185

APPENDIX 1

MIX DESIGN

A1.1 TARGET STRENGTH

The majority of the construction works in study area are residential

buildings with multiple floors and they are not more than three floors. The
minimum grade of concrete recommended is M30 (IS: 456-2000) and a target
strength of 38.25 MPa is fixed in this work. Also, this work is carried out to
find the influence of brackish water in strength of concrete in the study area.
In order to account, for some of the possible variations, the target strength is
increased to 30 MPa. Hence, the mix design was carried out for characteristic
design strength of 30 MPa. (Krishnaraju 2008).

A1.2 DESIGN OF CONCRETE MIX M30

Grade designation = M30

Characteristic strength (fck) = 30 N/mm2
Type of cement = OPC 53 Grade confirming
to IS :12269-1987
Maximum size of coarse aggregate = 20 mm (angular)
Degree of workability = 0.90 compaction factor
Type of exposure = Mild
Specific gravity of cement = 3.15
Specific gravity of water = 1.00
Chemical admixture = Super plasticizer
Conplast SP430
Mineral admixtures = Flyash and Silicafume
 186

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.67

Specific gravity of fine aggregate = 2.62
Water absorbtion of coarse aggregate = 0.15%
Water absorbtion of fine aggregate = 0.10%
As per codal provisons,
Sand content = 36% of total aggregates
Water cement ratio for M30 concrete = 0.45 ( IS: 456, 2000)
From Figure.2 of IS: 10262-1982,
select water content = 172 kg
For 20 mm size of aggregates,
maximum water content = 172 kg/m3
Standard deviation (SD) for M30
Concrete = 5.00 MPa
Target mean strength = 30 +1.64 SD
= 30+1.64*5
= 30+8.25 = 38.25 N/mm2
From IS:456-2000,
Aggregate type = Crushed broken granites
From IS: 10262 for 20mm size of coarse aggregates
Max. Water content = 186 kg/m3
Hence, Cement content = 172/0.45
= 382 kg/m3 (say 380 kg/m3)
Minimum cement content required = 380 kg
Formula for mix proportion of fine and coarse aggregate,
1000 (1-a0) = [(Cement content / Sp.gr.of cement) + water content
+ (Fa / sp.gr.* Pf)]
1000(1-a0) = [(Cement content / Sp.gr. of cement)+water content
+(Ca/sp.gr. *Pc)]
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Where,
Ca = Coarse aggregate content,
Fa = Fine aggregate content,
Pf = Sand content as percentage of total aggregates = 0.40
Pc = Coarse aggregate content as percentage of total aggregates
= 0.64
a0 = Percentage of air content ,
As per IS:10262, for 20mm normal size aggregate,
Entrapped air content is 2% = 0.02

Hence,
1000 (1-0.02) = [186+ (380/3.15) + (Fa/2.62*0.40)]
Fa = 706 kg/m3 (say 710 kg/m3)
1000 (1-0.02) = [186+(380/3.15)+ (Ca/2.67*0.71)]
Ca = 1277kg/m3 (say 1280 kg/m3)

A1.3 MIX RATIO

Cement : Sand: Coarse Aggregate: w/c = (380: 710: 1280: 0.45)

The design mix proportions for the required target strength is as

follows,

Cement : Sand: Coarse Aggregate: w/c = (1 : 1.87 : 3.37 :0.45)

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APPENDIX 2

A2.1 NEURAL NETWORK DESIGN AND TRAINING

The network architecture or features such as number of neurons and

layers are very important factors that determine the functionality and
generalization capability of the network. For this model, standard multilayer
feed forward–back propagation neural networks are designed with neural
fitting tool software. The network consists of three layers, they are the input
layer, hidden layer and out put layer. In order to determine the optimal
architecture, different network with different number of layers and neuron in
the hidden layer are designed and tested. The ANN models developed for the
prediction of 5 outputs from 11 inputs. The number of neurons is adjusted in
steps and the various stages of training of the model are summarized in Table
A2.1

The first stage, 10 neurons have been considered for training,

testing and validation. First stage has given a very high value of MSE for
training, testing and validation. Regression coefficient “R” was not close to 1
for training, testing and validation. In first set of trails, the percentage of
samples considered for training the network is 80%, the percentage of
samples for testing is 10 % and the percentage of samples for validation is
10 %. Each stage of training is carried out by 3 trials. The number of neurons
was increased by 5 up to 25 in four steps. Then percentage of samples
selected was adjusted to 70 % for training, 15 % for testing and 15 % for
validation. The training is repeated until minimum MSE values and R values
close to 1 are arrived. The expected results are arrived after 6 set of trials. The
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various stages of training are summarized in Table A3.1 with number of

neurons, MSE and R values of the training results.

Table A2.1 Training stages of ANN model

No. Percentage of
MSE R value
of samples
S.No
neo- Trai- Vali- Vali- Trai- Vali-
rons ning Testing dation Training Testing dation ning Testing dation

6.54E+08 7.79E+10 7.90E+11 0.812 0.112 0.378

1 10 80 10 10 9.77E+09 9.01E+12 9.24E+12 0.78 0.657 0.543

5.48E+07 8.88E+07 8.77E+09 0.912 0.6537 0.765

9.88E-01 4.53E+07 6.68E+08 0.812 0.435 0.7654

2 15 80 10 10 5.68E+07 2.35E+05 1.24E-06 0.786 0.1123 0.876

3.34E+07 5.56E+06 6.60E+01 0.912 0.576 0.234

1.23E+07 2.65E+08 4.57E+07 0.5643 0.6743 0.4532

3 20 80 10 10 7.89E+09 9.12E+09 8.96E+07 0.755 0.865 0.9003

2.35E+05 7.87E+07 5.58E+02 0.999 0.997 0.6578

5.98E+06 4.77E+11 3.46E+06 0.567 0.6574 0.876

4 25 80 10 10 2.34E+08 5.68E+07 4.47E+06 0.796 0.997 1.007

3.43E+03 3.45E+07 4.35E+10 0.231 0.435 0.876

2.37E+08 3.46E+05 5.44E+08 0.7649 0.4532 1.123

5 10 70 15 15 2.25E+05 4.57E+06 4.47E+06 0.785 0.652 0.768

5.67E+02 2.40E+03 4.54E+04 0.665 0.87 0.456

4.56E+03 4.53E+02 2.43E+03 0.87 0.78 0.87
6 15 70 15 15 2.34E+03 3.43E+05 1.40E+04 0.945 0.832 0.754

1.60E-03 6.40E-03 1.24E-06 0.999 0.997 0.976

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APPENDIX 3

A3.1 MODEL CALCULATION OF SERVICE LIFE

The flexural members in a structure are beam and slab. The steel
reinforcements are subjected to corrosion, the service life of beam and slab
will deteriorate faster than any other elements of the structure. The
methodology in calculation of service life is explained here, by taking beam
as the case.

A3.2 METHOD TO FIX PERCENTAGE LOSS IN DIAMETER

The permissible percentage of loss can be fixed by following the

procedure given below.

Bending due to actual load =M

Bending moment to factored load = FM
Moment carrying capacity ( Mu) of the beam as per IS:456 - 2000
Mu = 0.87 * fy *Ast* d [1- ( fy * Ast / fck* bd) ]

where,
fy = Charateristic strength of steel in N / mm2
fck= Charateristic strength of concrete in N / mm2
Ast = Area of steel in mm2
b = Breadth of the beam in mm
d = Effective depth of the beam.
 191

For safe design,

FM < Mu (A3.1)

Due to corrosion, the area of steel will get reduced.

Let Astc be area of steel after corrosion.

Now, the moment carrying capacity (Muc) of the beam after

corrosion Mu = Muc = 0.87 * fy *A stc * d [1- ( fy * Astc / fck* bd) ]

For safety against corrosion,

Muc > M (A3.2)

The value of M, FM, Mu and Muc depends on the extent to which

area of steel is reducing.

Hence, Astc cannot be allowed to reduce more than certain limit so

that, the condition in equation (A3.2) should be satisfied.

Percentage of loss in area of steel due to corrosion

Percent loss = [Astc / Ast ] * 100
Percentage of loss that can be permitted
Permissible percentage of loss = [ 1 - (Percent loss ) ]

A3.3 Case study

A rectangular beam of cross section 230 mm x 450 mm is

reinforced with 4 numbers of 12 mm RTS bars. The grade of concrete in M20
and the grade of steel is Fe 415. The permissible loss in diameter of steel is
2.39 mm. The member is subjected to uniform rate of corrosion due to
carbonation. The rate of corrosion is 0.25 mm/year. Estimate the service life
of the structural member. Ignore the effect of bondage.

A3.3.i Procedure

The procedure to calculate the service life can be understood from

the model calculation worked based on the case study.
 192

A3.3.ii Given Data

Size of the beam = 230 mm x 450 mm

Reinforcements = 4 x 12 mm RTS bars
Grade of concrete = M20
Grade of steel = Fe 415
Permissible loss in diameter = 2.39 mm
Rate of corrosion = 0.25 mm/year = 250 µm/year
Corrosion nature = Carbonation
So, Value of K = 0.5

A3.3.iii Solution

The service life of structure is given in equation (4.4) as,

Service life of structure (t) = D / [ K * (2 x 10-3 ) * R(t)]

Where,
t = Service life of structure in years.
D = Permissible loss in diameter of reinforcement in mm
K = Correction factor
R(t) = Corrosion rate at time ( µm/year)

Substituting the given values in equation for service life,

t = D / [ K * (2 x 10-3 ) * R(t)]
t = 2.39 / [ 0.5 * (2 x 10-3 ) * 250]
t= 9.56 years

A3.3.iv Result

Safe Service life of structure under given

Corrosion environment = 9.56 years