Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (décembre 2005) 24 (2) : 629-637 ISSN 1661-5468

Tortonian Scleractinian Corals from the island of Gavdos (South Greece)

Nikolaos TSAPARAS 1& Anastasia MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI2

Abstract
This paper studies scleractinians collected from the localities Panagia, Korfe, Karave, Aghios Ioannis, Bo and Bardaris on the island
Gavdos within Tortonian sediments. Eleven scleractinians species were determined.
The examined scleractinians species belong to shallow water corals and provide specific information on the ecological conditions such
as the depth, the temperature, the salinity, the climate, etc.

Key words :
Tortonian reef - forming Scleractinian corals, Paleoenvironment, Gavdos island (South Greece, SW part of the island Crete).

I. INTRODUCTION III. LOCATIONS OF SAMPLING (Tabl. I)

The studied localities within the Tortonian sediments on
the Gavdos island that embed fossil scleractinians are the
following : Bo, Aghios Ioannis, Bardaris, Panagia, Korfe
and Karave.
Several researchers were concerned with the islandʼs
geology like KOPP (1977), VICENTE (1970), SEIDEL &
OKRUSCH (1978), BONNEAU (1984), ANASTASAKIS (1987)
etc. Several researchers have also engaged in the
paleontology and stratigraphy of neogene formations.
We indicatively refer to the most recent papers like :
ANAPLIOTIS (1967), FREUDENTHAL (1969), MARCOPOULOU-
DIACANTONI (1970), SISSINGH (1972), ZACHARIASSE (1975),
ANAPLIOTIS & SYMEONIDIS (1979), TRIANTAPHYLLOU et al.
(1999), TRIANTAPHYLLOU (2000), ANTONARAKOU (2001),
DRINIA et al. (2003), ANTONARAKOU & DRINIA (2003).
II. GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL
ELEMENTS
The Gavdos island is situated approximately within
20 miles south of the Chora Sfakion on island Crete
and in the southern extend of the island arc of the South
Aegean. It covers length of 10 km, maximum width of
5,5 km and extension of 33 square kms.
In all Gavdosʼ extension we observe normal faults with
directions NW-SE and NNE-SSW (VICENTE, 1970 ;
VIDAKIS, 1988).
Alpine and postalpine formations appear on island
Gavdos (VIDAKIS, 1988) (Fig. 1).
Eleven species of scleractinians were identified coming
from the following locations :
1. Panagia. This area is located in the central part of
the island, towards Kastri, and in the area where
the church of Panagia is situated. The species that
were found within marly limestone in thickness of
appearance 3-3,5 m are : Heliastraea oligophylla,
Heliastraea sp., Porites sp., Solenastraea tizerouti-
nensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana, Thegioastraea roa-
sendai.
2. Korfe. This region is located in the south-eastern
part of the island, on the Korfe bay and towards the
side where the church of Aghios Georgios is situated.
The species that were identified within marly lime-
stones in thickness of 10-15 m and in height of 30-
40 m from the seaʼs surface are : Favites neugeboreni,
Heliastraea oligophylla, Heliastraea sp., Porites col-
legniana, Porites maigensis, Tarbellastraea eggen-
burgensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana, Thegioastraea
roasendai. The marly limestones settle on flysch and
are over 100 meters in total extent.
3. Karave. This locality is found in the south-eastern
part of the island, on the Korfe bay and towards the
side where the church of Ag. Pateres is located. It
concerns the same sediments, as in position Korfe,
where these species were traced : Heliastraea oli-
gophylla, Heliastraea sp., Tarbellastraea eggenbur-
gensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana, Favites neugebore-
ni, Porites collegniana and Porites maigensis.
4. Ag. Ioannis. This locality is located in the northern

1
University of Athens, Dept. of Geology and Paleontology, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece. E-
mail : ntsapar@geol.uoa.gr
2
University of Athens, Dept. of Geology and Paleontology, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece. E-
mail : amarkop@ geol.uoa.gr
630 N. TSAPARAS & A.MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI

Fig. 1 : Geological map of the studied area with reef-forming Corals (VIDAKIS, M., sheet Gavdos 1 :50.000, IGME, 1988, simplified).

Table. I : The scleractinians from the tortonian sediments of the island Gavdos.

SCLERACTINIANSʼ SPECIES Bo Bardaris Aghios Panagia Korfe Karave

Ioannis
1. Favites neugeboreni (REUSS) + +
2. Heliastraea oligophylla REUSS + + + + + +
3. Heliastraea sp. + + + + + +
4. Porites collegniana (MICHELOTTI) + + + +
5. Porites maicientensis CHEVALIER + + +
6. Porites maigensis (KÜHN) + +
7. Porites sp. +
8. Solenastraea tizeroutinensis CHEVALIER +
9. Tarbellastraea eggenburgensis (KÜHN) + +
10. Tarbellastraea reussiana (M. EDW. & J. HAIM.) + + +
11. Thegioastraea roasendai MICHELOTTI + + +
 Tortonian Scleractinian Corals from the island of Gavdos. (South Greece)
part of the island, right above the beach of Aghios
Ioannis. Inside marly limestone and compact marls
in thickness of occurrence of 2-2,5 m the identified
species are the following : Heliastraea oligophylla,
Heliastraea sp. Porites collegniana, Porites
maicientensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana.
5. Bo. This locality is traced in the north-western part of
the island, on the Bo bay. The species identified within
interchanges of marly limestone and compact marls
in thickness of 12 m are the following : Heliastraea
oligophylla, Heliastraea sp., Porites collegniana,
Porites maicientensis, Thegioastraea roasendai.
6. Bardaris. This locality is situated in the central part
of the island, where the stream of Bardaris begins. In
thickness of 6 m marly limestone and compact marls
were identified the species : Heliastraea oligophylla,
Heliastraea sp., Porites maicientensis.
IV. PALEONTOLOGICAL PART
A. Systematic Classification
The systematic classification of the studied scleractinians
is grounded on the papers of ALLOITEAU (1952, 1957),
WELLS (1956), CHEVALIER (1961).
Class : Anthozoa EHRENBERG, 1834
Subclass : Zoantharia DE BLAINVILLE, 1830
Order : Scleractinia BOURNE, 1900
Suborder : Fungiida DUNCAN, 1884
Superfamily : Poritioidae ALLOITEAU, 1952
Family : Poritidae GRAY, 1842
Genus : Porites LINK, 1807
Porites sp.
Genus Porites is a fossil of all the warm seas of our
planet from Eocene. Nowdays, it is one of the largest
coral structures (CHEVALLIER, 1961, p. 447). Porites sp.
was identified in the Tortonian of the locality of Panagia
on the Gavdos island.
Porites collegniana (MICHELOTTI, 1847)
Pl. II, fig. 5, 6
A species quite spread out in the Mediterranean Basin. It
is mentioned by Aquitanian and Burdigalian of Aquitany
and Portugal(?), by Burdigalian of Majorca and Algeria,
by M. Miocene of Torino, (Italy) and by the Tortonian
in Crete and the meso-hellenic furrow (MARCOPOULOU-
DIACANTONI 1979, 1988a, 1989, 1997 ; MARCOPOULOU-
DIACANTONI & MIRKOU, 1989). This species was also
located in the Tortonian of the localities Korfe, Karave,
Aghios Ioannis and Bo on the Gavdos island.
631
Porites maigensis (KÜHN, 1925)
It is mentioned by Aquitanian and Burdigalian of
Aquitany and generally of France, by Burdigalian of SW
Iran, from the Tortonian of island Crete and the meso-
hellenic furrow (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1988a, b,
1989, 1997). This species was also traced in the Tortonian
in localities Korfe and Karave on the Gavdos island.
Porites maicientensis CHEVALIER, 1961
Pl. II, fig. 1-4
It is mentioned by Helvetian of the SW of France and
Tortonian of the meso-hellenic furrow (MARCOPOULOU-
DIACANTONI, 1989). It was also found in the Tortonian in
the localities of Aghios Ioannis, Bo and Bardaris on the
Gavdos island.
Suborder : Astraeoida ALLOITEAU, 1952
Superfamily : Astraeoidae ALLOITEAU, 1952
Family : Heliastraeidae ALLOITEAU, 1952
Subfamily : Heliastraeinae ALLOITEAU, 1952
Genus : Heliastraea MILNE EDWARDS & J. HAIME,
1857
Heliastraea oligophylla REUSS, 1871
Pl. I, fig. 3, 4
It is referred by the Early Miocene of Algeria, the
Vindobonian of France and Spain and the Hungary and
Bosnia basins. It was also identified in the Tortonian of
the localities Panagia, Korfe, Karave, Aghios Ioannis, Bo
and Bardaris on Gavdos island.
Heliastraea sp.
It was located on the Tortonian of localities Panagia,
Korfe, Karave, Aghios Ioannis, Bo and Bardaris on
Gavdos island.
Subgenus : Solenastraea MILNE EDWARDS & J. HAIME,
1857
Solenastraea tizeroutinensis CHEVALIER, 1961
It is mentioned by the Morocco Tortonian (CHEVALIER,
1961), the Tortonian of Crete (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI
(1979, 1988 a, b, 1997). It was also located in the Panagia
Tortonian on Gavdos island.
Genus : Thegioastraea MICHELOTTI, 1871
Thegioastraea roasendai MICHELOTTI, 1871
Pl. III, Fig. 1-3
632 N. TSAPARAS & A.MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI
A species well-known by the miocene layers of the
Mediterranean basin (CHEVALIER, 1961, p. 210), by the
SE Crete Tortonian (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1979,
1986), by the Upper Tortonian of Katharo Lasithi of Crete
(MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI & KNITHAKIS, 1978 ; BEZES
et al., 1983). Also, it was identified in the Tortonian of
localities Panagia, Korfe and Bo on Gavdos island.
Family : Faviidae GREGORY, 1900
Genus : Favites LINK, 1807
Favites neugeboreni REUSS, 1871
Pl. I, fig 1, 2
This species is mentioned by the Aquitanian and
Burdigalian of Aquitany, as well as by the Vindobonian
of Transilvania and Aquitany. The variation Favites
neugeboreni burdigalensis CHEV. was found in the
Miocene sediments of the mesohellenic Trench of Greece
(MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1988b). In addition, it was
located in the Tortonian of the localities Korfe and Karave
on the Gavdos island.
Genus : Tarbellastraea ALLOITEAU, 1952
Tarbellastraea reussiana MILNE EDWARDS & J. HAIME,
1950
Pl. I, fig. 5, 6
A species very outspread in the Aquitanian of Aquitany
and Portugal, in the Late Burdigalian of Aquitany and
Helvetian of Pedemonti and Sicely, in the Tortonian of
central Europe, in the Vindobonian of the Mediterranean
basin (CHEVALIER, 1961, p. 206), in the M. and L.
Vindobonian of France, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Malta,
Sicely, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Bosnia, Romania,
Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Libya and Greece (Pentalofos
and Bogatsiko [BRUNN et al., 1955], in the Crete Tortonian
[MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1979, 1997 ; MARCOPOULOU-
DIACANTONI et al., 1993], and in the L. Tortonian of Crete
[MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI & KNITHAKIS, 1978 ; BEZES
et al., 1983]). It was also located in the Tortonian of
localities Panagia, Korfe, Karave and Aghios Ioannis on
Gavdos island.
The variation Tarbellastraea reussiana echinulata CHEV.
was found in the Miocene sediments of the mesohellenic
Trench of Greece (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1988b).
Plate I
Fig. 1, 2 : Favites neugeboreni (REUSS).
Fig. 3, 4 : Heliastraea oligophylla REUSS.
Fig. 5, 6 : Tarbellastraea reussiana (MILNE-EDWARDS & J.HAIME).
Tarbellastraea eggenburgensis KÜHN, 1925
It is mentioned by Burdigalian of Vienna and Aquitany
basin, as well as by Vindobonian of Algeria. It was also
located in the Tortonian of the localities Korfe and Karave
of the Gavdos island.
B. Paleoecological data – Observations
The species of the studied corals allow eliciting some
conclusions according to the environmental conditions,
such as the depth, the salinity, the temperature etc.
The defined coral species belong to the reef structures
in tropical seas. They live in small depth, which
depends between 0 to 50 m – which adds to their best
development – as well as in translucent waters with
average temperature between 22° to 26° C.
As to the salinity and translucence of waters Porites
species endure longer in various salinities and can even
survive on environments with opacity (mudy waters).
The Gavdos island corals present affinities to those of
the Miocene of France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, Malta,
Sicilian and Crete. They can also be correlated with
similar faunas of the western and eastern Mediterranean.
The shallow water corals disappearance from the
Mediterranean at the end of the Miocene during the
evaporite, outcrops was due to the change of temperature
and the increase of salinity in the marine environment.
The dominance of Porites species proves this local
increase of salinity.
Some Porites species are columnar and tuberous and they
donʼt have distinct calicles, a fact which indicates water
opacity, and therefore the internal part of a reef. There
were also identified reef Porites with distinct calicles and
diaphragms (septa). In this case, we can accept that these
species lived in clear waters and in the external part of
the reef.
The species of Tarbellastraea are disintegrated and
give the impression that there existed a discoidal reef or
that it had the form of a barrier. The individuals of this
species lay on the external part of the reef, fact which is
confirmed by the good development of the calicles and
their disintegration, due to the intense hydrodynamic
conditions that dominated on the external part of the
reef.
Since the studied scleractinians are not big in thickness
and due to the fact that they have been found in marly
material, some of the things could have occurred :
 Plate I

1
2

4
3

5
634 N. TSAPARAS & A.MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI
a) there would either be some discoidal or peripheral
reef that was disintegrated, the sea penetrated and as
such there was this turbation,
b) or a constant intense undulation could extract
segments from the external part of the reef and direct
them towards the internal part, thus creating opacity
and as a result the decrease of the calicles of some
scleractinians. The disintegration of the reef must
have been continuous during the Middle and Late
Miocene and after that.
In the existence of the reef advocate the following :
i) the presence of organisms that live mainly on the
external part of the reef, such as big bivalves and
gastropods, bryozoans, porifers, echinozoans,
annelides, Actinozoa, Globigerinidae, coating forms
of Rodophyta etc.,
ii) the coexistence of individuals of Porites genus with
well distinct or not calicles and
iii) the lithological characters of the sediments (detritions
sediments, breccias etc).
V. CONCLUSIONS - DISCUSSION
From the detailed study of the fossil scleractinians of the
Gavdos island (Table I) that derive from the 6 localities
Panagia, Aghios Ioannis, Korfe, Karave, Bo and Bardaris
emerged the following :
• Eleven scleractinians species were defined, belonging
to families : Poritidae, Heliastraeidae and Faviidae.
• From the stratigraphic distributions of anthozo-
ans, we can define the Tortonian age for the sedi-
ments which include them. To this age are in favor
the stratigraphic distributions (BIZON et al., 1972 ;
KENNETT & SRINIVASAN, 1975) of the Foraminifers :
Neogloboquatrina acostaensis, Neogloboquatrina
atlantica, Globoquatrina dehiscens, Globoquatrina
altispira, Paragloborotalia siakensis, Spiroplec-
tammina carinata, Globigerinoides conglobatus,
Globigerinoides obliquus, which is Middle to Late
Miocene for the studied localities.
• The studied fauna of the scleractinians anthozoans
belongs to these colonial forms (shallow water corals)
which share in the creation of reefs. These forms allow
us to accept that in the studied localities the climate
was tropical-subtropical (average temperature 22°-
26° C), depth 0-50 m (shallow waters), totally marine
environment with average salinity 35 ‰.
• Observations on the fauna, accompanied on the way
Plate II
Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 : Porites maicientensis CHEVALIER.
Fig. 5, 6 : Porites collegniana (MICHELOTTI).
of itʼs conservation, the morphofunctional analysis of
the fossils in combination with the sedimental material
allow us to accept that as for the studied localities,
with the embedded scleractinians fauna that :
- There would be either a discoidal reef or reef
cluster (micro-atolls - patch reef) or some bigger
reef in the shape of a barrier. Between the continent
and the reef would be formed lagoons, where
the environment was calm and the prevailing
hydrodynamic conditions were of low energy.
This section was the internal part of the reef
with the proportional fauna and the lithological
characters.
- In front of the reef, towards the large sea (external
part of the reef) the prevailing hydrodynamic
conditions were of high energy proportional fauna
and lithological characters.
- During or after Tortonian, the barriers could be
extracted thus had as a result the coexistence of
faunas from the external and internal part of the
reef.
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Accepté décembre 2004
 Plate III