRQDOL]DomR GR VRIWZDUH ¿FDP UHJLVWUDGRV
Destaque qualquer texto em uma página da Web com o QRSURYHGRUVHPSUHTXH¿]HUORJLQHPTXDOTXHUGLVSRVLWLYRR
cursor e arraste-o para a barra de endereço. O Google Chrome layout, tema, plugin, e qualquer outra funcionalidade que você
exibe automaticamente os resultados de pesquisa fornecidos tenha dados ao aplicativo estará disponível na hora.
pelo seu mecanismo de pesquisa padrão para o texto destacado.
Loja de aplicativos
Pesquisa por voz
Além dos serviços do Google, com a loja Chrome Web
É possível usar sua voz no Google app ou no Google Chrome Store é possível instalar aplicativos e extensões para tornar o
para algumas ações como pesquisar, ver rotas e criar lembretes. uso do navegador mais completo. As extensões complementam
Por exemplo, diga “Ok Google, precisarei de guarda-chuva as funcionalidades do programa, enquanto os aplicativos dis-
amanhã?” para saber se choverá, de acordo com a previsão do ponibilizam novas funcionalidades a ele. Conheça as melhores
tempo. extensões do Chrome para o uso de redes sociais.
Para iniciar uma pesquisa por voz digite www.google.com.
br no navegador Google Chrome. No canto superior direito da
página, clique no botão azul Fazer login.Diga "Ok Google"
ou clique no ícone do microfone, ao lado direito da caixa de
pesquisa .
O que você pode pedir para o Google fazer por você na
pesquisa por voz
Você pode dizer a maioria desses exemplos em inglês,
francês, alemão, italiano, japonês, coreano, russo, espanhol
H SRUWXJXrV %UDVLO 1R HQWDQWR DOJXQV H[HPSORV QmR HVWmR
disponíveis em todos os idiomas.
(QFRQWUDUXP¿OPH³4XDLV¿OPHVHVWmRHPH[LELomRKRMH
à noite?” ou “Onde está passando Jogos vorazes?”.
Encontrar lugares próximos³2QGH¿FDDIDUPiFLDPDLV
próxima?”.
Tudo isso sem precisar sair do browser e com uma grande
Saber as horas: “Que horas são em São Paulo?”.
diversidade de opções. Na loja, o usuário pode instalar temas
Responder a perguntas gerais: “Onde Albert Einstein HSHUVRQDOL]DUDDSDUrQFLDGRVRIWZDUH&RQ¿UDHEDL[HDOJXQV
nasceu?” ou “Quantos anos tem Beyoncé?”. temas do Chrome e o customize suas funcionalidades.
Calcular a gorjeta: “Qual é a gorjeta para 42 reais?”. Abas
Traduzir palavras ou frases: “Qual é a tradução de biscoito Quem navega muito sabe que, às vezes, é difícil fechar as
em inglês?”. abas, pois é normal esquecer depois do endereço acessado.
'H¿QLU uma palavra³2TXHVLJQL¿FDJXOD"´ &RP R EURZVHU p SRVVtYHO DEULU PDLV GH  DEDV DR PHV-
Converter unidades³4XDQWRpJUDPDVHPTXLORV"´ mo tempo, se o computador aguentar pois consome muita
PHPyULD5$06HQGRDVVLPRXVXiULRFRQWLQXDQDYHJDQGR
Resolver um problema de matemática³5DL]TXDGUDGDGH enquanto guarda outras abas para ver depois ou alternar entre
´ elas.
Quando você começa a digitar na barra de endereço, os É comum que plugins de terceiros, como o Java ou o
seguintes ícones podem aparecer ao lado das suas sugestões de Flash, sobrecarreguem o sistema, resultando no travamen-
pesquisa: to. A diferença é que, com este programa, o usuário não
œSeus sites favoritos perde todo o conteúdo aberto, basta fechar a aba travada
para continuar navegando normalmente. Essa característica
/3HVTXLVDVSRSXODUHVSUHYLV}HVTXHFRQWrPDVSDODYUDV é muito útil para quem precisa ter muitas abas abertas ao
que você está digitando mesmo tempo.
Sites do seu histórico de navegação É possível ainda “Fixar Aba” clicando com o botão se-
cundário do mouse sobre a aba e escolher este comando, isto
Integração com serviços do Google fará com que a aba escolhida seja deslocada para a esquerda
Ao navegar na internet, é sempre bom contar com alterna- ¿FDQGRDQWHVGHTXDOTXHUDEDQDEDUUDGHDEDVH¿TXHFRPXPD
tivas. Se a opção possuir integração com os principais serviços largura bem inferior se comparado com as demais abas. Esta
web, melhor ainda. Este é o caso do Chrome, que é um navega- DEDFRPRUHIHULGRVLWH¿FDUiGLVSRQtYHOPHVPRDSyVIHFKDU
dor integrado à plataforma de serviços do Google para dar aos RQDYHJDGRUpSRVVtYHO¿[DUTXDQWDVDEDVTXLVHUSRUpPLVWR
usuários acesso completo aos seus serviços. Para isto funcionar, afeta diretamente na velocidade do carregamento do programa
basta fazer login em sua conta Google e pronto. na sua inicialização.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 75
Comande as abas com o teclado Safe Browsing: Bloqueio de malware

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
$EULQGR)HFKDQGR Preocupado com a segurança dos seus usuários, o Google
adicionou um novo sistema de navegação segura. Agora, ele
Abrir uma aba: Ctrl + T emite alertas automaticamente quando o usuário acessa um site
Fechar a aba atual: Ctrl + W ou Ctrl + F4 RXDUTXLYRPDOLFLRVR&RPHVWHUHFXUVRRLQWHUQDXWD¿FDPDLV
SURWHJLGRGHPDOZDUHVHGHSKLVKLQJ±SiJLQD:(%IDOVD
5HDEULUDDEDTXHIRLIHFKDGD&WUO6KLIW7
O Safe Browsing exibe um alerta no canto inferior da tela
para avisar a presença de arquivos maliciosos. Além disso, ele
Navegando entre abas
exige que os usuários façam mais procedimentos para seguir em
,USDUDDDEDGDHVTXHUGD&WUO6KLIW7DERX&WUO3J8S frente ao acessar o download de um arquivo ou uma página sus-
Ir para a aba da direita: Ctrl + Tab ou Ctrl + PgDn. peita. Com isso, a segurança da navegação é muito otimizada.
([LELUGDSULPHLUDDRLWDYDDED&WUODWp&WUO Para aumentar ainda mais a proteção, o programa utiliza
isolamento de processos. Isso adiciona uma camada de proteção
([LELUD~OWLPDDED&WUO contra páginas da web malignas que tentam instalar softwares
no seu PC, monitorizar as suas atividades na Web ou roubar
informações privadas do disco rígido.
Ícones indicativos em abas
Na loja Chrome Web Store é possível instalar uma extensão
Ao abrir diversas abas, são frequentes as situações em que chamada WOT. O WOT é um serviço de análise e reputação
começam a sair som de mais de um site. Para não perder tempo de sites que ajuda você a tomar decisões inteligentes sobre se
ao procurar de onde vem a música, o Chrome agora exibe um GHYHFRQ¿DUHPXPVLWHRXQmRTXDQGRYRFrID]SHVTXLVDV
ícone indicativo na aba. Com isso, o usuário pode rapidamente compras ou navega on-line.
descobrir em qual aba o som ou o vídeo está sendo reproduzido
e, então, fechá-la. O WOT simplesmente exibe a reputação dos sites de acordo
com as luzes do semáforo ao lado dos resultados da pesquisa
quando você usa o Google, Yahoo!, Bing ou qualquer outro
Novo modo Windows 8 mecanismo de busca. Os ícones também são visíveis ao lado
No Windows 8, há a disponibilidade de usar o Chrome na dos links nos sites de redes sociais como Facebook e Twitter e
serviços de e-mail como Gmail e Yahoo! Mail, bem como em
área de trabalho tradicional ou utilizá-lo em uma interface estilo
outros sites conhecidos como a Wikipédia. Ao clicar no ícone
“Metro”. O design deste recurso torna mais nativo e adequado de semáforo, você pode encontrar mais informações sobre a
ao visual baseado em tiles do novo sistema da Microsoft. Para reputação do site e opiniões de outros usuários. O sinal verde
isso, basta clicar no menu do programa e escolher a opção que VLJQL¿FD TXH RV XVXiULRV DYDOLDUDP R VLWH FRPR FRQ¿iYHO H
permite alternar entre os dois ambientes. seguro, o vermelho alerta sobre possíveis ameaças e o amarelo
O diferencial do modo “Metro” é que, quando o software indica que você precisa ser cauteloso ao usar o site.
está nessa interface, é possível gerenciar diversas janelas e As avaliações e análises do WOT são fornecidas por uma
acessar seus Chrome Apps usando um lançador de aplicativos FRPXQLGDGH JOREDO GH PLOK}HV GH XVXiULRV TXH FODVVL¿FDP
integrado. É como se fosse a sua “área de trabalho” do browser. os sites com base em suas experiências pessoais. Além disso,
O lançador existe no modo tradicional, mas não é tão integrado fontes de terceiros são usadas para alertá-lo sobre software
malicioso e outras ameaças técnicas que você pode encontrar.
como no modo “Metro”.
Você pode compartilhar suas experiências avaliando você
mesmo os sites, ajudando a tornar a Internet um lugar mais
seguro para todos.
A tecnologia de validação de autenticidade ajuda a impedir
que um malware se instale em seu computador ou use aquilo que
acontece em uma guia do navegador para afetar o que acontece
na outra. O processo de validação de autenticidade adiciona
uma camada complementar de segurança contra páginas da web
maliciosas que tentam instalar programas em seu computador,
PRQLWRUDUVXDVDWLYLGDGHVQDZHERXURXEDULQIRUPDo}HVFRQ¿-
denciais de seu disco rígido.
Com a tecnologia Navegação segura ativada no Google
Chrome, caso encontre um site suspeito de conter phishing
ou malware durante sua navegação na web você receberá uma
página de aviso.

Visão “Metro” do Chrome, muito parecido com a visuali-

]DomRGDÈUHDGH7UDEDOKRDPXGDQoD¿FDQDSDUWHLQIHULRUGD
janela onde o aplicativo apresenta, no canto esquerdo, atalhos
para os principais aplicativos integrados Google exibidos em
primeiro plano na Barra de Status e o Google Drive e Web Store
acessados através do botão de Aplicativos destacado em azul e
sua janela.
76 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Modo de navegação anônima ANOTAÇÕES

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Quando não quiser que suas visitas a websites ou downloads
sejam gravados em seus históricos de navegação e download, __________________________________________________________
você poderá navegar no modo de navegação anônima. Além
__________________________________________________________
disso, todos os cookies criados durante a navegação no modo de
navegação anônima são excluídos depois que todas as janelas __________________________________________________________
anônimas abertas são fechadas.
__________________________________________________________
Quando você estiver navegando no modo de navegação
anônima, poderá ver o ícone do modo de navegação anô- __________________________________________________________
nima no canto da página. A navegação em modo anônimo
__________________________________________________________
é útil principalmente quando você precisa navegar na web
de forma privada, sem a necessidade de alterar suas con- __________________________________________________________
figurações de privacidade novamente entre as sessões de
__________________________________________________________
navegação. Por exemplo, você pode ter uma sessão normal
e uma sessão em modo anônimo em janelas separadas ao __________________________________________________________
mesmo tempo.
__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
Preferências de privacidade __________________________________________________________
Você pode controlar todas as suas preferências de privaci-
__________________________________________________________
GDGHQRPHQXGR*RRJOH&KURPH%DVWDVHOHFLRQDU³&RQ¿JXUD-
o}HV´FOLFDUHP³0RVWUDUFRQ¿JXUDo}HVDYDQoDGDV´HDMXVWDUD __________________________________________________________
seção "Privacidade".
__________________________________________________________
Limpar os dados de navegação __________________________________________________________
Se o usuário desejar apagar as informações da navega-
__________________________________________________________
ção que já fez, há a possibilidade de limpar os dados em
qualquer momento. Isso inclui históricos de navegação e __________________________________________________________
transferência, cookies, senha e dados de formulários salvos.
Estas informações são muito importantes para quem invade __________________________________________________________
seu computador. Através destas informações é possível __________________________________________________________
traçar um perfil de sua atividade na Internet procurando a
principal informação que é se você faz compras online ou __________________________________________________________
realiza transações bancárias via Internet.
__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
Controle de pais
__________________________________________________________
Outra grande novidade é a função de controle dos pais, no
qual é possível determinar, por exemplo, quais sites um usuário __________________________________________________________
pode ter acesso. Essa ferramenta é bastante útil para pais que
GHVHMDP PDQWHU RV ¿OKRV HP VHJXUDQoD RX SDUD TXHP TXHU __________________________________________________________
limitar o uso do navegador por terceiros.
__________________________________________________________
Para gerenciar os usuários supervisionados, basta acessar as
FRQ¿JXUDo}HVHP³8VXiULRV´FOLFDUQRERWmR³$GLFLRQDUQRYR __________________________________________________________
usuário…”. Na criação do usuário, marque o item “Este é um
__________________________________________________________
usuário supervisionado gerenciado por”.
O navegador é grátis e possui versões para Windows, Mac __________________________________________________________
OS, Linux, Android e iOS. Por isso, se você procura um brow- __________________________________________________________
ser rápido, multiplataforma e integrado aos principais serviços
da web, faça download do Google Chrome! __________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 77

Campos de destinatário

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
CORREIO ELETRÔNICO To ou Para - endereço de e-mail do destinatário, pode ser
inserido quantos endereços forem necessários. Os endereços
WEBMAIL inseridos aqui podem ser visualizados por todos os endere-
ços existentes nos campos To ou Para e Cc
É um tipo de e-mail onde o acesso a sua caixa postal Cc - significa Carbon Copy (cópia carbonada). Aqui você
eletrônica é feito diretamente utilizando um navegador deverá colocar o endereço de e-mail da pessoa que você quer
WEB não sendo necessário nenhum outro programa para enviar uma cópia. Este item poderá ficar em branco caso
ler, apagar, responder, encaminhar e criar seus e-mails. Pra- você não queira enviar cópia. Os endereços inseridos aqui
ticamente todos os provedores de conta de e-mail possuem podem ser visualizados por todos os endereços existentes
acesso diretor pelo navegador. nos campos To ou Para e Cc.
A vantagem de utilizar o WebMail é poder acessar sua Bcc - significa Blind Carbon Copy (cópia cega) ou Cco
caixa de qualquer computador em qualquer lugar do mundo. Carbon Copy Occult. É usada sempre que quisermos enviar
Quando se utiliza um programa gerenciador de e-mail como uma cópia da mensagem para alguém, sem que os destinatá-
o Outlook ou o Thunderbird, as mensagens são “baixadas” rios inseridos nos campos To e Cc saibam.
para o seu computador através de download e armazenadas Os destinatários dos campos Para e Cc não visualizam os
no seu computador tirando as mensagens do servidor e-mails colocados neste campo e nem mesmo são visualiza-
Internet, desta forma, as mensagens não poderão mais ser dos entre si.
acessadas de outra máquina.
O programa navegador é o aplicativo utilizado para
visualizar páginas da Internet como o Internet Explorer, Assunto ou Subject – campo destinado ao assunto da
Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Opera, etc. Nestes mensagem.
programas basta acessar a página inicial (Home Page) do seu Anexos – local destinado a inserir algum arquivo de
provedor de e-mail e fazer sua autenticação (inserir usuário som, texto, planilha, musica, pdf, etc. que serão enviados
e senha). juntamente (anexo) ao e-mail. Por medida de segurança os
Para obter uma conta de WebMail basta se cadastrar em arquivos executáveis (.exe) não serão enviados.
qualquer provedor que forneça este tipo de serviço, existem Corpo da Mensagem – espaço onde será redigida a
servidores pagos e gratuitos. Escolha o provedor que lhe ofe- mensagem.
recer maior espaço de armazenamento para suas mensagens
ou de anexo em cada mensagem, escolha o provedor que
mais atender as suas necessidades e faça o seu cadastro. O
nome de usuário (username) utilizado no login é o seu e-mail.
GMAIL
O e-mail da Google é gratuito e tem uma caixa de entrada
organizada em Principal, Sociais, Promoções e Atualizações.
Estrutura do e-mail Este formato ajuda o usuário a organizar automaticamente
Todos os endereços eletrônicos seguem uma estrutura os tipos de e-mail classificando-as. Estas opções são auto-
padrão: máticas, porém, o usuário pode personalizar excluindo estas
opções e/ou incluindo outras.
nome_do.usuário@provedor.com.br
Por padrão, o Gmail está configurado para usar o HTTPS,
Nome do Usuário – é o nome de login escolhido pelo
um protocolo seguro que fornece comunicações autenticadas
usuário na hora de fazer seu cadastro.
e criptografadas. Atualmente novos cadastros estão abertos
@ - O símbolo da arroba é o separador de nomes de ao público e podem ser feitos diretamente no site.
contas e nomes de domínios. Em inglês, pronuncia-se "at"
que significa “em”. Visualização de conversas
Provedor – é o nome da empresa que você escolheu para A principal inovação desse serviço, frente aos outros, é
criar o e-mail. o método com o qual os e-mails recebidos são organizados,
Vejamos um exemplo: prof.otacir@gmail.com denominado pelo Google de "Visualização de Conversas".
Esse método consiste em mostrar todas as mensagens rela-
cionadas com um assunto específico em uma única janela, de
O WebMail é composto pelas seguintes caixas: uma maneira escalonada, isso é, fica uma mensagem "acima"
Caixa de Entrada – Onde ficam armazenadas as mensa- da outra, conforme a ordem cronológica de envio.
gens recebidas.
Marcadores (labels)
Caixa de Saída – Armazena as mensagens ainda não
enviadas. Dado o grande espaço de armazenamento, e o espaço
permitido para anexos (25MB por mensagem), existem
E-mails Enviados – Como o nome diz, ficam os e-mails ferramentas (como o GMail Drive para Windows, o gmailfs
que foram enviados. para Linux, ou o GDisk, para Mac OS X) que possibilitam
Rascunho – Guarda as mensagens que você ainda não utilizar a conta do serviço como se fosse um disco virtual.
terminou de redigir. Tais recursos, por se tratarem de um serviço "alternativo",
Lixeira – Armazena as mensagens excluídas. podem deixar de funcionar inesperadamente.
78 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

RSS integrado Escrever

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Já disponível no idioma português, além do inglês. Os Escrever um e-mail deve ser pessoal e produtivo. No
RSS são mostrados em forma de "WebClips", ordenados Yahoo Mail, Escrever permite criar e melhorar a sua
numa lista de arquivos do tipo XML a qual já vem com mensagem com belas visualizações de links e opções de
alguns arquivos por padrão, porém, por ser definida pelo formatação e mais, com a integração ao Dropbox e Flickr,
usuário ao seu gosto, além de contar com um sistema de você pode anexar arquivos, documentos e fotos mais rápi-
busca específico para isso. do do que nunca.
Envie arquivos com confiança. Com 1TB de espaço
Grupos gratuito de e-mail, você nunca terá que se preocupar com
O Gmail facilita e muito a separação de grupos de e-mails. o envio ou recebimento de arquivos grandes em sua caixa
Inicialmente, são criados dois grupos que não podem ser de entrada e falta de espaço. Anexe facilmente fotos ou
apagados: "Todos os e-mails" e "E-mails utilizados frequen- documentos de seu computador clicando no ícone de clipe
temente". Existe também a possibilidade de criar grupos de papel ou clicando no menu suspenso de seu Flickr ou
personalizados, que agora estão disponíveis no idioma por- Dropbox. Você também pode arrastar e soltar arquivos de
tuguês, anteriormente os usuário que gostariam de usar este seu computador para a área de Escrever e anexá-los num
serviço teriam que mudar o idioma para "English(US)". O piscar de olhos.
objetivo desses grupos personalizados é criar seus próprios
grupos para facilitar o envio específicos para determinadas Agenda
pessoas. Por exemplo, no grupo "Faculdade", você coloca
todos os e-mails dos colegas de faculdade e quando precisar O Yahoo Agenda tem as ferramentas necessárias para
se comunicar com eles, não precisa ficar selecionando quem ajudar a gerenciar e organizar a sua agenda ocupada.
é ou não dessa seleção. Obtenha lembretes para aniversários, aniversários de
casamento, compromissos e nunca mais esqueça um evento
Google Chat - um Google Talk integrado importante. Com o Yahoo Agenda, você pode criar entradas
da agenda, clicando sobre a data e a hora em que o evento
Funciona basicamente como o software Google Talk, ocorrerá. Adicione o título do evento, local e selecione Adi-
porém integrado ao Gmail, ou seja, não é necessário instalar cionar Mais detalhes para ver as opções e convidar as pessoas
no computador. Dessa forma, nas redes onde os acessos a para o evento ou para adicionar um lembrete de alerta.
esses programas forem bloqueados, você poderá usar o seu
Instant Messaging de qualquer lugar. O Google chat inclui
ainda uma função que salva os históricos das conversações Seus contatos
de chat automaticamente numa pasta chamada "Chat". Mantenha contato com sua rede pessoal. Nosso recurso
de importação de duas etapas permite que você adicione
contatos da sua conta do Facebook ou outros provedores de
YAHOO MAIL e-mail como o Gmail ou Outlook, tornando simples alternar
contas de e-mail.
Personalize sua caixa de entrada com temas vibrantes e
organize seu e-mail do jeito que você preferir. Acesse rapi- No perfil de cada contato, você encontrará um resumo
damente as ferramentas que você usa diariamente, como sua de suas interações mais recentes com eles, incluindo men-
Agenda, Bloco de notas, Contatos, Mensagens instantâneas sagens, fotos e arquivos. Se você teve um tópico longo de e-
e Busca.Com a nossa barra de ferramentas de mensagens e -mail com um amigo sobre as próximas férias, basta navegar
ações rápidas fica mais simples classificar, marcar e apagar pelos seus contatos e selecionar o nome do seu amigo para
e-mails em poucos cliques. ver rapidamente os últimos e-mails e anexos já enviados
sobre a viagem.
Sua Caixa de entrada, Contatos, Agenda, Bloco de notas
e o Messenger estão agrupados no canto superior esquerdo,
o que torna mais fácil para alternar entre tarefas. Se você Armazenamento
receber uma nova mensagem instantânea durante a leitura O Yahoo Mail oferece a maior quantidade de armazena-
de um e-mail, basta clicar no ícone do Messenger para abrir mento gratuito entre todos os provedores de e-mail. Com 1
uma janela flutuante que não fará você perder o seu trabalho. TB de espaço livre (ou seja, 1000 GB!), você nunca terá que
se preocupar em apagar e-mails para economizar espaço.
Busca 1 TB de armazenamento: Mantenha todos os e-mails e
Filtre através de centenas de e-mails em segundos. Com arquivos enviados para você. Para verificar a quantidade de
a ferramenta de busca do Yahoo Mail, fica mais simples en- armazenamento que você tem, vá para Configurações e abai-
contrar a mensagem, documento ou foto exata que você está xo de Contas você verá a porcentagem de armazenamento
procurando, não importa quando foi enviada ou recebida. que você usou.
Quando você sabe o assunto de um e-mail, mas não tem cer-
teza de quem enviou, tente procurar o e-mail pela palavra-chave. Segurança
Economize tempo digitando apenas a palavra que você sabe que O Yahoo Mail usa a melhor tecnologia de segurança para
está no e-mail e deixe a nossa busca inteligente encontrá-la para ajudar a mantê-lo seguro online. A criptografia SSL mantém
você. Por exemplo, digamos que você está tentando encontrar seu e-mail seguro à medida que ele viaja entre o navegador
um e-mail sobre uma reunião. Na caixa de busca no topo do web do seu computador e o servidor do Yahoo. Isso significa
seu e-mail, digite a palavra “reunião” e aperte o botão Buscar que não importa onde você esteja, se você está na página
no Yahoo Mail. Você verá uma lista de resultados de todos os inicial ou navegando em seu e-mail em uma cafeteria, suas
e-mails com essa palavra-chave mencionada. informações de e-mail são mantidas em segurança.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 79

SSL Ainda, com relação aos webmails, o Zimbra disponibiliza

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
um em html, mais simples, voltado a conexões lentas, com
Sempre que você usar o Yahoo Mail, seja na web, web
praticamente todas as funcionalidades da versão full (em
móvel, aplicativos móveis ou via IMAP, POP ou SMTP,
Ajax), particularmente, eu me dei por falta apenas do Instant
100% das informações são criptografadas por padrão e pro- Messenger nesta versão. E como se não bastasse, para quem
tegidas com certificados de 2.048 bits. Essa criptografia se deseja acessar seus e-mails a partir de um celular, existe um
estende a seus e-mails, anexos, contatos, bem como agenda e webmail para este fim disponível.
Messenger no Mail.

Filtros de spam
OUTLOOK
O Yahoo Mail bloqueia mais de 15 bilhões de mensagens
O programa de e-mail da Microsoft é uma ferramenta
de spam por dia. Usamos a aprendizagem de máquina e
para gerenciar mensagens pessoais e empresariais. Ele faz
constantemente ajustamos e melhoramos nossas tecnologias
parte do Pacote Microsoft Office. O e-mail é a principal for-
de filtragem que bloqueiam spam e outros e-mails maliciosos
ma de contato entre as pessoas após os posts de redes sociais
que você não quer ver. Você pode ajudar a treinar os filtros
e mensagens instantâneas via celular.
clicando no botão Spam cada vez que encontrar e-mails
indesejados em sua caixa de entrada. Para obter um Webmail, basta se cadastrar em qualquer
site que forneça uma conta de correio eletrônico e disponi-
Novidades bilize este serviço. Algumas opções existente: OutLook (ex
Hotmail), Gmail, Yahoo mail, Uol, Bol, Terra, etc...
Dicas para usar os aplicativos do Yahoo Mail
Um endereço de e-mail possui o seguinte Layout:
Leve seu e-mail com você onde quer que você vá. Com nome_de.usuario1@provedor.com.br
o aplicativo do Yahoo Mail, você pode receber alertas ins-
tantâneos quando um novo e-mail chegar e nunca perder Onde o nome de usuário deve ser único naquele provedor
uma mensagem. Economize tempo com estas dicas rápidas: uma vez que seu e-mail é sua identificação pessoal, não po-
Toque nas caixas de seleção ao lado de cada mensagem na dendo haver dois endereços de e-mail idênticos no mundo.
caixa de entrada Exibir para mover rapidamente suas men- O Outlook 2010 começou a ser desenvolvido com base
sagens, ou marcá-las como favoritas ou lidas. Deslize para em um outro programa, também da Microsoft, chamado
esquerda ou direita em Exibir Mensagem para navegar entre OUTLOOK EXPRESS, até o Windows 98 ele era um dos
as mensagens. componentes desse sistema operacional com a chegada em
2000 pelo Windows XP ele foi incluído como um dos pro-
gramas do Microsoft Office 2003, 2007, 2010 e 2013.
ZIMBRA Outlook 2010 oferece acesso de qualquer lugar a seu e-mail,
O Zimbra, é uma suíte colaborativa de e-mail muito calendário e catálogo de endereços em só aplicativo. Reúna
suas seus compromissos e contato de forma interligada.
poderosa, cujo foco é ser uma alternativa livre ao Microsoft
Exchange. Com suas duas versões disponíveis, a versão Com novos recursos o programa tornou-se mais produ-
Network Edition (NE) e a Open Source, ele consegue, no tivo. Felizmente, a Faixa de Opções personalizável apri-
mínimo equiparar-se a solução oferecida pela Microsoft, morada do Outlook 2010 facilita o descobrimento de mais
tendo a sua versão NE voltada a empresas que precisam de comandos, para que você possa se concentrar no produto
suporte e ferramentas de backup mais avançadas. final, e não em como chegar até eles. As configurações de
contas novas e existentes ficou mais fácil, instalar e configu-
O Zimbra nasceu para ser uma alternativa ao Exchange,
rar impressora também, além de uma maneira mais fácil de
como já mencionado anteriormente, no mundo Linux. Em
limpar sua caixa de correio estas tarefas sempre deram muito
meio a tantos webmails e e-mail's servers, faltava ainda uma
trabalho e podem se tornar complicada para pessoas que não
solução mais integrada, ao estilo Exchange, e que fosse sim- são muito familiarizadas com configuração de software.
ples de ser mantida e atualizada.
A nova exibição pode ajudá-lo a obter tudo isso e muito
Atualmente, o Zimbra conta com muitas funções, den- mais. Agora você pode gerenciar sua conta, imprimir e per-
tre elas, podemos citar a integração com LDAP, clustering, sonalizar seu Outlook 2010 com mais facilidade.
entre outras, tudo isso disponível através de uma interface
Web para administração, completa e funcional, onde você Com os anos, o e-mail evoluiu de um ou dois parágrafos
consegue efetuar todos os serviços do dia-a-dia, desde o de texto para boletins informativos familiares ou empresa-
cadastro de um novo e-mail, a aplicação de quotas e criação riais, papéis de carta personalizados, agendas e muito mais.
de aliases. Seja seu e-mail pessoal ou comercial, o Outlook 2010 traz
ferramentas inovadoras que você espera do Microsoft Office
Também, não podemos esquecer-nos dos webmails. O para ajudá-lo a concretizar suas ideias.
Zimbra possui um webmail em Ajax, extremamente comple-
to, que não deixa nada a dever frente ao Microsoft Outlook, Transforme rapidamente as informações em ações
tendo desde um calendário a catálogo de e-mail (dentre mui- com e-mails de formato elegante. Use os temas do Office
tas outras opções), até um sistema de Instant Messenger. Um recém-adicionados para expressar seu estilo de formatação.
detalhe acerca do Calendário e do Catálogo de endereços, é Quando se trata da reutilização de conteúdo por colagem,
a sua integração com o Zimbra Desktop (cliente de e-mail Colar com Visualização Dinâmica permite que você obtenha
do Zimbra), ele é para o Zimbra o mesmo que o Microsoft a formatação correta na primeira vez.
Outlook é para o Exchange. Ainda contamos, na versão NE, Obtenha a atenção de seus leitores ao transmitir visual-
com a integração com o próprio Microsoft Outlook, onde mente sua mensagem. Não é necessário ser especialista para
este atua como se fosse um Exchange. criar e-mails elegantes e profissionais. As ferramentas de
80 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

edição de imagens novas e aprimoradas, os gráficos Smar- Para utilizar o Outlook e nunca limpar, nem fazer o do-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
tArt e a capacidade de inserir capturas de tela diretamente wnload das mensagens para seu computador deixando-as no
em suas mensagens permitem que você incorpore excelentes servidor até que você as apague pessoalmente escolha o pro-
gráficos sem usar programas de edição de fotos adicionais. tocolo IMAP. Através deste protocolo você poderá utilizar
todas as ferramentas do Outlook deixando suas mensagens
&RQÀJXUDQGRFRQWDHPDLO sempre disponíveis no servidor podendo acessá-las de qual-
quer dispositivo como o celular por exemplo.
Antes de poder enviar e receber e-mails no Outlook 2010,
você precisa adicionar e configurar uma conta de e-mail. Se Para enviar mensagens existe somente um protocolo que
tiver usando uma versão anterior do Microsoft Outlook no faz esta função que é o SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Pro-
mesmo computador em que instalou o Outlook 2010, suas tocol), traduzindo “Protocolo de Transferência de Correio
configurações de conta serão importadas automaticamente. Simples”.
Se você não tem experiência com o Outlook ou se estiver Resumindo: Existem três protocolos de e-mail, dois para
instalando o Outlook em um computador novo, o recurso receber e-mail e um para enviar:
Configuração Automática de Conta será iniciado automati- IMAP e POP3 => Recebem
camente e o ajudará a configurar as definições de suas contas
de e-mail. Essa configuração exige somente seu nome, en- SMTP => Envia
dereço de e-mail e senha. Se não for possível configurar sua
conta de e-mail automaticamente, será necessário digitar as Mudança de visual
informações adicionais obrigatórias manualmente.
Com a versão 2010 do Outlook a primeira mudança é
Estes são as configurações mais comuns MAS você SÓ com relação ao novo visual. A Faixa de Opções substitui
deve usar as fornecidas pelo seu provedor. o menu e as barras de ferramentas na parte superior da
Servidor de entrada (POP3): mail.seuservidor.com | janela principal do Outlook para oferecer a você uma mais
porta 110 | Tipo de conexão: Nenhum produtividade concentrando os comandos principais nas
Guias e Grupos. Ela foi projetada para ajudá-lo a encontrar
Mas também poderá ser mail.outroservidor.com | porta e usar com mais facilidade a variedade completa de recursos
995 | Tipo de conexão: SSL oferecidos pelo Outlook - de forma que você possa fazer mais
Servidor de saída (SMTP): mail.seuservidor.com | porta em menos tempo.
587 | Tipo de conexão: Nenhum
Na guia Página Inicial estão os comandos para criar e
Mas também poderá ser mail.outroservidor.com | porta trabalhar com itens do Outlook como mensagens, itens de
465 | Tipo de conexão: SSL calendário ou contatos. Clique na guia Enviar/Receber para
Requer autenticação com o seu usuário (seu e-mail) e sua comandos relacionados ao envio de itens ou à verificação da
password (enviado pelo seu provedor) existência de novos itens do Outlook no servidor. Na guia
Pasta estão os comandos para criar, mover ou compartilhar
pastas. Na guia Exibir, é possível alterar e personalizar a
A opção “Deixar uma cópia das mensagens no servidor” exibição das pastas.
deve ser analisada com cuidado. Veja as duas opções e esco-
Os comandos para E-mail, que são os mais usados, estão
lha o procedimento que mais lhe agrada.
na guia Página Inicial. Eles incluem Novo E-mail, Respon-
O Outlook é um programa gerenciador de e-mail que der, Encaminhar e Excluir.
funciona de forma semelhante ao seu navegador quando
Para criar uma mensagem de e-mail, pressione CTRL +
você visualiza seus e-mails nele. Você pode ler, responder,
encaminhar, apagar e criar e-mails e funcionará da mesma SHIFT + M ou CTRL + N
forma como se estivesse no navegador. Clique em qualquer mensagem para exibi-la no Painel de
Ao configurar sua conta para o gerenciador Outlook Leitura ou clique duas vezes na mensagem para abri-la. Se
você terá que escolher qual protocolo de “recebimento” de uma mensagem tiver um anexo, clique nele para exibi-lo no
e-mail usar o POP3 ou IMAP. Se escolher o POP3 todas as Painel de Leitura ou clique duas vezes para abrir o anexo no
mensagens que existem na sua Caixa de Entrada no servidor programa associado.
serão TRANSFERIDAS para o seu computador, o programa
fará um download de todas as mensagens e APAGARÁ sua As Etapas Rápidas facilitam a execução
caixa de entrada. Tenha em mente que quando você acessar de ações
sua conta de e-mail via navegador, seja de qualquer com- Na guia Página Inicial, o grupo Etapas Rápidas combina
putador, sua caixa não conterá mais os e-mails que foram em um único clique os diversos comandos necessários para
transferidos para o seu computador, então, se você utiliza executar ações comuns. Por exemplo, é possível categorizar,
muitos computadores diferentes e necessita verificar e-mail sinalizar e mover uma mensagem com apenas um clique.
existentes com frequência, este não deve ser o protocolo
Você pode personalizar as Etapas Rápidas padrão e criar seus
escolhido, pois suas mensagens antigas estarão somente em
próprios botões combinando suas ações mais frequentes.
seu computador. Toda vez que você abrir o Outlook 2010 ele
automaticamente fará o Download as mensagens que estive- A Faixa de Opções também oferece guias contextuais para
rem no seu servidor e os transferirá para o computador, lim- oferecer ferramentas adicionais específicas quando precisar
pando sua caixa de entrada. Caso queira que suas mensagens delas. Atualize seus itens de Calendário e de Tarefa sem sair
permaneçam no servidor habilite a opção “Deixar uma cópia de sua caixa de entrada. Por exemplo, clique em um item de
das mensagens no servidor”, escolha uma data, caso prefira, Calendário ou de Tarefa em sua Barra de Tarefas Pendentes
para ser deletada do servidor ou ainda “Remover do servidor para exibir uma guia contextual na Faixa de Opções que
quando excluído de ‘Itens excluídos’”. ofereça ferramentas para que você trabalhe com esse item.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 81
Dica rápida: quando estiver verificando a Faixa de Op- Uma mensagem redundante é uma mensagem cujo

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
ções na parte superior da tela, não se esqueça de olhar para conteúdo esteja totalmente contido em uma mensagem
baixo. Agora, a barra de status na parte inferior da janela posterior na conversa. Por exemplo, se alguém responder sua
Outlook é personalizável. Basta clicar com o botão direito do mensagem e incluir toda a mensagem original, a mensagem
mouse para selecionar os itens que você deseja exibir, como original será considerada como uma mensagem redundante.
a contagem de itens em sua caixa de entrada, itens não lidos, Exiba somente as informações relevantes. Quando você
cota da caixa de correio e mais. Existe até um novo controle clica em uma conversa, o Outlook mostra a você a mensagem
deslizante de zoom no lado direito da barra de status que mais recente nela. Expanda para ver mensagens redundantes
permite a você aumentar ou diminuir rapidamente o tama- e anteriores, ou veja os colaboradores individuais.
nho das informações exibidas no Painel de Leitura.
Determine se há várias mensagens na conversa em um
relance. O ícone de mensagem para uma conversa com mais
1RYRPRGRGHH[LELomR0LFURVRIW2IÀFH de uma mensagem exibe vários envelopes.
Backstage! Armazene menos e-mails. Todos os e-mails redundan-
Na extremidade esquerda da Faixa de Opções, você verá tes na conversa podem ser rapidamente eliminados com
a guia Arquivo. Basta clicar na guia para obter acesso com- Limpar, preservando as mensagens exclusivas. Use Ignorar
pleto para gerenciar suas contas e personalizar o Outlook. e envie toda a conversa, e mensagens futuras, para a pasta
O novo modo de exibição Backstage substitui o menu Itens Excluídos. Se você for usuário do Exchange, ao Ignorar
Arquivo tradicional de antigas versões trazendo em um uma conversa, as mensagens futuras serão enviadas para os
único local todas as tarefas de gerenciamento de contas. Por Itens Excluídos, mesmo se os e-mails forem acessados pelo
exemplo: Outlook Web App ou pelo smartphone.
Quando você abrir o modo de exibição Backstage pela Ações rápidas em todas as conversas em apenas alguns
primeira vez, estará na guia Informações. Gerencie sua conta poucos cliques. Selecione o assunto da conversa e atribua
do Outlook configurando sua conta, adicionando uma nova uma categoria para cada mensagem, marque-as como lidas,
conta de e-mail, configurando respostas automáticas para mova-as ou copie-as para outra pasta e mais.
quando você estiver ausente do escritório, modificando suas O modo de visualização também está reformulado. Na
opções de arquivamento e organizando suas regras e alertas. guia Exibir, no grupo Conversas, selecione Mostrar como
Conversas e teste as opções suas Configurações. Escolha
como organizar sua pasta, qual item será o organizador, por
Dica rápida: se sua caixa de correio tiver um limite exemplo, organize por data, por assunto, por tamanho, por
de tamanho, um novo termômetro de cota oferecerá uma remetente, se tem anexo, etc. Podendo ainda acrescentar
representação visual da quantidade de espaço restante em várias outras colunas com informações que podem ser muito
sua caixa de correio. importantes no seu dia-a-dia que irá lhe ajudar muito.
As ações mais comuns, portanto repetitivas, formam o
Exibição de Conversa Grupo Etapas Rápidas. Neste grupo Mova, Copie, Encami-
A Exibição de Conversa no Outlook 2010 ajuda você a ir nhe e crie novas ações que estarão a um clique.
direto aos fatos relevantes. Condensa vários e-mails em uma A pesquisa de um item específico pode parecer confusa
discussão, chamada de thread de conversa, e os exibe como e demorada, especialmente quando você não tem tempo de
um único item de linha - mesmo se algumas mensagens da filtrar cada pasta e ler todo o conteúdo. Com o Outlook 2010,
conversa estiverem em outras pastas. Não só isso ajuda a re- você pode classificar com facilidade seus dados e encontrar
duzir a sobrecarga de informações, como também aprimora o que precisa quando precisar. As Ferramentas de Pesquisa
o acompanhamento e o gerenciamento de e-mails relacio- Contextual, permite que o Outlook faça a pesquisa por você
nados. Além disso, novas ferramentas de gerenciamento de usando as Ferramentas de Pesquisa adicionando critérios de
conversas podem ajudar você a economizar o valioso espaço pesquisa de forma que você possa encontrar o que precisa,
da caixa de correio. restringindo sua pesquisa e localizando suas informações
Na guia Exibir, no grupo Conversas, selecione Mostrar com rapidez.
como Conversas. Na caixa de diálogo, Ativar a Exibição de Restrinja sua pesquisa em apenas alguns cliques. Adi-
Conversa, opte por ativar a Exibição de Conversa para sua cione critérios a sua pesquisa para restringir seus resultados
pasta atual ou para todas as pastas. e incluir somente os itens com anexos de arquivo, de um
Quando você seleciona uma conversa pela primeira período específico, e-mails enviados diretamente a você ou
vez, somente as mensagens mais recentes da conversa são a outro destinatário e mais. Refina rapidamente seu local de
mostradas, o que ajuda você a rapidamente se inteirar de pesquisa, altere o escopo para ampliar sua pesquisa e incluir
uma conversa. Para ver todas as mensagens individuais, subpastas, todos os itens de e-mails ou todos os itens do
clique na seta à esquerda da conversa para expandi-la Outlook.
completamente. Se você não enxergar uma seta ao lado de Gerencie suas opções de pesquisa sem sair de seus resul-
uma mensagem, então não há respostas para ela. tados da pesquisa. Modifique locais e opções de pesquisa ou
Uma mensagem exclusiva é uma mensagem com con- volte rapidamente a uma pesquisa anterior.
teúdo diferente de outras mensagens em uma conversa. A Hoje existem várias maneiras de se manter conectado.
última mensagem de uma conversa sempre será exclusiva Sair e voltar de diversas ferramentas e sites torna desafiadora
porque tem conteúdo novo para a conversa. Outras men- a organização de suas informações. Felizmente, o Outlook
sagens exclusivas em uma conversa podem ocorrer se um 2010 pode ajudar você a se manter conectado. O novíssimo
participante da conversa enviar somente a resposta e não Outlook Social Connector (OSC) o conecta às redes sociais e
incluir conteúdo da mensagem anterior. de negócios que você usa, incluindo Microsoft SharePoint®
82 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

2010 e Windows Live. Conectam até mesmo a outros sites de O correio de voz protegido ajuda a proteger e a limitar o

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
terceiros conhecidos, como Facebook, LinkedIn e MySpace. correio de voz somente aos destinatários pretendidos.
É fácil obter mais informações e se manter em contato com
as pessoas em sua rede sem sair do Outlook.
Criando e-mail
Sincronize seus dados de contato diretamente no Microsoft
Outlook e obtenha informações sobre seus amigos e colegas. Para usuários comerciais, o envio de mensagens de e-mail
Consulte atualizações de redes sociais de terceiros, arquivos desnecessárias e a distribuição de informações confidenciais
recém-postados – e até mesmo exiba fotos compartilhadas. fora da empresa são preocupações frequentes. O novo recur-
Conecte-se às informações sociais do Meu Site do Sha- so Dicas de E-mail o alertará instantaneamente quando você
rePoint Server 2010 e receba atualizações de seu local de estiver prestes a enviar um e-mail para o seguinte condições:
trabalho, como documentos recém-postados ou marcados, Uma lista de distribuição grande – evite o spam de
atividade do site e mais. mensagens desnecessárias para uma audiência grande.
Acompanhe seu histórico de comunicação com facilida- Alguém que esteja ausente do escritório – economize
de. Use o Outlook Social Connector para exibir uma visua- tempo de envio de e-mails que não serão respondidos a
lização rápida de conteúdo do Outlook relacionado quando
tempo para seus prazos finais.
você clica no nome de um contato, como conversas de email
recentes, reuniões e documentos compartilhados Endereços de destinatário inválidos – determine se um
Baixe provedores de terceiros para suas redes sociais destinatário receberá sua mensagem imediatamente e evite
favoritas e conecte-se às pessoas em sua rede, tudo isso sem avisos de devolução.
sair de sua caixa de entrada. Partes externas – ajude a impedir o envio de informa-
Os desenvolvedores podem se conectar e alimentar fluxos ções confidenciais para fora da empresa.
a partir de aplicativos de linha de negócios, sites de terceiros
ou integrar suas soluções diretamente ao Outlook.
Trabalhando com e-mail
Para localizar provedores disponíveis para suas redes
sociais, clique na guia Exibir, clique em Painel de Pessoas e O Outlook 2010 permite que você se comunique com
clique em Configurações da Conta. Na caixa de diálogo re- um ou mais destinatários usando um amplo conjunto de
sultante, clique no link próximo à parte superior intitulado recursos e personalizações.
Exibir provedores de rede social disponíveis online. Depois Em E-mail, na guia Página Inicial, no grupo Novo, cli-
de adicionar um provedor de rede social, as informações que em Novo E-mail. Utilize também o Atalho do teclado
de contato das pessoas que estiverem em sua rede serão CTRL+SHIFT+M.
entregues em sua exibição de Contatos no Outlook e perma-
necerão sincronizadas com as informações online

Tradução
Use a tradução sob demanda, traduções completas de
item e um Minitradutor (anteriormente chamado de Dicas
de Tela de Tradução) para trabalhar com facilidade em
vários idiomas. O minitradutor aprimorado oferece mais
opções de idioma para a tradução imediata de uma palavra
ou frase à medida que você trabalha.
Se você trabalha com vários idiomas agora terá mais
flexibilidade para trabalhar como quiser. Personalize sua
opções multilíngue de uma única caixa de diálogo, onde é
possível definir preferências de idioma separadas para edi-
ção, exibição, Ajuda e Dicas de Tela. E a alteração de suas Na guia Página Inicial ou Mensagem, no grupo Res-
configurações de idioma no Outlook as altera automatica- ponder, clique em Responder, Responder a Todos ou
mente em todos os aplicativos aplicáveis do Office 2010. Encaminhar.
Modifique rapidamente suas configurações, nenhum O comando Responder enviará seu e-mail de volta à
manual será necessário. Se você não tiver o software ou o pessoa que lhe enviou o e-mail. Clique em Responder a
layout de teclado necessários instalados, você será notificado Todos quando você quiser enviar o e-mail para todas as
e serão oferecidos links para facilitar a resolução desses pessoas que receberam aquela mensagem. Por exemplo,
problemas. seu professor enviou uma tarefa a todos os alunos da sala,
inclusive você, com o Responder a Todos você enviará
Nova visualização de email de voz! uma resposta para todos os alunos da sala, inclusive o
Com o Outlook 2010 e a somado a tecnologia do Exchan- professor que foi quem enviou a mensagem inicial. Já o
ge Server 2010, uma visualização de conversão de voz em comando Encaminhar é utilizado para enviar para outra
texto de uma mensagem de voz gravada é enviada junto com pessoa qualquer, não importando se ela recebeu a mensa-
a gravação de correio de voz diretamente para sua caixa de gem inicial ou não, se está no seu Catálogo de Endereços
entrada. Acesse suas mensagens de virtualmente qualquer ou não, o comando Encaminhar enviará o e-mail selecio-
lugar usando um navegador da Web, um computador ou um nado, ou aberto, para outra pessoa.
smartphone.
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 83

Campos de destinatário Particulares: são pastas criadas pelo usuário que auxi-

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
liam a organização das mensagens
To ou Para - endereço de e-mail do destinatário
Cc - significa Carbon Copy (cópia carbonada - Xerox).
Aqui você deverá colocar o endereço de e-mail da pessoa que Calendário
você quer enviar uma cópia. Este item poderá ficar em bran- A faixa de opções no Outlook 2010 fornece ícones gran-
co caso você não queira enviar cópia. Todos os endereços des para mostrar as maneiras como o calendário pode ser
que estivem nos campos “Para” e “Cc" são visíveis entre si, organizado e exibido. Use os comandos da guia Exibir para
ou seja, qualquer pessoa que receber esta mensagem saberá personalizar ainda mais as informações que você vê no Ca-
que as demais pessoas relacionadas nos campos “Para” e lendário. Clique duas vezes em qualquer item de calendário
“Cc" também receberam a mensagem. Nenhum endereço para abri-lo e editar ou ver detalhes.
fica oculto aos outros. Na guia Página Inicial, use os comandos do grupo Novo
Bcc - significa Blind Carbon Copy (cópia cega) ou Cco para criar itens de calendário. A reunião ou o compromisso
Carbon Copy Occult.(cópia oculta) É usada sempre que qui- aberto tem muitos dos mesmos comandos da faixa de opções
sermos enviar uma cópia da mensagem para alguém, sem que do Office Outlook 2007, inclusive as opções de lembrete e
os destinatários saibam dos outros endereços que receberam recorrência.
a mensagem. Todos os endereços relacionados neste campo Para criar um compromisso no Calendário clique em
ficam “ocultos” de todos os outros, estejam eles relacionados Calendário, na guia Página Inicial, no grupo Novo, clique
nos campos “Para”, “Cc" ou “Cco”, ninguém saberá que em Novo Compromisso. Como alternativa, você pode clicar
estes e-mail receberam esta mensagem. Ficam ocultos inclu- com o botão direito do mouse em um bloco de tempo em
sive entre eles, ou seja, eles também não se enxergam. Em sua grade de calendário e clicar em Novo Compromisso.
questões que envolvem WebMail, Outlook, Thunderbird, Atalho do teclado para criar um compromisso, pressione
etc. Sempre que você quiser “esconder” alguma pessoa das CTRL+SHIFT+A.
outras que receberão a mensagem o endereço de e-mail desta
pessoa deverá ser incluído no campo Cco, assim, nenhum
dos outros usuários saberão que você também enviou a Agendar uma reunião
mensagem para esta pessoa. Uma reunião é um compromisso que inclui outras
No Outlook, em sua configuração padrão, não exibe o pessoas e pode incluir recursos como salas de conferência.
campo Cco, para exibi-lo clique na Guia Opções, e no Grupo As respostas às suas solicitações de reunião são exibidas na
Mostrar Campos, clique no comando Cco. Caixa de Entrada.
O campo Cco deve ser utilizado quando você pretende Clique em Calendário, na guia Página Inicial, no grupo
enviar uma mensagem a várias pessoas. Digitando todos os Novo, clique em Nova Reunião. Atalho do teclado para
endereços neste campo você estará protegendo o e-mail dos criar uma nova solicitação de reunião de qualquer pasta no
seus contados, pois se esta mensagem for direcionada para Outlook, pressione CTRL+SHIFT+Q.
outras pessoas os e-mails dos seus amigos não serão visuali- Em Calendário, na guia Página Inicial, no grupo Nova,
zados, esta ação evita que seus amigos recebam Spam. Você clique em Nova Reunião. Na caixa Assunto, digite uma
pode colocar todos os endereços aqui, deixando em branco
descrição. Na caixa Local, digite uma descrição ou um
todos os outros campos. Este detalhe é bastante explorado
local. Se usar uma conta do Microsoft Exchange, clique em
em concurso público.
Salas para escolher as salas disponíveis. Nas listas Hora de
Subject (assunto) - neste local você vai colocar o assunto Início e Hora de Término, clique na hora de início e de
que se refere a sua correspondência. É opcional, mas quando término da reunião. Se você marcar a caixa de seleção O
preenchido é muito bom pois o destinatário já sabe do que se
dia inteiro, o evento será mostrado como um evento de 24
trata e poderá dar prioridade na resposta.
horas, durando de meia-noite até a meia-noite do dia se-
guinte. No corpo da solicitação de reunião, digite as infor-
Caixas e pastas mações a serem compartilhadas com os destinatários como
Todo site gerenciador de e-mail, assim como qualquer a pauta da reunião por exemplo. Também é possível anexar
aplicativo, terá uma composição de caixas padrão. Alguns arquivos. Na guia Reunião, no grupo Mostrar, clique em
poderão ter caixas adicionais. Assistente de Programação. O Assistente de Agendamento
Caixa de Entrada: local onde suas mensagens novas ajuda a encontrar o melhor horário para a reunião. Clique
serão depositadas. em Adicionar Outros e em Adicionar do Catálogo de
Caixa de Saída: mensagens que você enviou, respondeu endereços. Na caixa de diálogo Selecionar Participantes e
ou encaminhou, mas ainda não foram enviadas. Recursos, na caixa Pesquisar, digite o nome de uma pessoa
ou recurso para inclui-la na reunião. Se pesquisar com a
Enviados: e-mail enviados encaminhados e respondidos
ficam armazenados nesta caixa quando forem enviados pelo opção Mais Colunas, clique em Ir. Na lista de resultados,
servidor. clique no nome e clique em Obrigatório, Opcional ou
Recursos; clique em OK.
Rascunho: mensagens que você iniciou uma edição e
não enviou. Os participantes Necessários e Opcionais são exibidos na
caixa Para da guia Reunião, e os Recursos são exibidos na
Lixo: mensagens que foram deletadas pelo usuário. caixa Local. A grade de disponibilidade mostra a disponibi-
Spam ou Lixo Eletrônico: são mensagens que, baseado lidade dos participantes. Uma linha vertical verde representa
em algumas regras, foram definidas como perigosas ou o início da reunião. Uma linha vertical vermelha representa
publicitárias. o final da reunião
84 = Noções de Informática A solução para seu concurso

Tarefa Você pode abrir um anexo do Painel de Leitura ou de

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
Muitas pessoas mantêm uma lista de coisas a fazer em uma mensagem aberta. Depois de abrir e exibir um anexo,
papel, em uma planilha, no celular ou com uma combinação é possível salvá-lo em uma unidade de disco. Se uma men-
de papel e métodos eletrônicos. No Microsoft Outlook, você sagem tiver mais de um anexo, você poderá salvar vários
pode combinar várias listas em uma só, receber lembretes anexos como um grupo ou um por vez.
e controlar o andamento das tarefas. Para criar uma tarefa
clique em Tarefas, na guia Página Inicial, no grupo Novo, Criando assinatura
clique em Nova Tarefa. Atalho do teclado para criar uma
nova tarefa, pressione CTRL+SHIFT+K. Você pode criar assinaturas personalizadas para suas
mensagens de e-mail que incluem texto, imagens, seu Cartão
Anotação de Visita Eletrônico, um logotipo ou até mesmo uma ima-
gem da sua assinatura manuscrita.
Anotações são aquelas notas adesivas que funcionam
como “lembretes” de algo que você não deve esquecer. Para Abra uma nova mensagem. Na guia Mensagem, no grupo
criar uma anotação clique em Anotações, no grupo Novo, Incluir, clique em Assinatura e em Assinaturas. Na guia
clique em Nova Anotação. Atalho do teclado Para criar uma Assinatura de E-mail, clique em Novo.
anotação, pressione CTRL+SHIFT+N.
Para criar uma assinatura padrão que será exibida em
todas as mensagens abra uma nova mensagem. Na guia
Lembrete Mensagem, no grupo Incluir, clique em Assinatura e em
Você pode definir ou remover lembretes para vários itens, Assinaturas. Na guia Assinatura de E-mail, clique em Novo.
incluindo mensagens de e-mail, compromissos e contatos. Digite um nome para a assinatura, por exemplo, Editora
Para compromissos ou reuniões abra um item, na guia Solução, e clique em OK.
Compromisso ou Reunião, no grupo Opções, na lista sus- Para inserir a assinatura automaticamente nas mensagens
pensa Lembrete, selecione o período de tempo antes do enviadas e respondidas, basta escolher o nome da assinatura
compromisso ou da reunião o lembrete deverá apareçer. que acabamos de criar nos campos Novas mensagens e
Para desativar um lembrete, selecione Nenhum.
Respostas/encaminhamentos.
Para mensagens de e-mail, contatos e tarefas na guia
Página Inicial, no grupo Marcas, clique em Acompanhar e
em Adicionar Lembrete. THUNDERBIRD
O Thunderbird é basicamente um leitor de e-mail da
Contatos Mozilla Foundation, mesmo desenvolvedor do Firefox.
Na guia Página Inicial, use os comandos do grupo Novo Do mesmo modo que o Firefox tem como objetivo tornar
para adicionar um contato. Clique duas vezes em qualquer a navegação melhor, o Thunderbird tem como objetivo
contato para abri-lo e editá-lo. Para criar uma lista reutili- melhorar a leitura de e-mails e notícias.
zável de contatos (conhecida anteriormente como lista de
É um software gratuito e de software aberto. O Thun-
distribuição), no grupo Novo, clique em Novo Grupo de
Contatos. derbird possui funções como bloqueio de imagens e filtro
AntiSpam embutido, sendo o Thunderbird um programa
Na guia Página Inicial, o grupo Modo de Exibição Atu- para gerenciar seus e-mails bem mais seguro que outros
al permite alterar a classificação e a exibição dos contatos.
softwares que realizam esta mesma função.
Por exemplo, exibir contatos como uma lista de telefones ou
na forma de cartão de visitas. No grupo Comunicar estão Observe que é possível configurar além de uma conta
comandos que conectam você diretamente a um contato de e-mail, uma conta de RSS e uma conta de newsgroup. É
(por mensagem de e-mail, solicitação de reunião, mensagem possível configurar várias contas de qualquer tipo.
instantânea ou telefonema, por exemplo).
Para começar a receber e-mails devemos configurar a(s)
Contatos podem ser tão simples quanto um nome e en- conta(s), que será gerenciada pelo Thunderbird, através
dereço de e-mail ou incluir outras informações detalhadas, do menu FERRAMENTAS, comando CONFIGURAR
como endereço físico, vários telefones, uma imagem, datas
CONTAS. Podemos ter várias contas gerenciadas pelo
de aniversário e quaisquer outras informações que se rela-
cionem ao contato. Thunderbird.
Para criar um contato clique em Contatos, na guia Página Estes são as configurações mais comuns para CONTAS
Inicial, no grupo Novo, clique em Novo Contato. Atalho do GOOGLE, MAS você SÓ deve usar as fornecidas pelo seu
teclado para criar um contato de qualquer pasta no Outlook, provedor. Com risco de não haver conexão entre seu aplica-
pressione CTRL+SHIFT+C. tivo e o servidor de e-mail. CADA SERVIDOR TEM UMA
CONFIGURAÇÃO ESPECÍFICA. Consulte seu provedor
Anexos de e-mail para configuração.
É possível anexar arquivos em qualquer mensagem Servidor de entrada (IMAP): imap.googlemail.com|
eletrônica. Pode-se anexar arquivos de texto, planilhas, mú- porta 110 | Conf. Segurança: SSL/TLS
sicas, vídeos, PDF, etc. Porém, arquivos executáveis ( *.exe), Mas também poderá ser mail.outroservidor.com | porta
por segurança, não serão transmitidos, pois trata-se de um
995 | Tipo de conexão: SSL
software executável e que poderá danificar o computador do
destinatário
 A solução para seu concurso N oções de I nformática = 85
Servidor de saída (SMTP): smtp.googlemail.com| É possível importar todas as configurações da conta de

Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas Solução Apostilas SoluçãoApostilas
porta 465 | Conf. Segurança: SSL/TLS outro gerenciador de e-mail como o Outlook ou o Eudora.
Mas também poderá ser mail.outroservidor.com | porta Além das configurações da “conta” é possível também im-
portar o catálogo de endereço dentre outras
465 | Tipo de conexão: SSL
Requer autenticação com o seu usuário (seu e-mail) e sua 9HULÀFDGRURUWRJUiÀFR
password (enviado pelo seu provedor)
Não há necessidade de utilizar outros programas para
No Thunderbird também há a opção de “Deixar uma
verificação da ortografia. O Mozilla
cópia das mensagens no servidor” quando se utilizamos o
protocolo POP3 de recebimento também deve ser analisada Thunderbird já vem com um verificador ortográfico
com cuidado. Veja as duas opções e escolha o procedimento
que mais lhe agrada. Segurança no Thunderbird
O Outlook é um programa gerenciador de e-mail que
funciona de forma semelhante ao seu navegador quando AntiSpam
você visualiza seus e-mails nele. Você pode ler, responder,
O Mozilla Thunderbird identifica o spam e ajuda você
encaminhar, apagar e criar e-mails e funcionará da mesma
a manter limpa a caixa de entrada. O Mozilla Thunder-
forma como se estivesse no navegador.
bird oferece a ferramenta mais efetiva de detecção de
Ao configurar sua conta para o gerenciador Thunder- spam. Suas ferramentas analisam seu e-mail e identificam
bird você terá que escolher qual protocolo de “recebimen-
aqueles que provavelmente são indesejados. Você pode ter
to” de e-mail usar o POP3 ou IMAP. Se escolher o POP3
seus spams excluídos automaticamente ou pode movê-los
todas as mensagens que existem na sua Caixa de Entrada
para outra pasta.
no servidor serão TRANSFERIDAS para o seu computa-
dor, o programa fará um download de todas as mensagens e
APAGARÁ sua caixa de entrada. Segurança Empresarial
Tenha em mente que quando você acessar sua conta de O Mozilla Thunderbird oferece recursos adequados a
e-mail via navegador, seja de qualquer computador, sua empresas, tais como S/MIME, assinaturas digitais, cripto-
caixa não conterá mais os e-mails que foram transferidos grafia de mensagens, suporte a certificados e dispositivos de
para o seu computador, então, se você utiliza muitos com- segurança.
putadores diferentes e necessita verificar e-mail existentes
com frequência, este não deve ser o protocolo escolhido, Diferente de outros produtos, o Mozilla Thunderbird
pois suas mensagens antigas estarão somente em seu com-