LEAK

if a container, pipe, roof etc leaks, or if it leaks gas, liquid etc, there is a small hole
or crack in it that lets gas or liquid flow through
BURST (plesni, crapa)
if something bursts, or if you burst it, it breaks open or apart suddenly and violently so
that its contents come aut (conducta, balon, baraj)
DRAIN (drena = colecta si evacua)
1. to make the water or liquid in something flow away

BLURT (divulga fara sa vrea, lasa sa-i scape)

to say something suddenly and without thinking, usually because you are nervous or excited

RUPTURE
1. an occasion when something suddenly breaks apart or bursts
rupture of - the rupture of a blood vessel

Thesaurus
▪ flow (curge) if liquid flows, it moves in a steady continuous stream: Blood flowed from
his hand. | The river flows very quickly at this point.
▪ run to flow – used when saying that something flows in a particular direction: Water was
running down the walls of the room. | Sweat ran off his nose. | The river runs into the sea.
▪ come out to flow out of something: You couldn't drink any of the water that came out of
the tap.
▪ pour to flow in large quantities: The rain poured down. | Blood was pouring from a wound
on his head.
▪ gush (siroi, suvoi, tasni) SYN spurt to flow out quickly in very large quantities: Water
was gushing out at more than 3000 gallons a minute.
▪ spurt to flow out suddenly with a lot of force: Oil was spurting from a small hole in the
pipe.
▪ trickle (prelinge) to flow slowly in drops or in a thin stream: Clare felt sweat trickling
down the back of her neck.
▪ leak to flow in or out through a small hole or crack, usually when this is not meant to
happen: Oil was leaking from the engine.
▪ ooze (prelinge incet, musti) to flow from something very slowly – used about blood or a
thick liquid: Blood was oozing from the wound. | Jam oozed out as she bit into the cake.
▪ drip (pica) to fall in drops: Water dripped from the tap continuously.

SLOP (a da pe dinafara)
if liquid slops somewhere, it moves around or over the edge of a container in an
uncontrolled way SYN splash:
SLOSH
1. if a liquid sloshes somewhere, or if you slosh it, it moves or is moved about in an
uncontrolled way SYN slop
2. to put a liquid in a container or on a surface in a careless way SYN slop
3. to walk through water or mud in a noisy way SYN splash

1
POUR (1.turna 2. a se revarsa, a se raspandi)
1.to make a liquid or other substance flow out of or into a container by holding it at an
angle: She poured coffee for everyone.
pour something into/out/down etc (something) Pour the oil into a frying pan and heat.
pour something away (=get rid of something) The wine was so bad I just poured it away.
pour somebody something Why don’t you pour yourself another drink?
2.(a se revarsa, a se raspandi) if a lot of liquid or smoke pours out, it comes out from
somewhere in very large amounts
pour from/down/out Smoke was pouring out of the upstairs windows. Blood was pouring from his
nose.
3. if a lot of people or things pour into or out of a place, a lot of them arrive or leave
at the same time
pour into/out of/from The crowds began pouring out of the stadium. Offers of help poured in
from all over the country

SPATTER, SPLATTER (improsca) (clothes spattered with mud, blood)

if a liquid spatters, or if something spatters it, drops of it fall or are thrown all over a
surface SYN splatter

SPLASH (pleoscai, stropi cu pleoscait)

if a liquid splashes, it hits or falls on something and makes a noise
SPRINKLE (stropi)
to scatter small drops of liquid or small pieces of something
SPRAY (pulveriza)
to force liquid out of a container so that it comes out in a stream of very small drops and
covers an area
SQUIRT
if you squirt liquid or if it squirts somewhere, it is forced out in a thin fast stream
(water pistol, with the hose)
SHOWER
II to wash your whole body while standing under a shower
3. to scatter a lot of things onto a person or place, or to be scattered in this way

SOAK (inmuia imbiba)

if you soak something, or if you let it soak, you keep it covered with a liquid for a period
of time, especially in order to make it softer or easier to clean
DRENCH (Oxford – often passive) - to make something or someone extremely wet
MOISTEN (umezi)
to make something slightly wet by putting a small amount of water or another liquid on it,
especially to stop it from getting too dry
DAMPEN SYN moisten - to make something slightly wet

Thesaurus
▪ wet to put water or another liquid onto something to make it wet. In spoken English,
people will often use get something wet rather than wet: He wet the washcloth and washed
Tom’s face.
▪ splash to make someone or something wet by making a lot of small drops of water fall onto
them: The kids were playing around in the pool, splashing each other. | I accidentally
splashed soup onto my shirt.
▪ soak to put something in water for a long time or to make something very wet – use this
especially when something is put into water or the water comes up from underneath to make it
wet: Soak the beans overnight before cooking. | The rain had come in through the bottom of
our tent and completely soaked our clothes.
▪ drench to make someone or something extremely wet with a large amount of water – use this
especially when water is poured or falls on something: He drenched us all with the hose. |
Her shirt was drenched in sweat.
▪ moisten to make something slightly wet by putting a small amount of water or another
liquid on it, especially to stop it from getting too dry: Add just enough water to moisten
the cake mixture. | Tom paused and moistened his lips.
▪ dampen to make something slightly wet by putting a little water on it: Rain came in
through the window, dampening the curtains.
sink (a se scufunda)
1.to go down below the surface of water, mud etc OPP float
The kids watched as the coin sank to the bottom of the pool
2
FOUNDER (1.esua 2.scufunda) Oxford formal
1. to fail after a period of time because something has gone wrong:
Their marriage began to founder soon after the honeymoon. Oxford The project foundered after
problems with funding.
founder on The talks foundered on disagreements between the two parties.
2. if a ship or boat founders, it fills with water and sinks
founder on The ship foundered on the rocks.

DIP (cufunda)
to put something into a liquid and lift it out again
dip something in/into something He dipped his hand in the water. Dip the strawberries into
melted chocolate.

Thesaurus
■ to put something into a liquid
▪ dip to put something into a liquid for a very short time and take it out again: She dipped
her hand in the water to see how hot it was. | Prawns are delicious dipped in a spicy sauce.
▪ plunge to put something quickly, firmly, and deeply into a liquid: Plunge the pasta into a
pan of boiling water. | I had to plunge my arm in up to the elbow to reach the keys.
▪ dunk to put something such as a piece of bread or cake into a hot drink or soup before
eating it: I love biscuits dunked in coffee.

SPILL (a se varsa)
1. if you spill a liquid, or if it spills, it accidentally flows over the edge of a
container
2. if people or things spill out of somewhere, they move or fall out in large numbers SYN
pour Ex. Crowds from the theatre were spilling onto the street (se imprastiau, revarsau)

3. FLOOD
to arrive or go somewhere in large numbers SYN pour, flow

SLIME - an unpleasant thick slippery substance (pond full of green slime)

SLUDGE
1. soft thick mud, especially at the bottom of a liquid
2. the solid substance that is left when industrial waste or sewage (=the liquid waste from
toilets) has been cleaned

3
STAGGER (merge clatinandu-se ,betiv, ranit)
WOBBLE (hatana – masa, scaun)
to move unsteadily from side to side, or make something do this

HOBBLE
to walk with difficulty, especially because your legs or feet hurt ⇨ limp:

SHAMBLE SYN shuffle

to walk slowly and awkwardly, not lifting your feet much, for example because you are tired,
weak, or lazy

FALTER
4. to stop walking or to walk in an unsteady way because you suddenly feel weak or afraid
(merge clatinandu-se)

TRUDGE
to walk with slow heavy steps, especially because you are tired or it is difficult to walk

PLOD
to walk along slowly, especially when this is difficult

TRAMP
I vagabond
II to walk somewhere slowly and with heavy steps

TREAD (step on calca)

to put your foot on or in something while you are walking SYN step
6. walk (literarry)

WADE
to walk through water that is not deep

TOTTER
to walk or move unsteadily from side to side as if you are going to fall over
TEETER
to stand or walk moving from side to side, as if you are going to fall:

STING (a intepa -albina)

PRICK (intepa, impunge, spin trandafir)
to make a small hole in something using something sharp

stumble, II.trip sau trip up (impiedica)

4
PUSH (impinge)
1. MOVE to make someone or something move by pressing them with your hands, arms etc -
shoppers pushing their grocery carts
SHOVE (imbranci)
1.to push someone or something in a rough or careless way, using your hands or shoulders:
He shoved her towards the car.
THRUST (imbranci, vari)
1. - to push something somewhere roughly.
Ex. He thrust me roughly towards the door. She thrust him aside [=pushed him to the side]
and walked past him. He thrust his way through the crowd. [=he went through the crowd by
pushing people aside]
Oxf to move quickly and suddenly in a particular direction
She thrust past him angrily and left.
Oxf to push sth/sb suddenly or violently in a particular direction;
- She thrust a letter into my hand. She thrust her hands deep into her pockets. My mother
thrust the newspaper back into her bag.
Thesaurus - thrust literary to put something somewhere suddenly or forcefully: ‘Hide it,’ he
said, thrusting the watch into her hand.
HUSTLE (imbrinci)
to make someone move quickly, especially by pushing them roughly I was hustled out of the
building by a couple of security men.

-------------------------------------
a îmboldí A împunge un animal cu prăjina, cu bățul, cu nuiaua sau a lovi un animal cu
bățul, cu nuiaua pentru a-l îndemna la mers, la tras.

PROD, POKE (imboldi, strapunge)

1.to quickly push something or someone with your finger or a pointed object SYN poke
Andy poked the fish with his finger to see if it was still alive.
prod at Theo prodded at the dead snake.

JAB (impunge, vari) Oxford syn prod

to push something into or towards something else with short quick movements
She jabbed at the elevator buttons. When I didn’t respond, he jabbed a finger at me.
Stop jabbing me with your elbow! The soldier jabbed a rifle into his ribs.

----------------------------
NUDGE (inghionti)
1.to push someone gently, usually with your elbow, in order to get their attention
Jill nudged him in the ribs.
2. to move something or someone a short distance by gently pushing Ex. She nudged the glass
towards me. David nudged me out of the way.
3. to move forward slowly by pushing gently
I started to nudge my way to the front of the crowd.
4. to gently persuade or encourage someone to take a particular decision or action
We’re trying to nudge them towards a practical solution

JOSTLE (a inghionti, a da din coate) to push roughly against sb in a crowd: Followers of

the president jostled for position in front of the TV cameras.

----------------------------
2.STICK - PUSH IN (infige, implinta)
if a pointed object sticks into something, or if you stick it there, it is pushed into it-
Ex: pins stuck in a notice board; The boy stuck his finger up his nose.

5
PROMPT (a indemna, determina)
1. to make someone decide to do something What prompted you to buy that suit?
2. (a determina) to make people say or do something as a reaction: The decision prompted an
outcry among prominent US campaigners.
GOAD (imboldi)
to make someone do something by annoying or encouraging them until they do it
Oxford - to keep irritating or annoying sb/sth until they react
SPUR
1. pinten 2. to encourage someone or make them want to do something
URGE - to strongly suggest that someone does something
RECOMMEND, URGE (strongly advise), ENDORSE (to say in an advertisement that you like a
product)

--------------------------
II.1.STUFF - PUSH to push or put something into a small space, especially in a quick
careless way SYN shove Ex: She stuffed two more sweaters into her bag.
Thesaurus ▪ stuff informal to push something quickly and carelessly into a small space: She
stuffed a few clothes into a bag and left.

2.SHOVE to put something somewhere carelessly or without thinking much:

Tidying the room seems to mean shoving everything under the bed!
He shoved his hands into his pockets. M-W She shoved her plate aside.
Oxf. 2. (informal) to put sth somewhere roughly or carelessly
She shoved the book into her bag and hurried off. He came over and shoved a piece of paper
into my hand. Shove your suitcase under the bed.
--------------------------------------
a izbi - A (se) lovi cu putere (de ceva, de cineva sau cu ceva); a (se) repezi cu violență;
a (se) trânti.

BUMP (a se ciocni, izbi) to hit sb/sth accidentally

1.to hit or knock against something
M-W to move into or against (someone or something) in a sudden and forceful way
I ran after him, bumping against people in my hurry. Tim was a clumsy boy, always bumping
into the furniture.

BANG (a (se) lovi cu zgomot)

M-W 1: to cause or allow (something, such as part of your body) to hit something in a way
that makes a loud noise
• He accidentally banged his knee against the door.
• He banged [=bumped, struck] his head getting out of the car.
------------------------
Oxf. (a lovi)
hit • to come against sth with force, especially causing damage or injury: ▪ The boy was hit
by a speeding car.
knock • to hit sth so that it moves or breaks; to put sb/sth into a particular state or
position by hitting them/it: ▪ Someone had knocked a hole in the wall.
bang • to hit sth in a way that makes a loud noise: ▪ The baby was banging the table with
his spoon.
strike • (formal) to hit sb/sth hard: ▪ The ship struck a rock.
bump • to hit sb/sth accidentally: ▪ In the darkness I bumped into a chair.
bash • (informal) to hit against sth very hard: ▪ I braked too late, bashing into the car in
front.
-----------------------
a hurduca - A se mișca încoace și încolo cu putere, a (se) clătina, a (se) scutura, a (se)
zgâlțâi, a (se) zdruncina

1.JOLT (a se hurducai, zgaltai)

to move suddenly and roughly, or to make someone or something move in this way
SYN jerk: We jolted along rough wet roads through an endless banana plantation.

2.BUMP (a se hurducai, zgaltai)

to move up and down as you move forward, especially in a vehicle. The plane was bumping
along the runway.

6
ENTHUSIASTIC (zealous fervor), eager, keen (4.eager to work or learn), fervent, excited
(great enthusiasm)
pasiune, ardoare infocare

THRILL (fior, freamat, senzatie), a face senzatie

fior- emotie vie provocata de un sentiment puternic (mai ales frica)
a sudden strong feeling of excitement and pleasure, or the thing that makes you feel this
Oxford - to excite or please sb very much

SQUIRM (agita, fatai) syn wriggle

to twist your body from side to side because you are uncomfortable or nervous, or to get
free from something which is holding you

WRIGGLE (zvarcoli, rasuci)

to twist your body from side to side with small quick movements Ex. Stop wriggling and let
me put your T-shirt on.
wriggle under/through/into He wriggled through the window. The dog wriggled free and ran
off.

WRITHE (zvarcoli)
to twist your body from side to side violently, especially because you are suffering pain

WIGGLE
to move with small movements from side to side or up and down, or to make something move
like this (hips, toes)
FIDGET
to keep moving your hands or feet, especially because you are bored or nervous

Thesaurus
▪ move to go to a different place, or change the position of your body: Sarah moved away
from the window. | Every time I move I get a pain in my left shoulder.
▪ sway to move slowly from one side to the other: The branches swayed in the wind. | Donny
swayed drunkenly as he walked back to his car.
▪ rock to move repeatedly from one side to another, with small gentle movements: He rocked
backward and forward in his chair. | The boat rocked from side to side with the waves.
▪ wobble to move unsteadily from side to side: The bike wobbled a bit, but she soon got it
under control.
▪ fidget to keep moving or playing with your fingers, hands, feet etc, because you are bored
or nervous: Diana fidgeted nervously with her pencil.
▪ squirm to make very small movements from side to side with your body, especially because
you feel uncomfortable: By the end of the hour, most of the children were squirming in their
seats.
▪ wriggle to make small movements from side to side, especially in order to get into or out
of something: The dog wriggled under the fence and escaped into the street. | She managed to
wriggle into the dress, but it was much too tight.
▪ twitch if part of your body twitches, it makes small movements that you cannot control: A
muscle on Yang’s face twitched.
▪ stir written to make a movement – used especially when describing a situation in which no
one moves, or someone wakes up: In the village a dog barked but no one stirred | The
sleeping child stirred and opened her eyes.
▪ budge to move – used when you are trying hard to make something move, often without
success: The piano wouldn’t budge.

FRET
to worry about something, especially when there is no need
BUSTLE (forfota)
to move around quickly, looking very busy
FUSS (agitatie fara rost)
anxious behaviour or activity that is usually about unimportant things

7
GLUT OPP shortage
a supply of something, especially a product or crop, that is more than is needed Ex. a glut
of oil on the world market
SURFEIT SYN excess
a surfeit of something an amount of something that is too large or that is more than you
need Ex. a surfeit of food and drink
SURPLUS SYN excess
an amount of something that is more than what is needed or used

MUTTER (mormai, vorbi nedeslusit)

to speak in a low voice, especially because you are annoyed about something, or you do not
want people to hear you
MUMBLE
to say something too quietly or not clearly enough, so that other people cannot understand
you
SNARL – (marai aratandu-si coltii)
2. to speak or say something in a nasty, angry way
GROWL – (marai)
2. to say something in a low angry voice SYN snarl
GRUNT – 1. to make short sounds or say a few words in a rough voice, when you do not want to
talk: He just grunted and carried on reading his book.

Thesaurus
■ different ways of saying something
▪ mumble to say something quietly without pronouncing the words clearly: He mumbled his
thanks.
▪ mutter to say something quietly, especially when you are annoyed but do not want someone
to hear you complaining: ‘This is ridiculous,’ he muttered under his breath. | She muttered
something about having to go home early.
▪ growl to say something in a low angry voice: ‘As I was saying,’ Lewis growled, ‘it needs
to be finished today.’
▪ snarl to say something in a nasty angry way: ‘Get out of my way!’ he snarled.
▪ blurt out to suddenly say something without thinking, especially something embarrassing or
secret: It was partly nervousness that had made him blurt out the question.
▪ stammer/stutter to speak with a lot of pauses and repeated sounds, because you have a
speech problem, or because you are nervous or excited: ‘I’ll, I’ll only be a m-moment,’ he
stammered.

MOAN (1.a se plange, vaita, lamenta 2.a geme)

1. informal to complain in an annoying way, especially in an unhappy voice and without good
reason ‘I feel seasick already,’ she moaned.
moan about A lot of people moaned about the parking problems.
moan at British English: My mum never stops moaning at me.
moan that He’s always moaning that we use too much electricity. He moaned and groaned all
the way there.
2. to make a long low sound expressing pain, unhappiness, or sexual pleasure SYN groan
GROAN (1. geme 2. a se plange) SYN moan
1. to make a long deep sound because you are in pain, upset, or disappointed, or because
something is very enjoyable
2. to complain about something SYN moan:
I’m tired of him moaning and groaning all the time. ‘It’s too hot!’ he groaned.
WHINE (1. a se plange, 2.geme) SYN moan
1. to complain in a sad annoying, crying voice about something: ‘I don’t understand,’ whined
Rose.
whine about The sergeant was whining about how hard he had been forced to work recently.
2. to make a long high sound because you are in pain or unhappy: He could hear the dog
whining behind the door.
3. if a machine whines, it makes a continuous high sound
WHIRR (hurui) (elicopter)
to make a fairly quiet regular sound, like the sound of a bird or insect moving its wings
very fast

8
Thesaurus
▪ complain to say that you are annoyed, unhappy, or not satisfied about something or
someone: Several customers complained about the service they received. | ‘I wish you’d stop
telling me what to do,’ she complained.
▪ make a complaint to formally complain about something to someone in authority: His parents
made a complaint to the head teacher.
▪ object to say that you oppose or disapprove of something: Local residents have objected to
the plan. | Some teachers objected to the scheme.
▪ grumble to keep complaining in a bad-tempered way about something: Rail travellers have
been grumbling about the increase in ticket prices. | What’s he grumbling about now?
▪ moan/whine informal (also whinge /wɪndʒ/ British English informal) to keep complaining in
an annoying way: Everyone was moaning about the hotel food. | Stop whingeing and get on with
your work!
▪ kick up/make a fuss to complain or become angry about something, especially something that
is not very important: The soup wasn’t hot enough, but he didn’t want to make a fuss. | He
kicked up such a fuss that they were offered another room

GRUMBLE (bombani)
to keep complaining in an unhappy, bad-tempered way

CRY
1. to produce tears from your eyes, usually because you are unhappy or hurt
WEEP
formal or literary to cry, especially because you feel very sad
SOB (plange cu sughituri)- to cry, taking sudden loud breaths
WAIL (boci, hohoti) - to cry very loudly in a high voice
WHIMPER (scanci, smiorcai) - to cry quietly and weakly

DOLOROUS, DOLEFUL
very sad
PLAINTIVE (tanguitor, plangator)
a plaintive sound is high, like someone crying, and sounds sad

PEEVISH (suparacios, artagos, irascibil, tafnos) - easily annoyed by small and unimportant
things: The kids were peevish after so long in the car.

Thesaurus
bad-tempered becoming easily annoyed and talking in an angry unfriendly way to people
moody (capricios. prost dispus) often becoming annoyed or unhappy, especially when there
seems to be no good reason
grumpy/grouchy easily annoyed and often complaining about things - used especially when
talking about people you know well. These words sound much gentler and less critical than
bad-tempered
cantankerous written bad-tempered and complaining or quarrelling a lot – used especially
about old people

PETULANT - behaving in an unreasonably impatient and angry way, like a child

MIFFED spoken (imbufnat, bosumflat) - slightly annoyed or upset

MOODY (amarat, suparat, prost dispus)

1. annoyed or unhappy
2. SYN temperamental often changing quickly from being in a good temper to being in a bad
temper

SULK (a fi suparat, imbufnat, moracanos, proasta dispozitie) sulky

to be silently angry and refuse to be friendly or discuss what is annoying or upsetting you
– used to show disapproval

FRETFUL - anxious and complaining, and unable to relax: The child was tired and fretful.

IN A HUFF feeling angry or bad-tempered, especially because someone has offended you
go off/walk off/leave etc in a huff
9
TRUCULENT literary SYN awkward bad-tempered and always willing to argue with people

DISSATISFIED (nemultumit)

DISGRUNTLED (nemultumit)
annoyed or disappointed, especially because things have not happened in the way that you
wanted

DISCONTENTED (nemultumit)
unhappy or not satisfied with the situation you are in OPP contented

SULLEN (ursuz,posac, inchis in sine)

angry and silent, especially because you feel life has been unfair to you

MOROSE - bad-tempered, unhappy, and silent: Daniel seems very morose and gloomy.

2.GLOOMY SYN depressed OPP cheerful

sad because you think the situation will not improve

TOUCHY
1. SYN sensitive easily becoming offended or annoyed

SNAPPY
1. a snappy title or phrase is short, clear, and often funny
2. especially British English SYN irritable - quick to react in an angry way

TETCHY British English informal SYN irritable - likely to get angry or upset easily

TESTY SYN irritable - impatient and easily annoyed

EDGY/JUMPY/JITTERY nervous because you are worried about what might happen

CRABBY SYN bad-tempered - easily annoyed by unimportant things

MOOD (dispozitie, stare sufleteasca)

the way you feel at a particular time

TEMPER
3.the way you are feeling at a particular time, especially when you are feeling angry for a
short time

2.NATURE, TEMPER (fire, caracter)

Ex. Theo needs to learn to control his temper.

SATISFIED
feeling that something is as good as it should be, or that something has happened in the way
that you want OPP dissatisfied In everyday English, people usually say happy rather than
satisfied

Thesaurus
content [not before noun] satisfied with what you are doing, so that you do not want to
change anything Ex. Sam was quite content with his life on the farm

CONTENTED written feeling happy with your life, job, situation. Ex. He was contented with
his job

Oxford content or contented?

Being contented depends more on having a comfortable life; being content can depend more on
your attitude to your life: you can have to be content or learn to be content. People or
animals can be contented but only people can be content.

10
OUTCRY (protest zgomotos (public))
an angry protest by a lot of ordinary people The closure of the local hospital has caused a
huge public outcry.
outcry against/about/over a national outcry about the lack of gun control laws
outcry from The proposed changes caused an angry outcry from residents.

SHOUT - to say something very loudly

YELL (1.urla, tipa, vocifera 2.aclama) - to shout very loudly, especially because you are
angry, excited, or in pain
SCREAM - to shout in a very loud high voice, because you are frightened, unhappy, angry
SHRIECK SYN scream
to make a very high loud sound, especially because you are afraid, angry, excited, or in
pain
ROAR (lion, engine, crowd)
1.to make a deep, very loud noise
2.written to shout in a loud deep voice
SQUALL SYN bawl
1. (rafala) a sudden strong wind, especially one that brings rain or snow
2. if a baby or child squalls, it cries noisily

Oxford
cry(a striga, tipa), scream or shout?
When cry is used to mean 'to call out loudly', it is usually only used with speech. • 'Get
me out of here!' she cried.
The most common words used to mean 'to call out loudly' are scream or shout. Scream is
usually something you do when you are frightened or being attacked and is often just sounds
not words. • As he grabbed her arm, she screamed and tried to get away. ¤ As he grabbed her
arm, she cried and tried to get away.
Shout is a more general word for 'to call out loudly'. • Alex shouted something to me across
the street. ¤ Alex cried something to me across the street.

I.2. RAVE (a vorbi aiurea, a bate campii)

to talk in an angry, uncontrolled, or crazy way
rave at He started raving at me
rave on British English: Lisa raved on about how awful it all was. He was still ranting and
raving the next morning.

emfaza = Atitudine nenaturală, pretențioasă; afectare în scris, în vorbire, în comportare

RANT (a vorbi bombastic, emfatic)

to talk or complain in a loud excited and rather confused way because you feel strongly
about something
rant about She was still ranting about the unfairness of it all. Why don’t you stop ranting
and raving for a minute and listen?

STRIDENT
forceful and determined, especially in a way that is offensive or annoying (~ criticism)
Oxford 1. having a loud, rough and unpleasant sound Oxford 2. aggressive and determined
SHRILL (ascutit, strident, tipator) –
a shrill sound is very high and unpleasant (shrill voice)
PIERCING - extremely high and loud, in a way that is unpleasant (piercing scream)

SQUEAKY - making very high noises that are not loud (squeaky gates)
SQUEAK (scartai) a very short high sound or cry (de pantofi)
CREAK - a long high sound that something makes when someone opens it, walks on it, sits on
it etc - used especially about a door, wooden floor, bed, or stairs
SCREECH - a loud, long, unpleasantly high sound - used especially about someone’s voice, or
about brakes, tyres etc
3.GRATE Oxford - when two hard surfaces grate as they rub together, they make a sharp
unpleasant sound; sb can also make one thing grate against another: • The rusty hinges
grated as the gate swung back. He grated his knife across the plate.

11
DECREASE (a scadea) [intransitive and transitive]
to become less or go down to a lower level, or to make something do this OPP increase:
They want to decrease their reliance on oil. Average house prices decreased by 13% last
year.

GO DOWN phrasal verb

1.GET LOWER to become lower in level, amount etc: His income went down last year.
Computers have gone down in price; go down by 10%/250/$900. Spending has gone down by 2%.
2.STANDARD if something goes down, its quality or standard gets worse:
This neighbourhood has really gone down in the last few years.
Thesaurus: go down - to decrease. Go down is less formal than decrease and is the usual word
to use in conversation: Unemployment has gone down in the past few months.

REDUCE (a reduce) doar verb tranzutiv

to make something smaller or less in size, amount, or price SYN cut
Small businesses will need to reduce costs in order to survive.

Reduce vs decrease https://www.quora.com/Is-there-a-difference-between-reduce-and-decrease

"reduce" has connotations of reducing size, whereas "decrease" has connotations of reducing
number, but those are connotations, not meaning, and they can be used interchangably in most
circumstances.

CUT (a reduce)
1.REDUCE [transitive] to reduce the amount of something: You need to cut the amount of fat
and sugar in your diet.

2.SLASH SYN cut

to greatly reduce an amount, price etc – used especially in newspapers and advertising The
workforce has been slashed by 50%.
Thesaurus: slash informal to reduce an amount or price by a very large amount – used
especially in newspapers and advertisements: Public spending has been slashed over the past
two years. | Prices slashed for one week only!

LOWER (a (se) reduce)

1.REDUCE [intransitive and transitive] to reduce something in amount, degree, strength etc,
or to become less: Do you think we should lower the price? After 20 minutes lower the
temperature to 325°; drugs to lower blood pressure. Helen lowered her voice (=made it
quieter) as they approached. His voice lowered (=became quieter).
Register In everyday English, people usually say that someone turns down the temperature or
volume rather than lowers it: Can you turn the heating down?

BRING SOMETHING DOWN Thesaurus: to reduce something such as prices or costs, or reduce the
level of something. Bring something down is less formal than lower: The government wants to
bring down the level of inflation. | The company is trying to bring its costs down.

LESSEN (a (se) micsora) SYN reduce

[intransitive and transitive] to become smaller in size, importance, or value, or make
something do this
lessen the risk/chance/possibility etc; lessen the impact/effect/importance
The new project will lessen the effects of car pollution. Gradually her anxiety lessened.

DIMINISH (a (se) diminua)

1.[intransitive and transitive] to become or make something become smaller or less
SYN reduce:These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.

DWINDLE (a se diminua treptat)

[intransitive] Oxf. to become gradually less or smaller. Support for the party has dwindled
away to nothing.

12
FALL
3.DECREASE [intransitive] to go down to a lower level, amount, price etc, especially a much
lower one OPP rise: The rate of inflation was falling. The island is warm all year round and
winter temperatures never fall below 10 degrees. He believes that educational standards are
falling. London share prices fell sharply yesterday.
Register In everyday English, people often say an amount or level goes down rather than
falls: House prices have gone down again.

DROP
4.BECOME LESS [intransitive] to fall to a lower level or amount, especially a much lower
level or amount. The number of deaths on the roads has dropped sharply. Temperatures drop
quite dramatically at night, so bring some warm clothing. Their share of the market dropped
to 50 percent this year.
5.REDUCE [transitive] to reduce the level or amount of something: You might be able to get
them to drop the price. As soon as she saw the police car she dropped her speed.

Language Bank: fall

Describing a decrease
▪ Car crime in Oxford fell significantly last year.
▪ Car crime fell by about a quarter over a 12-month period.
▪ The number of stolen vehicles dropped from 1 013 to 780, a fall of 26 per cent.
▪ According to this data, 780 vehicles were stolen, 26% down on the previous year.
▪ There was an 11% drop in reported thefts from motor vehicles, from 1871 to 1737.
▪ These figures show that, as far as car crime is concerned, the main trend is downwards.

Fall, drop or decline? All these words can be used about numbers, levels, prices, profits
and sales. Use decline to talk about a loss of economic strength in an area:
• The city/industry has declined (in importance).
A person's health or people's support for sth declines. Voices and temperatures fall or
drop. Things can fall or decline over a period of time, but drop cannot be used in the
progressive tenses: • Sales have been falling/declining. NU ¤ Sales have been dropping.

THESAURUS (scadere) substantiv

▪ decrease used when the number, amount, or level of something becomes less than it used to be: There has
been a significant decrease in the number of deaths from lung cancer. | a 5% decrease in housing prices
▪ reduction used when the price, amount, or level of something is made lower: There will be further price
reductions in the sales. | A small reduction in costs can mean a large increase in profits.
▪ cut used when a government or company reduces the price, amount, or level of something: a 1% cut in interest
rates | tax cuts | It is possible that there will be further job cuts.
▪ drop/fall used when the number, amount, or level of something goes down, especially by a large amount: The
figures showed a sharp fall in industrial output. | There was a dramatic drop in temperature.
▪ decline used when the number, amount, level, or standard of something goes down, especially gradually: During
the 1970s, there was a gradual decline in the birthrate. | a decline in educational standards

PLUNGE
2. [intransitive] if a price, rate etc plunges, it suddenly decreases by a large amount:
The unemployment rate plunged sharply. Oil prices have plunged to a new low.

SLIDE
3.[intransitive] if prices, amounts, rates etc slide, they become lower SYN drop OPP rise:
Stocks slid a further 3% on the major markets today.
4.[intransitive] to gradually become worse, or to begin to have a problem:
Students’ test scores started to slide (au inceput sa se inrautateasca) in the mid-1990s.

SUBSIDE SYN die down [intransitive] (a se domoli, potoli)

1. if a feeling, pain/swelling, sound etc subsides, it gradually becomes less and then stops
(anger, rain/storm, wind, floods, violence)

DIE DOWN phrasal verb

if something dies down, it becomes less strong, active, or violent: Don’t worry, the gossip
will soon die down; when the excitement had died down. The flames finally died down.
M_W - to gradually become less strong: The wind will die down in the evening.

13
ABATE formal SYN subside to become less strong or decrease (storm)

RECEDE (a se da inapoi, a se retrage)

if something you can see or hear recedes, it gets further and further away until it
disappears (footsteps receding into the distance, pain, water)
M-W – 1. to move away gradually: The floodwaters slowly receded. I felt sad as I watched the
ship recede from view. 2. to become smaller or weaker: We listened as the sound of the
sirens receded [=faded] into the distance. The pain from my headache slowly began to recede.

FALTER
1. [intransitive] to become weaker and unable to continue in an effective way:
The economy is showing signs of faltering (incepe sa se clatine).
My mother’s grip upon the household never faltered (autoritatea nu s-a diminuat).

14
SUITABLE, APPROPRIATE, PROPER, SUITED TO, RIGHT (potrivit, adecvat, corespunzator)

Oxf:
Suitable: right or appropriate for a purpose or an occasion.
Appropriate: suitable, acceptable or correct in the circumstances.(potrivit in context)
Proper: right, appropriate or correct; according to the rules

Cambr
Suitable: acceptable or right for someone or something
Appropriate: suitable or right for a particular situation or occasion

Appropriate is more formal than suitable

In everyday English, people usually say that someone or something is the right person or
thing for them, instead of using suitable: We think this is the right school for our child.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv108.shtml
It is inappropriate to make jokes at funerals.
The clothes she was wearing were quite unsuitable/inappropriate for the cold weather.
Does this dress suit me? ~ Oh yes, it does. And it's very suitable/appropriate for formal
occasions. He is just not suited to/suitable for this type of work.
Such small flats are not really suitable for couples with young children. It is
unsuitable/inappropriate accommodation.

Exemple suitable
Oxf suitable for self-study, suitable for everyday use, suitable for all the family,
suitable for older people, anything suitable to wear for the party, a suitable partner for
her
Cambr suitable present, suitable candidates, cream suitable for skin irritations
Collins suitable for the job, suitable accommodation

Exemple apropriate
Oxf It was thought appropriate to award her the prize. Tutors can construct tests
appropriate to individual students' needs. I don't think a speech would be entirely
appropriate. Jeans are not appropriate for a formal interview. The textbooks you use should
be appropriate to the level of the students. We must make sure that appropriate action is
taken. Would it be appropriate to take him a small gift?
LNM
The timing of the announcement was particularly appropriate. Where appropriate, I delegate
as much work as possible. Mark box 1 or 2, as appropriate (dupa caz). I can assure you that
appropriate action will be taken.

PROPER
M-W
1.correct according to social or moral rules: That is not the proper [=acceptable] way to
dress for school. It is not proper to speak that way. The children need to learn proper
behavior. Oxf: It was not considered proper for young ladies to go out alone.
3 right or suitable for some purpose or situation: He didn't have the proper [=appropriate]
training for the job.
LNM
1.right, suitable, or correct: Everything was in its proper place (=where it should be); the
proper way to clean your teeth. The proper name for Matthew’s condition is hyperkinetic
syndrome.

Cambr: proper job, proper equipment, proper meal, proper documentation

PROPITIOUS /prəˈpɪʃəs/ (propice, favorabil) good and likely to bring good results: a
propitious moment

15
ASSUME, PRESUME (presupune, crede, banui)
SYN presume to think that something is true, although you do not have definite proof
http://grammarist.com/usage/assume-presume/
To presume is to make an informed guess based on reasonable evidence, while to assume is to
make a guess based on little or no evidence
Ex. I assume police have at least interviewed them. I don’t know if they have or not.
I told the host, whom I presume to be the owner judging from the picture on the website,
that I had reservations
In a legal context, presume means “to take as proved until contrary evidence is presented
Ex. The defendant is presumed innocent
surmise
formal to guess that something is true, using the information you know already
Oxford syn – conjecture
Din caiet
assume – to accept (sth) to be true without question or proof
presume – to believe (sth) to be true because is very likely although you are not certain
surmise (formal) – to guess (sth) without without having much or any proof

PRESUPPOSE
1. to depend on something that is believed to exist or to be true SYN assume:
The idea of heaven presupposes the existence of God.

EXPECT
Dictionarul BBC
I expect you agree. (Presupun ca esti de acord)

16
Thesaurus
conceited/big-headed disapproving proud of yourself because you think you are very
intelligent, skilful, beautiful etc, especially without good reason and in a way that annoys
people
vain disapproving too proud of your appearance, in a way that annoys other people
smug disapproving pleased with yourself in a quiet but annoying way because you think you
are in a better position than other people: Milly was looking very smug about coming top of
the class

CONCEITED SYN vain

someone who is conceited thinks they are very clever, skilful, beautiful etc – used to show
disapproval
CONCEIT (ingamfare, trufie, vanitate) SYN conceitedness
an attitude that shows you have too high an opinion of your own abilities or importance

BUMPTIOUS SYN arrogant

too proud of your abilities in a way that annoys other people

COCKY informal - too confident about yourself and your abilities, especially in a way that
annoys other people

PRESUMPTUOUS formal (increzut, ingamfat, obraznic)

doing something that you have no right to do and that seems rude
Oxford - too confident, in a way that shows a lack of respect for other people
SUPERCILIOUS formal SYN self-important
behaving as if you think that other people are less important than you – used to show
disapproval

CONTEMPT (dispret, desconsiderare)

a feeling that someone or something is not important and deserves no respect

SCORN SYN contempt

the feeling that someone or something is stupid or does not deserve respect:
scorn for He felt scorn for his working-class parents.
with scorn Rachel looked at me with scorn.

DISDAIN formal (dispret) Oxford Syn: contempt

a complete lack of respect that you show for someone or something because you think they are
not important or good enough

dispret = Sentiment de desconsiderare a cuiva sau a ceva; lipsă de considerație sau de stimă
față de cineva sau de ceva

SPURN (refuza) literary SYN reject

to refuse to accept something or someone, especially because you are too proud
Webster - to refuse to accept (someone or something that you do not think deserves your
respect, attention, affection, etc.): • She spurned [=rejected] their offer; a spurned lover
Eve spurned Mark's invitation. He spurned the advice of management consultants.

17
Thesaurus
▪ hate verb [transitive not in progressive] to dislike someone or something very much: Billy
hated his stepfather. | He hated the fact that his wife was more successful than he was. |
She hates people being late.
▪ can’t stand/can’t bear to hate someone or something. Can’t stand is less formal than hate,
and is very common in everyday English: She’s OK, but I can’t stand her husband. | He
couldn’t bear the thought of life without Nicole. | She can’t stand being on her own.
▪ loathe, detest verb [transitive not in progressive] to hate something or someone very
much. Loathe and detest are a little more formal than hate: He loathed housework. | Greg had
detested his brother for as long as he could remember. | She evidently loathes her ex-
husband.
▪ despise [transitive not in progressive] to hate someone or something very much and have no
respect for them: He despised the man and could never forgive him for what he had done. |
They despised the wealth and consumerism of the West.
▪ abhor /əbˈhɔː $ əbˈhɔːr, æb-/ verb [transitive not in progressive] formal to hate
something because you think it is morally wrong: He abhorred violence. | We abhor racism in
any form.

DESPISE (a dispretui) - to dislike and have a low opinion of someone or something

DISTASTE (aversiune, antipatie) distasteful (neplacut, dizagreabil)

a feeling that something or someone is unpleasant or morally offensive
RESENT (a-i displacea, a nu putea suferi)
to feel angry or upset about a situation or about something that someone has done,
especially because you think that it is not fair

Thesaurus
resentment anger because you think you are being treated badly or unfairly
rancor American English formal a feeling of anger and hatred towards someone who you cannot
forgive because they harmed you in the past …he had shown no rancour
annoyance slight anger or impatience
ill/bad feeling anger between two people because of something that has happened
irritation a feeling of being annoyed and impatient, especially because something keeps
happening or someone keeps saying something: He could not hide his irritation at her
persistent questioning. | Unwanted sales calls are a source of irritation for many people.

resentiment = Sentiment ostil față de cineva, pornire împotriva cuiva provocată de amintirea
neplăcerilor suportate.

RESENTMENT
SYN bitterness a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is unfair
resentment at/against/of She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for
promotion.
feel/harbour/bear resentment He felt considerable resentment towards Sheila for making him
work late.
smouldering resentment (=resentment that is felt for a long time but not expressed) The
unrest highlighted the smouldering resentment in France's poor neighbourhoods

smoulder (a mocni) if something such as wood smoulders, it burns slowly without a flame

GRUDGE
1.a feeling of dislike for someone because you cannot forget that they harmed you in the
past
grudge against - Is there anyone who might have had a grudge against her? Mr Gillis was not
normally a man to bear grudges. I’m not harbouring some secret grudge against you. It could
be the work of someone with a grudge against the company. You let nasty little personal
grudges creep in.

SPITE
2. a feeling of wanting to hurt or upset people, for example because you are jealous or
think you have been unfairly treated
out of spite (=because of spite): She broke it just out of spite.
pure/sheer spite (=spite and nothing else)
18
BITTER
1.(plin de resentimente) feeling angry, jealous, and upset because you think you have been
treated unfairly
bitter about I feel very bitter about it; a bitter old man. Oxford - She is very bitter
about losing her job. Loving relationships can turn bitter.
Cambridge - describes a person who is angry and unhappy because they cannot forget bad
things which happened in the past: • I feel very bitter about my childhood and all that was
denied me. She'd suffered terribly over the years but it hadn't made her bitter.
2.(amar, dureros) [only before noun] making you feel very unhappy and upset
a bitter disappointment/blow If he failed, it would be a bitter disappointment to his
parents. His photo stirred up bitter memories.
from bitter experience (=because of your own very unpleasant experiences). She knew from
bitter experience that it would be impossible to talk it over with Julian.
3.(inversunat) a bitter argument, battle etc is one in which people oppose or criticize each
other with strong feelings of hate and anger
bitter dispute/battle/struggle The couple are locked in a bitter battle for custody of the
children. The government faces bitter opposition to these policies. The countries are still
bitter enemies.

OFFENSIVE (jignitor) offend

very rude or insulting and likely to upset people OPP inoffensive

Thesaurus
toss (also chuck) informal to throw something, especially in a careless way without using
much effort (~coat onto the bed)
hurl to throw something with a lot of force (~a brick through his window)
fling to angrily throw something somewhere with a lot of force, or to carelessly throw
something somewhere because you have very little time (I flung a few things into a suitcase)

CAST
cast light on/onto something, cast doubt(s) on something, cast a shadow, cast a vote/ballot
literary cast somebody into prison, cast an eye on/over something (take a look arunca o
privire)

DRAW (a atrage, a trage)

draw (sb’s) attention,
draw a comparison/parallel/distinction
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say make a comparison or distinction (but NOT make a
parallel).
draw a conclusion
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say reach a conclusion or come to a conclusion
draw near/closer
In everyday English, people usually say get nearer/closer
Move
The boat drew alongside us and a man appeared on the deck. I arrived just as the train was
drawing into the station
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually use pull rather than draw:
The train was pulling into the station.

DRAG - to pull something along the ground, often because it is too heavy to carry

Thesaurus
pull to make something or someone move in the direction that your hands are moving. Sam was
pulling on his socks
tug to pull something suddenly with a short quick movement, often to get someone’s attention
draw to pull a vehicle such as a carriage – used especially about horses doing this

Oxford drag or haul?

You usually drag sth behind you along the ground; you usually haul sth towards you, often
upwards towards you. Dragging sth often needs effort, but hauling sth always does

HIDEOUS extremely ugly a hideous concrete shopping centre

REPULSIVE extremely ugly, especially in a way that makes you want to look away
Oxford causing a feeling of strong dislike; very unpleasant a repulsive sight/smell/habit
19
FOUL
a foul smell or taste is very unpleasant SYN disgusting
(air/water) very dirty

Oxford
These words all describe sth, especially a smell, taste or habit, that is extremely
unpleasant and often makes you feel slightly ill.
disgusting • extremely unpleasant and making you feel slightly ill: ▪ What a disgusting
smell!
foul • dirty, and tasting or smelling bad: ▪ She could smell his foul breath.
revolting • extremely unpleasant and making you feel slightly ill: ▪ The stew looked
revolting.
disgusting or revolting?
Both of these words are used to describe things that smell and taste unpleasant, unpleasant
personal habits and people who have them. There is no real difference in meaning, but
disgusting is more frequent, especially in spoken English.
repulsive • (rather formal) extremely unpleasant in a way that offends you or makes you feel
slightly ill. Repulsive usually describes people, their behaviour or habits, which you may
find offensive for physical or moral reasons.
offensive • (formal) (especially of smells) extremely unpleasant.
gross • (informal) (of a smell, taste or personal habit) extremely unpleasant.

SLUSH (zloata)
partly melted snow
Thesaurus
slush snow on the road that has partly melted and is very wet: I made my way through the
dirty slush
sleet (lapovita) a mixture of snow and rain: The snow turned to sleet and then rain

SLUDGE (noroi, mal, namol, sediment)

1. soft thick mud, especially at the bottom of a liquid Syn Oxford slime
2. the solid substance that is left when industrial waste or sewage has been cleaned
SLIME
an unpleasant thick slippery substance Ex. a pond full of green slime
SILT (aluviune, namol)
sand, mud, soil etc that is carried in water and then settles at a bend in a river, an
entrance to a port etc
MIRE literary an area of wet muddy ground, which people and vehicles etc get stuck in
MARSH, swamp, bog - mlastina

GAUDY/GARISH (tipator) too brightly coloured, in a way that is unattractive

FLASHY
big, bright, or expensive, and intended to be impressive – used to show disapproval
(hotel, car)
TAWDRY
Oxford - intended to be bright and attractive but cheap and of low quality

STRIDENT
2. a strident sound or voice is loud and unpleasant
SHRILL (ascutit) high and unpleasant: Her voice became more shrill
PIERCING extremely high and loud, in a way that is unpleasant: a piercing scream

DAZZLE (orbi)
if a very bright light dazzles you, it stops you from seeing properly for a short time
GLARING (orbitor)
2. too bright and difficult to look at SYN dazzling

20
ENERVATE formal (molesi, vlagui)
to make you feel tired and weak The hot sun enervated her to the point of collapse
LASSITUDE formal SYN weariness
a state of feeling very tired in mind or body; lack of energy
LANGUISH (lancezi, stagna)
if someone languishes somewhere, they are forced to remain in a place where they are unhappy
LANGUID literary (moale, fara energie, apatic) slow and with very little energy or activity
– used about people, actions, or periods of time

WITHER (a se veșteji, a se ofili)

1.if plants wither, they become drier and smaller and start to die
2.to gradually become weaker or less successful and then end: His career had withered. The
organization just withered away.
Webster: often used figuratively: • The economy has withered. [=has become weaker]
- often + away • Our hopes have withered away. [=died away]

II.2 FLAG (a se molesi)

to become tired or weak: By the end of the meeting we had begun to flag.
Oxford - to become tired, weaker or less enthusiastic
• It had been a long day and the children were beginning to flag.
• Her confidence had never flagged.

WILT (a se veșteji, a se ofili) Oxford Syn: droop

1. if a plant wilts, it bends over because it is too dry or old ⇨ droop
2. informal to feel weak or tired, especially because you are too hot

FADE (1. a pali 2. a se decolora)

1. (also fade away) to gradually disappear: Hopes of a peace settlement are beginning to
fade. Over the years her beauty had faded a little.
2. to lose colour and brightness, or to make something do this: the fading evening light; a
pair of faded jeans; The sun had faded the curtains.

SLIDE (a aluneca, tobogan) to move smoothly over a surface while continuing to touch it
SLIP to slide a short distance accidentally, and fall or lose your balance slightly
SKID (patina, derapa) to slide sideways or forwards in a way that is difficult to control -
used especially about a moving vehicle
GLIDE to move smoothly and quietly across water or a smooth surface, especially in a
graceful way A swan was gliding across the lake
SLITHER to slide in an awkward way, for example on a rough or muddy surface. Also used to
describe the movement of a snake as it goes from side to side along the ground

Thesaurus

cut to divide something into two or more pieces, especially using a knife or scissors: Do
you want me to cut the cake? | He cut off the lower branches.
▪ snip to quickly cut something, especially using scissors: I snipped the label off. | The
hairdresser snipped away at her hair.
▪ slit (a face o taietura lunga si ingusta, o incizie) to make a long narrow cut through
something, especially using a knife: He slit the envelope open with a penknife. | She slit
through the plastic covering.
▪ slash to cut something quickly and violently with a knife, making a long thin cut: Someone
had slashed the tyres on his car. | He tried to slash his wrists.
▪ chop (taia in bucati) to cut wood, vegetables, or meat into pieces: Bill was outside
chopping up firewood with an axe. | They chopped down the old tree. | finely chopped onion
▪ slice to cut bread, meat, or vegetables into thin pieces: I’ll slice the cucumber. | Slice
the bread thinly.
▪ dice to cut vegetables or meat into small square pieces: First dice the apple into cubes.
▪ grate to cut cheese or a hard vegetable by rubbing it against a special tool: Grate the
cheese and sprinkle it over the vegetables.
▪ peel to cut the outside part off something such as a potato or apple: I peeled the
potatoes and put them in a saucepan.
mince (toca, marunti)
to cut food, especially meat, into very small pieces, usually using a machine
21
Thesaurus
▪piece an amount of something that has been cut or separated from the main part: Could I
have another piece of cake? | a piece of broken glass | Emma cut the pie into eight pieces.
▪ bit a piece. Bit is more informal than piece and is often used about smaller pieces: The
notes were written on bits of paper. | He threw a bit of wood onto the fire.
▪ lump a small piece of something solid or firm that does not have a regular shape: two
lumps of sugar | a lump of coal | a lump of clay
▪ scrap a small piece of paper, cloth etc that is no longer needed: I wrote the phone number
on a scrap of paper. | The dog was eating scraps of food off the floor.
▪ strip a long narrow piece of cloth, paper etc: a strip of cloth | The leather had been cut
into strips.
▪ sheet a thin flat piece of something such as paper, glass, or metal: a blank sheet of
paper | a sheet of aluminium
▪ slice a thin flat piece of bread, cake, meat etc cut from a larger piece: a slice of pizza
| Cut the tomatoes into thin slices.
▪ chunk a piece of something solid that does not have a regular shape – used especially
about food, rock, or metal: The fruit was cut into large chunks. | a chunk of bread
▪ hunk a large piece with rough edges, which has been cut or has broken off a bigger piece
of food, rock etc: a big hunk of cheese | hunks of concrete
▪ block a piece of something solid, which has straight sides: concrete blocks | a block of
cheese | a block of ice
▪ slab a thick flat piece of stone, marble, concrete (lespede, dala), or of cake, meat,
chocolate (tableta): The floor had been made from stone slabs; slab of beef, bacon, butter
▪ cube a piece that has six square sides – used especially about food: a cube of sugar | ice
cubes
▪ wedge a piece that has a thick end and a pointed end, and is shaped like a triangle – used
especially about food and metal: a wedge of cheese
▪ bar a block of soap, chocolate, candy, or metal, which has straight sides: a chocolate bar
| a bar of soap | gold bars worth more than £26 million

slate (gresie) - a dark grey rock that can easily be split into flat thin pieces

1.BREAK (a rupe, a sparge)

1. separate into pieces
a) if you break something, you make it separate into two or more pieces, for example by
hitting it, dropping it, or bending it: I had to break a window to get into the house. Don’t
lean on the fence like that – you’ll break it!
break something in half/two - He broke the biscuit in half and handed one piece to me.
Break the chocolate into small pieces and melt it over a gentle heat.
b) if something breaks, it separates into two or more pieces: He kept pulling at the rope
until it broke. The frames are made of plastic and they tend to break quite easily.

Thesaurus
▪ tear (rupe) to damage paper or cloth by pulling it too hard, or letting it touch something
sharp: She unwrapped the present carefully, trying not to tear the paper. | I tore a hole in
my jacket, climbing over the fence.
Din http://forum.wordreference.com
To describe more violent destruction, you need to say "to tear apart," "to rip to shreds"
▪ rip (sfasia) to tear something quickly or violently: Beth excitedly ripped open the
package. | Stop pulling my dress! You’ll rip it!
▪ split to tear your trousers or shirt when you put them on, because they are too tight for
you: He bent down and split his trousers. | Oh no, now I’ve split my shirt.
▪ snag (agata) to catch a piece of clothing on something rough or sharp so that it tears
slightly: I snagged my shirt on a nail.
▪ shred to deliberately destroy letters, documents etc by cutting them into thin pieces,
often by using a special machine: In order to prevent fraud, it’s best to shred your bank
statements. | I went through all my papers shredding things I didn’t need.
▪ frayed (ros) torn a little along the edges – used about clothes, carpets etc that have
been used a lot: He was wearing an old pair of frayed jeans. | The rug was a little frayed
around the edges. | The jacket was a little frayed at the cuffs

REND literary (sfasia)

to tear or break something violently into pieces (~ clothes)

22
NOTCH (cresta)
II.1 to cut a V-shaped mark into something, especially as a way of showing the number of
times something has been done

SEVER (1. reteza, 2. separa, desparti)

1. SYN cut off to cut through something completely, separating it into two parts, or to
become cut in this way
2. SYN break off to end a relationship with someone, or a connection with something,
especially because of a disagreement
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say cut off rather than sever

HACK
to cut something roughly or violently
hack something off/down - Whole forests have been hacked down
hack your way through/into something - We had to hack our way through the jungle

Thesaurus
▪ shake if a person or part of their body shakes, they make small sudden continuous
movements from side to side or up and down, especially because they are very frightened,
cold, ill etc: Suddenly he started to shake. ‘Don’t ever scare me like that again!’ he
whispered. | The poor girl was shaking.
▪ shudder (cutremura) to shake for a short time, especially because you think of something
very unpleasant, or because you feel frightened or cold: Corbett shuddered when he thought
of what might have happened to them. | I shuddered when I read the article. | He was still
shuddering with the cold. | She clung to him, shuddering with emotion.
▪ tremble to shake slightly in a way that you cannot control, especially because you are
frightened, worried, or angry: Ernest opened the letter in silence, his hands trembling. |
Her whole body trembled with fear. | He hadn’t dared to move. He was trembling with shock. |
‘I won’t be coming back,’ she said, her body trembling with anger.
▪ shiver to shake slightly, especially only a few times, because you are cold or frightened:
She shivered, pulling her coat closer around herself. | You make me shiver when you talk
like that.
▪ quiver especially literary to shake slightly and continuously because you are very worried
or excited – used especially about someone’s lips, mouth, or body: Her bottom lip began to
quiver, and she turned away to hide her tears. | Alice’s eyes began to fill with tears and
her mouth quivered. ‘I 'm going away,’ she said.

thrill (fior), shiver (frison)

Thesaurus verb
look to turn your eyes towards someone or something, so that you can see them: You should
never look directly at the sun. | After a while, he turned and looked at me.
▪ have/take a look especially spoken to look at something quickly, especially in order to
find or check something: I’ll have a look in my desk. | Take a look at this!
▪ glance (a se uita in treacat, arunca o privire) to look at someone or something for a
short time and then look quickly away: Damien glanced nervously at his watch.
▪ peek/peep (also take a peek/peep) (a se uita pe furis) to look quickly at something. Used
especially when you are not supposed to look, or when you are looking through a small gap:
The door was open so he peeked inside. | Katy peeped at her birthday present on the table.
▪ peer (scruta cu privirea, privi atent) to look very carefully, especially because you
cannot see well: Kenji was peering at the screen.
▪ glare to look at someone in an angry way: She glared at me as I got up to leave.
▪ stare (a se holba, zgai) to look at someone or something for a long time without moving
your eyes: It’s rude to stare. | She stared straight into the camera.
▪ gaze (privire fixa) to look at someone or something for a long time, often without
realizing that you are doing it: She gazed out of the window. | He lay on his bed gazing at
the ceiling.

23
GLIMPSE (privire fugara) a short look at someone or something in which you do not see them
very clearly: Fans were hoping to catch a glimpse of the singer as he left the hotel. | I
had only a fleeting glimpse (=a very quick look) of the two men as they ran away.

(zari, intrezari)
1. to see someone or something for a moment
catch sight of: I glimpsed a figure at the
In everyday English, people often say catch
somebody/something: ▪ I caught sight of him
without getting a complete view of them SYN
window.
sight of somebody/something rather than glimpse
as he was getting into his car.

HANG (atarna)
to put something in a position so that the top part is fixed or supported, and the bottom
part is free to move and does not touch the ground

HOOK (carlig), peg (carlig de rufe) hanger (umeras) coat rack (cuier) wall peg

palpai = crește și a descrește în cursul arderii, a se mișca, a tremura producând un pocnet

ușor, caracteristic

FLARE, flare up (a arde cu flacara vie, inteti)

to suddenly begin to burn, or to burn more brightly for a short time

FLICKER (licari, palpai)

to burn or shine with an unsteady light that goes on and off quickly
GLOW (incandescenta, lumina fierbinte)
a soft steady light - the glow from the dying fire; the warm glow of the setting sun
EMBERS jar, taciune

straluci = a luci puternic, a răspândi, a emite, a reflecta o lumină vie.

sclipi = a luci (cu o lumină vie și tremurătoare sau intermitentă).
licari = a răspândi o lumină slabă, de-abia întrezărită sau cu sclipiri ușoare și
intermitente.
scanteia = a licări ca o scânteie; a sclipi, a străluci

Thesaurus
■ to produce light
▪ shine to produce bright light: The sun was shining.
▪ flash (fulgera) to shine brightly for a very short time, or to shine on and off very
quickly many times: Lightning flashed across the sky. | The police car’s lights were
flashing.
▪ glare (straluci orbitor) to shine with a very strong light which hurts your eyes: The sun
glared in her eyes.
▪ flicker to shine with an unsteady light – used about a flame or light: The candle
flickered and went out.
▪ twinkle if stars or lights twinkle, they shine in the dark in a way that seems to change
from bright to faint, especially because you are a long way away from them: stars twinkling
in the sky | The harbour lights twinkled in the distance.
▪ glow especially literary to shine with a warm soft light: Lights glowed in the windows.
A cigarette end glowed red in the darkness
▪ blaze literary to shine very brightly: The lights of the factory were still blazing.

BLAZE
a big dangerous fire – used especially in news reports (valvataie = flacara mare)
FLAME (flacara)
hot bright burning gas that you see when something is on fire

24
Thesaurus
■ to shine by reflecting light
▪ sparkle/glitter if something sparkles, it shines with many small bright points when light
is on it: The sea sparkled in the sunlight. | Jewels glittered around her neck.
▪ gleam to shine by reflecting the light – used especially about smooth clean surfaces, or
about someone’s eyes or teeth: The sword’s blade gleamed. | a gleaming sports car | His blue
eyes gleamed with amusement.
▪ glint to shine with quick flashes of light: The knife glinted in the sunlight.
▪ glisten literary to shine – used about wet or oily surfaces. Used especially when saying
that someone’s eyes are full of tears, or someone’s skin is covered in sweat: As they were
leaving, her eyes glistened with tears. | His forehead was glistening with sweat. | The wet
chairs glistened in the afternoon sun.
Oxford Synonyms:
Oxford These words all mean to produce or reflect light.

shine • to produce or reflect light, especially brightly: ▪ The sun was shining and the sky
was blue.
gleam • to shine with a clear bright or pale light, especially a reflected light: ▪
Moonlight gleamed on the water.
glow • (often of sth hot or warm) to produce a dull steady light: ▪ The end of his cigarette
glowed red.
sparkle • to shine brightly with small flashes of light: ▪ The diamonds sparkled in the
light.
glisten • (of sth wet) to shine: ▪ The road glistened wet after the rain.
shimmer • to shine with a soft light that seems to shake slightly: ▪ Everything seemed to
shimmer in the heat.
glitter • to shine brightly with small flashes of reflected light: ▪ The ceiling of the
cathedral glittered with gold.

sparkle or glitter?
There is very little difference in meaning between these two words. Glitter can sometimes
suggest a lack of depth, but this is more frequent in the figurative use of glitter as a
noun: ▪ the superficial glitter of show business. Sparkle is also often used to talk about
light reflected off a surface, but things that produce light can also sparkle: ▪ Stars
sparkled in the sky.
twinkle • to shine with a light that changes rapidly from bright to faint to bright again: ▪
Stars twinkled in the sky.
glint • to give small bright flashes of reflected light: ▪ The blade of the knife glinted in
the darkness.

to shine/gleam/sparkle/glisten/shimmer/glitter/glint on sth
to shine/gleam/glow/sparkle/glisten/shimmer/glitter/twinkle/glint with sth
to shine/gleam/sparkle/glisten/shimmer/glitter/glint in the sunlight
to shine/gleam/glisten/shimmer/glitter/glint in the moonlight
the stars shine/sparkle/glitter/twinkle
sb's eyes shine/gleam/glow/sparkle/glisten/glitter/twinkle/glint
to shine/gleam/glow/glitter brightly
to shine/gleam/glow/shimmer softly

glimmer
1. (licar, raza de speranta) a small sign of something such as hope or understanding
2. a light that is not very bright SYN gleam (the first glimmer of dawn)
II. to shine with a light that is not very bright SYN gleam: a weak glimmering light

Din caiet:
Flickering, glimmering, shimmering suggest a subdued or dim wavering of light
Glisten, shimmer, sparkle reffers to different ways in which light is reflected from
surfaces
Gleam, glimmer are terms for a stream of light

rough (aspru, brut, neprelucrat, grosolan)

1. having an uneven surface OPP smooth
25
COARSE (aspru, inferior, grosolan, grosier)
1. SYN rough having a rough surface that feels slightly hard OPP smooth: a jacket of coarse
wool

hârtóp 1. Adâncitură, groapă pe un drum

hop - II.1.Ridicătură sau groapă în drum 2.Săritură, zguduitură a unui vehicul peste un
obstacol

asperitáte 1 Proprietatea de a fi aspru 2. 2 Parte aspră a unei suprafețe

accidentat (D. teren, forme de relief etc.) Care prezintă neregularități

Thesaurus
rough having a surface that is not flat or smooth: rough ground | a rough mountain path |
The walls were all rough. | Her hands were rough and work-hardened.
▪ uneven (cu denivelari, neuniform) an uneven surface has areas that are not flat or not all
at the same level: The floor was uneven. | She climbed the uneven (inegale) steps with great
care. His breathing had become uneven (neregulat-irregular).
▪ bumpy (cu hopuri, cu hartoape) a bumpy road, path, or area of land has a lot of holes and
raised parts in it: the bumpy track down to the farm | The field was too bumpy to play
football on. | a bumpy journey off road – teren accidentat
▪ coarse having a rough surface that feels slightly hard – used especially about materials
such as cloth or wool: coarse woollen blankets | coarse grass | The wool felt rather coarse.
▪ rugged (accidentat)land that is rugged is very rough and uneven and is often in a high
place: the rugged terrain near the mountains

Oxford
Coarse or rough? Coarse is a more literary word than rough for talking about skin or fabric.
Coarse, but not rough, can also describe hair, sand, salt or gravel

HARSH (aspru)
1. SYN severe harsh conditions are difficult to live in and very uncomfortable
2. harsh criticism/treatment/punishment
3. unpleasantly loud and rough OPP soft - harsh voice/laugh/tone
4. unpleasantly bright OPP soft – Ex. She stood outside, blinking in the harsh sunlight

HOARSE (ragusit)
if you are hoarse, or if your voice is hoarse, you speak in a low rough voice, for example
because your throat is sore

GRUFF (morocanos, aspru)

speaking in a rough unfriendly voice (gruff reply)

HISS
1. (a rosti suierator, printre dinti) to say something in a loud whisper: ‘Get out!’ she
hissed furiously. She hissed at me to be quiet.
2. to make a noise which sounds like ‘ssss’: The cat backed away, hissing. Snakes only hiss
when they are afraid.
3. if a crowd hisses a speaker, they interrupt them with angry sounds to show that they do
not like them (boo): He was booed and hissed during a stormy meeting.
Thesaurus
made by air or gas
▪ hiss (suier) a continuous high sound when air or gas comes out of something: There was a
hiss of steam from the coffee machine. | Workers reported hearing a loud hiss moments before
the explosion.

BRISTLE (tep)
1. a short stiff hair that feels rough Ex. His chin was covered with bristles.
PRICKLE
a long thin sharp point on the skin of some animals or the surface of some plants
THORN (spin, ghimpe)
a sharp point that grows on the stem of a plant such as a rose

26
GENTLE
1. kind and careful in the way you behave or do things, so that you do not hurt or damage
anyone or anything OPP rough
2. not extreme, strong, or violent Ex. gentle exercise/walk/stroll, pressure, persuasion
3. a gentle wind or rain is soft and light (gentle breeze)
4. a gentle hill or slope is not steep or sharp

Oxford Thesaurus
gentle adj.
1. sensitive • sympathetic • understanding • compassionate • humane
Opp: rough
gentle/sensitive/sympathetic/understanding/compassionate towards sb
a gentle/sensitive/sympathetic/compassionate/humane manner/man
(in) a gentle/sensitive/sympathetic/compassionate/humane way
He's such a sweet, gentle man.
2. light • mild
Opp: vigorous
(a) gentle/light breeze/wind/rain
gentle/light work/exercise
a light/mild punishment

Gentle, light or mild? Gentle is used especially to describe weather, temperature, work and
exercise. Light is used especially to describe weather, work, exercise and punishments. Mild
is used especially to describe weather, diseases, drugs, criticism and punishment.

MILD
1. fairly warm OPP cold (~ winter, climate)
2. a mild illness or health problem is not serious (~ symptoms, heart attack, form of
disease)
3. a mild feeling is not very strong (~ surprise, irritation)
4. not very strong or hot-tasting (~ flavour, curry)
5. a mild criticism does not criticize strongly
6. not serious enough to cause much suffering Ex. The recession in Germany has been
comparatively mild
7. a mild person has a gentle character and does not easily get angry
8. a mild drug or chemical does not have a very strong effect
9. soft and gentle to your skin (~ shampoo)
10. mild words or language are not very rude or offensive

BLAND
1. SYN dull without any excitement, strong opinions, or special character (~ comments)
2. SYN tasteless food that is bland has very little taste (~ diet)

DULL
1. Oxford Syn: dreary not interesting or exciting (life, movie)
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say boring rather than dull
2. not bright or shiny (bird is dull brown (maro mat); Her eyes were dull; the dull
afternoon light)
3. Oxford Syn: overcast not bright and with lots of clouds (the weather was hazy and dull,
dull sky)
4. a dull pain is not severe but does not stop OPP sharp (o durere surda)
5. not clear or loud (The gates shut with a dull thud)
6. SYN blunt not sharp (knife, blade)

DRAB SYN dull

1. not bright in colour, especially in a way that stops you from feeling cheerful: The walls
were painted a drab green.
2. boring: people forced to live grey, drab existences in ugly towns

DREARY literary Oxford Syn: dull

dull and making you feel sad or bored: the same dreary routine; a dreary winter’s day

27
Thesaurus
■ describing the taste of something
▪ delicious having a very good taste: This cake is delicious! | a delicious meal
▪ disgusting/revolting having a very bad taste: The medicine tasted disgusting. | They had
to eat revolting things, like fish eyes.
▪ tasty especially spoken tasting good and with plenty of flavour: She cooked us a simple
but tasty meal. | That was really tasty!
▪ sour/tart having a taste that stings your tongue slightly, like lemon does – used
especially when this is rather unpleasant: The apples were a little sour. | The wine has
rather a tart taste, which not everyone will like.
▪ tangy having a taste that stings your tongue slightly, like lemon does, in a way that
seems good: The dressing was nice and tangy.
▪ hot/spicy having a burning taste because it contains strong spices: I love hot curries. |
a spicy tomato sauce
▪ piquant formal a little spicy – used especially by people who write about food. This word
can sound rather pretentious in everyday conversation: cooked vegetables in a piquant sauce
▪ mild not having a strong or hot taste – usually used about foods that can sometimes be
spicy: a mild curry
▪ bland not having an interesting taste: I found the sauce rather bland.

anost = Plicticos, searbăd, fad, monoton

Thesaurus
▪ boring not interesting in any way: a boring speech | He found school incredibly boring.
▪ not very interesting [not before noun] very ordinary and therefore rather boring. People
often use this phrase in everyday English, instead of saying directly that something is
boring: The story wasn’t very interesting.
▪ dull especially written boring: The conference was usually a dull affair. | Life was never
dull.
▪ tedious very boring and continuing for a long time: The process was tedious and slow. |
Jake began the tedious task of sorting through his papers.
▪ monotonous /məˈnɒtənəs $ məˈnɑː-/ boring and always the same: The work was monotonous and
unchallenging. | He was only half listening to the monotonous voice of the teacher.
▪ mundane /mʌnˈdeɪn/ rather boring, because it is connected with things you do regularly as
part of your daily life: He busied himself with the mundane task of cleaning the house. |
Most arguments are over mundane issues like spending or saving money.
▪ humdrum /ˈhʌmdrʌm/ [usually before noun] boring because nothing new or interesting ever
happens: He wanted to escape his humdrum life. | a humdrum existence
▪ dry a subject, piece of writing etc that is dry is boring because it is very serious and
does not contain any humour: The students complained that the lecture was dry and
uninspiring. | a dry academic volume

Synonyms Oxford

boring - dull - tedious

These words all describe a subject, activity, person or place that is not interesting or
exciting.
dull not interesting or exciting: Life in a small town could be deadly dull.
tedious lasting or taking too long and not interesting, so that you feel bored and
impatient: The journey soon became tedious.
to be boring/dull/tedious for sb
boring/dull/tedious subjects/books
boring/dull/tedious jobs/work/games
a boring/dull place/man/woman/person
deadly boring/dull

28
Thesaurus ■ made by things hitting other things
▪ bang a loud sound caused especially when something hard or heavy hits something else: I
heard a loud bang and rushed out to see what had happened. He slammed the door shut with a
bang.
▪ crash a very loud sound caused when something hits something else, especially when damage
is caused: The tray of dishes fell to the floor with a crash. | I heard an enormous crash
outside our house, and I went to see what had happened.
▪ thud a quiet low sound made when a heavy object falls down onto surface: There was a dull
thud as the box hit the floor. | His head hit the ground with a sickening( dezgustator)
thud.
▪ thump a dull loud sound made when a heavy object hits something else: There was a loud
thump as Eddie threw Luther back against the wall.
▪ clink a short ringing sound made when two glass, metal, or china objects hit each other:
the clink of champagne glasses | The clink of cutlery could be heard in the restaurant.
▪ tinkle the pleasant sound that is made by light pieces of glass or metal hitting each
other repeatedly: He listened to the faint tinkle of cow bells in the distance.
▪ jingle the sound of small metal objects being shaken together: the jingle of her bracelets
| the jingle of keys
▪ rattle a short repeated sound made when things hit against each other - used especially
when part of something is loose and is hitting against something: There was a strange rattle
coming from the engine. | the rattle of the trolley

CLATTER (1. a zangani, a zdrangani, a zornai 2. a tropai)

1. [intransitive] if heavy hard objects clatter, or if you clatter them, they make a loud
unpleasant noise: The tray slipped and clattered to the floor.
2. [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to move quickly and noisily: children
clattering up and down the stairs
clatter noun [singular, uncountable]: the clatter of dishes

2.CRASH
a sudden loud noise made by something falling, breaking: I heard a loud crash.
with a crash - The branch came down with a crash.
crash of - a crash of thunder
Oxford – 2.crash
(loud noise)
usually singular a sudden loud noise made, for example, by sth falling or breaking
• She heard the crash of shattering glass as the vehicles collided.
• The tree fell with a great crash.
• The first distant crash of thunder shook the air.
Oxford Thesaurus – crash
bang • • clang • • thump • • thud • • crack •
a loud crash/bang/clang/thump/thud
hear a crash/bang/clang/thump/thud/crack
a crash/crack of thunder
Webster
2 : a very loud noise - usually singular
• The pot/glass fell to the floor with a crash.
• We listened to the crash of waves in the distance.

29
Thesaurus
▪ crash verb [intransitive and transitive] to hit another vehicle, a tree, the ground etc,
with a lot of force, causing a lot of damage: The plane crashed a kilometre from the runway.
| He was scared I’d crash his car. | The car crashed into a tree.
▪ hit verb [transitive] to move into something quickly and with force: He wasn’t paying
attention, and almost hit another car. | The car hit a lamppost.
▪ collide verb [intransitive] if two cars, trains, planes etc collide, they hit each other,
especially when they are moving in opposite directions: The two planes collided in mid-air.
| An express train collided with a freight train in the morning rush hour.
▪ run into something phrasal verb [transitive] to hit a vehicle or object that is directly
in front of you, especially because you are not paying attention: He ran into the car in
front while he was talking on his mobile phone.
▪ smash into something phrasal verb [transitive] to crash into something, causing a great
amount of damage: An army helicopter smashed into the side of the mountain.
▪ plough into British English, plow into American English phrasal verb [transitive] to crash
into something with a lot of force, especially when your vehicle continues moving
afterwards: The bus went out of control and ploughed into a line of traffic.
▪ ram ver

Oxford Thesaurus – crash noun

• A man was killed in a crash involving a stolen car.
collision • • accident • |AmE wreck • |especially journalism pile-up •
in a/an crash/collision/accident/wreck/pile-up
a major crash/collision/accident/wreck/pile-up
a car/train crash/accident/wreck
a plane crash/wreck

Oxford Synonyms: crash

crash • slam • collide • smash • wreck
These are all words that can be used when sth, especially a vehicle, hits sth else very hard
and is damaged or destroyed.
crash • (rather informal) to hit an object or another vehicle, causing damage; to make a
vehicle do this: ▪ I was terrified that the plane would crash.
slam (sth) into/against sb/sth • to crash into sth with a lot of force; to make sth do this:
▪ The car skidded and slammed into a tree.
collide • (rather formal) (of two vehicles or people) to crash into each other; (of a
vehicle or person) to crash into sb/sth else: ▪ The car and the van collided head-on in
thick fog.
smash • (rather informal) to crash into sth with a lot of force; to make sth do this; to
crash a car: ▪ Ramraiders smashed a stolen car through the shop window.
crash, slam or smash?
Crash is used especially to talk about vehicles and can be used without a preposition: ▪
We're going to crash, aren't we? In this meaning slam and smash always take a preposition:
We're going to slam/smash, aren't we? They are used for a much wider range of things than
just vehicles. Crash can also be used for other things, if used with a preposition: ▪ He
crashed down the telephone receiver.
wreck • to crash a vehicle and damage it so badly that it is not worth repairing
two vehicles crash/collide
two vehicles crash/slam/smash into each other
to crash/smash/wreck a car

3.SLAM
to hit or attack someone or something with a lot of force
slam into/against - All 155 passengers died instantly when the plane slammed into the
mountain.

2.SMASH
to hit an object or surface violently, or to make something do this: A stolen car smashed
into the bus. He smashed his fist down on the table.
Oxford – smash verb
crash vehicle
6. transitive ~ sth (up) to crash a vehicle
• He's smashed (up) his new car.

30
Oxford – smash noun
vehicle crash
2. countable (BrE) an accident in which a vehicle hits another vehicle
• a car smash

Oxford
Hit very hard
2. intransitive, transitive to move with a lot of force against sth solid; to make sth do
this
• + adv./prep. the sound of waves smashing against the rocks
• The car smashed into a tree.
• ~ sth + adv./prep. Mark smashed his fist down on the desk.
3. transitive, intransitive to hit sth very hard and break it, in order to get through it
• ~ sth + adv./prep. They had to smash holes in the ice.
• The elephant smashed its way through the trees.
• ~ sth + adj. We had to smash the door open.
• + adv./prep. They had smashed through a glass door to get in.
4. transitive ~ sth/sb (+ adv./prep.) to hit sth/sb very hard
Syn: slam
• He smashed the ball into the goal.

CAMBRIDGE
move forcefully
2. intransitive or transitive + adverb or preposition to cause something to move with great
force against something hard, usually causing damage or injury
• Several boats were smashed against the rocks during the storm.
• He tried to smash the door down to get to me.
• The car was travelling very fast when it smashed into the tree.
• He threatened to smash my face in if I didn't give him the money.

Webster
2 a : to hit (something) violently and very hard
• She smashed [=crushed] her finger in the door.
• He smashed into the wall.
• The car smashed [=crashed] into the rail.

31
Thesaurus
■ to break something
▪ break verb [transitive] to damage something and make it separate into pieces, for example
by dropping it or hitting it: Careful you don’t break the chair. | He broke his leg.
▪ smash verb [transitive] to break something with a lot of force: A policeman smashed his
camera.
▪ snap verb [transitive] to break something into two pieces, making a loud noise – used
especially about long thin objects: He snapped the sticks in two.
▪ split verb [transitive] to separate something into two pieces along a straight line: Using
a sharp knife, split the melon in half.
▪ fracture verb [transitive] to damage a bone, especially so that a line appears on the
surface: I fell over and fractured my wrist.
▪ tear /teə $ ter/ verb [transitive] to damage paper or cloth by pulling it so that it
separates into pieces: She tore up the letter and put it in the bin. | I tore my jacket.

Thesaurus
■ to become broken
▪ break verb to become damaged and separate into pieces: Plastic breaks quite easily.
▪ smash verb to break after being hit with a lot of force: The bowl smashed as it hit the
floor.
▪ shatter verb to break into a lot of small pieces: The glass shattered all over the
pavement.
▪ crack verb if something cracks, a line appears on the surface, which means that it could
later break into separate pieces: The ice was starting to crack.
▪ burst verb if a tyre, balloon, pipe etc bursts, it gets a hole and air or liquid suddenly
comes out of it: She blew up the balloon until it burst.
▪ split (a se despica, a crapa) verb to break in a straight line: The damp had caused the
wood to split.
▪ crumble verb to break into a powder or a lot of small pieces: The cork just crumbled in my
hand.

1.BREAK (a rupe, a sparge)

1. separate into pieces
a) if you break something, you make it separate into two or more pieces, for example by
hitting it, dropping it, or bending it: I had to break a window to get into the house. Don’t
lean on the fence like that – you’ll break it!
break something in half/two - He broke the biscuit in half and handed one piece to me.
Break the chocolate into small pieces and melt it over a gentle heat.
b) if something breaks, it separates into two or more pieces: He kept pulling at the rope
until it broke. The frames are made of plastic and they tend to break quite easily.
Oxford - break
in pieces
1. intransitive, transitive to be damaged and separated into two or more parts, as a result
of force; to damage sth in this way: • All the windows broke with the force of the blast.
• The bag broke under the weight of the bottles inside it. • ~ in/into sth She dropped the
plate and it broke into pieces.
• ~ sth to break a cup/window ; • She fell off a ladder and broke her arm.
• ~ sth in/into sth He broke the chocolate in two.
Webster
1:to separate (something) into parts or pieces often in a sudden and forceful or violent way
• She broke the cup when she dropped it on the floor.
• I broke the stick in two/half. = I broke the stick into two pieces.

SHATTER (sfarama, sparge)

to break suddenly into very small pieces, or to make something break in this way
SMASH (sparge) - to break into pieces violently or noisily, or to make something do this by
dropping, throwing, or hitting it: Several cups fell to the floor and smashed to pieces.
CRACK (crapa) - to break or to make something break, either so that it gets lines on its
surface, or so that it breaks into pieces
CRUMBLE (faramita) - if something, especially something made of stone or rock, is crumbling,
small pieces are breaking off it
CRUNCH (strivi) - a noise like the sound of something being crushed
SCRUNCH - if stones, leaves etc scrunch as you walk on them, they make a noisy sound
Din caiet: (a scartai) With a scrunch and a skid we drove off
32
DECEIVE
to make someone believe something that is not true
In everyday English, people usually say trick rather than deceive
DECEITFUL (necinstit, inselator, amagitor)
someone who is deceitful tells lies in order to get what they want
DECEPTION (inselare) disappointment (deceptie, dezamagire)
the act of deliberately making someone believe something that is not true: He was convicted
of obtaining money by deception.
DELUDE SYN deceive - to make someone believe something that is not true
delusive, deceptive (inselator, amagitor. iluzoriu)

Thesaurus (a insela, a pacali, a induce in eroare)

▪ deceive especially written to make someone who trusts you believe something that is not
true: This was a deliberate attempt to deceive the public.
▪ trick (a insela) to make someone believe something that is not true, in order to get
something from them or make them do something: A man posing as an insurance agent had
tricked her out of thousands of dollars.
▪ fool (a pacali) to make someone believe something that is not true by using a clever but
simple trick: His hairpiece doesn’t fool anyone.
▪ mislead (a induce in eroare) to make people believe something that is not true, by
deliberately not giving them all the facts, or by saying something that is only partly true:
The company was accused of misleading customers about the nutritional value of the product.
▪ dupe informal to trick or deceive someone, especially so that they become involved in
someone else’s dishonest activity without realizing it: The spies duped government and
military officials alike.
▪ con informal to trick someone, especially by telling them something that is not true: I’m
pretty good at judging people; I didn’t think he was trying to con me.

TAKE SOMEBODY/SOMETHING IN phrasal verb

1.be taken in to be completely deceived by someone who lies to you: Don’t be taken in by
products claiming to help you lose weight in a week.

CHEAT (1.trisa, 2.insela)

to behave in a dishonest way in order to win or to get an advantage, especially in a
competition, game, or examination: Don’t look at my cards – that’s cheating.
2. to trick or deceive someone so that they do not get or keep something they have a right
to have: Illegal workers are often cheated by employers.
cheat somebody (out) of something She cheated her aged aunt out of her fortune.

iluzie = percepție falsă a unui obiect prezent înaintea ochilor, determinată de legile de
formare a percepțiilor sau de anumite stări psihice sau nervoase. 2. fig. situație în care o
aparență sau o ficțiune este considerată drept realitate; speranță neîntemeiată, dorință
neîndeplinită; închipuire fără o bază reală, amăgire; himeră.

■ something that is untrue

▪ illusion a belief or idea that is false, especially a belief in something good about
yourself or about the situation you are in: Alcohol gives people the illusion of being witty
and confident. | People bought the land under the illusion that the value would increase.
▪ misconception an idea that is not true but which people believe because they do not have
all the facts, or they have not properly understood the situation: It’s a common
misconception that vaccinations given in childhood last for life. | Employers seem to share
the general misconception that young people are more efficient than older workers.
▪ delusion a completely mistaken idea, which affects your behaviour and what you decide to
do: He began to suffer from paranoid delusions. | Many people labour under the delusion
(=have the delusion) that anything which says ‘natural ingredients’ on the label must be
harmless. | the delusion that women control most of the world' s wealth and power
▪ fallacy if you say that something is a fallacy, you mean that it is completely wrong to
believe that it is true: The idea that a good night’s sleep will cure everything is a
complete fallacy. | It’s a fallacy that all fat people are fat simply because they eat too
much

entice (ispiti, ademeni)

to persuade someone to do something or go somewhere, usually by offering them something that
they want
33
Thesaurus
shocked feeling surprised and upset by something very unexpected and unpleasant: I was
shocked when I heard what had happened. | We are all deeply shocked by his death. | They
seemed shocked at the suggestion.
▪ shaken shocked because something very unpleasant or frightening has happened – used when
the experience has made you feel weak or nervous: He was badly shaken by the incident. | She
looked shaken by the news.
▪ be in a state of shock to feel shocked and unable to do normal things: He was uninjured
but in a state of shock after the attack.
▪ horrified very shocked because something unpleasant or frightening has happened: She was
horrified to discover that her son had been taking drugs. | There was a horrified look on
his face.
▪ appalled very shocked because you think something is very bad: I was appalled by his
behaviour. | Emma was appalled at how he’d treated his mother.
▪ outraged extremely shocked and angry: The victim’s family were outraged at the short jail
sentence.
▪ stunned so shocked that you are unable to do or say anything immediately: He had been
stunned by the news of his friend’s sudden death.
▪ dazed very shocked and unable to think clearly: He emerged from the wreck of the car,
dazed but unhurt.

Thesaurus
■ extreme anger
▪ fury a very strong feeling of anger: The judge sparked fury when he freed a man who had
attacked three women. | The decision caused fury among local people.
▪ rage a very strong feeling of anger that is difficult to control or is expressed very
suddenly or violently: When we accused him of lying, he flew into a rage (=became very angry
very suddenly). | Brown killed his wife in a jealous rage.
▪ outrage extreme anger and shock because you think something is unfair or wrong: The racist
comments caused outrage in India and Britain.
▪ wrath formal extreme anger: Pietersen was the next to incur the wrath of the referee
(=make him angry).

(a se furisa, a se strecura)
▪ creep to walk quietly and slowly because you do not want anyone to see or hear you: Stella
crept up the stairs, hoping not to wake her parents.
▪ sneak to walk quietly so that no-one notices you, especially because you are doing
something you should not do: They sneaked off without paying. | I quickly sneaked out to
have a cigarette.

devious
1. using dishonest tricks and deceiving people in order to get what you want ⇨ deceitful
(a devious politician)
2.(ocolit) formal SYN circuitous not going in the most direct way to get to a place

Thesaurus (necinstit)
devious good at secretly thinking of clever plans to trick people in order to get what you
want: You have a very devious mind! | They use all kinds of devious methods to find out your
personal details
sneaky doing or saying things secretly, in a way that seems wrong because it is slightly
dishonest or unfair: It was pretty sneaky when the bank charged me interest on my account
without telling me

DECEITFUL (mincinos, inselator, amagitor) (to deceive)

someone who is deceitful tells lies in order to get what they want: His manner was sly and
deceitful.

perfid = Care, sub o înfățișare binevoitoare sau indiferentă, ascunde răutate, viclenie,
necinste; care vatămă pe cel care îi acordă încredere

34
Thesaurus
▪ dangerous likely to cause death or serious harm, or cause something bad to happen: Snow
and ice are making driving conditions very dangerous; dangerous drugs; a dangerous criminal
▪ hazardous /ˈhæzədəs $ -zər-/ especially written dangerous – used especially about
substances, jobs, and journeys: hazardous waste | hazardous chemicals | hazardous
occupations | The expedition was extremely hazardous.
▪ unsafe dangerous because someone is very likely to be hurt – used especially about places
or conditions: The roads are unsafe for cyclists. | unsafe working conditions
▪ treacherous /ˈtretʃərəs/ formal literary places or conditions that are treacherous are
very dangerous for anyone who is walking, driving, climbing etc in them: The snow turned to
ice, making conditions treacherous for walkers. | the island’s treacherous coastline | With
no lighting, the roads can be treacherous.
▪ perilous /ˈperələs, ˈperɪləs/ literary a perilous journey, situation etc is very
dangerous: a perilous journey across the sea

TREACHEROUS
1. (lipsit de loialitate, perfid) someone who is treacherous cannot be trusted because they
are not loyal and secretly intend to harm you
2. ground, roads, weather conditions etc that are treacherous (inselatoare) are particularly
dangerous because you cannot see the dangers very easily

PERILOUS /ˈperələs, ˈperɪləs/ literary a perilous journey, situation etc is very dangerous:
a perilous journey across the sea

simulacru = Aparență înșelătoare; acțiune simulată; obiect care dă o falsă impresie a

realității.
SHAM (impostura, simulare, prefacatorie, fals) SYN feign
I.1 someone or something that is not what they are claimed to be – used to show disapproval:
The elections were a complete sham.
2. [uncountable] literary when someone tries to make something or someone seem better than
they really are It all turned out to be sham and hypocrisy.
II. SYN false made to appear real in order to deceive people (a sham marriage)
III. to pretend to be upset, ill etc to gain sympathy or an advantage.She’s not ill, she’s
only shamming.

FEIGN vb - to pretend to have a particular feeling or to be ill, asleep etc: Feigning a

headache, I went upstairs to my room.

Thesaurus
▪ pretend to deliberately behave as though something is true when it is not, either for fun
or to deceive someone: Mark closed his eyes and pretended to be asleep.
▪ make out something informal to pretend that something is true, in order to avoid doing
something or to deceive someone: I didn’t want to go, so I made out I was busy. | She always
makes out that she doesn’t have any money.
▪ be putting it on informal to be pretending to be ill, hurt etc, especially in order to
avoid doing something, or to make other people feel sympathy for you: She’s not really
upset, she’s just putting it on.
▪ feign interest/surprise/ignorance/illness etc formal to pretend that you are interested,
surprised etc: ‘Oh really!’ he said, trying to feign interest. | Sometimes it’s best just to
feign ignorance (=pretend that you do not know).
▪ keep up appearances to pretend that your life is happy and successful, especially when you
have suffered some kind of trouble or loss: Although we were poor, our family always tried
to keep up appearances. | She did her best to keep up appearances after her husband left
her.

Thesaurus (incapatanat)
stubborn refusing to change your mind, even when people think you are wrong or are being
unreasonable: Dave can be really stubborn once he’s made up his mind. | a stubborn old man
I’ve got a very stubborn streak (=a tendency to be stubborn).
▪ obstinate very stubborn, in way that is annoying and unreasonable: I have never met anyone
so obstinate. | his obstinate refusal to compromise
▪ wilful British English (also willful American English) doing what you want, even after you
have been told to stop, or when you know that it is wrong – used especially about children:
He was a spoiled and wilful child, who always got his own way
35
SELF-WILLED SYN obstinate (incapatanat)
very determined to do what you want, whatever other people think – used to show disapproval:
a wild and self-willed child

Thesaurus (hotarat, tenace, staruitor, perseverent, incapatanat)

▪ determined if you are determined to do something, you have decided that you are definitely
going to do it, and you will not let anything stop you. Determined is also used about
someone’s character, when they usually behave in this way: I was determined to be a doctor.
| She’s a very determined woman.
▪ stubborn determined not to change what you are doing, especially when other people think
you are behaving in an unreasonable way. Stubborn is often used when you disapprove of
someone. It is also sometimes used when you admire them: I wish you would stop being so
stubborn! | Churchill’s stubborn refusal to surrender
▪ single-minded someone who is single-minded works very hard in order to achieve one
particular thing, and thinks that everything else is much less important: During a war, a
leader must be single-minded and, if necessary, ruthless. | her single-minded pursuit of
power
▪ tough determined to succeed, even if a situation is difficult or frightening: In
competitive sports, it is as important to be mentally tough as it is to be physically fit. |
Gorelick is known as a tough manager.
▪ firm showing by your behaviour that you are determined not to change your mind, especially
when you are telling someone what to do: What this country needs is firm leadership. | You
have to be firm with young children.
▪ feisty determined and full of energy, and not afraid to say what you think and argue with
people - used especially when you admire this person. Feisty is often used about women: In
the film she plays a feisty young woman who is smarter than all the men put together. | a
feisty kid with a mind of his own | the city’s feisty mayor
▪ headstrong determined to do what you want, without listening to other people’s advice or
thinking about the results of your actions - used especially about young people: Her sister
was headstrong and impulsive, and made a point of going out whenever and wherever she liked.
▪ resolute formal doing something in a very determined way because you have very strong
beliefs, aims etc: the soldiers’ resolute defence of the town
▪ tenacious formal determined and refusing to give up: McTaggart was seen by many in the
environment movement as a tenacious hero. | his tenacious grip on power
▪ dogged [only before noun] dogged behaviour shows that you are very determined and that you
will not give up - used especially in the following phrases: dogged
determination/persistence/resistance/refusal: The team played with dogged determination. |
his dogged refusal to admit defeat | the dogged persistence of the defenders
▪ persistent continuing to do something, although this is difficult, or other people warn
you not to do it: If you want to get a job, you have to be persistent. Don’t give up.

3.STURDY - determined and not easily persuaded to change your opinions: They kept up a
sturdy opposition to the plan.

PERTINACIOUS formal SYN tenacious

continuing to believe something or to do something in a very determined way

Thesaurus
(a se stradui)
▪ strive formal to try very hard to achieve something: The company must constantly strive
for greater efficiency.
▪ endeavour British English, endeavor American English /ɪnˈdevə $ -ər/ formal to try hard to
do something: Each employee shall endeavour to provide customers with the best service
possible.

EXERTION (efort, straduinta)

1. a lot of physical or mental effort Ex. I get out of breath with any kind of physical
exertion.
2. the use of power, influence etc to make something happen (the exertion of authority)

DILIGENT (sarguincios, silitor, harnic, constiincios)

someone who is diligent works hard and is careful and thorough (~ student)

36
Thesaurus
▪ decide to make a choice to do something: We decided to send our son to a boarding school.
| I decided to go home early.
▪ make up your mind to decide something, especially after thinking about it for a long time.
Make up your mind is less formal than decide and is mainly used in spoken English: Have you
made up your mind about where you’ll go on holiday?
▪ choose to do something to decide to do something – especially when this is different from
what people expect or tell you to do: She chose to ignore my advice. | More young couples
are choosing not to marry.
▪ make a decision to decide after thinking carefully about something, especially about
something that is very important: They made a decision not to have children.
▪ resolve formal to decide that you will definitely do something, especially because you
think it will be better for you, or because of your past experiences: She resolved to work
hard at school.
▪ determine formal to officially decide what something shall be: Each hospital can determine
its own pay rates.
▪ come down in favour of something British English, come down in favor of something American
English to decide to support a particular plan, argument etc – used especially about groups
of people: Eight of the ten committee members came down in favour of the changes.
▪ come to/reach a decision to officially decide about something important after discussing
and carefully considering it - used especially about groups of people: After two hours of
discussion, the comittee had still not come to a decision on any of the proposals.
rezolutie = Hotărâre luată în urma unor dezbateri colective

Thesaurus
▪ determination the quality of continuing to try to do something, even when it is difficult:
Bill got where he is today by sheer hard work and determination. | I really admired her
determination to live her own life.
▪ willpower the ability to control your mind and body in order to achieve something you have
decided to do: It takes a lot of willpower to give up smoking. | She made herself get better
by sheer willpower, when everyone else had given up hope.
▪ drive the determination and energy to succeed, especially in business or work: We’re
looking for young people who have drive, initiative, and new ideas. | He’s clever enough,
but he lacks drive.
▪ resolve formal a strong determination to succeed in doing something, especially because
you are sure that it is a good thing to do: The poverty she saw there strengthened her
resolve to do something to help. | The success of a military enterprise depends partly on
the resolve of its leaders.
▪ perseverance the ability to continue trying to achieve something over a long period in a
patient way, even when this is difficult: Reaching this standard of musical skill requires
incredible perseverance. | A good teacher should have imagination and perseverance.
▪ ruthlessness the quality of being extremely determined to achieve what you want, and not
caring if you have to hurt other people to do it: He was a man who pursued his aims with
complete ruthlessness. | The revolt was suppressed with total ruthlessness.
▪ tenacity formal the determination to never stop trying to do something, especially when
other people try to stop you: He clung to power with a remarkable tenacity. | When fighting
cancer, Tsongas showed the same tenacity he displayed in politics.

Thesaurus (minutios, sustinut, asiduu)

▪ meticulous very careful about every small detail in order to make sure everything is done
correctly: She keeps meticulous records of the students’ progress. | He was meticulous about
keeping the place clean and tidy.
▪ painstaking using a lot of time and effort to do something in a very careful and thorough
way: The book is the result of ten years of painstaking research. | They began the long and
painstaking task of translating his work into English
▪ thorough careful to examine or deal with every part of something, so that you do not miss
anything important: There will be a thorough investigation into the circumstances of her
death. | Our mechanics will check everything – they’re very thorough.

PAINSTAKING
very careful and thorough SYN meticulous

37
SWIRL (a se roti ca un vartej, ca un titirez)
1. to move around quickly in a twisting circular movement, or to make something do this
swirl around/round Swirl a little oil around the frying pan.The fog swirled thickly around
us.
2. if stories or ideas swirl around a place, a lot of people start to talk about them – used
especially in news reports SYN circulate

Thesaurus
turn to move around a central or fixed point: The wheels of the train began to turn.
▪ go around (also go round British English) to turn around a central point. Go around is a
little more informal than turn and is very common IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH: When the fan goes
around, the warm air is pushed back downwards.
▪ revolve/rotate to turn around and around a central point. Rotate and revolve are more
formal than turn and sound more technical: The Earth rotates on its axis once every twenty-
four hours. | The stage revolves at various points during the performance.
▪ spin to turn around many times very quickly: The ice skater began to spin faster and
faster.
▪ whirl /wɜːl $ wɜːrl/ to spin around extremely quickly, often in a powerful or uncontrolled
way: The blades of the helicopter whirled overhead.
▪ twirl (around) to spin around quickly, especially as part of a dance or performance: The
couples were twirling around on the dance floor.
▪ swirl (around) to move around quickly in a circular movement, especially when the movement
goes outwards or upwards from the center: Her white skirt swirled around her legs as she
danced. | The leaves began to swirl around.

SPIN (a (se) invarti)

I. to turn around and around very quickly, or to make something do this Ex. The plane’s
propellers were spinning.
spin (something/somebody) around She grabbed Norm’s arm and spun him around to face her.
4. spin a tale/story/yarn (a insira)to tell a story, especially using a lot of imagination
She spun a story about a trip to Athens to meet one of the authors.
II.1 an act of turning around quickly (the Earth’s spin) I hit something on the road, which
sent the car into a spin.
2. informal a short trip in a car for pleasure SYN drive Let’s go for a spin in the country
4. the way someone, especially a politician or business person, talks about information or a
situation, especially in order to influence the way people think about it
They tried to put a positive spin on the sales figures.
Collins - In politics, a spin doctor is someone who is skilled in public relations and who
advises political parties on how to present their policies and actions. (informal)
5. if an aircraft goes into a spin, it falls suddenly, turning around and around
I hit something on the road, which sent the car into a spin.

SLIGHT
3. someone who is slight is thin and delicate OPP stocky

38
HUSKY
1. a husky voice is deep, quiet, and attractive: ‘Come quickly,’ she said in a husky
whisper.
2. especially American English a man or boy who is husky is big and strong
(voinic, corpolent)

STURDY (robust, solid)

1. an object that is sturdy is strong, well-made, and not easily broken ⇨ solid:
That chair doesn’t look very sturdy. sturdy comfortable shoes
2. someone who is sturdy is strong, short, and healthy looking ⇨ stocky

Thesaurus
▪ stocky (indesat, scurt si gras) used about a boy or man who is short, heavy, and strong:
Harry was stocky and middle-aged.
▪ dumpy short and fat: a dumpy girl with red hair
▪ stubby stubby fingers or toes are short and thick: the baby’s stubby little fingers

HEFTY
big and heavy: a tall hefty man, a hefty tome (=large thick book), hefty camera equipment
BURLY
a burly man is big and strong: a burly policeman Oxford syn brawny

BRAWNY
very large and strong: His brawny arms glistened with sweat.
brawn (forta musculara)
physical strength, especially when compared with intelligence: Mina has the brains, I have
the brawn

SINEW (tendon)
a part of your body that connects a muscle to a bone
SINEWY (viguros musculos) Oxford syn wiry
a sinewy person has a thin body and strong muscles: a big man with long, sinewy arms

WIRY (slab si muschiulos, vanos, vanjos)

1. someone who is wiry is thin but has strong muscles
2. wiry hair or grass is stiff and strong (sarmos)

BULKY
1. something that is bulky is bigger than other things of its type, and is difficult to
carry or store: a bulky parcel (voluminos, mare)
2. someone who is bulky is big and heavy: Andrew is a bulky man. (greoi, matahalos)

STOUT
1. fairly fat and heavy, or having a thick body: a short, stout man (trupes, corpolent)
2. literary SYN sturdy strong and thick: a stout pair of shoes (robust, solid)
3. formal brave and determined (curajos, hotarat, darz(neinduplecat, neclintit))
stout defence/support/resistance He put up a stout defence in court.

SQUAT
short and thick or low and wide, especially in a way which is not attractive:
squat stone cottages, a squat little old man (indesat)

LANKY (lung si subtire, costeliv) SYN gangling

someone who is lanky is tall and thin, and moves awkwardly:

SLENDER (zvelt, suplu, subtirel) SYN slim

1. thin in an attractive or graceful way: slender legs/arms/fingers etc
Slender sounds rather literary. IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say slim or thin:
▪ I don’t know how she stays so slim.

SHAPELY (bine proportionat, armonios)

(especially of a woman's body) having an attractive curved shape (a shapely young woman
a shapely figure)

39
Thesaurus
■ person
▪ thin having little fat on your body: a tall, thin man
▪ slim thin in an attractive way: her slim figure | a slim woman in her fifties | Magazines
are always full of advice about how to stay slim.
▪ slender written thin in an attractive and graceful way – used especially about parts of
the body, and used especially about women: her long, slender legs | She is slender, with
very fair hair.
▪ lean thin and looking healthy and fit: his lean body | He was lean and looked like a
runner.
▪ skinny very thin in a way that is not attractive: a skinny teenager | Your arms are so
skinny!
▪ slight written thin and delicate: a small, slight girl with big eyes
▪ scrawny /ˈskrɔːni $ ˈskrɒː-/ very thin, small, and weak-looking: a scrawny kid in blue
jeans
▪ underweight below the usual weight for someone of your height, and therefore too thin: He
had no appetite and remained underweight.
▪ gaunt /ɡɔːnt $ ɡɒːnt/ written very thin and pale, especially because of illness or
continued worry: He looked gaunt and had not shaved for days.
▪ emaciated /ɪˈmeɪʃieɪtəd, ɪˈmeɪʃieɪtɪd, -si-/ written extremely thin and weak, because you
are ill or not getting enough to eat: The tents were filled with emaciated refugees.
▪ skeletal written used about someone who is so thin that you can see the shape of their
bones: The soldiers were shocked by the skeletal figures of the camp’s prisoners.
▪ anorexic used about someone who is extremely thin because they have a mental illness that
makes them stop eating: Her daughter is anorexic. | anorexic teenagers
■ object/material
▪ thin not wide: a thin slice of cake | a thin layer of ice | The gold was very thin.
▪ slim thin, especially in a way that looks attractive: a slim volume of poetry | a slim
mobile phone | a slim wooden box
▪ slender written tall or long and thin, in a way that looks attractive, but is often not
very strong: the slender columns that supported the roof | The spider was hanging by a
slender thread.
▪ paper-thin/wafer-thin extremely thin, like paper: The walls of the apartment were paper-
thin. | wafer-thin slices of pastry | The petals are paper-thin.

Oxford

Vocabulary Building:
Saying that somebody is thin
Thin is the most usual word: ▪ Steve is tall and thin and has brown hair. It is sometimes
used with a negative meaning: ▪ Mother looked thin and tired after her long illness.
The following words all express praise or admiration:
Slim means pleasantly thin. It is often used to describe women who have controlled their
weight by diet or exercise: ▪ She has a beautifully slim figure.
A slender girl or woman is thin and graceful.
A lean man is thin and fit.
Willowy describes a woman who is attractively tall and thin.
The following words are more negative in their meaning:
Skinny means very thin, often in a way that is not attractive: ▪ a skinny little kid.
Bony describes parts of the body when they are so thin that the bones can be seen: ▪ the old
man’s bony hands.
Scrawny suggests that a person is thin, weak and not attractive: ▪ a scrawny old woman.
Gaunt describes a person who is a little too thin and looks sad or ill.
Underweight is used in medical contexts to describe people who are too thin because they are
ill or have not had enough food: ▪ Women who smoke risk giving birth to underweight babies.
Emaciated describes a serious condition resulting from illness or lack of food.
Anorexic is a medical term, but is now also used informally to describe a girl or woman who
is so thin that you are worried about them.
It is more acceptable to talk to somebody about how thin or slim they are than about how fat
they are.

40
Oxford Synonyms narrow/thin
narrow: road, entrance, bed, stairs, majority, victory
thin: man, legs, ice, line, layer, material, cream
Narrow describes something that is a short distance from side to side. Thin describes
people, or something that has a short distance through it from one side to the other.
Thin is also used of things that are not as thick as you expect. Narrow can be used with the
meanings ‘only just achieved’ and ‘limited’

Thesaurus
▪ fat having too much flesh on your body. It is rude to tell someone that they are fat. It
is also better not to use any of these words when talking directly to someone about their
body: She thinks she’s fat. | He looks the same, just a little fatter.
▪ overweight weighing more than you should: Many medical conditions are caused by being
overweight. | She was several kilos overweight.
▪ big/large used when saying that someone has a big body. Large is more common than big in
written English: My father was a big man. | two large ladies
▪ obese extremely fat in a way that is dangerous to your health: He went to a summer camp
for obese teenagers.
▪ chubby slightly fat in a nice-looking way – used especially about babies and children: A
chubby little baby was playing on the rug.
▪ plump a woman or child who is plump is slightly fat, especially in a pleasant way: Her
mother was a plump cheerful woman.
▪ flabby having soft loose skin that looks unattractive: a flabby stomach | Her body was
getting old and flabby.
▪ portly literary fat and round – used especially about fairly old men: The bishop was a
portly middle-aged gentleman. (corpolent)

Thesaurus
▪ promise to tell someone that you will definitely do something, or that something will
happen: He promised to give the book back. | The organisers have promised that this year’s
event will take place.
▪ swear to make a very serious and sincere promise, for example in a law court: He had sworn
to tell the truth. | I would never do that, I swear.
▪ vow to make a very serious promise, often to yourself: She vowed that she would never
drink alcohol again. | They vowed to carry on their campaign for justice.
▪ pledge to promise publicly or officially that you will do something, for example to give
help or money: The government has pledged to increase overseas aid to $4 billion over the
next five years.
▪ undertake formal to make an official or legal promise to do something: The government
undertook to keep price increases to a minimum. | The two sides undertook to respect each
other’s territory.
▪ commit to something formal to make a firm and definite promise to do something important,
which will affect you for a long time and which could result in serious effects if you fail:
Bobby felt unready to commit to a romantic relationship. | A group of 11 companies has
committed to developing a new passenger plane.

Thesaurus (a lauda, elogia)

▪ praise to say that you admire and approve of someone or something, especially publicly:
The film was praised by the critics when it first came out. | The report praises staff in
both schools. | It’s important to praise children.
▪ rave about something (also enthuse about something formal) to talk about something you
enjoy or admire in an excited way, and say that it is very good. Rave is rather informal,
whereas enthuse is much more formal and is used mainly in written English: Everyone is
raving about the movie. | She enthused about the joys of motherhood.
▪ commend formal to praise someone or something, especially officially: After the battle,
Andrew Jackson commended him for ‘his courage and fidelity’. | The officers should be
commended for their prompt action.

VAUNTED formal
a plan, system, achievement etc that is vaunted is praised or talked about too much and in a
way that is too proud: There’s little sign that the much-vaunted IT investment is pulling
France out of recession.

41
Thesaurus (a se lauda, a se fali)
▪ boast to talk too proudly about your abilities, achievements, or possessions because you
want other people to admire you: She’s always boasting about how good she is at languages.
▪ brag to boast in a way that annoys other people. Brag is more informal than boast: He was
bragging about how many girlfriends he had had. | I don’t think they have anything to brag
about
be full of yourself informal to show by your words and behaviour that you are very proud of
your abilities and achievements - used when you dislike someone because of this: ‘He’s so
full of himself,’ Constance complained

SWAGGER (a se plimba tantos) Oxford syn strut

to walk proudly, swinging your shoulders in a way that shows you are very confident – used
to show disapproval
STRUT
to walk proudly with your head high and your chest pushed forwards, showing that you think
you are important

consternare = uimire, nedumerire amestecată cu mâhnire și cu indignare; surpriză neplăcută,

stupoare
stupoare = Stare de uluire provocată de o surpriză sau de o emoție puternică; uimire,
stupefacție

Thesaurus (uluit)
▪ amazed [not before noun] extremely surprised, especially by something good or by something
that seems hard to believe: I’m amazed that he survived. | You’ll be amazed when you see the
difference.
▪ astonished extremely surprised: He was astonished by how much she had changed. | an
astonished look
▪ astounded extremely surprised or shocked. Astounded sounds a little more formal and a
little stronger than astonished: She was astounded by how much it cost.
▪ staggered/flabbergasted/dumbfounded [not before noun] extremely surprised or shocked:
‘What?’ I said, utterly staggered by his answer. | She just sat there looking flabbergasted.
▪ stunned so surprised that you do not know what to do or say: I was too stunned to protest.
| Everyone seemed stunned by his outburst. | They listened in stunned silence.
stagger - to walk or move unsteadily, almost falling over SYN stumble

Thesaurus
■ a dirty mark
▪ mark (urma) a dirty area on something that spoils its appearance: The bark of the tree had
made black marks on her trousers.
▪ spot a small mark on something: a grease spot on my shirt
▪ stain (pata) a mark that is difficult to remove, especially one made by a dark liquid: a
wine stain on the tablecloth | blood stains
▪ smudge (manji) a mark that is made when something touches against a surface: There was a
smudge of lipstick on his cheek. | He had a smudge of chalk on his jacket. syn smear
▪ smear a mark that is made by a small amount of something spread across a surface: The
table had a smear of paint on the top.

42
PATCH (petic, pata colorata, zona)
a small area of something that is different from the area around it Ex. a cat with a white
patch on its chest;icy patches on the road; damp patch on the wall
Oxford a small piece of land, especially one used for growing vegetables or fruit Ex. a
vegetable patch

Oxford synonyms
patch an area of sth, especially one which is different from the area around it: ▪ a white
dog with a black patch on its head ▪ patches of dense fog
mark • a noticeable area of colour on the body of a person or animal: ▪ The horse had a
white mark on its head.
spot • a small round area that is a different colour or feels different from the surface it
is on: ▪ Which has spots, a leopard or a tiger?

BLOT
II.1 a mark or dirty spot on something, especially made by ink
BLOTCH
a pink or red mark on the skin, or a coloured mark on something
SPLODGE, SPLOTCH
a large mark of mud, paint etc with an irregular shape SYN blotch
SPECK (pata mica, urma mica)
a very small mark, spot, or piece of something Ex. a speck of dust
FLECK SYN speck
1. a small mark or spot: a black beard with flecks of gray
2. a small piece of something: flecks of sawdust
SPECKLE
a small coloured mark or spot on a background of a different colour

TWIST (rasuci)
1.a) to turn a part of your body around or change your position by turning:
He twisted his head slightly, and looked up at her.
twist round/around (a (se) rasuci)
She twisted round, so that she could see the dog better.
b) if you twist your mouth or features, you smile in an unpleasant way or look angry,
disapproving etc: (stramba) His mouth twisted in a humourless smile.
2. to bend or turn something, such as wire, hair, or cloth, into a particular shape
twist something into something She twisted her handkerchief into a knot. (rasuci)
Oxford - bend into shape - Her hair was twisted into a knot on top of her head. Twist the
wire to form a circle.
twist something together Twist the two ends of the wire together.
3. to wind something around or through an object
twist something round/around/through etc something
She twisted a silk scarf round her neck. Ann twisted some daisies through Katherine’s thick
brown hair.
Oxford The telephone cable has got twisted (= wound around itself).
4. to turn something in a circle using your hand Jack twisted the cap off the bottle.
5. if a road, river etc twists, it changes direction in a series of curves
6. (rastalmaci) to change the true or intended meaning of a statement, especially in order
to get some advantage for yourself: He’s always trying to twist my words and make me look
bad
7. (suci) twist your ankle/wrist/knee to hurt your wrist etc by pulling or turning it too
suddenly while you are moving: Harriet slipped on the stairs and twisted her ankle
WRAP (inveli, impacheta (pack))
1. (also wrap up) to put paper or cloth over something to cover it
wrap something in something The present was beautifully wrapped in gold paper.
wrap something around somebody/something
Ella wrapped a thick coat around her shoulders. He wrapped a bandage around my injured
wrist.

FOLD (impaturi)
to bend a piece of paper, cloth etc by laying or pressing one part over another: Fold the
paper along the dotted line.
43
WIND
1. [transitive always + adverb/preposition]
to turn or twist something several times around something else
wind something around/round something (infasura, rasuci)
The hair is divided into sections and wound around heated rods
Oxford
I.2 wind sth + adv./prep. to wrap or twist sth around itself or sth else
Wind the bandage around your finger.
Cambridge
II.4 to wrap something around an object several times or twist it repeatedly around itself
She wound a scarf around her neck.
coil vb (infasura, rasuci, incovriga)
I. to wind or twist into a series of rings, or to make something do this:
The snake coiled around the branches of the tree. Her long hair was coiled up in a plait at
the top of her head.
II. noun - a continuous series of circular rings into which something such as wire or rope
has been wound or twisted Ex. a coil of rope

CURL (ondula, incolaci, bucla)

1. to form a twisted or curved shape, or to make something do this:
Mary was busy curling her hair.
curl around/round Ivy curled round the tree.
2. [always + adverb/preposition] to move, forming a twisted or curved shape, or to make
something do this
curl across/along etc Morning mists curled across the river.
curl something around/round/over etc something He curled his arm around Claudia’s waist
3. if you curl your lip, or if your lip curls, you move it upwards and sideways, to show
that you disapprove of someone or something Ex. Her lip curled in contempt.
curl up phrasal verb
1. to move so that you are lying or sitting with your arms and legs bent close to your body:
I just wanted to curl up and go to sleep. Sarah was curled up on the sofa.
2. if something flat curls up, its edges start to become curved and point upwards:
The letter was now yellow and beginning to curl up

SHRINK (contracta, micsora, scurta)

1. to become smaller, or to make something smaller, through the effects of heat or water:
I’m worried about washing that shirt in case it shrinks.
2. to become or to make something smaller in amount, size, or value OPP grow
The city continued to shrink. The firm’s staff had shrunk to only four people.

SHRIVEL (contracta, zbarci, increti)

if something shrivels, or if it is shrivelled, it becomes smaller and its surface becomes
covered in lines because it is very dry or old: The leaves change colour, then shrivel.

WRINKLE (zbarcitura, cuta)

1. wrinkles are lines on your face and skin that you get when you are old:
Her face was a mass of wrinkles.
2. a small untidy fold in a piece of clothing or paper SYN crease:
She walked over to the bed and smoothed out the wrinkles.

Thesaurus
■ on the ground/on the surface of something
▪ groove a thin line that has been cut into a surface: Deep grooves had been cut into the
stone to channel the water. | Lyle ran his fingernail along the groove in the table.
▪ rut a deep line in the ground which has been made by the wheels of vehicles: The deep ruts
made by the trucks were full of water. | The tractor’s wheels caught a rut in the field and
jolted him.
▪ crease/wrinkle a line on clothes, material, or paper where it has been folded or crushed:
She was trying to smooth out the creases in her dress. | She had wrinkles in her skirt where
she had sat.

44
CRINKLE (increti, mototoli, incretitura, fald, pliu)
I. if you crinkle part of your face, or if it crinkles, you move it so that small lines
appear on it
His mouth crinkled into a smile. He smiled boyishly, crinkling his eyes. Her face crinkled
up in disgust.
II. a thin fold, especially in your skin or on cloth, paper etc ⇨ crease
The first crinkles of age were beginning to appear round her eyes.

CRIMP (ondula, increti)

1. to press cloth, paper etc into small regular folds: Use a hot iron to crimp the edges.
2. to make your hair slightly curly by using a special heated tool: crimped blonde hair

RUMPLE (ciufuli, mototoli)

to make hair, clothes etc less tidy He rumpled her hair playfully; the slightly rumpled
bed; a rumpled linen suit

RUFFLE
I. (ciufuli, zbârli, mototoli) to make a smooth surface uneven:
He ruffled her hair affectionately. A light wind ruffled the water.
II.(volanas, manseta dantelata) a band of thin cloth sewn in folds as a decoration around
the edge of something such as a collar

TOUSLE (ciufuli parul) to make someone’s hair look untidy

PLAIT (cosita, a impleti) SYN braid American English

to twist three long pieces of hair or rope over and under each other to make one long piece
She plaited her hair hurriedly; a plaited leather belt

BRAID (snur)
1. a narrow band of material formed by twisting threads together, used to decorate the
edges of clothes:
a jacket trimmed with red braid
2. SYN plait British English

PLEAT (pliseu)
a flat narrow fold in a skirt, a pair of trousers, a dress

Thesaurus
▪ untidy British English an untidy person does not do things in a neat way, for example they
leave things lying around instead of putting them back in the correct place. Also used about
someone's appearance, when they do not comb their hair, take care of their clothes etc: She
was always very untidy – her clothes lay on the floor where she had dropped them. | He had
obviously been sleeping; his hair was untidy and his chin unshaven.
▪ messy untidy or dirty. American people use this word instead of untidy. British people use
this word, but it sounds less formal than untidy: You've made my hair all messy. | a messy
eater
▪ dishevelled British English, disheveled American English if someone's hair or clothes look
dishevelled, they look untidy, for example because they have just been in bed or in a windy
place: Her hair was uncombed and her clothes were dishevelled. | a dishevelled old man | The
singer was photographed looking ill and dishevelled.
▪ unkempt especially written if someone has unkempt hair or an unkempt appearance, they look
untidy and have not been taking care of the way they look: a rough-looking youth with long
black unkempt hair | The man looked tired and unkempt.
▪ slob noun [countable] informal someone who is extremely untidy but does not seem to care
that they are: Jo’s such a slob – how can you live like that? | If you keep dressing like a
slob, no one’s ever going to ask you for a date.

45
Thesaurus
▪ tidy British English a place, room etc that is tidy looks nice because everything has been
arranged and put in the right place: a tidy desk | I want to leave the place clean and tidy
before we go.
▪ neat use this about things that are carefully arranged in a way that is nice to look at: a
neat pile of towels | The room was neat and tidy.
▪ immaculate a place or thing that is immaculate is perfectly clean and neat – use this to
emphasize how clean something looks: Our house was always immaculate.
▪ well-kept a well-kept building or garden is very well cared for and looks neat and clean:
a large house on well-kept grounds
▪ orderly arranged or organized in a sensible or neat way: The room was orderly and
uncluttered.

CLEAR OUT phrasal verb

1. clear something ↔ out to make a place tidy by removing things from it and getting rid of
them: I need to clear out my closet.
2. to leave a place or building quickly: Wait to get on the train until the people getting
off have cleared out

Thesaurus
■ when part of your body feels painful
▪ hurt if part of your body hurts, it feels painful: My chest hurts when I cough.
▪ ache to hurt with a continuous pain: I’d been walking all day and my legs were really
aching.
▪ throb to feel a bad pain that comes and goes again in a regular and continuous way: Lou
had a terrible headache and his whole head seemed to be throbbing.
▪ sting to feel a sharp pain, or to make someone feel this, especially in your eyes, throat,
or skin: My throat stings every time I swallow. | This injection may sting a little.
▪ smart (ustura, intepa) to hurt with a sudden sharp pain – used especially about your eyes,
or your skin where something has hit you: Her eyes were smarting from the thick smoke. |
Jackson’s face was still smarting from the punch.
▪ burn to feel very hot and painful or uncomfortable: Be careful because this chemical will
make your skin burn. | His eyes were burning because of the gas.
▪ pinch if something you are wearing pinches you, it is too tight and presses painfully on
your skin: The shirt was a bit too small and it was pinching my neck.
▪ something is killing me spoken informal used when something feels very painful: My legs
are killing me. | These shoes are killing me.
▪ a bad back/leg/arm etc if you have a bad back/leg/arm etc, it feels painful: He’s off work
with a bad back.

Thesaurus (a pune)
put to move something to a particular place: I’ve put the wine in the fridge. | Where have
you put my grey shirt?
▪ place to put something somewhere carefully: ‘It’s beautiful,’ he said, placing it back on
the shelf.
▪ lay to put someone or something down carefully on a flat surface: He laid all the money on
the table. | She laid the baby on his bed.
▪ position to carefully put something in a suitable position: Position the microphone to
suit your height. | Troops were positioned around the city.
▪ slip to put something somewhere with a quick movement: He slipped his arm around her
waist. | Carrie quickly slipped the money into her bag.
▪ shove to put something into a space or container quickly or carelessly: Shove anything you
don’t want in that sack. | I’ve ironed those shirts so don’t just shove them in a drawer.
▪ stick (also bung British English) informal to put something somewhere quickly or
carelessly: I stuck the address in my pocket and I can’t find it now. | Could you bung those
clothes in the washing machine?
▪ dump to put something down somewhere in a careless and untidy way: Don’t just dump all
your bags in the kitchen. | People shouldn’t dump rubbish at the side of the street.
▪ pop informal to quickly put something somewhere, usually for a short time: Pop it in the
microwave for a minute.
▪ thrust literary to put something somewhere suddenly or forcefully: ‘Hide it,’ he said,
thrusting the watch into her hand.

46
Thesaurus
▪ rush to move very quickly, especially because you need to be somewhere soon: He was
rushing out of his office in order to go to a meeting. | There’s no need to rush - we have
plenty of time.
▪ hurry to do something or go somewhere more quickly than usual, especially because there is
not much time: People hurried into stores to escape the rain. | You ll have to hurry or we
'll be late for breakfast | I hurried through the rest of my workout and showered as quickly
as I could.
▪ race to go somewhere as fast as you can: She raced downstairs to tell her mother. | He
raced back to his car and called for help.
▪ tear to run very quickly and without really looking where you are going, because you are
in a hurry: I saw two boys tearing across the field towards the tree. | He tore down the
stairs and out of the house. | They tore out of the building.
▪ dash to run somewhere very fast, especially only a short distance: Bob dashed across the
road to his friend’s house. | Her heart was pumping furiously as she dashed through the
kitchen to the front door. | I dashed outside to try to rescue the unfortunate creature.
▪ hustle American English informal to hurry when you are doing something or going somewhere:
You better hustle or you’re going to miss the school bus.
▪ hasten literary to hurry somewhere, especially because you need to do something: Suddenly
frightened, she hastened back to where her friends were standing. | She took a deep breath
and then hastened after him.

Thesaurus
whim (capriciu, moft, toana, pofta)
a sudden feeling that you would like to do or have something, especially when there is no
important or good reason
on a whim I didn’t leave just on a whim (=for no good reason).
at the whim of somebody At work they are at the whim of the boss.
sb’s every whim Their father had always indulged her every whim.
at whim He appeared and disappeared at whim.

▪ fashion noun [uncountable and countable] a style of clothes, hair, behaviour etc that is
fashionable. Fashion is also used as an uncountable noun, when talking about all of these
styles in general: the latest fashions from Donna Karan | changing fashions in popular music
| I'm not interested in fashion.
▪ vogue noun [singular,uncountable] if there is a vogue for something, or it is in vogue, it
is fashionable. Vogue sounds more formal and typical of the language that more educated
speakers use than fashion: the current vogue for realistic animated films | There was a
vogue for cream furniture in the 1920s. | His pictures are very much in vogue these days.
▪ trend noun [countable] a way of doing something or a way of thinking that is becoming
fashionable or popular: The magazine focuses on the latest trends in contemporary design. |
The trend is for people to wait longer to marry and have children.
▪ craze/fad noun [countable] informal a fashion, activity, type of music etc that suddenly
becomes very popular, but only remains popular for a short time – often used about things
that you think are rather silly: a new fitness craze | the current fad for bare white walls
and uncomfortable-looking metal furniture | I'm sure it's just a passing fad (=something
that will soon stop being fashionable). | fad diets
▪ something is all the rage formal used when saying that something is very popular and
fashionable for a short time: The game was all the rage at her school.

47
Thesaurus
▪ depend on something/somebody to need something or someone in order to exist, or be
healthy, successful etc: The island’s economy depends on tourism. | The two industries
depend on each other. | Many people depend on the sport for their livelihood (=they need it
in order to make money to live).
▪ rely on something/somebody to depend on something or someone to do or provide what you
need, especially because you have no choice: In rural areas, many people rely on public
transport. | She’d never wanted to rely on a man for money.
▪ count on something to depend on something that you expect to happen: Their government was
counting on American support. | I’m counting on getting a pay rise next year.
▪ lean on somebody to depend on someone for support and encouragement, especially at a
difficult time: We all need a good friend that we can lean on. | When her husband died, she
leant on Mike for support.

Oxford Synonyms:
trust
depend on sb/sth • rely on sb/sth • count on sb/sth • believe in sb
These words all mean to believe that sb/sth will do what you hope or expect of them or that
what they tell you is correct or true.
trust • to believe that sb is good, honest, sincere, etc. and that they will do what you
expect of them or do the right thing; to believe that sth is true or correct: ▪ You can
trust me not to tell anyone. ◊ ▪ Don't trust what you read in the newspapers!
depend on/upon sb/sth • (often used with can/cannot/could/could not) to trust sb/sth to do
what you expect or want, to do the right thing, or to be true or correct: ▪ He was the sort
of person you could depend on. ◊ ▪ Can you depend on her version of what happened?
rely on/upon sb/sth • (used especially with can/cannot/could/could not and should/should
not) to trust sb/sth to do what you expect or want, or to be honest, correct or good enough:
▪ Can I rely on you to keep this secret? ◊ ▪ You can't rely on any figures you get from
them.

trust, depend or rely on/upon sb/sth?

You can trust a person but not a thing or system. You can trust sb's judgement or advice,
but not their support. You can depend on sb's support, but not their judgement or advice.
Rely on/upon sb/sth is used especially with you can/could or you should to give advice or a
promise: I don't really rely on his judgement. ◊ ▪ You can't really rely on his judgement.
count on sb/sth • (often used with can/cannot/could/could not) to be sure that sb will do
what you need them to do, or that sth will happen as you want it to happen: ▪ I'm counting
on you to help me. ◊ ▪ We can't count on the good weather lasting.
believe in sb • to feel that you can trust sb and/or that they will be successful: ▪ They
need a leader they can believe in.
to trust/depend on/rely on/count on sb/sth to do sth
to trust/believe in sb/sth
to trust/rely on sb's advice/judgement
to depend on/rely on/count on sb's support
to completely trust/depend on/rely on/believe in sb/sth

Thesaurus
■ to ask for something
▪ ask for to tell someone you want them to give you something: I’m going to ask for a pay
rise.
▪ order to ask for food or drink in a restaurant: We ordered some more coffee. | Have you
ordered yet?
▪ demand to ask for something in a firm way, insisting that someone gives you what you ask
for: They’re demanding immediate payment. | If the goods are faulty, you can demand a
refund.
▪ request formal to ask for something: The pilot requested permission to land. | I enclose
the information you requested.
▪ beg/plead (a ruga, a cere staruitor) to ask for something in an urgent way, because you
want it very much and will be very unhappy if you do not get it: He begged me for some
money. | I’m not going to plead for forgiveness.
▪ nag/pester to keep asking someone for something, in an annoying way: She keeps nagging me
for a new phone. | People were pestering him for his autograph.

48
zeflemea = Ironie ușoară, luare în râs, glumă batjocoritoare.

Thesaurus (tachina, necaji)

▪ tease to laugh at someone and make jokes in order to have fun by embarrassing them, either
in a friendly way or in an unkind way. IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people often say make fun of
rather than tease: At work, we all tease her because she’s always late. | Sam’s sisters used
to tease him because he was overweight.
▪ taunt to tease someone in a very unpleasant way that shows you do not respect them, in
order to make them angry or upset: In the end he hit the man for taunting him about his
wife. | The other prisoners taunted him until he couldn’t bear it any more.

Thesaurus
▪ spending the amount of money that is spent, especially by a government or other
organization: Company spending on staff benefits has been cut dramatically in recent years.
| There has been a huge increase in government spending. | military spending
▪ expenditure formal the amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends
during a particular period of time – used especially in official documents or reports:
British defence expenditure was consistently high during this period. | military expenditure
| Expenditure on advertising has gone down.
▪ costs the money that a person or organization has to spend on heating, rent, wages etc:
What are your annual fuel costs? | Falling sales have forced companies to cut costs.
▪ expenses the money that you spend on things that you need, for example on food, rent, and
travel: Living expenses are much higher in New York. | I kept a record of all my travel
expenses so that I could claim them back.
▪ outgoings the money that someone has to spend regularly on rent, bills, food etc for their
home or business: The outgoings on a house this size are very high.
▪ outlay the amount of money that someone must spend when they first start a new business or
activity: The intial outlay on machinery was quite high.
▪ overheads British English, overhead American English the money that a business spends
regularly on rent, insurance, and other things that are needed to keep the business
operating: In London, small businesses often have high overheads.

Oxford Synonyms
costs
spending • expenditure • expenses • overheads • outlay
These are all words for money spent by a government, an organization or a person.
costs • the total amount of money that needs to be spent by a business: ▪ labour/production
costs ◊ ▪ rising costs
spending • the amount of money that is spent, especially by a government or an organization:
▪ public spending ◊ ▪ More spending on health was promised.
expenditure • (rather formal) an amount of money spent by a government, an organization or a
person: ▪ expenditure on education
expenses • money that has to be spent by a person or an organization; money that you spend
while you are working which your employer will pay back to you later: ▪ legal expenses ◊ ▪
travel expenses
overhead(s) • the regular costs of running a business or organization, such as rent,
electricity and wages: ▪ High overheads mean small profit margins.
outlay • the money that you have to spend in order to start a new business or project, or in
order to save yourself money or time later: ▪ The best equipment is costly but is well worth
the outlay.
spending/expenditure/outlay on sth
high/low costs/spending/expenditure/expenses/overheads
total costs/spending/expenditure/expenses/overheads/outlay
capital costs/spending/expenditure/expenses/outlay
household costs/spending/expenditure/expenses
government/public/education/health costs/spending/expenditure
to increase/reduce costs/spending/expenditure/expenses/overheads/the outlay

outlying (indepartat, periferic)

far from the centre of a city, town etc or from a main building: one of the outlying suburbs

49
Thesaurus
▪ sure adjective believing that something is definitely true or correct: I’m sure that
you’re right. | ‘The car was a BMW’ ‘Are you sure?’ | I’m not sure what the best thing to do
is.
▪ certain adjective completely sure. Certain is more formal than sure, and it is very
commonly used in writing: The police were certain that they had found the killer. | I think
he’s married, but I’m not certain about it.
▪ convinced adjective sure that something is true, even though you cannot prove it: She
became convinced that her boyfriend was seeing someone else. | Brown’s wife was convinced of
his innocence.
▪ positive adjective especially spoken completely sure that something is true, especially
when other people are not sure: She said she was positive that the exam was next Tuesday. |
I’m absolutely positive I haven’t made a mistake..
▪ confident adjective sure that something good will happen or that you will achieve
something: Doctors are confident that he’ll make a full recovery. | A spokesman said the
government was confident of winning the vote

Oxford Synonyms:
sure
confident • convinced • certain • positive • clear
These words all describe sb who knows without doubt that sth is true or will happen.
sure • [not before noun] without any doubt that you are right, that sth is true, that you
will get sth or that sth will happen: ▪ ‘Is that John over there?’ ‘I'm not sure.’ ◊ ▪ Are
you sure about that? ◊ ▪ England must win this game to be sure of qualifying.
Sure is often used in negative statements and questions, because there is some doubt or
anxiety over the matter. If there is no doubt, people often say quite sure: ▪ I'm quite sure
(that) I left my bag here ▪ (= I have no doubt about it) ▪.
confident • completely sure that sth will happen in the way that you want or expect: ▪ I'm
quite confident that you'll get the job. ◊ ▪ The team feels confident of winning.
Confident is a stronger and more definite word than sure and is more often used in positive
statements, when you feel no anxiety.
convinced • [not before noun] completely sure that sth is true or right, especially because
the evidence seems to prove it or sb else has persuaded you to believe it: ▪ I'm convinced
that she's innocent.
certain • [not usually before noun] sure that you are right or that sth is true: ▪ Are you
absolutely certain about this?
sure or certain?
Like sure, certain is often used in negative statements and questions. It is slightly more
formal than sure; sure is more frequent, especially in spoken English.
positive • [not before noun] (rather informal) completely sure that sth is true: ▪ She was
positive that he'd been there. ◊ ▪ ‘Are you sure?’ ‘Positive.’
clear • (often used in negative statements and questions) having no doubt or confusion about
sth: ▪ My memory isn't really clear on that point.
sure/confident/convinced/certain/positive/clear about sth
sure/confident/convinced/certain of sth
sure/confident/convinced/certain/positive/clear that…
sure/certain/clear who/what/how, etc.
to feel sure/confident/convinced/certain/positive
quite/absolutely/completely/fairly/pretty sure/confident/convinced/certain/positive/clear
not altogether sure/confident/convinced/certain/clear

1.EXPECT
He will be hard to beat. I fully expect (=am completely sure about) that and I’m ready.
Cambridge: The financial performance of the business is fully expected (= almost certain) to
improve.
Webster: We were half/fully expecting [=we thought there was a reasonable/good chance] that
the game would be canceled.

DIFFIDENT (neincrezator in sine)

Oxford not having much confidence in yourself; not wanting to talk about yourself

50
Thesaurus
■ not in danger
▪ safe not in danger of being harmed, lost, or stolen. Also used about a place where someone
or something is safe: I don’t feel safe around here. | Keep your valuables in a safe place.
▪ secure if something is secure, it is safe from thieves and criminals. Also used about a
place where something is safe: How do I know that my personal details are secure? | The
money is in a very secure place.
▪ well protected not likely to be damaged or harmed by something: The equipment was well
protected from the rain. | Always make sure that you are well protected from the sun.
▪ out of harm’s way in a place where someone or something cannot be hurt or damaged: She put
the glass vases on the top shelf, out of harm’s way. | Make sure that he stays out of harm’s
way.
■ not harmed or damaged
▪ safe not harmed or damaged: The children are all safe.
▪ OK/all right informal safe and not hurt: I was glad to hear that you were OK.
▪ unharmed not hurt: The kidnappers released the young man unharmed.
▪ unscathed /ʌnˈskeɪðd/ not hurt or damaged, after an accident, an attack, or a dangerous
experience – used when you are surprised by this: The baby escaped unscathed. |
Miraculously, the old part of the city remained unscathed.
▪ in one piece informal not harmed or damaged, especially after a journey or a dangerous
experience: I’m glad you’re home in one piece.
▪ out of danger safe, after being in a dangerous situation: As soon as they were out of
danger, they stopped for a rest. | His doctors say he is out of danger.

Thesaurus (repara)
▪ repair to do some work on something that is damaged or not working properly, so that it is
in good condition again: The builders are coming to repair the roof. | Have you had the
washing machine repaired yet?
▪ fix especially American English to repair something: I’m taking the car in to get it
fixed. | The chain on the bike needs fixing.
▪ mend especially British English to repair something that is damaged, torn, or not working:
I’ve found someone who’ll mend the fence. | Can you mend this sweater for me? | Fishermen
sat mending their nets in the sunshine.
▪ service to check a vehicle or machine and repair it if necessary, especially regularly:
You should have your car serviced every six months. | When was the last time we had the gas
boiler serviced?
▪ do up British English informal, fix up American English informal to repair an old building
or vehicle, so that it looks in good condition again: He does up old cars and sells them. |
A builder bought the house and fixed it up.
▪ patch something up to quickly repair something that has a hole in it, by putting a piece
of material on it, especially temporarily: They patched up the wall with bits of cement.
▪ darn to repair holes in clothes: Are you any good at darning socks?

BOTCH (lucra de mantuiala, carpaci)

informal to do something badly, because you have been careless or because you do not have
the skill to do it properly: The builders really botched up our patio; a botched
investigation

BUNGLE (a face de mantuiala) Oxford Syn: botch

to fail to do something properly, because you have made stupid mistakes – used especially in
news reports: The whole police operation was bungled.
bungled adjective: a bungled rescue attempt

51
CLING (a adera, a se tine de, a se lipi de)
1. [always + adverb/preposition] to hold someone or something tightly, especially because
you do not feel safe
cling to/on/at He wailed and clung to his mother. Passengers clung desperately on to the
lifeboats.
2. [always + adverb/preposition] to stick to someone or something, or seem to surround them
cling to/around His wet shirt clung to his body. The smell of cigarette smoke clung to her
clothes.

STICK (1.a se lipi de 2.infige 4.pune, scoate)

1. to attach something to something else using a substance, or to become attached to a
surface
stick something on/to/in etc something Someone had stuck posters all over the walls.
stick to/together I could feel my shirt sticking to my back. The oil keeps the pasta from
sticking together. This stamp won’t stick properly.
2.(infige) if a pointed object sticks into something, or if you stick it there, it is pushed
into it
stick (something) in/into/through something pins stuck in a notice board; The boy stuck his
finger up his nose. Cambridge She stuck the needle into my arm.
4. (pune, scoate) SYN put if you stick a part of your body somewhere, you put it in a
position where other people can see it: Clara stuck her head around the door to see who was
there. The baby stuck his legs in the air. Don’t stick your tongue out. It’s rude!
Oxford to put sth in a place, especially quickly or carelessly
Stick your bags down there. He stuck his hands in his pockets and strolled off.
Can you stick this on the noticeboard? Cambridge I stuck my jacket over the back of my
chair. • I didn't know what to do with these so I stuck them outside for now. She stuck her
fingers in her ears so that she couldn't hear the noise.

5. Oxford SYN jam if something sticks, it becomes fixed in one position and is difficult to
move: This door keeps sticking. The wheels stuck fast (=stuck completely) in the mud. Oxford
The key has stuck in the lock.

FASTEN (fixa, inchide)

1. a) to join together the two sides of a coat, shirt, bag etc so that it is closed SYN do
up OPP unfasten:
‘I’m going now,’ she said, fastening her coat. Fasten your seat belt.
b)to become joined together with buttons, hooks etc SYN do up: I was so fat that my skirt
wouldn’t fasten.
IN EVERYDAY BRITISH ENGLISH, people usually say do up rather than fasten: ▪ Do up your
jacket – it’s cold.
2. to firmly close a window, gate etc so that it will not open, or to become firmly closed
OPP unfasten: Make sure all the windows are securely fastened before you leave.
3. to attach something firmly to another object or surface
fasten something with something Fasten the edges of the cloth together with pins.
fasten something to something They fastened the rope to a tree.

52
Thesaurus (a convinge)
▪ persuade to make someone decide to do something, especially by giving them reasons why
they should do it, or asking them many times to do it: I persuaded her to change her mind. |
Do you think you can persuade him to lend us the money?
▪ talk somebody into (doing) something to persuade someone to do something, especially
something they do not really want to do: Why did I let you talk me into this? | He finally
talked her into going on a date with him.
▪ get somebody to do something to make someone do something by persuading or asking them: If
we can’t get a taxi I’ll get Joe to pick us up. | I know how to get you to kiss me.
▪ convince to persuade someone that they should do something, because it is the best or the
right thing to do. Some British speakers think this use is incorrect, and prefer to use
persuade: It would be difficult to convince him to move.
▪ encourage to try to persuade someone to do something, especially because you think it will
be good for them: Children should be encouraged to read all kinds of books.
▪ influence to have an effect on what someone decides to do: What influences you to buy
clothes?
▪ coax to persuade someone to do something by talking gently and kindly: I tried to coax him
to eat a little.
▪ cajole to persuade someone to do something by praising them or making promises to them: He
hoped to cajole her into selling her house.
▪ put somebody up to something to persuade or encourage someone to do something wrong or
stupid: Who put you up to this?
▪ dissuade formal to persuade someone not to do something: How do you dissuade young people
from experimenting with drugs?
dissuade (convinge prin povata, sfatui sa nu (faca ceva))
to persuade someone not to do something OPP persuade
dissuade somebody from (doing) something a campaign to dissuade young people from smoking
distract (distrage, abate)
to take someone’s attention away from something by making them look at or listen to
something else:
Try not to distract the other students.
distract somebody/something from something Coverage of the war was used to distract
attention from other matters.

DIVERT (devia, abate)

1. to change the use of something such as time or money
divert something into/to/(away) from something The company should divert more resources into
research. Officials diverted revenue from arms sales to the rebels.
2. to change the direction in which something travels
divert a river/footpath/road Canals divert water from the Truckee River into the lake.
The high street is closed and traffic is being diverted.
3. if you divert your telephone calls, you arrange for them to go directly to another
number, for example because you are not able to answer them yourself for some time:
Remember to divert your phone when you are out of the office.
4. Oxford Syn: distract to deliberately take someone’s attention from something by making
them think about or notice other things
divert (sb’s) attention (away from somebody/something)
The crime crackdown is an attempt to divert attention from social problems.
He’d been trying to divert suspicion away from himself.

53
CONCOCT
1. (nascoci, inventa scuza, minciuna) Oxford SYN cook up, make up
to invent a clever story, excuse, or plan, especially in order to deceive someone:
John concocted an elaborate excuse for being late.
2. to make something, especially food or drink, by mixing different things, especially
things that are not usually combined: Jean concocted a great meal from the leftovers.

Thesaurus
▪ invent to think of an idea for a new product, machine etc, and design it or make it: The
telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. | Who invented the Internet?
▪ create to make or design something new and original: We decided to create the software
ourselves. | For her latest book, she has created a whole new group of characters.
▪ think of something/think up something to produce a new idea, plan, method, excuse etc by
thinking: I’ve thought of an idea. | They’re always trying to think up new ways to improve
efficiency.
▪ come up with something to produce a new idea, a way of dealing with something etc,
especially a good one: How did you come up with that idea? | Ellis came up with the solution
to the problem immediately.
▪ make something up to invent a story, song, game, excuse etc: My mother used to make up
bedtime stories for us. | I didn’t want to go to the class, so I decided to make up an
excuse.
▪ dream something up to think of an idea or plan, especially one that seems unusual or even
crazy: It can’t be easy dreaming up new advertisements all the time. | I wonder who dreamt
up that idea!
▪ devise formal to invent a way of doing something, especially one that is clever or
complicated: This system was devised as a way of measuring students’ progress.
▪ conceive formal to think of a new idea, plan etc and develop it in your mind: The project
was originally conceived by a Dutch businessman two years ago.

CONTRIVE
1. formal to succeed in doing something in spite of difficulties (a se descurca, reusi)
contrive to do something Schindler contrived to save more than 1,000 Polish Jews from the
Nazis.
2.(a pune la cale) to arrange an event or situation in a clever way, especially secretly or
by deceiving people: The lawsuit says oil companies contrived the oil shortage in the 1970s.
3.(nascoci) to make or invent something in a skilful way, especially because you need it
suddenly:
In 1862, a technique was contrived to take a series of photographs showing stages of
movement.

BARREL (butoi)
a large curved container with a flat top and bottom, made of wood or metal, and used for
storing beer, wine
CASK SYN barrel
a round wooden container used for storing wine or other liquids, or the amount of liquid
that it contains
KEG a round wooden or metal container with a flat top and bottom, used for storing beer
fig. powder keg
DRUM
2. a large round container for storing liquids such as oil, chemicals: a 5 gallon oil drum
vat - a large container for holding liquids, especially in industrial processes

54
Thesaurus
▪ blame verb [transitive] to say or think that someone or something is responsible for
something bad that has happened: Democrats have blamed Republicans for the failure to reach
an agreement. | Police blamed bad weather for a series of accidents on the roads. | For many
years I blamed myself for her death. | They blamed the failure of the business on the
economic downturn.
▪ put/place/lay the blame on somebody/something to say who or what you think is responsible
for something bad that has happened, often unfairly or wrongly: Don’t try to put the blame
on me! | Subsequent investigations placed the blame squarely on city officials. | Farmers
have laid the blame for their problems entirely on EU policies.
▪ say it’s sb’s fault especially spoken to say that someone is responsible for something bad
that has happened: Are you saying it’s my fault that we lost the game?
▪ hold somebody responsible to say that someone is responsible for something bad that has
happened, because it was their duty to prevent it from happening: He was held personally
responsible for the failure of the project.

IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say something is someone's fault , rather than saying
they are to blame:
▪ He was to blame for the accident. ➔ The accident was his fault
CAUTIOUS (precaut, prevazator, prudent)
careful to avoid danger or risks Ex. a cautious driver, a cautious approach to the crisis
The air-pollution board has reacted with cautious optimism to the announcement.
cautious approach
cautious about (doing) something Keller is cautious about making predictions for the success
of the program.
The government responded cautiously to the move.
Oxford: A cautious person is nervous that something may be dangerous or unwise, so they only
do it very slowly or after a lot of thought. (opposite= rash)
A careful person is not nervous but does take extra care to make sure that everything is
correct or nothing goes wrong. (opposite= careless)

DISCREET (discret, prudent)

1.careful about what you say or do, so that you do not offend, upset, or embarrass people or
tell secrets OPP indiscreet: He assured her that he would be discreet. I stood back at a
discreet distance.
2. small and showing good taste or judgment – use this to show approval: discreet jewelry

WARY /w'eəri/ (circumspect, precaut, neincrezator)

someone who is wary is careful because they think something might be dangerous or harmful
be wary of (doing) something
I’m a bit wary of driving in this fog.
wary of
We must teach children to be wary of strangers. Keep a wary eye on the weather before you
set sail.
She had a wary expression on her face.
wariness a wariness in her voice
warily She eyed him warily.
eye vb
II. to look at someone or something carefully, especially because you do not trust them or
because you want something: The man behind the desk eyed us suspiciously. A crowd of local
children gathered around, eying us in silence.

WORRY (a fi ingrijorat)
to be anxious or unhappy about someone or something, so that you think about them a lot
worry about I worry about my daughter. You’ve really got no need to worry about your weight.
worry (that) She worried that she wasn’t doing enough to help.
worry over Dad worries over the slightest thing.

WEARY (foarte obosit, frant, plictisit) written

very tired or bored, especially because you have been doing something for a long time:
She found Rachel in the kitchen, looking old and weary. She sat down with a weary sigh.
weary of (doing) something He was weary of the constant battle between them.
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say tired rather than weary

55
Thesaurus (obosit)
▪ tired feeling that you want to sleep or rest: I was really tired the next day. | the tired
faces of the children
▪ exhausted extremely tired: I was exhausted after the long trip home. | He sat down,
exhausted. | She immediately fell into an exhausted sleep.
▪ worn out [not before noun] very tired because you have been working hard: With three small
children to care for, she was always worn out.
▪ weary /ˈwɪəri $ ˈwɪr-/ written tired because you have been travelling, worrying, or doing
something for a long time: weary travellers | a weary sigh | He looks tired and weary after
20 years in office.
▪ fatigued formal very tired: They were too fatigued to continue with the climb. | Because
of her illness, she often became fatigued.
▪ drained [not before noun] very tired and feeling as if all your energy has gone:
Afterwards, he felt drained, both physically and mentally.
▪ bushed/beat [not before noun] informal very tired: I’m bushed. I think I’ll go to bed
early. | I’m beat. I don’t think I’ll go for a run tonight.

Thesaurus
■ almost asleep
▪ sleepy wanting to sleep very soon, so that your eyes start to close: I’m feeling quite
sleepy. I think I’ll go to bed. | She rubbed her sleepy eyes.
▪ drowsy starting to sleep because you are in a warm place, have drunk too much alcohol, or
have taken medicine: The tablets can make you feel drowsy. | She was beginning to feel a
little drowsy after all the food and wine she had consumed.

BLINK (clipi)
1. to shut and open your eyes quickly: I blinked as I came out into the sunlight.
2. if lights blink, they shine unsteadily or go on and off quickly: The light on your
answering machine is blinking.
WINK
1.(a face cu ochiul) to close and open one eye quickly to communicate something or show that
something is a secret or joke
wink at He winked mischievously at Erica. He winked an eye at his companion.
2. SYN blink to shine with a light that flashes on and off: a Christmas tree with lights
winking on and off

Thesaurus
▪ compulsory if something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law: Maths and
English are compulsory for all students. | Compulsory education was introduced in 1870. |
Wearing a seatbelt is compulsory. | It is now compulsory for anyone claiming state benefit
to register with a job centre.
▪ obligatory [not usually before noun] if something is obligatory, you must do it because of
a rule or law. Obligatory is more formal than compulsory: It is now obligatory for all
competitors to wear face protectors. | Evening dress is usual, but not obligatory. |
Military service is obligatory for all men between 18 and 27.
▪ mandatory if something is mandatory, you must do it because it is the law. Mandatory is
more formal than compulsory and sounds stronger: Drug smuggling carries a mandatory death
sentence. | In some countries, wearing helmets is mandatory for all cyclists.
■ not compulsory
▪ optional if something is optional, you can choose whether to do it or not: You don’t have
to do French – it’s optional. | The holiday price includes optional excursions such as an
evening cruise on the lake. | General Studies is optional for sixth-form students.
▪ voluntary done because you want to do it and not because you have to – used especially
about things that you do because you think they will help other people or be useful: The
programme is entirely voluntary, and no one will be forced to join. | The charity is funded
by voluntary donations.

56
Thesaurus
▪ refuse to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do: I
asked the bank for a loan, but they refused. | When they refused to leave, we had to call
the police.
▪ say no spoken to say that you will not do something when someone asks you: They asked me
so nicely that I couldn’t really say no.
▪ turn somebody/something down to refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or a formal
request: They offered me the job but I turned it down. | The board turned down a request for
$25,000 to sponsor an art exhibition. | I’ve already been turned down by three colleges.
▪ reject to refuse to accept an idea, offer, suggestion, or plan: They rejected the idea
because it would cost too much money. | The Senate rejected a proposal to limit the program
to two years.
▪ decline formal to politely refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or refuse to do
something: She has declined all offers of help. | A palace spokesman declined to comment on
the rumours.
▪ deny to refuse to allow someone to do something or enter somewhere: They were denied
permission to publish the book. | He was denied access to the US.
▪ veto to officially refuse to allow a law or plan, or to refuse to accept someone’s
suggestion: Congress vetoed the bill. | The suggestion was quickly vetoed by the other
members of the team.
▪ disallow to officially refuse to accept something because someone has broken the rules, or
not done it in the correct way: The goal was disallowed by the referee. | The court decided
to disallow his evidence.
▪ rebuff formal to refuse to accept someone’s offer, request, or suggestion: The company
raised its offer to $6 billion, but was rebuffed. | He was politely rebuffed when he
suggested holding the show in Dublin.
▪ give somebody/something the thumbs down informal to refuse to allow or accept a plan or
suggestion: The plan was given the thumbs down by the local authority. | They gave us the
thumbs down

Thesaurus
▪ laugh to make sounds with your voice and move your face, because you think that something
is funny: He looked so funny that we couldn’t stop laughing.
▪ giggle to laugh quickly in a high voice, especially in a slightly silly way, or because
you are nervous or embarrassed: A group of teenage girls were giggling in a corner. | She
tends to giggle when she meets new people.
▪ chuckle to laugh quietly, especially because you are thinking about or reading something
funny: He was chuckling to himself over an article in the paper. | ‘We used to get up to all
kinds of mischief.’ She chuckled at the memory.
▪ snigger (chicoti, rade pe infundate) British English, snicker American English to laugh
quietly in an unkind or unpleasant way, for example when someone is hurt or embarrassed:
Billy stood up and started to sing, and one or two people sniggered.
▪ titter to laugh quietly in a high voice, especially about something that is rude or about
sex, or is embarrassing for someone: As a nation we love to titter over politicians’ sex
scandals. | schoolboys tittering over a magazine
▪ roar with laughter to laugh very loudly, especially with a deep voice: I could hear my
father roaring with laughter at something on TV.
▪ shriek with laughter to laugh very loudly, especially with a high voice: Patsy chased him
down the stairs, shrieking with laughter.
▪ howl with laughter to laugh very loudly – used especially about a group of people laughing
together: His plays have made audiences howl with laughter.
▪ in stitches laughing so much that you cannot stop: It was such a funny film – it had us
all in stitches.
▪ guffaw /ɡəˈfɔː $ -ˈfɒː/ to laugh very loudly and without trying to stop yourself: The
audience guffawed at his nonstop jokes.
▪ cackle to laugh loudly in an unpleasant way: The old woman cackled at the trouble she was
causing.

57
neat (ingrijit), tidy (ordonat), smart (Br), sharp (Am)

TIDY
1. SYN neat a room, house, desk etc that is tidy is neatly arranged with everything in the
right place OPP untidy, messy (keep the garden tidy, Ellen’s room is always neat and tidy.)

NEAT
1. tidy and carefully arranged. She arranged the books in a nice neat pile.

Thesaurus
▪ tidy British English a place, room etc that is tidy looks nice because everything has been
arranged and put in the right place: a tidy desk | I want to leave the place clean and tidy
before we go.
▪ neat use this about things that are carefully arranged in a way that is nice to look at: a
neat pile of towels | The room was neat and tidy.
▪ well-kept a well-kept building or garden is very well cared for and looks neat and clean:
a large house on well-kept grounds
▪ orderly arranged or organized in a sensible or neat way: The room was orderly and
uncluttered

Thesaurus
▪ sharp having a very thin edge or point that can cut things easily: a sharp knife | The
dog’s teeth were very sharp. | Be careful. That knife’s very sharp. | You’ll need some sharp
scissors. | Puppies mean to be playful, but their sharp teeth can give you a nasty bite.
▪ jagged(colturos, zimtat) having an irregular edge with a lot of sharp points: a jagged
rock | The floor was covered with jagged pieces of glass.
▪ spiky(tepos) having a lot of thin sharp points: a spiky cactus plant | The hedgehog uses
its spiky fur for protection. | Some corals are quite smooth, others are sharp and spiky.
▪ prickly(spinos) covered in a lot of small sharp points – used mainly about plants: a
prickly bush | prickly leaves | The hedge was all prickly.
▪ serrated a serrated edge on a saw or knife has a lot of sharp points on it: It’s best to
use a knife with a serrated edge.
▪ razor-sharp extremely sharp: The cat had razor-sharp claws.
■ not sharp
▪ blunt not sharp – used about tools, weapons, or pencils: All the kitchen knives were
blunt. | a blunt pencil | The woman had been attacked with a blunt instrument.

I.5 SETTLE
to become quiet and calm, or to make someone quiet and calm: When the children had settled,
Miss Brown gave out the new reading books. She breathed deeply to settle her nerves (=stop
herself from feeling worried or frightened).

58
COMPOSURE
the state of feeling or seeming calm
recover/regain your composure (=become calm after feeling angry or upset)
Carter looked stunned, but he soon regained his composure.
keep/maintain your composure (=stay calm)
The widow broke down in tears, but her daughters maintained their composure.
He has lost his composure under the pressure of the situation.
Oxford
lose your composure/poise/self-control/cool
keep your composure/self-control/cool
recover your composure/poise

POISE
1. (siguranta, stapanire de sine) a calm confident way of behaving, combined with an ability
to control your feelings or reactions in difficult situations
2. (postura, tinuta) a graceful way of moving or standing, so that your body seems balanced
and not awkward: the poise of a dancer; She’s pretty, but lacks poise.

RESTRAINT
1. SYN self-control (siguranta, stapanire de sine) calm sensible controlled behaviour,
especially in a situation when it is difficult to stay calm
show/exercise restraint (a da dovada de retinere)
He urged the millions of protesters to exercise restraint.
2. (restrictie, ingradire, limitare) rule or principle that limits what people can do
restraint on
The government has imposed restraints on corporate mergers. Opposition politicians have
called for restraints on public spending.
http://forum.wordreference.com
restrain -- has the sense of holding back, often by physical force. It generally carries a
negative sense, in that something that needs to be restrained must be bad.
restrict -- has the sense of limiting, or partially prohibiting. It can be negative, but is
often neutral in meaning.
3.(constrangere) formal physical force that is used to hold someone back, especially because
they are likely to be violent: Sometimes police officers have to use physical restraint to
control dangerous prisoners.

Oxford
self-control • self-discipline • composure • cool • poise • calm
show restraint/self-control/self-discipline/composure/poise
exercise restraint/self-control
keep/lose your self-control/composure/cool/poise
a lack of restraint/self-control/composure
Which word? Self-control, composure, cool and poise are qualities that you have and can keep
or lose on particular occasions; restraint is more a matter of behaviour: you can exercise
restraint but it is not sth that you have, keep or lose:
• She struggled to keep her self-control.
(NU) She struggled to keep her restraint.

restriction, constraint, restraint or limitation?

These are all things that limit what you can do. A restriction is rule or law that is made
by sb in authority. A constraint is sth that exists rather than sth that is made, although
it may exist as a result of sb's decision. A restraint is also sth that exists: it can exist
outside yourself, as the result of sb else's decision; but it can also exist inside you, as
a fear of what other people may think or as your own feeling about what is acceptable: ▪
moral/social/cultural restraints. A limitation is more general and can be a rule that sb
makes or a fact or condition that exists.
limits/restrictions/controls/constraints/restraints/limitations on sth
limits/limitations to sth
severe limits/restrictions/controls/constraints/restraints/limitations
tight limits/restrictions/controls/constraints
to impose/remove limits/restrictions/controls/constraints/restraints/limitations
to lift restrictions/controls/constraints/restraints
59
POISED
1. (gata de, pregatit pentru) Oxford Syn: set [not before noun] not moving, but ready to
move or do something at any moment
poised for She waited by the door like a small animal poised for flight.
poised on His finger was poised on the camera’s shutter release.
poised to do something He stood on the edge of the roof, poised to jump.
2. (gata de, pregatit pentru) [not before noun] completely ready to do something or for
something to happen, when it is likely to happen soon
poised to do something Spain was poised to become the dominant power in Europe.
poised on the brink/edge of something The economy is poised on the edge of collapse.
3. poised between something and something to be in a position or situation in which two
things have an equally strong influence: The world stood poised between peace and war.
4.(sigur, stapan pe sine) Oxford Syn:assured behaving in a calm confident way, and able to
control your feelings and reactions: Abigail walked to the microphone, poised and confident.

ASSURED
1. confident about your own abilities SYN self-assured: an assured manner

COMPOSED
1. seeming calm and not upset or angry: He appeared very composed despite the stress he was
under.

COMPOSE
4.a) compose yourself to try hard to become calm after feeling very angry, upset, or
excited:
Lynn took several deep breaths to compose herself.
b) compose your face/features/thoughts to make yourself look or feel calm ⇨ composure:
When asked a question, give yourself a second to compose your thoughts.

COLLECTED
1. in control of yourself and your thoughts, feelings etc: She wanted to arrive feeling
cool, calm, and collected.

COLLECT
7. collect yourself/collect your thoughts to make an effort to remain calm and think clearly
and carefully about something: I got there early so I had a few minutes to collect my
thoughts before the meeting began.

COOL
3.calm and not nervous, upset, or excited
keep/stay cool his ability to keep cool in a crisis; She looks efficient and as cool as a
cucumber. Outwardly she is cool, calm, and collected. a cool customer (=someone who always
behaves calmly); Keep a cool head (=stay calm).

RESTRAINED
1.(retinut, stapanit) behaviour that is restrained is calm and controlled: a restrained and
cool-headed response to their criticisms
2.(sobru, cumpatat) Oxford SYN discreet not too brightly coloured or decorated: The interior
decoration is quite restrained.
Collins
If you describe someone's clothes or the decorations in a house as restrained, you mean that
you like them because they are simple and not too brightly-coloured. Her black suit was
restrained and expensive.

2.SELF-CONTAINED (idependent, autonom) - someone who is self-contained does not seem to need
other people or show their feelings

60
PREVENT (preveni, preintampina)
to stop something from happening, or stop someone from doing something: The rules are
intended to prevent accidents
prevent somebody/something (from) doing something (impiedica)
His back injury may prevent him from playing in tomorrow’s game.
We were prevented from entering the site.
In everyday English, people usually say stop somebody/something (from) doing something
rather than prevent somebody/something (from) doing something: This barrier is to stop
people from coming in without a ticket.
Oxford
Prevent or stop? Prevent is a more formal word. It suggests action that sb plans in advance
so that sth does not even start; stop often suggests action taken to end sth already in
progress

AVERT (preveni, indeparta)

1.to prevent something unpleasant from happening: The tragedy could have been averted
2. avert your eyes/gaze etc (a-si intoarce privirea) to look away from something so that you
do not see it

HEAD OFF
2. head something off to prevent something from happening, especially something bad
(head off the conflict)

FORESTALL (a dejuca)
to prevent something from happening or prevent someone from doing something by doing
something first: a measure intended to forestall further attacks: Webster: His comments were
meant to forestall criticism of his proposal.

2.HOLD SOMEBODY OFF (a tine la distanta)

a) to prevent someone who is trying to attack or defeat you from succeeding: Not even a gun
could hold him off forever.
b) to prevent someone from coming towards you or succeeding in speaking to you:
There’s already a crowd of reporters outside – I’ll try to hold them off for a while.

RESTRAIN (impiedica)
1. to stop someone from doing something, often by using physical force
restrain somebody from doing something I had to restrain her from running out into the
street. He had to be restrained from using violence.
2.(a-si stapani, infrana, inabusi) to control your own emotions or behaviour:
Renwick restrained a feeling of annoyance.
restrain yourself (from doing something) (a se stapani)
She could barely restrain herself from hitting him.
3.(tine sub control, frana) to control or limit something that is increasing too much:
Price rises should restrain consumer spending.
Oxford Syn: keep under control

REFRAIN formal (a se abtine, a se infrana)

to not do something that you want to do ⇨ abstain
refrain from (doing) something Please refrain from smoking in this area.

http://forum.wordreference.com
restrain = stop somebody else doing something (unless it's qualified as restrain yourself)
refrain = stop yourself doing something before you start

4.CONTAIN
to control strong feelings of anger, excitement etc: Jane couldn’t contain her amusement any
longer.

61
AVOID
SHUN
to deliberately avoid someone or something (shun publicity)
SHIRK (a se eschiva, sustrage, neglija) (shirk responsibilities)
to deliberately avoid doing something you should do, because you are lazy
EVADE formal to avoid doing something that legally or morally you should do – used
especially about taxes or responsibilities
CLEAR
III.2 keep/stay/steer clear (of somebody/something) to avoid someone or something because of
possible danger or trouble
DUCK
II. to lower your head or body very quickly, especially to avoid being seen or hit
(duck and weave)
II.3 informal to avoid something, especially a difficult or unpleasant duty SYN dodge:
DODGE
1. to move quickly to avoid someone or something
2. to deliberately avoid discussing something or doing something SYN evade (issue, question)
AVERT
1. to prevent something unpleasant from happening (avert tragedy) (preintampina)
2. avert your eyes/gaze etc to look away from something so that you do not see it (evita)

HEAD OFF
1. to leave to go to another place
2. head something off to prevent something from happening, especially something bad
(head off the conflict)

62
IMPEDE /ɪmˈpiːd/ (stanjeni, intarzia) Oxford SYN :hinder, hamper
to make it difficult for someone or something to move forward or make progress: Storms at
sea impeded our progress.
Oxford - to delay or stop the progress of sth: Work on the building was impeded by severe
weather.

HINDER SYN hamper

to make it difficult for something to develop or succeed: His career has been hindered by
injury; policies that will hinder rather than help families
In everyday English, people often say something gets in the way of something rather than
hinders it: ▪ This could get in the way of rescue attempts.
▪ Poor English got in the way of his progress
HINDRANCE (obstructie, impediment)
something or someone that makes it difficult for you to do something
hindrance to
The floods have been a major hindrance to relief efforts.
A degree is more of a hindrance than a help in British industry.

HAMPER
to make it difficult for someone to do something: She tried to run, but was hampered by her
heavy suitcase. An attempt to rescue the men has been hampered by bad weather.

IMPINGE formal Oxford Syn: encroach

impinge on/upon somebody/something - to have a harmful effect on someone or something:
Personal problems experienced by students may impinge on their work.
to have a noticeable effect on sth/sb, especially a bad one
He never allowed his work to impinge on his private life. The preparations for war were
beginning to impinge.
ENCROACH – formal (uzurpa proprietatea, drepturile)
1. to gradually take more of someone’s time, possessions, rights etc than you should
encroach on/upon - Bureaucratic power has encroached upon the freedom of the individual.
2. to gradually cover more and more land
encroach into - The fighting encroached further east.
encroachment - foreign encroachment

INFRINGE (contraveni, incalca, viola)

to do something that is against a law or someone’s legal rights: A backup copy of a computer
program does not infringe copyright.
infringement the infringement of human rights
infringe on/upon something - to limit someone’s freedom in some way: Some students argued
that the rule infringed on their right to free speech.

DETER /dɪˈtɜː $ -ˈtɜːr/ (abate, a face sa sovaie, impiedica, descuraja)

to stop someone from doing something, by making them realize it will be difficult or have
bad results: The company’s financial difficulties have deterred potential investors.
deter somebody from (doing) something - The security camera was installed to deter people
from stealing.
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say put someone off rather than deter someone:
▪ Don’t let a few problems put you off.
DETERRENT
1. something that makes someone less likely to do something, by making them realize it will
be difficult or have bad results: The small fines for this type of crime do not act as much
of a deterrent.
deterrent to/for/against - Window locks are an effective deterrent against burglars.
the deterrent effect of prison sentences
2. nuclear deterrent the nuclear weapons that a country has in order to prevent other
countries from attacking it

63
Thesaurus
▪ relaxed feeling calm, comfortable, and not worried or annoyed: I was feeling relaxed after
my holiday. | Looking relaxed and confident, the president answered questions from the
press. | He seems very relaxed about the whole situation.
▪ easy-going relaxed and not getting annoyed or angry with people – used when this is a part
of someone’s character. An easy-going person likes to have good friendly relationships with
other people, and is not strict about rules: Fred MacMurray was very easy-going and a
pleasure to work with. | The hotel owner was an easy-going woman who let visitors come and
go pretty well when they pleased. | The children were brought up in an easy-going atmosphere
at home.
▪ laid-back informal relaxed and not getting worried or annoyed about things – used when
this is part of someone’s character. A laid-back person likes to take life slowly: He seemed
like a cool laid-back kind of a guy. | Life on the farm was more laid-back compared to life
in the big city.
▪ comfortable feeling happy and not worried about doing something, talking about something,
or being with someone: The teachers were comfortable with the new technology and the
students loved it. | Some female patients are not comfortable with the idea of seeing a male
doctor. | This is an emotional issue, which most people aren’t comfortable talking about.
▪ at ease [not before noun] feeling relaxed in a situation – used especially when someone
feels less worried than before, or when many other people would not feel relaxed in that
situation: After a few weeks at college, I started to feel more at ease. | He looked
completely at ease on a horse. | He was surprised to find himself so at ease with her
father.

Thesaurus
▪ violent /ˈvaɪələnt/ using force to hurt or kill people – used about people, crimes etc.
Also used about films or books that contain a lot of violence: a violent man who couldn’t
control his temper | the increase in violent crime | The film is too violent to be shown to
children.
▪ vicious /ˈvɪʃəs/ violent and dangerous, and seeming to enjoy hurting people for no reason:
a vicious attack on an unarmed man | We were surrounded by a gang of vicious thugs, armed
with knives.
▪ rough /rʌf/ using force or violence, but not causing serious injury: Some of the boys were
being a bit rough with the younger kids. | There were complaints about rough treatment by
the police.
▪ brutal /ˈbruːtl/ behaving in a way that is very cruel and violent, and showing no pity:
Idi Amin was a brutal dictator. | a particularly brutal murder | The prison guards were
brutal and corrupt.
▪ savage /ˈsævɪdʒ/ attacking people in a particularly cruel way – used about people and
fighting, especially in news reports: a savage killer | There was savage fighting in the
capital Mogadishu.
▪ bloody a bloody battle or war is very violent and a lot of people are killed or injured: a
bloody civil war | The Russians were engaged in a bloody battle against the German army.
▪ ferocious /fəˈrəʊʃəs/ a ferocious attack or battle is extremely violent. Also used about
animals that are likley to attack in a very violent way: The two armies fought a ferocious
battle. | a ferocious beast | It was the most ferocious attack I have ever seen.
▪ fierce(fioros) a fierce animal or person looks frightening and likely to attack people: A
fierce dog stood growling at the gate. | Bears are always fierce when they have young. |
fierce bodyguards
▪ bloodthirsty a bloodthirsty person enjoys watching violence. A bloodthirsty story contains
a lot of violent scenes: In Mexico, humans were sacrificed to bloodthirsty gods. | a
bloodthirsty tale of revenge
▪ gory showing or describing injuries, blood, death etc clearly and in detail: a gory horror
movie | The book was too gory for many readers.

64
teanc = Grămadă de obiecte (de același fel) așezate unele peste altele
maldar = Mulțime de obiecte de același fel, îngrămădite unele peste altele

SHEAF
1.(teanc, maldar) several pieces of paper held or tied together
sheaf of He laid a sheaf of documents on the desk.
2.(snop) a bunch of wheat, corn etc tied together after it has been cut
BALE (balot)
a large quantity of something such as paper or that is tightly tied together especially into
a block (hay, cotton, straw, clothes)
WAD
1.(teanc) a thick pile of pieces of paper or thin material
wad of a wad of dollar bills
2. (tampon) a thick soft mass of material that has been pressed together
wad of a wad of cotton wool

PILE (gramada, morman)

1. a group of several things of the same type that are put on top of each other SYN stack
pile of His mother came in carrying a pile of ironing in her arms. Flora shuffled through a
pile of magazines.
put something in/into a pile She tidied up the books and put them in neat piles. He balanced
the plate on the top of a pile of books.
2. a large amount of something arranged in a shape that looks like a small hill
pile of piles of melting snow. All that remained of the old house was a pile of rubble.
Sophie stooped to throw another branch on the pile. He began to sweep the pieces of glass
into a pile.
MOUND
1.(movila) a pile of earth or stones that looks like a small hill: an ancient burial mound
mound of a small mound of dirt
2. a large pile of something
mound of There’s a mound of papers on my desk. The waiter appeared with a huge mound of
spaghetti.
HEAP
1. a large untidy pile of things: a rubbish heap
heap of There was a heap of stones where the building used to be.
in a heap The envelopes for posting lay in a heap on her desk. We piled the branches into
heaps for burning.
STACK
1. a neat pile of things
stack of a stack of papers; stacks of dirty dishes

Thesaurus
▪ pile a group of things of the same type that are put on top of each other: a huge pile of
cardboard boxes
▪ stack a neat pile of things of the same type: There were stacks of books on the floor.
▪ heap a large messy pile of things: All his clothes were in a heap on the floor.
▪ mound a pile of something with a round shape: a small mound of rice on the plate

65
CLIP (paperclip – agrafa de birou)
I.1 a small metal or plastic object that holds or fastens things together: The wire is held
on with a metal clip; a wad of money in a gold clip
II.1. to fasten something together or to be fastened together using a clip
clip something into/onto etc something A microphone was clipped to his tie; a stack of bills
clipped together
2.(tunde) to cut small amounts of something in order to make it tidier: The hedges had just
been clipped.
3.(decupa) to cut an article or picture from a newspaper, magazine etc
clip something out of/from something a cartoon clipped from a Minneapolis newspaper
4. to hit something quickly at an angle, often by accident: A truck swerved and clipped a
parked car. Oxford - to hit the edge or side of sth - The car clipped the kerb as it turned.
5. to slightly reduce an amount, quantity etc – used in news reports
clip something off/from something Gunnell clipped a second off the world record.
Oxford
2. to cut sth with scissors or shears, in order to make it shorter or neater; to remove sth
from somewhere by cutting it off: to clip a hedge; He clipped off a length of wire.
3 to hit the edge or side of sth: The car clipped the kerb as it turned. She clipped the
ball into the net.
4. to cut sth out of sth else using scissors: to clip a coupon (out of the paper)

FASTEN
1. a) SYN do up to join together the two sides of a coat, shirt, bag etc so that it is
closed OPP unfasten: ‘I’m going now,’ she said, fastening her coat. Fasten your seat belt.
b) to become joined together with buttons, hooks etc SYN do up: I was so fat that my skirt
wouldn’t fasten.
IN EVERYDAY BRITISH ENGLISH, people usually say do up rather than fasten: ▪ Do up your
jacket – it’s cold.
2. firmly close a window, gate etc so that it will not open, or to become firmly closed OPP
unfasten: Make sure all the windows are securely fastened before you leave.
3. to attach something firmly to another object or surface
fasten something with something Fasten the edges of the cloth together with pins.
fasten something to something They fastened the rope to a tree.

ATTACH Oxford - to fasten or join one thing to another

Thesaurus
fasten to join together the two sides of a piece of clothing, bag, belt etc: He fastened the
necklace behind her neck.
attach to fasten something firmly to another object or surface, using screws, nails, tape,
glue etc: The boards were attached with screws. | The prisoner was attached to the wall with
chains.

5.FIX
to attach something firmly to something else, so that it stays there permanently
fix something to/on something The shelves should be fixed to the wall with screws.
Oxford 1.( especially BrE) to put sth firmly in a place so that it will not move: to fix a
shelf to the wall; to fix a post in the ground; (figurative) He noted every detail so as to
fix the scene in his mind.

66
STICK (a lipi)
1. to attach something to something else using a substance, or to become attached to a
surface
stick something on/to/in etc something Someone had stuck posters all over the walls.
stick to/together I could feel my shirt sticking to my back; The oil keeps the pasta from
sticking together.This stamp won’t stick properly.
TIE (a lega)
a) to fasten things together or hold them in a particular position using a piece of string,
rope etc OPP untie
tie something to/behind/onto etc something Tie this label to your suitcase.
tie somebody to something They tied him to a tree and beat him up.
tie something together (with something) I kept all his letters tied together with a ribbon.
tie sb’s hands/arms/legs/feet One of them tied her hands behind her back.
I tie my hair back when I’m jogging.
b) to fasten something around, over etc something else and tie the ends together OPP untie
tie something around/over/under etc something He had only a towel tied around his waist.
She tied a scarf over her head.
c) to make a knot in a piece of string, rope etc, for example to fasten shoes or other
clothes: Can you tie your shoelaces by yourself?
tie a knot/bow She pulled the ribbon tightly and tied a bow.
d) if a piece of clothing ties in a particular place, you fasten it there using a belt,
bow etc: This dress ties at the back.

BIND
1 written
a) to tie someone so that they cannot move or escape:
They bound my arms and legs with rope.
bound and gagged (=tied up, and with cloth tied around your mouth so you cannot speak)
b) (also bind up) to tie things firmly together with cloth or string: The pile of newspapers
was bound with string.
2. to form a strong emotional or economic connection between two people, countries etc SYN
unite
bind somebody/something together Their shared experiences in war helped to bind the two
communities together.
3.if you are bound by an agreement, promise etc, you must do what you have agreed to do or
promised to do:
The monks are bound by vows of silence.
bind somebody to do something Employees are not bound to give their reasons for leaving.
4. technical to stick together in a mass, or to make small pieces of s omething stick
together: The flour mixture isn’t wet enough to bind properly.
bind with The hydrogen molecule binds with the oxygen molecule.

keep, retain, preserve (conserva), conserve

RETAIN formal (a pastra)

1. to keep something or continue to have something: You have the right to retain possession
of the goods. The state wants to retain control of food imports.
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say keep rather than retain:▪ Keep all your receipts.

http://english.stackexchange.com
To preserve an object is to protect it from change. To conserve an object, on the other
hand, is to use an object sparingly with the knowledge that it could run out.

TRIM
1. CUT to make something look neater by cutting small pieces off it: Pete was trimming the
lawn around the roses. I have my hair trimmed every six weeks.
trim something away/off - Trim away any excess glue with a knife.
2. to reduce a number, amount, or the size of something: We need to trim costs by £500m.
The bill would trim the number of immigrants to the US.
trim something from/off something - The company trimmed £46,000 from its advertising budget.
3. [usually passive] to decorate something, especially clothes, by adding things that look
pretty
trim something with something - a dress trimmed with lace; At Christmas, the whole family
helps trim the tree.
67
Thesaurus
▪ mow to cut the grass in a garden, park etc: A gardener was mowing the lawn.
▪ trim (also clip) to cut a small amount off something, especially to make it look neater:
He was trimming his beard. | Trim the excess fat off the meat.

PRUNE (taia, tunde pomi, arbusti)

to cut off some of the branches of a tree or bush to make it grow better: The roses need
pruning.

PARE (taia partea exterioara, scoate coaja) (paring knife)

1.to cut off the outer layer of something, using a sharp knife: Pare the rind from the
fruit. Oxford - He pared away the excess glue with a razor blade.
2.to reduce the amount, number, or size of something as much as you can: The firm has not
been able to pare costs fast enough to match competitors. Oxford - The workforce has been
pared to the bone.

PEEL (1. curata de coaja 2. a se coji)

I.1. to remove the skin from fruit or vegetables: Peel and dice the potatoes; to peel an
orange/a banana
2. if skin, paper, or paint peels, it comes off, usually in small pieces
peel from/off
The paper was peeling from the wall. New skin grows, and the damaged skin peels off.
3. to lose an outer layer or surface: The walls were peeling from the damp.
4. to remove the outer layer from something
peel something away/off/back Peel away the waxed paper from the bottom of the cake.
II.(coaja) the skin of some fruits and vegetables, especially the thick skin of fruits such
as oranges, which you do not eat Ex: a banana peel; an orange peel

http://forum.wordreference.com
pare – cucumber, kiwi peel – banana, orange, potato, onion, lemon skin - tomato

ZEST
1. (insufletire, verva) eager interest and enjoyment
zest for She had a great zest for life.
2. (savoare, gust) the quality of being exciting and interesting: The danger of being caught
added a certain zest to the affair.
3.(coaja de lamaie sau portocala rasa ca mirodenie) the outer skin of an orange or lemon,
used in cooking: grated orange zest
RIND
1. the thick outer skin of some types of fruit, such as oranges: grated lemon rind
Webster - the rind of a watermelon
2. the thick outer skin of some foods, such as bacon or cheese

II.2 BARK (scoarta) - the outer covering of a tree

SHELL
I.1 the hard outer part that covers and protects an egg, nut, or seed:
Never buy eggs with cracked shells; peanuts roasted in their shells
Webster
the hard outer covering of a nut, fruit, or seed
Ex: a coconut shell; pieces of walnut shell

HUSK
I.1 the dry outer part of corn, some grains, seeds, nuts etc

68
Thesaurus
▪ hold to have something in your hand, hands, or arms: Maria came in holding a letter. | Can
I hold the baby?
▪ grip to hold something very tightly and not let it go: He gripped her arm so she couldn’t
walk away. | Jenny gripped the side of the boat to steady herself.
▪ clutch to hold something tightly, especially because you do not want to drop or lose it: A
businessman hurried past, clutching his briefcase. | The little girl clutched onto his hand.
▪ clasp written to hold someone or something tightly, closing your fingers or arms around
them: She was clasping a bunch of small summer flowers. | He clasped her in his arms and
kissed her.
▪ get/take hold of something to take something in your hand or hands and hold it: I took
hold of the handle and pulled as hard as I could. | Quickly – try and get hold of that frog!
▪ grasp written to take hold of something firmly, especially in a determined way: She
grasped the lowest branch and pulled herself up into the tree.
▪ grab to take hold of something suddenly and often violently: He grabbed my bag and ran off
with it. | The other man grabbed hold of (=suddenly took hold of ) my arms and threatened me
with a knife.
▪ seize /siːz/ written to take hold of something suddenly and often violently: A police
officer ran after him and seized the gun.
▪ hang on (to something) to hold on to something or someone tightly to support yourself: He
hung on to the rail at the back of the motorbike. | Hang on tight!
▪ keep hold of something to continue to hold something: Greg was struggling to keep hold of
the dog. | She tried to take her hand away but he kept hold of it.

GRAB
1.(with your hand)(apuca, inhata, insfaca) Syn Oxford: seize - to take hold of someone or
something with a sudden or violent movement SYN snatch: I grabbed my bag and ran off. Two
men grabbed her and pushed her to the ground. Kay grabbed hold of my arm to stop herself
falling.
grab something from somebody/something I managed to grab the gun from Bowen.
2. SYN snatch (a apuca la repezeala) informal to get some food or sleep quickly because you
are busy: Why don’t you go and grab some sleep? Hang on while I grab a cup of coffee.
Let’s grab a bite to eat before we go.
3 to get something for yourself, sometimes in an unfair way: Try to get there early and grab
good seats. Bob tried to grab all the profit.
4. (a profita de) (also grab at something) Syn Oxford: seize informal to take an
opportunity, accept an invitation etc immediately: think you should grab your chance to
travel while you’re young.
She grabbed the opportunity to go to America. Melanie grabbed at the invitation to go.
This is our chance to grab a slice of this new market.
5. to get someone’s attention: The book is full of good ideas to grab your students’
attention. The plight of the refugees immediately grabbed the headlines (=was the most
important story in the newspapers).
6.how does something grab you? spoken used to ask someone if they would be interested in
doing a particular thing: How does the idea of a trip to Spain grab you?
grab at/for something to quickly and suddenly put out your hand to try and catch or get
something: I grabbed at the glass just before it fell. Lucy grabbed for the money.

Oxford
snatch • catch • take • |especially written seize
grab/snatch/take/seize sth from sb
grab/snatch at sth
grab/catch/take/seize hold of sb/sth
Grab or snatch? Snatch is most often used when sb takes sth directly from a person's hands;
grab has a wider range of uses.

69
SEIZE
1. to take hold of something suddenly and violently SYN grab: Suddenly, he seized my hand.
seize something from somebody Maggie seized the letter from her.

IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say grab or grab hold of rather than seize: ▪ She
grabbed hold of his hand.

2. to take control of a place suddenly and quickly, using military force

seize power/control (of something) - The rebels have seized power. A group of soldiers
seized the airport.
3.(captura, confisca) if the police or government officers seize something, for example
illegal drugs, they take legal possession of it: 160,000 CDs were seized from illegal
factories.
All of my assets were seized, including my home.
4.(retine, aresta, captura) to suddenly catch someone and make sure they cannot get away:
The gunmen were seized at 1 am.
5.seize a chance/an opportunity/the initiative Syn Oxford: grab to quickly and eagerly do
something when you have the chance to
6. be seized with/by terror/desire etc to suddenly be affected by an extremely strong
feeling: When she saw his face, she was seized by fear.
seize on/upon something to suddenly become very interested in an idea, excuse, what someone
says: His every remark is seized upon by the press.

NAB (inhata, insfaca) - informal

1. to catch or arrest someone who is doing something wrong: The police nabbed him for
speeding.
2. to get something or someone quickly, especially before anyone else can get them: See if
you can nab a seat.

GRIP
I.1.(stransoare) Syn Oxford: grasp - the way you hold something tightly, or your ability to
do this: Hold the microphone in a firm grip and keep it still. She felt her wrist caught in
a vice-like grip. Don’t loosen your grip on the rope or you’ll fall. He released his grip
and stepped back.
2.power and control over someone or something
have/keep a grip on something Stalin’s determination to keep an iron grip on Eastern Europe
tighten/loosen/relax your grip (on something) By 1979 South Africa was tightening its grip
on Namibia.
tight/firm/strong/iron etc grip The recession could be avoided if business keeps a firm grip
on its costs.
3.Syn Oxford: grasp an understanding of something
have/get a grip on something I’m just trying to get a grip on what’s happening. She was
losing her grip on reality.

CLUTCH
1.(a tine strans) SYN grip, grasp - to hold something tightly because you do not want to
lose it: She was clutching a bottle of champagne.
2. (also clutch at somebody/something)
a) (a se tine de, a se agata de) SYN grab to suddenly take hold of someone or something
because you are frightened, in pain, or in danger: He clutched at a pillar for support. Tom
fell to the ground clutching his stomach.
b) clutch at sb’s heart if something clutches at your heart, you suddenly feel fear or
nervousness

70
Thesaurus
▪ pant(gafai) to breathe quickly and noisily through your mouth, because you have been using
a lot of effort: They were panting by the time they got to the finish line.
▪ gasp(a i se taia, a-si pierde respiratia, rasuflarea) to breathe very quickly and deeply
and with difficulty: Her eyes were wide, and she was gasping for breath. | ‘Do you think you
can walk?’ ‘I’ll try to,’ he gasped. (Ex. the last gasp of an industry in decline)
▪ snore(a sforai) to breathe noisily while you are sleeping: I couldn’t sleep because my
husband was snoring.
▪ wheeze to breathe with difficulty, making a noise in your throat and chest, because you
are ill: His asthma was making him wheeze.

SNORT (pufni)
1. to breathe air in a noisy way out through your nose, especially to show that you are
annoyed or amused: ‘Certainly not,’ he snorted.
snort with She snorted with laughter. The horse snorted and stamped its hoof impatiently.
2. to take drugs by breathing them in through your nose ⇨ sniff: snorting cocaine

sage(salvie), basil(busuioc), dill(marar) bay(dafin)

BUNCH
1.(buchet, manunchi, legatura, ciorchine) a group of things that are fastened, held, or
growing together
bunch of I’ll send her a bunch of flowers. He had a bunch of keys on his belt; a bunch of
grapes; a bunch of herbs/parsley/thyme (cimbru)
2.informal a group of people: The ancient Egyptians were a clever bunch.
bunch of a friendly bunch of people
BUNDLE
1.(maldar, legatura, manunchi) a group of things such as papers, clothes, or sticks that are
fastened or tied together
bundle of - bundles of newspapers; a small bundle containing mostly clothing
Oxford - bundle of rags/papers/firewood
CLUSTER
1. a group of things of the same kind that are very close together
cluster of - a cluster of low farm buildings; a cluster of red berries;
Oxford - a cluster of stars; The plant bears its flowers in clusters; a dense cluster of
buildings
TUFT (smoc)
a bunch of hair, feathers, grass etc growing or held closely together at their base: tufts
of grass

WRENCH
1.(a scoate cu forta, a smulge) Oxford Syn:jerk - to twist and pull something roughly from
the place where it is being held: I wrenched the packet from his grasp. The door had been
wrenched open.
2.wrench yourself away/free to use your strength to pull yourself away from someone who is
holding you: She managed to wrench herself free.
3.SYN sprain to hurt a joint in your body by twisting it: I think I’ve wrenched my knee.
Oxford - Syn:twist to twist and injure a part of your body, especially your ankle or
shoulder: She wrenched her knee when she fell.

SPRAIN (suci, scranti, luxa) SYN twist

to damage a joint in your body by suddenly twisting it

WRING (stoarce)
SYN squeeze to succeed in getting something from someone, but only after a lot of effort
wring something from/out of somebody They are always trying to wring additional funds from
the government. I managed to wring the information out of him.
2.(also wring out) to tightly twist a wet cloth or wet clothes in order to remove water
3.wring your hands (a-si frange mainile) to rub and twist your hands together because you
are worried and upset
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Oxford to twist and squeeze clothes, etc. in order to get the water out of them
Thesaurus
▪ squeeze (stoarce) to press something inwards from both sides: It’s one of those balls that
make a funny noise when you squeeze it. | Squeeze the lemon and add the juice to the sauce.
▪ squash (storci) to press something against a surface accidentally and damage it by making
it flat: Don’t squash the tomatoes. | He sat on my hat and squashed it.
▪ crush (zdrobi) to press something very hard so that it breaks into very small pieces, or
is very badly damaged: Crush two cloves of garlic. | The front of the car was completely
crushed in the crash.

LUMP
a small piece of something solid, without a particular shape
CLOT
if a liquid such as blood or milk clots, or if something clots it, it becomes thicker and
more solid
CLOD
a lump of mud or earth
CLOG
to block something or become blocked (clogged highways)
STUMP
the bottom part of a tree that is left in the ground after the rest of it has been cut down
STUB
Oxford
1. a short piece of a cigarette, pencil, etc. that is left when the rest of it has been used
(chistoc)
2. the small part of a ticket, cheque, etc. that you keep as a record when you have given
the main part to sb

72
CACHE
a number of things that have been hidden, especially weapons, or the place where they have
been hidden
STASH
II. SYN hoard an amount of something that is kept in a secret place, especially money,
weapons, or drugs

HOARD
Thesaurus - to keep large amounts of food, money etc because you think you may not be able
to get them in the future

Thesaurus
▪ deteriorate to become worse: Air quality is rapidly deteriorating in our cities. | Living
conditions here have deteriorated in the past few years.
▪ get worse to become worse. Get worse is less formal and more common than deteriorate IN
EVERYDAY ENGLISH: My eyesight seems to be getting worse. | He’s never been well-behaved, but
he’s getting even worse.
▪ go down to become gradually worse – used especially about the standard of something: The
hotel’s gone down since its management changed. | Nick’s teachers say that his work has gone
down recently.
▪ go downhill to become much worse and be in a very bad condition, especially after a
particular time or event: During the recession the business began to go downhill. | Her
health went downhill rapidly after Christmas.
▪ decline especially written to become gradually worse – used especially about standards of
living, education, health etc: After the war, the standard of living declined. | Over the
years, the standard of public transport has declined.

Thesaurus
■ to ask for something
▪ ask for to tell someone you want them to give you something: I’m going to ask for a pay
rise.
▪ order to ask for food or drink in a restaurant: We ordered some more coffee. | Have you
ordered yet?
▪ demand to ask for something in a firm way, insisting that someone gives you what you ask
for: They’re demanding immediate payment. | If the goods are faulty, you can demand a
refund.
▪ request formal to ask for something: The pilot requested permission to land. | I enclose
the information you requested.
▪ beg/plead to ask for something in an urgent way, because you want it very much and will be
very unhappy if you do not get it: He begged me for some money. | I’m not going to plead for
forgiveness. (urge - to strongly suggest that someone does something)
▪ nag/pester (cicali) to keep asking someone for something, in an annoying way: She keeps
nagging me for a new phone. | People were pestering him for his autograph

Thesaurus
▪ consist of/be made up of to be formed from two or more things or people: Lunch consisted
of sandwiches and fruit. | The apartment consisted of three rooms. | The audience was
largely made up of families.
▪ be composed of to consist of something – used especially when saying which natural
substances something contains, or what kind of people are in a group: Every chemical element
is composed of atoms. | Venus’ atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide. | The team
was composed of leading scientists from around the world.
▪ comprise /kəmˈpraɪz/ formal to consist of the things mentioned. Comprise can also be used
to talk about the people or things which form something: The event comprises a champagne
reception, two-course lunch, and a fashion show. | Men still comprise the majority of people
who have the disease.
▪ make up (also constitute formal) to be the things or people that form something: Women

73
constitute a significant part of the workforce. | Toys make up about 10% of the company’s
sales.
CONSIST
consist in something [not in progressive] formal
to be based on or depend on something: Happiness does not consist in how many possessions
you own.
consist of something [not in progressive]
to be formed from two or more things or people: The buffet consisted of several different
Indian dishes.
consist mainly/largely/primarily of somebody/something The audience consisted mainly of
teenagers.
consist entirely/solely of somebody/something The area does not consist entirely of rich
people, despite popular belief.

II.2 FORM
to be the thing, or one of the things, that is part of something else, often having a
particular use: Love and trust should form the basis of a marriage. The project forms part
of a larger project investigating the history of the cinema. The river formed a natural
boundary between the two countries.

Oxford
comprise • make up sth • constitute • be composed of sb/sth
These words all mean to be formed from the things or people mentioned, or to be the parts
that form sth.
consist of sb/sth • to be formed from the things, people or activities mentioned: ▪ Their
diet consists largely of vegetables.
comprise • (rather formal) to be formed from the things or people mentioned: ▪ The
collection comprises 327 paintings.
Comprise can also be used to refer to the parts or members of sth: ▪ Older people comprise a
large proportion of those living in poverty. However, this is less frequent.
make up sth • (rather informal) to be the parts or people that form sth: ▪ Women make up 56%
of the student numbers.
constitute • to be the parts or people that form sth: ▪ People under the age of 40
constitute the majority of the labour force.
be composed of sb/sth • (rather formal) to be formed from the things or people mentioned: ▪
Around 15% of our diet is composed of protein.

which word?
Consist of sb/sth is the most general of these words and the only one that can be used for
activities with the -ing form of a verb: ▪ My work at that time just consisted of typing
letters. The other main difference is between those verbs that take the whole as the subject
and the parts as the object: ▪ The group consists of/comprises/is made up of/is composed of
ten people. and those that take the parts as the subject and the whole as the object: ▪ Ten
people make up/constitute/comprise the group. It is not correct to use ‘comprises of’ or ‘is
composed by/from’.

scenic views (vederi pitoresti)

A nature trail is a route through an area of countryside which has signs drawing attention
to interesting animals, plants, or rocks

3.overlook (a da spre) if a house, room etc overlooks something, it has a view of it,
usually from above: Our room overlooks the ocean.

3.outlook (perspectiva, priveliste) a view from a particular place: a very pleasing outlook
from the bedroom window

COUNTRYSIDE
land that is outside cities and towns SYN the country: The house had lovely views over open
countryside.
in the countryside people who live in the countryside

74
VIEW
4. (scenery) the whole area that you can see from somewhere, especially when it is very
beautiful or impressive:
From the top you get a panoramic view of the city. A huge nuclear reactor now spoils the
view

Thesaurus (priveliste, peisaj, tablou)

▪ countryside noun [uncountable] an area away from towns and cities, where there are
fields, forests etc – used especially when talking about the natural beauty of this kind of
area: The walk takes you through some beautiful countryside. | The countryside changes in
winter.
▪ the country noun [singular] the area away from towns and cities, where there are fields,
forests etc: Tired of city life, they moved to the country. | I've always wanted to live in
the country.
▪ landscape noun [countable usually singular] a large area of countryside that you see from
somewhere: The house looks out over a peaceful rural landscape. | Adams is famous for his
photographs of the American landscape.
▪ scenery noun [uncountable] the natural features of part of a country, such as mountains,
forests etc, especially when these are attractive: New Zealand has some spectacular scenery.
▪ wilderness noun [uncountable and countable] a large area of land that has never been
developed or farmed: Yukon is a vast wilderness of mountains, lakes, and forests.
▪ the bush noun [singular] wild country that has not been cleared, especially in Australia
or Africa: The camp is popular with tourists wishing to experience the African bush.
▪ rural adjective relating to the country: People are moving away from rural areas. | rural
communities

Oxford
country
landscape • countryside • terrain • land • scenery
These are all words for areas away from towns and cities, with fields, woods and farms.
country • (often the country) an area that is away from towns and cities, especially one
with particular natural features: ▪ She lives in the country. ◊ ▪ an area of wooded country
landscape • everything that you can see when you look across a large area of land,
especially in the country: ▪ This pattern of woods and fields is typical of the English
landscape.
countryside • land outside towns and cities, with fields, woods and farms. Countryside is
usually used when you are talking about the beauty or peacefulness of a country area: ▪ a
little village in the French countryside.
terrain • (formal) land. Terrain is used when you are describing the natural features of an
area, for example if it is rough, flat, etc: ▪ The truck bumped its way over the rough
terrain.
land • (usually the land) the countryside; the way people live in the country as opposed to
in towns and cities: ▪ Many younger people are leaving the land to find work in the cities.
scenery • the natural features of an area, such as mountains, valleys, rivers and forests,
especially when these are attractive to look at: ▪ We stopped on the mountain pass to admire
the scenery.

mountainous/mountain/wild/rugged country/landscape/countryside/terrain/scenery
beautiful/glorious/dramatic country/landscape/countryside/scenery
open country/landscape/countryside/terrain/land
rolling country/landscape/countryside
to protect the landscape/countryside/land

75
Oxford
II.The countryside of Britain is well known for its beauty and many contrasts: its bare
mountains and moorland, its lakes, rivers and woods, and its long, often wild coastline.
Many of the most beautiful areas are national parks and are protected from development. When
British people think of the countryside they think of farmland, as well as open spaces. They
imagine cows or sheep in green fields enclosed by hedges or stone walls, and fields of wheat
and barley. Most farmland is privately owned but is crossed by a network of public
footpaths. Many people associate the countryside with peace and relaxation. They spend their
free time walking or cycling there, or go to the country for a picnic or a pub lunch. In
summer people go to fruit farms and pick strawberries and other fruit. Only a few people who
live in the country work on farms. Many commute to work in towns. Many others dream of
living in the country, where they believe they would have a better and healthier lifestyle.
The countryside faces many threats. Some are associated with modern farming practices, and
the use of chemicals harmful to plants and wildlife. Land is also needed for new houses.
The green belt, an area of land around many cities, is under increasing pressure. Plans to
build new roads are strongly opposed by organizations trying to protect the countryside.
Protesters set up camps to prevent, or at least delay, the building work. America has many
areas of wild and beautiful scenery, and there are many areas, especially in the West in
states like Montana and Wyoming, where few people live. In the New England states, such
as Vermont and New Hampshire, it is common to see small farms surrounded by hills and green
areas. In Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and other Midwestern states, fields of corn or wheat reach
to the horizon and there are many miles between towns. Only about 20% of Americans live
outside cities and towns. Life may be difficult for people who live in the country. Services
like hospitals and schools may be further away and going shopping can mean driving long
distances. Some people even have to drive from their homes to the main road where their mail
is left in a box. In spite of the disadvantages, many people who live in the country say
that they like the safe, clean, attractive environment. But their children often move to a
town or city as soon as they can. As in Britain, Americans like to go out to the country at
weekends. Some people go on camping or fishing trips, others go hiking in national parks.

Thesaurus
▪ guilt the feeling you have when you have done something you know is wrong: Divorce often
leaves people with feelings of guilt.
▪ shame the feeling of being guilty or embarrassed that you have after doing something that
is wrong, when you feel you have lost people’s respect: I was too scared to help him, and I
was filled with shame.
▪ regret a feeling of sadness about something, especially because you wish it had not
happened: Kate watched her go with a pang of regret.
▪ remorse (remuscare, mustrare de cuget) a strong feeling of being sorry for doing something
very bad: a murderer who showed no remorse
▪ contrition formal a feeling of being guilty and sorry for something wrong that you have
done: The company CEO expressed contrition for the errors that led to the crash. | He
sounded full of contrition. | They wanted to perform some kind of act of contrition (=do
something that shows you feel sorry for something ).

76
ANNOY SYN irritate:
to make someone feel slightly angry and unhappy about something. What annoyed him most was
that he had received no apology. It really annoys me when I see people dropping litter. She
annoyed him with her stupid questions.
In everyday English, people also often use the phrase get on someone's nerves: ▪ She got on
his nerves with her stupid questions.

3.GRATE - to annoy someone

grate on - Mr Fen had a loud voice that grated on her ears.

RILE (a scoate din sarite) informal to make someone extremely angry: He was the calmest guy
I ever knew – nothing ever riled him. That class gets me so riled up.

3.BOTHER (a necaji, deranja)

to annoy someone, especially by interrupting them when they are trying to do something:
Danny, don’t bother Ellen while she’s reading. Would it bother you if I put on some music?
bother somebody about/with something It didn’t seem worth bothering the doctor about.

UNSETTLE
to make someone feel slightly nervous, worried, or upset: The sudden changes unsettled Judy.

Thesaurus
■ to reduce prices, numbers, or amounts
▪ reduce to make the price, amount, or size of something less or smaller: The price was
reduced by 50%. | We need to reduce the amount of salt in our diet.
▪ cut to reduce something, especially by a large amount – used about prices, costs, jobs, or
the time needed to do something: Companies are always looking for ways to cut costs. | The
journey time will be cut to under 2 hours. | Staff numbers have been cut by half to about
150.
▪ lower to reduce the level, limit, or amount of something. Lower sounds rather formal: The
voting age was lowered to 18. | The government decided to lower interest rates by 0.5%. |
After twenty minutes, lower the temperature to 150 degrees.
▪ bring something down to reduce something such as prices or costs, or reduce the level of
something. Bring something down is less formal than lower: The government wants to bring
down the level of inflation. | The company is trying to bring its costs down.
▪ slash informal to reduce an amount or price by a very large amount – used especially in
newspapers and advertisements: Public spending has been slashed over the past two years. |
Prices slashed for one week only!
▪ cut something back to reduce the amount of something – used especially about people
deciding to spend less, do less, or use less of something: The education budget has been cut
back again. | I need to cut back on my workload.
▪ downsize to reduce the number of people employed in order to reduce costs – used about a
company or organization: The company is planning to downsize its European operations.
▪ scale something down/back to reduce the size or the amount of money that is being spent on
something: The research programme has been scaled down. | The navy is being scaled down.
▪ relieve/ease to make pain or feelings less unpleasant: The drug is used to relieve pain. |
A joke can help to ease the tension.
▪ alleviate formal to reduce pain or suffering, or make a problem less serious: You can buy
various medicines to alleviate the symptoms of flu. | The new road was supposed to alleviate
the congestion problem.

77
RELIEVE (a usura, alina, ameliora)
1. to reduce someone’s pain or unpleasant feelings ⇨ relief: Drugs helped to relieve the
pain.
relieve tension/pressure/stress Some people eat for comfort, to relieve their anxieties.
2. Oxford Syn: alleviate to make a problem less difficult or serious: programs aimed at
relieving unemployment; efforts to relieve poverty; to relieve traffic congestion
3.to replace someone when they have completed their duty or when they need a rest: The guard
will be relieved at midnight.
4.relieve yourself a polite expression meaning to urinate – often used humorously
5.to make something less dull and boring: a plain wall relieved by flecks of blue and yellow
relieve the boredom/monotony The books helped relieve the boredom of waiting.

relieve somebody of something phrasal verb (a elibera)

1. formal to help someone by taking something from them, especially a job they do not want
to do or something heavy that they are carrying: A secretary was hired to relieve her of
some of the administrative work.He rose and relieved her of her bags.
2. relieve somebody of their post/duties/command etc formal to take away someone’s job
because they have done something wrong: After the defeat General Meyer was relieved of his
command.

EASE (usura, alina, ameliora)

1. if something unpleasant eases, or if you ease it, it gradually improves or becomes less
ease the pain/stress/tension He’ll give you something to ease the pain.
ease the pressure/burden This should ease the burden on busy teachers. measures to ease
congestion in the city. Her breathing had eased.

ALLEVIATE Oxford Syn: ease (usura, alina)

to make something less painful or difficult to deal with
alleviate the problem/situation/suffering - a new medicine to alleviate the symptoms of flu;
measures to alleviate poverty

ASSUAGE literary SYN relieve

(alina, domoli) (hunger, suspicions, fears, grief, need, desire, anxiety, concern, guilt)
to make an unpleasant feeling less painful or severe

SOOTHE
1.Oxford Syn: calm (a calma, linisti) to make someone feel calmer and less anxious, upset,
or angry: Lucy soothed the baby by rocking it in her arms. She made a cup of tea to soothe
her nerves; soothing music; soothe a crying baby; ~ angry customer; ~ investor’s fears
2. (also soothe something ↔ away) to make a pain become less severe, or slowly disappear: I
bought some lozenges to soothe my sore throat. Massage can gently soothe away your aches and
pains; ~ dry skin; ~ burns;

a consola = A(-și) alina, a(-și) ușura durerea, necazul, întristarea; a (se) mângâia
(sufletește)

II.COMFORT (mangaia, alina, consola)

to make someone feel less worried, unhappy, or upset, for example by saying kind things to
them or touching them: Within hours of the news, Helen arrived to comfort her heartbroken
friend. He longed to take her in his arms and comfort her. Mr Aston’s father was last night
being comforted by relatives.
comfort yourself - She comforted herself with the thought that it would soon be spring.

I.5.COMFORTS [plural] (facilitati care nu sunt neaparat necesare)

the things that make your life nicer and more comfortable, especially things that are not
necessary: hotels with all the modern comforts (=things such as a television, telephone etc)

FACILITY - [plural] rooms, equipment, or services that are provided for a particular
purpose: All rooms have private facilities (=private bathroom and toilet). The hotel has
its own pool and leisure facilities. toilet facilities childcare facilities.

78
APPEASE formal (linisti, domoli, potoli)
to make someone less angry or stop them from attacking you by giving them what they want.
Collins - Gandhi was accused by some of trying to appease both factions of the electorate...
MOLLIFY formal SYN placate
to make someone feel less angry and upset about something: He attempted to mollify her.
Nature reserves were set up around new power stations to mollify local conservationists.
PLACATE formal /pləˈkeɪt $ ˈpleɪkeɪtˈ (impaciui, imblanzi)
SYN appease OPP rile Oxford Syn: pacify to make someone stop feeling angry: These changes
did little to placate the unions; a placatory smile
PROPITIATE formal SYN appease Oxford Syn: placate
formal to make someone who has been unfriendly or angry with you feel more friendly by doing
something to please them: Sacrifices were made to propitiate the gods

degajat = Eliberat de o îndatorire, de un obstacol; (despre oameni și gesturile lor) cu

mare libertate în mișcări; nestânjenit, nonșalant

nonsalant = Lipsit de grijă; degajat (în comportări)

3.EASY (degajat, natural, nonsalant) - not feeling worried or anxious:

We talk more openly when we feel easy and relaxed. I can leave the children with my mother
with an easy mind.
Oxford 2. comfortable, relaxed and not worried: I'll agree to anything for an easy life.
I don't feel easy about letting the kids go out alone.
Cambridge 2. comfortable or calm; free from worry, pain: They both retired and went off to
lead an easy life in the Bahamas. I don't feel easy about leaving him alone in the house all
day. With the harvest finished, I was able to relax with an easy mind/conscience.

Oxford Thesaurus – concern verb

3. T
• What concerns me is our lack of preparation.
worry • • trouble • • disturb • • alarm • • bother •
It concerns/worries/troubles/disturbs/alarms/bothers sb that…
concern/worry/trouble/bother yourself about sth
sth doesn't concern/worry/bother sb in the slightest/least
Which word? Concern is the most formal of these words and is not usually used in the
progressive tenses. Bother is the most informal, especially in spoken phrases like It
doesn't bother me. and I'm not bothered.

79
Thesaurus (ingrijorare)
■ the feeling of being worried
▪ worry the feeling of not being happy or relaxed and thinking a lot about a problem or
something that is wrong: She was sick with worry over her daughter. | the look of worry on
his face
▪ anxiety the feeling of being worried because you think that something bad has happened or
will happen, and you feel that you have no control over the situation: The thought of having
to give a speech filled me with anxiety. | The increase in heating costs is causing a lot of
anxiety among elderly people.
▪ concern a worried feeling – use this especially when many people are worried about a
problem that affects everyone: The shortage of water is beginning to cause widespread
concern.
▪ stress the feeling of being worried all the time, for example about work or personal
problems, which can make you ill or very tired: Her financial problems were causing her a
lot of stress.
▪ anguish a feeling of extreme mental suffering caused by worry: How could her parents
survive the anguish of not knowing what had happened to her? | When she spoke, her voice was
full of anguish.
▪ angst a strong feeling of worry and anxiety because you are worried about your life, your
future, or what you should do in a particular situation: The letter was full of teenage
angst - would she ever be able to find another boyfriend? | There was much angst about the
decision.

Thesaurus (ingrijorat)
▪ worried not feeling happy or relaxed because you keep thinking about a problem or
something bad that might happen: I was worried that you had forgotten our date. | It’s awful
if you are worried about money. | I was so worried that I couldn’t sleep at all.
▪ anxious worried because you think something bad might happen or has happened. Anxious is
more formal than worried, and is often used about a general feeling of worry, when you are
not sure what has happened: A lot of employees are anxious about their jobs. | Anxious
relatives waited for news.
▪ uneasy a little worried because you feel there may be something wrong and you are not sure
what is going to happen: When she still wasn’t home by midnight, I began to feel uneasy. |
The total silence was making me feel uneasy.
▪ concerned formal worried, usually about a problem affecting someone else or affecting the
country or the world: Many people are concerned about the current economic situation. |
Police say that they are concerned for the safety of the missing girl.
▪ bothered [not before noun] worried by something that happens – often used in negative
sentences: She didn’t seem particularly bothered by the news.
▪ troubled very worried, so that you think about something a lot: She fell into a troubled
sleep. | a troubled expression | ‘Are you okay, Ben? You look troubled.’
▪ apprehensive especially written a little worried about something you are going to do, or
about the future, because you are not sure what it will be like: I felt a bit apprehensive
about seeing him again after so long.
▪ stressed (out) informal very worried and tired because of problems, too much work etc, and
unable to relax or enjoy life: He’d been working ten hours a day for ages and was stressed
out. | an extremely stressed single mother

WORRY (a fi ingrijorat)
to be anxious or unhappy about someone or something, so that you think about them a lot
worry about I worry about my daughter. You’ve really got no need to worry about your weight.
worry (that) She worried that she wasn’t doing enough to help.
worry over Dad worries over the slightest thing.

UNEASY
1. worried or slightly afraid because you think that something bad might happen
uneasy about Ninety percent of those questioned felt uneasy about nuclear power.
2.(nesigur) used to describe a period of time when people have agreed to stop fighting or
arguing, but which is not really calm
uneasy peace/truce/alliance/compromise - The treaty restored an uneasy peace to the country.
3.(nelinistit) not comfortable, peaceful, or relaxed: She eventually fell into an uneasy
sleep.
80
uneasily Bill shifted uneasily in his chair. Charles’ concern for the environment sits
uneasily with (=does not fit well with) his collection of powerful cars.
Oxford Synonyms
worried • concerned • nervous • anxious • uneasy
These words all describe feeling unhappy and afraid because you are thinking about
unpleasant things that might happen or might have happened.
worried • thinking about unpleasant things that might happen or might have happened and
therefore feeling unhappy and afraid
concerned • worried and feeling concern about sth
worried or concerned?
Concerned is usually used when you are talking about a problem that affects another person,
society, the world, etc, while worried can be used for this or for more personal matters.
nervous • feeling worried about sth or slightly afraid of sth
anxious • feeling worried or nervous about sth
worried, nervous or anxious?
Worried is the most frequent word to describe how you feel when you are thinking about a
problem or something bad that might happen. Anxious can describe a stronger feeling and is
more formal. Nervous is more often used to describe how you feel before you do something
very important such as an exam or an interview, or something unpleasant or difficult.
Nervous can describe sb's personality: ▪ a very nervous girl is often or usually nervous; ▪
a worried girl is worried on a particular occasion or about a particular thing. Worried
describes her feelings, not her personality. Anxious may describe feelings or personality.
uneasy • feeling worried or unhappy about a particular situation, especially because you
think sth bad may happen or because you are not sure that what you are doing is right
worried/concerned/nervous/anxious/uneasy about (doing) sth
worried/concerned/anxious for sb/sth
worried/concerned/nervous/anxious that…
a(n) worried/concerned/nervous/anxious/uneasy expression/look/smile
to get worried/nervous/anxious

2.BOTHER
to make someone feel slightly worried, upset, or concerned: Being in a crowd really bothers
me.
It was very noisy, but that didn’t bother me.
bother about especially British English: I try not to bother about what other people think.
bother somebody that It really bothered me that he’d forgotten my birthday.

APPREHENSION SYN anxiety (teama, neliniste) - anxiety about the future, especially about
dealing with something unpleasant or difficult: a feeling of apprehension
APPREHEND - formal SYN arrest if the police apprehend a criminal, they catch him or her

I.DREAD (a-i fi frica)

to feel anxious or worried about something that is going to happen or may happen: I’ve got
an interview tomorrow and I’m dreading it.
dread doing something - I’m dreading going back to work.
dread somebody doing something - Tim dreaded his parents finding out.
dread (that) - I’m dreading that I’ll be asked to make a speech.
dread the thought/prospect of (doing) something - He dreaded the prospect of being all alone
in that house. I dread to think what will happen if they get elected (=I think it will be
very bad).

DISMAL /ˈdɪzməl/ (mohorat, deprimant, posomorat)

1. if a situation or a place is dismal, it is so bad that it makes you feel very unhappy and
hopeless (dismal future) 2. bad and unsuccessful: dismal failure

2.GLOOM (perspectiva sumbra, lipsa de speranta) a feeling of great sadness and lack of hope:
a time of high unemployment and economic gloom. There was deep gloom about the future.

AFFLICT formal (napastui, chinui)

to affect someone or something in an unpleasant way, and make them suffer
afflict with/by - a country afflicted by famine (o tara afectata (affected) de foamete)
If a problem or illness afflicts a person or thing, they suffer from it

81
ANGUISH written (chin, suferinta)
mental or physical suffering caused by extreme pain or worry
DISHEARTEN formal (descurajat) - If young children don’t see quick results they grow
disheartened.
DISCOURAGED
SYN demoralized OPP encouraged no longer having the confidence you need to continue doing
something: A lot of players get discouraged and quit.

Thesaurus
■ not confident
▪ lack confidence/be lacking in confidence to not be confident about your abilities or
appearance: Francine is lacking in confidence and needs a lot of encouragement. | I was fat,
had no friends, and lacked confidence. | While girls lack confidence, boys often
overestimate their abilities.
▪ shy not confident about meeting or speaking to people who you do not know: Jane is a quiet
shy person. | He had been painfully shy (=very shy) as a child.
▪ insecure not confident about yourself or your relationships, especially because you are
worried that you are not good enough: His childhood had left him very insecure. | Ben’s
parents’ divorce left him lonely and insecure. | Models can make young women feel insecure
about their own bodies.
▪ unsure of yourself not confident, especially because you are young or you do not have much
experience: At first, Chris seemed nervous and unsure of herself. | He was only 21 and still
very unsure of himself with girls.
▪ discouraged /dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒd $ -ˈkɜːr-/ not confident that you can succeed, because you have
had problems trying to do something: Students can become discouraged very easily if they are
not given the help they need. | I was very discouraged at the time, but I still hoped we
could find a solution. | discouraged by: Discouraged by her failed marriages, she gradually
withdrew from the world. | discouraged about: Hartman was so discouraged about the way his
performing career was going, that he gave up acting for writing.
▪ demoralized someone who is demoralized has lost all their confidence and wants to give up:
The team were completely demoralized after losing a series of games. | a demoralized work
force | Many employees became demoralized and cynical when the company announced another
round of job cuts. | utterly/thoroughly demoralized

Thesaurus (a dezamagi)
▪ disappointed unhappy because something you hoped for did not happen, or because something
was not as good as you expected: Hundreds of disappointed fans were unable to get tickets
for the game. | I was disappointed with the grade I got in my Maths exam.
▪ feel let down to feel disappointed because something was not as good as you expected, or
someone did not do what you expected them to do for you - a rather informal use: I felt let
down when I saw the film. | Nurses feel badly let down – they were promised a pay increase
months ago.
▪ disillusioned /ˌdɪsəˈluːʒənd◂, ˌdɪsɪˈluːʒənd◂/ disappointed because you have lost your
belief that an idea is right, or that something or someone is good: Their leaders are deeply
disillusioned with the peace process. | Disillusioned voters are turning against the
government.
▪ disenchanted no longer feeling enthusiastic, especially so that you do not think you
should be involved in something, or give someone your support: Americans have grown
increasingly disenchanted with politics. | a disenchanted workforce

DISMAY
I. (spaima, groaza) the worry, disappointment, or unhappiness you feel when something
unpleasant happens Oxford a worried, sad feeling after you have received an unpleasant
surprise
II.(a demoraliza, exaspera, dispera) to make someone feel worried, disappointed, and upset
Oxford to make sb feel shocked and disappointed
Collins formal Dismay is a strong feeling of fear, worry, or sadness that is caused by
something unpleasant and unexpected.
Cambridge - a feeling of unhappiness and disappointment
Webster - a strong feeling of being worried, disappointed, or upset
His comments were met with cries of dismay. • They watched in dismay as the house burned.
• Much to the dismay of her fans, she announced her retirement immediately after the book's
release. • To my dismay, I did not get chosen for the job. • We listened with dismay to the
news of the accident.
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APPAL SYN horrify (ingrozi) - to make someone feel very shocked and upset: Oxford The
brutality of the crime has appalled the public.

trist = (Despre oameni) Supărat, mâhnit, amărât, abătut; melancolic

fericire = Stare de mulțumire sufletească intensă și deplină

Thesaurus (nefericire, tristete)

▪ sadness a sad feeling, caused especially when a happy time is ending, or when you feel
sorry about someone else’s unhappiness: Charles felt a great sense of sadness and loss. | I
noticed a little sadness in her eyes.
▪ unhappiness the unhappy feeling you have when you are in a very difficult or unpleasant
situation, especially when this lasts for a long time: After years of unhappiness, she
finally decided to leave him. | She was a tense, nervous young woman, whose deep unhappiness
was obvious to all those around her. | You do not know how much pain and unhappiness you
have caused.
▪ sorrow written the feeling of being very sad, especially because someone has died or
because terrible things have happened to you: There seemed to be nowhere to go to be alone
with her sorrow. | His heart was filled with great sorrow after her death.
▪ misery great unhappiness, caused especially by living or working in very bad conditions:
The cold weather is with us again and the misery of the homeless is increasing. | Thousands
of families were destined to a life of misery. | The misery and pain he caused were, for
him, merely a measure of his success.
▪ despair a feeling of great unhappiness, because very bad things have happened and you have
no hope that anything will change: At the end of the month, she still had no job and was
tired, frustrated, and close to despair.
▪ grief great sadness that you feel when someone you love has died: He was overcome with
grief when his wife died.
▪ heartache a strong feeling of great sadness, especially because you miss someone you love:
She remembered the heartache of the first Christmas spent away from her sons.
▪ depression a mental illness that makes someone feel so unhappy that they have no energy or
hope for the future, and they cannot live a normal life: He slipped into a depression in
which he hardly ate or even left his room.
▪ despondency formal a feeling of being very unhappy and without hope: She felt useless, and
this contributed to her despondency.
▪ melancholy literary a feeling of sadness, that you feel even though there is no particular
reason for it: Modigliani expressed his melancholy through his painting.

Thesaurus (suparat)
▪ upset /ʌpˈset/ [not before noun] unhappy and worried because something unpleasant or
disappointing has happened: Miss Hurley is too upset to speak to anyone at the moment. |
She’s still deeply upset about her uncle’s death. | He’s upset that he didn’t get an
invitation to their wedding.
▪ hurt upset and shocked because someone has been unkind to you, especially someone that you
trusted and thought was a friend: Bill felt deeply hurt when he realized she had lied to
him. | Gretta was really hurt that none of her friends came to visit her in the hospital. |
Jackson was said to be ‘deeply hurt’ by the newspaper reports about him. | He had a hurt
expression on his face.
▪ distressed very upset: Priests have been counselling distressed relatives of the victims.
| She was visibly distressed after hearing of her husband’s accident. | Matilda was too
distressed to speak.
▪ distraught written so upset and worried that you are unable to do normal things, and
nothing can make you feel calm: Benson was so distraught over the breakup of his marriage
that he felt like committing suicide. | The distraught parents of the missing baby have made
a public appeal for her return.
▪ in a (terrible) state British English informal so upset that you cannot stop crying: She
called me one night in a terrible state, saying she wanted to die. | I could see that she
was in a bit of a state.
▪ be worked up informal to be very upset or angry, so that you think things are worse than
they really are: I was too worked up to sleep. | It’s not worth getting worked up about.
Anyone can make a mistake

83
DISTRESS
1.a feeling of extreme unhappiness: Luke’s behaviour caused his parents great distress.
in distress The girl was crying and clearly in distress.
3.great physical pain
Oxford 1. a feeling of great worry or unhappiness; great suffering: The newspaper article
caused the actor considerable distress. She was obviously in distress after the attack;
deep emotional distress;

Distress, pain or suffering? These are all words for a feeling of great unhappiness.
Distress can also be a feeling of worry. Pain is often used when the hurt is individual and
the cause more personal, such as the death of a loved one. Suffering often refers to sth on
a large scale that affects many people, such as a war or natural disaster.

Webster - unhappiness or pain:suffering that affects the mind or body: He was clearly in
distress [=very upset] upon hearing the news.

2.PAIN
the feeling of unhappiness you have when you are sad, upset etc: the pain and grief of
bereavement
cause (somebody) pain/inflict pain on somebody She hated to say the words, for fear of
causing pain.

PANG
a sudden feeling of pain, sadness etc
pang of jealousy/guilt/remorse/regret - She felt a sudden pang of guilt; hunger pangs

84
Thesaurus (a deveni)
▪ become to start to have a feeling or quality, or to start to develop into something: His
parents became worried when he was late home from school. | Violent crime is becoming a
major problem. | She became more confident when she joined a drama group.
▪ get to start to have a feeling or quality. Get is less formal than become and is much more
commonly used in everyday English: I was getting very tired. | Make sure you’re home before
it gets dark.
▪ go to become something – used about things becoming a different colour, or things or
people becoming worse in some way: Her hair was going grey. | He went blind. | I think I’m
going mad.
▪ turn to become something – used about things becoming a different colour, or the weather
or people’s behaviour changing: The water had turned bright green. | The weather is expected
to turn cold again. | He suddenly turned nasty.
▪ grow especially written to gradually become something: People were growing impatient. |
The rich grew richer.
▪ come undone/loose/apart to become undone, loose, or separated into pieces: The screws had
come loose.
▪ change into something to become something completely different: The caterpillar changed
into a beautiful butterfly.

Oxford Thesaurus
become/get/go/grow/turn cold/warm/chilly
become/get/grow fat/old/angry/hungry/tired
become/get annoyed/confused/involved/worried
become/come loose

Become or get? You can often use either word, but there are some cases where you can only
use one of them
• I became/got hungry/upset (= verb + adjective).
• She became Queen/a teacher/a member of the club (= verb + noun).
• Don't get your dress dirty (= verb + noun + adjective)!
Use get for changes that are the result of deliberate actions by you or sb else
• get dressed/married/killed
Use become with adjectives connected with ability, knowledge, availability and clarity
• become able/skilled/aware/convinvced/available/useful/clear/obvious
Oxford Synonyms:
become / get / go / turn
These verbs are used frequently with the following adjectives:

Become is more formal than get. Both describe changes in people’s emotional or physical
state, or natural or social changes.
Go is usually used for negative changes.
Go and turn are both used for changes of colour.
Turn is also used for changes in the weather.
become • turn • get • grow
go/become/turn red/white/blue, etc.
go/become blind/crazy/mad
go/turn bad/sour

85
BECOME
1. to start to have a feeling or quality, or to start to develop into something: The weather
became warmer. Slowly my eyes became accustomed to the darkness. Helen became increasingly
anxious about her husband’s strange behaviour. Pollution from cars has become a major
problem.
Webster The crackers had become stale. It's becoming [=getting] quite cold in the evenings.

5.GROW
a) [I always + adj] to change and become different quite slowly:
The sound was growing louder. Her tastes have changed as she’s grown older. Donna has grown
tired of being a model. Gradually, Fiona’s eyes grew used to the darkness (=she gradually
became able to see a little better).
b) to gradually change your opinions and have a feeling that you did not have before
grow to like/hate/respect After a while the kids grew to like Mr Cocs; the city he had
grown to love

17.GET
to change to a new feeling, situation, or state: Don’t get upset. She soon got bored with
the job. He calmed down as he got older. Eat your dinner before it gets cold. This is
getting silly.
get to be something informal: It’s getting to be a problem.

86
Thesaurus
■ to increase
▪ increase to become larger in number, amount, or degree: Sales increased by 25%. | The
level of violence has increased.
▪ go up to increase. Go up is less formal than increase, and is the usual verb to use in
everyday English: The price of coffee has gone up.
▪ rise to increase. Rise sounds a little formal and is often used when talking about the
level of something increasing: The demand for oil has been rising steadily. | Living
standards have risen dramatically.
▪ grow to increase, especially gradually over a period of time – used about numbers or
amounts: Since 1990, US imports of foreign goods have grown at a rate of 7.7% per year. |
The number of people working from home has grown substantially.
▪ escalate to increase to a high level – used about things that you do not want to increase
such as costs, crimes, or violence: Fuel prices are escalating. | The fighting has
escalated.
▪ expand to become larger in size, or to include a wider range of activities: The business
has expanded at a rate of 15% per year. | We are hoping to expand into mobile phone
services.
▪ soar to increase and reach a very high level – used about numbers and amounts, or about
feelings: The temperature soared to 36.6 degrees centigrade. | His confidence soared. | The
singer’s popularity has soared.
▪ shoot up to increase very quickly and suddenly – used about prices, numbers, or
temperatures: Share prices shot up 30% over the last week.

Thesaurus
■ to make something increase
▪ increase to make something larger in number, amount, or degree: Being overweight increases
the risk of having a heart attack. | We need to increase the number of police officers on
the streets.
▪ put something up to increase prices, taxes etc. Put up something is less formal than
increase, and is the usual verb to use in everyday English: The landlord has put the rent up
again. | They’re always putting up gas prices.
▪ raise to increase something such as prices or taxes, or levels or standards: The bank has
raised interest rates for the third time this year. | The school aims to raise students’
levels of achievement.
▪ boost to increase sales, profits, production etc, especially when they have been lower
than you want them to be: Growing affluence has boosted sales. | Oil exports boosted the
economy.
▪ expand to increase something so that it contains a wider range of things, or to increase
the size of a business: The company plans to expand its retail operations. | Supermarkets
have expanded their ranges to include non-food items.
▪ extend to increase something such as your power or influence, or the number of things you
are involved in: We are hoping to extend the range of services that we offer. | The company
plans to extend its dominance of the world car market.
▪ step up something to increase your efforts or activities, especially to change a
situation: Security has been stepped up following the bombing. | Local people have stepped
up their campaign to prevent a prison being built in their neighbourhood.
▪ heighten to increase a feeling or effect: The attack has heightened concerns about racism
in schools. | Hunger can heighten the effect that alcohol has on you.

I.5.raise(question, subject, issue), bring up

87
Thesaurus (crestere)
▪ increase noun an occasion when the amount or number of something becomes bigger: There has
been a significant increase in violent crime over the past year. | price increases
▪ growth noun [singular, uncountable] an increase in the number, size, or importance of
something. Growth is also used when saying that a company or a country’s economy becomes
more successful: The astonishing growth of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on
people’s lives. | Japan experienced a period of rapid economic growth. | Many people are
concerned about the enormous growth in the world’s population.
▪ rise noun an increase in the amount of something, or in the standard or level of
something: The latest figures show a sharp rise (=a sudden big rise) in unemployment in the
region. | There was a 34 percent rise in the number of armed robberies. | The majority of
families experienced a rise in living standards.
▪ surge noun [countable usually singular] a sudden increase in something such as profits,
demand, or interest: There has been a big surge in demand for organically grown food. | We
have seen a tremendous surge of interest in Chinese medicine.
▪ gain noun an increase in the amount or level of something - used especially in business or
political contexts, or when talking about an increase in someone’s weight: sales gains | The
December job figures show a net gain of 81,000 jobs. | The party has experienced a gain in
popularity. | The amount of weight gain during pregnancy varies.
▪ hike noun [countable] informal especially American English a large or sudden increase in
prices or taxes - often used in newspaper reports: Despite a 25% hike in fuel costs, the
airline made a profit last year. | tax hikes | wage hikes
■ a very big increase
▪ boom noun [singular] a sudden large increase in trade, profits or sales, with the result
that a country, company, or industry becomes very successful. Boom is also used about a
sudden increase in interest in something, with the result that it becomes very popular: the
German economic boom of the 1960s | the Internet boom | There has been a boom in sales of
diet books and videos.

Thesaurus
■ very big
▪ huge/massive/enormous extremely big: The table was enormous. | a huge explosion | Their
house is huge. | There is a huge amount of work to be done. | There has been a massive
increase in oil prices. | The company is massive, operating in 150 countries. | A massive
fire destroyed more than thirty homes. | He’s been under an enormous amount of stress
recently. | The changes will have an enormous impact.
▪ great [only before noun] very big – used especially to describe the level or number of
something: He achieved great success in America. | The college offers a great number of
courses. | a great advantage
▪ vast extremely big – used about areas, distances, numbers, or amounts: vast areas of
rainforest | A vast number of tourists visit the island every year.
▪ gigantic extremely big and much bigger than other things of the same type: Gigantic waves
crashed onto the beach.
▪ colossal extremely big – used about amounts or objects: James ran up a colossal phone
bill. | a colossal statue of Napoleon
▪ tremendous having an extremely big effect: There have been some tremendous changes. | My
new job will be a tremendous challenge. | The children were making a tremendous amount of
noise.

TREMENDOUS (nemaipomenit, extraordinar)

1. very big, fast, powerful etc: Suddenly, there was a tremendous bang, and the whole
station shook. She was making a tremendous effort to appear calm. She praised her husband
for the tremendous support he had given her. Sales have been tremendous so far this year.
This plan could save us a tremendous amount of money.
2. excellent: She’s got a tremendous voice, hasn’t she?
Collins - You use tremendous to emphasize how strong a feeling or quality is, or how large
an amount is.

88
HARDSHIP (privatiuni, greutati)
something that makes your life difficult or unpleasant, especially a lack of money, or the
condition of having a difficult life: an economic policy that caused great hardship for many
people. Many students are suffering severe financial hardship.
hardship of the hardships of war

2.DISTRESS Oxford Syn: hardship

suffering and problems caused by a lack of money, food etc: acute financial distress;
in distress charities that aid families in distress

ADJOURN (intrerupe, suspenda, amana)

if a meeting, parliament, law court etc adjourns, or if the person in charge adjourns it, it
stops for a short time

POSTPONE SYN put back

to change the date or time of a planned event or action to a later one - OPP bring forward

PUT SOMETHING BACK phrasal verb

2. put something ↔ back SYN postpone - to arrange for an event to start at a later time or
date
put something ↔ back to The meeting has been put back to next Thursday.
3. put something ↔ back to delay a process or activity by a number of weeks, months etc:
This fire could put back the opening date by several weeks.

PUT SOMEBODY/SOMETHING OFF phrasal verb

1. put something ↔ off SYN delay, procrastinate to delay doing something or to arrange to
do something at a later time or date, especially because there is a problem or you do not
want to do it now: The match has been put off until tomorrow because of bad weather.
put off doing something - I put off going to the doctor but I wish I hadn’t.
2. put somebody ↔ off British English to make you dislike something or not want to do
something: Don’t let the restaurant’s decor put you off – the food is really good.
put somebody off (doing) something - Don’t let your failures put you off trying harder.
3. put somebody off SYN stall - to make someone wait because you do not want to meet them,
pay them etc until later: When he calls, put him off as long as you can.

2.STALL informal to deliberately delay because you are not ready to do something, answer
questions etc: Quit stalling and answer my question! He was just stalling for time.

ACRID (1. intepator 2. taios, caustic)

1. an acrid smell or taste is strong and unpleasant and stings your nose or throat
2. formal an acrid remark expresses anger and criticizes someone strongly
PUNGENT
1. having a strong taste or smell: ~smell, aroma, odour;
2. formal pungent speech or writing is clever and direct, and usually criticizes someone or
something strongly
ACRIMONIOUS (aprinsa, furtunoasa, inversunata, cu scantei) SYN bitter Oxford: formal
an acrimonious meeting or discussion is one in which people argue a lot and get very angry

89
MIX (a amesteca)
if you mix two or more substances or if they mix, they combine to become a single substance,
and they cannot be easily separated
MINGLE
if two feelings, sounds, smells etc mingle, they mix together with each other
BLEND
to combine different things in a way that produces an effective or pleasant result, or to
become combined in this way
a cross between something and something a mixture of very different things – used when you
are describing what something looks or sounds like: The building looked like a cross between
a museum and a spaceship

Thesaurus
mingle • to combine or be combined. Mingle can be used to talk about sounds, colours,
feelings, ideas, qualities or substances. It is used in written English to talk about how a
scene or event appears to sb or how they experience it: ▪ The sounds of laughter and singing
mingled in the evening air
stir • to move a liquid or substance around, using a spoon or sth similar, in order to mix
it thoroughly: ▪ She stirred her tea

MEDDLE (a se amesteca) SYN interfere

to deliberately try to influence or change a situation that does not concern you, or that
you do not understand
Thesaurus
meddle to interfere in someone else’s affairs in a way that is annoying for them
intrude to interfere by being somewhere where you are not wanted, or getting involved in a
situation that is private – used especially when saying that you want to avoid doing this:
Sorry, I didn’t mean to intrude while you were on the phone

MOB (gloata, multime)

a large noisy crowd, especially one that is angry and violent

Thesaurus
rabble a noisy group of people who are behaving badly
Oxford a large noisy uncontrolled group of people
horde a very large group of people who all go somewhere

DROVES - crowds of people Ex. Tourists come in droves to see the White House.
THRONG - literary SYN crowd - a large group of people in one place

APPARENT
1.(evident) SYN obvious easy to notice
2.(aparent) seeming to have a particular feeling or attitude, although this may not be true

Thesaurus (evident)
obvious something that is obvious is very easy to notice or understand – used especially
when you are surprised that other people cannot notice it
noticeable very easy to notice, especially because you can see, hear, smell, or feel
something
conspicuous very easy to notice, because of being different from things around them

PATENT
II.1 protected by a patent (patent lock)
II.2 patent lie/nonsense/impossibility formal SYN obvious used to emphasize that something
is clearly a lie etc
overt (fatis, clar, vadit)
overt actions are done publicly, without trying to hide anything OPP covert

90
Thesaurus (a refuza)
▪ refuse to say firmly that you will not do something that someone has asked you to do: I
asked the bank for a loan, but they refused. | When they refused to leave, we had to call
the police.
▪ say no spoken to say that you will not do something when someone asks you: They asked me
so nicely that I couldn’t really say no.
▪ turn somebody/something down to refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or a formal
request: They offered me the job but I turned it down. | The board turned down a request for
$25,000 to sponsor an art exhibition. | I’ve already been turned down by three colleges.
▪ reject to refuse to accept an idea, offer, suggestion, or plan: They rejected the idea
because it would cost too much money. | The Senate rejected a proposal to limit the program
to two years.
▪ decline formal to politely refuse to accept an offer or invitation, or refuse to do
something: She has declined all offers of help. | A palace spokesman declined to comment on
the rumours.
▪ deny to refuse to allow someone to do something or enter somewhere: They were denied
permission to publish the book. | He was denied access to the US.
▪ veto to officially refuse to allow a law or plan, or to refuse to accept someone’s
suggestion: Congress vetoed the bill. | The suggestion was quickly vetoed by the other
members of the team.
▪ disallow to officially refuse to accept something because someone has broken the rules, or
not done it in the correct way: The goal was disallowed by the referee. | The court decided
to disallow his evidence.
▪ rebuff formal to refuse to accept someone’s offer, request, or suggestion: The company
raised its offer to $6 billion, but was rebuffed. | He was politely rebuffed when he
suggested holding the show in Dublin.
▪ give somebody/something the thumbs down informal to refuse to allow or accept a plan or
suggestion: The plan was given the thumbs down by the local authority. | They gave us the
thumbs down.

Thesaurus
▪ sad not happy: She felt sad as she waved goodbye. | a sad and lonely figure | a sad face |
a sad film
▪ unhappy sad, especially for a long time – used about people and periods of time: I was
unhappy at school. | an unhappy childhood | He’s obviously a deeply unhappy person.
▪ homesick [not before noun] sad because you are away from your home, family, and friends:
She sometimes felt homesick when she first arrived in Japan.
▪ down [not before noun] informal feeling sad for a few hours or days, often for no reason:
Whenever I’m feeling down, I go out and buy myself some new clothes. | She’s been kind of
down since that argument with Jack.
▪ gloomy looking or sounding sad and without hope – used about people, places, and weather:
Why are you all looking so gloomy? | the gloomy immigration office | a gloomy afternoon in
February
▪ dejected/downcast looking sad and disappointed because something you hoped for did not
happen: ‘I didn’t pass,’ he said, looking dejected. | a downcast expression | He was
understandably downcast after the team’s loss.
▪ mournful especially literary looking or sounding sad: the dog’s big mournful eyes | the
mournful sound of the church bell | a mournful expression
▪ glum looking sad and disappointed: Don’t look so glum! Maybe you’ll win next time. | They
sat in glum silence.
▪ wistful especially literary (nostalgic)looking a little sad and thoughtful, because you
wish that the situation was different: She looked at him with a wistful smile.

low/flagging spirit (=used when saying that someone is sad) She was tired and her spirits
were low.

91
Thesaurus
▪ notice to realize that something is there or that something is happening, because you can
see, hear, or feel it: I noticed that he was rather quiet during dinner. | Children don’t
seem to notice the cold. | ‘Julie’s home.’ ‘Yes, I noticed her bicycle outside.’
▪ detect to notice something that is difficult to see, hear etc because it is very small,
faint, or unclear. Detect is used about people and machines, and is more formal than notice:
X-ray telescopes can now detect virtually every type of astronomical object. | He thought he
detected a flicker of interest in her eyes.
▪ spot to notice something, especially something that is difficult to see or that you see
for a short time only. Spot is more informal than notice: Can you spot the difference
between these two pictures? | I’m glad you spotted the mistake before it was too late.
▪ become aware/conscious to gradually begin to notice that something is happening or is
true: I became aware that Mum was getting a lot older. | Tessa became conscious of a feeling
of guilt.
▪ can tell to be able to notice something because you can see, smell, hear it etc: I could
tell that she had been drinking. | Can you tell I've lost weight?
▪ something/somebody catches your eye used to say that you suddenly notice something or
someone because they are interesting, attractive, or good at something: I saw this shirt in
the shop window and it just caught my eye. | Clarke caught the eye of boss Bryan Robson when
he scored for Newry last week.
▪ observe formal to notice something as a result of watching or studying it closely:
Psychologists observed that the mice became more aggressive in smaller cages.
▪ perceive formal to notice something, especially that something is happening, or is true,
or needs to be done: The company quickly perceived the need for change. | Doctors perceive
that they do not have adequate time to spend with their patients.
▪ witness to see something happen because you are there at the time: People have witnessed
some great economic changes during the last ten years.
▪ miss to not notice something because it is difficult to see: It’s easy to miss the
entrance – the sign is hidden behind a tree.

Oxford Synoyms – drive

lead • escort • drive • show • walk • guide • usher • direct
These words all mean to go with sb from one place to another.
take • to go with sb from one place to another, for example in order to show them sth or to
show them the way to a place: ▪ It's too far to walk— I'll take you by car.
lead • to go with or go in front of sb in order to show them the way or to make them go in
the right direction: ▪ Firefighters led the survivors to safety.
escort • to go with sb in order to protect or guard them or to show them the way: ▪ The
president arrived, escorted by twelve bodyguards.
drive • to take sb somewhere in a car, taxi, etc: ▪ My mother drove us to the airport.
show • to take sb to a particular place, in the right direction, or along the correct route:
▪ The attendant showed us to our seats.
walk • to go somewhere with sb on foot, especially in order to make sure that they get there
safely; to take an animal, especially a dog, for a walk or make an animal walk somewhere: ▪
He always walked her home. ◊ ▪ Have you walked the dog yet today?
guide • to show sb the way to a place, often by going with them; to show sb a place that you
know well: ▪ She guided us through the busy streets. ◊ ▪ We were guided around the museums.
usher • (rather formal) to politely take or show sb where they should go, especially within
a building: ▪ She ushered her guests to their seats.
direct • (rather formal) to tell or show sb how to get somewhere or where to go: ▪ A young
woman directed them to the station.
to take/lead/escort/drive/show/walk/guide/usher/direct sb to/out of/into sth
to take/lead/escort/drive/show/walk/guide sb around/round
to take/lead/escort/drive/walk sb home
to take/lead/escort/guide sb to safety
to lead/show the way

92
LIGHT-HEADED (ametit) SYN dizzy
unable to think clearly or move steadily, for example during a fever or after drinking
alcohol:The sun and the wine had made him a little light-headed.

DIZZY
1. feeling unable to stand steadily, for example because you are looking down from a high
place or because you are ill: The heat and the champagne made him feel dizzy. She started to
suffer from dizzy spells (=a short period when you feel dizzy).
dizzy with Ruth felt dizzy with relief.

GIDDY
1.SYN dizzy feeling slightly sick and unable to balance, because everything seems to be
moving:Greg stared down from the seventh floor and began to feel giddy.
2.feeling silly, happy, and excited, or showing this feeling
giddy with Sheila felt giddy with excitement.
3.giddy heights a situation in which you have a lot of success: Although she had been quite
a successful model, she had never reached the giddy heights of the Paris fashion world.

CONFOUND (zapaci, incurca(pe cineva), ului)

1.to confuse and surprise people by being unexpected: His amazing recovery confounded the
medical specialists.
2.to prove someone or something wrong
confound the critics/pundits/experts United’s new striker confounded the critics with his
third goal in as many games.

PUZZLE (nedumeri, pune in incurcatura) Oxford Syn: baffle

to confuse someone or make them feel slightly anxious because they do not understand
something: a question that continues to puzzle scientists; He was puzzled by the reactions
to his remark. What puzzles me is why his books are so popular.
BAFFLE (nedumeri, descumpani)
if something baffles you, you cannot understand or explain it at all Ex. The question
baffled me completely.

BEWILDER (ului, nauci, dezorienta)

to confuse someone: He was bewildered by his daughter’s reaction.

tact = 3. Simț al măsurii și al fineței în comportare, determinând adoptarea unei atitudini

corecte și convenabile în orice situație

Thesaurus
■ unintentionally unkind
▪ thoughtless/inconsiderate (nechibzuit) not thinking about the effects of your actions on
other people: It was inconsiderate of him not to say that he would be late. | a thoughtless
disregard for other people’s feelings
▪ tactless someone who is tactless carelessly says or does things that are likely to upset
someone, without realizing what they are doing: How could you be so tactless? | a tactless
question
▪ insensitive (insensibil, nepasator) behaving in a way that is likely to upset someone, or
not seeming to care about someone’s feelings. Insensitive is rather a formal word: The
article is insensitive to the family and friends of the victim. | He later admitted that
some of his remarks were ‘insensitive’.

93
CAJOLE (a convinge cu vorbe dulci, lingusiri)
to gradually persuade someone to do something by being nice to them, or making promises to
them
cajole somebody into doing something We do our best to cajole rich countries into helping.

COAX (a convinge, indupleca (cu blandete))

1.to persuade someone to do something that they do not want to do by talking to them in a
kind, gentle, and patient way: ‘Please, Vic, come with us,’ Nancy coaxed.
coax somebody into/out of (doing) something We had to coax Alan into going to school.
coax somebody to do something We watched the bear coax its cubs to enter the water.
coax somebody down/out/back Firefighters managed to coax the man down from the roof.
2.to make something such as a machine do something by dealing with it in a slow, patient,
and careful way
coax something out of/from/into etc something
He coaxed a fire out of some dry grass and twigs. The driver coaxed his bus through the
snow.

WHEEDLE
to persuade someone to do or give you something, for example by saying nice things to them
that you do not mean – used to show disapproval
wheedle something from/out of somebody She even managed to wheedle more money out of him.
wheedle somebody into doing something You have to be able to wheedle your client into
buying.
wheedle your way in/into/out of Don’t think you can just wheedle your way in here!

Thesaurus
▪ praise to say that you admire and approve of someone or something, especially publicly:
The film was praised by the critics when it first came out. | The report praises staff in
both schools. | It’s important to praise children..
▪ flatter to praise someone in order to please them or get something from them, even though
you do not mean it: He had persuaded her to buy it by flattering her and being charming. |
You’re just flattering me!
▪ rave about something (also enthuse about something formal)(a lauda excesiv, a ridica in
slava cerului) to talk about something you enjoy or admire in an excited way, and say that
it is very good. Rave is rather informal, whereas enthuse is much more formal and is used
mainly in written English: Everyone is raving about the movie. | She enthused about the joys
of motherhood.
▪ commend formal to praise someone or something, especially officially: After the battle,
Andrew Jackson commended him for ‘his courage and fidelity’. | The officers should be
commended for their prompt action.
▪ hail somebody/something as something especially written to describe someone or something
in a way that shows you have a very good opinion of them, especially in newspapers, on
television reports etc: The book was hailed as a masterpiece. | Journalists and music
writers hailed the band as ‘the next big thing’. | He is being hailed as the new James Dean.

fatarnic = Lipsit de sinceritate; prefăcut, ipocrit, fals

4.SMOOTH (mieros, fatarnic) someone who is smooth is polite, confident, and relaxed, but is
often not sincere: a smooth salesman; He was a smooth talker. George is a smooth operator
(=someone who does things in a smooth way).
Oxford (often disapproving) Syn: smarmy - (of people, especially men, and their behaviour)
very polite and pleasant, but in a way that is often not very sincere: I don't like him.
He's far too smooth for me.
Webster 4.smooth - informal: relaxed, confident, and pleasant in a way that may be intended
to deceive people: He has a smooth manner. He's a real smooth talker. [=he says flattering
things]

94
a dezmierda = A mângâia pe cineva atingându-l ușor cu palma ori spunându-i vorbe
drăgăstoase; a alinta

Thesaurus (a mangaia, dezmierda)

■ touch somebody gently or lovingly
▪ stroke to move your hand gently over something, especially in a loving way: She stroked
the child’s hair. | Our cat won’t let people stroke him.
▪ pat to touch an animal or child lightly several times, with your hand flat: He knelt down
to pat the dog. | She patted the little boy’s head.
▪ pet to touch and move your hand gently over someone, especially an animal or child: The
goats, pigs, sheep, and cows here allow you to pet them.
▪ caress especially literary to gently touch a part of someone’s body in a loving way: a
mother caressing her child | She caressed his cheek.
▪ fondle to touch a part of someone’s body in a loving or sexual way – use this especially
about touching someone in a sexual way that is not wanted: He tried to fondle her and she
immediately pulled away from him.

3.tender
gentle and careful in a way that shows love: Her voice was tender and soft. a slow, tender
kiss

Thesaurus
▪ setback a problem that stops you from making progress: The space program suffered a major
setback when the space shuttle, Discovery, exploded.
▪ snag informal a problem, especially one that you had not expected: There’s a snag – I
don’t have his number.
▪ hitch a small problem that delays or prevents something: There have been a few last-minute
hitches.

WRENCH
1.(a scoate cu forta, a smulge) Oxford Syn:jerk - to twist and pull something roughly from
the place where it is being held: I wrenched the packet from his grasp. The door had been
wrenched open

JERK (a smuci) Oxford Syn: jolt

I.1. to move with a quick sudden movement, or to make part of your body move in this way:
Wilcox jerked his head to indicate that they should move on.
‘Is that the only way out of here?’ he asked, jerking a thumb at the door.
jerk back/up/forwards Suddenly, he jerked back in his chair. The sound of the phone jerked
me awake.
2. to pull something suddenly and roughly
jerk at Doyle jerked at the girl’s hair to make her sit down. She jerked open the car door
and got out.

TUG (smuci, zvacni)

1.to pull with one or more short, quick pulls: The woman gently tugged his arm.
tug at/on something Joe was tugging at her sleeve.

95
I.2 LIE
2.(exist) if a problem, an answer, blame etc lies somewhere, it is caused by, exists, or can
be found in that thing, person, or situation
fault/blame/responsibility lies with somebody Part of the blame must lie with social
services. O parte din vina ii revine (i se atribuie) serviciilor sociale.
the problem/answer etc lies with/in something (consta in, a-si avea originea in)
The difficulty lies in providing sufficient evidence.
The strength of the book lies in the fact that the material is from classroom experience.
Punctul forte al cartii consta in faptul ca materialul e din experienta la clasa.
herein/therein lies the problem/dilemma
And herein lies the key to their achievements.

I.3 LIE (a se afla, a se situa)

if a town, village, etc lies in a particular place, it is in that place: The town lies in a
small wooded valley. The Tasman Sea lies between Tasmania and Australia.

I.4 LIE (a-t fi rezervat, a-l astepta)

if something lies ahead of you, lies in the future etc, it is going to happen to you in the
future
lie ahead - How will we cope with the difficulties that lie ahead?
lie before - A blank and empty future lay before me. I was wondering what lay in store for
us.

SCATTER (imprastia, risipi, presara)

1.if someone scatters a lot of things, or if they scatter, they are thrown or dropped over a
wide area in an irregular way
scatter (something) over/around/across etc something Scatter the onions over the fish. The
flowers fell and scattered on the ground.
2.Oxford Syn:disperse if a group of people or animals scatter, or if something scatters
them, they move quickly in different directions:
The sound of gunfire made the crowd scatter in all directions.

I.12 LIE (d. lucruri - a fi imprastiat, risipit)

lie around (something) if something is lying around, it has been left somewhere in an untidy
way, rather than being in its proper place: If you leave your shoes lying around like that,
you’ll trip over them. Papers and books lay around the room in complete chaos.

Thesaurus
■ when someone is doing something
▪ interrupt to stop someone from continuing to do something: Miss Danziger apologised for
interrupting their enjoyment of their meal. | My thoughts were interrupted by the sound of
the doorbell. | His interview was interrupted by a call from the President.
▪ disturb to interrupt someone when they are trying to work, sleep etc: The sign on the door
said ‘Do not disturb. Meeting in progress’. | I hope I’m not disturbing you. Do you want me
to come back later? | Her sleep was disturbed by a violent hammering on the door.
▪ bother to interrupt someone, especially by asking questions when they are trying to do
something else: ‘I’m very sorry to bother you,’ Jackson said smoothly, ‘but I’d like a few
minutes of your time.’ | You mustn’t bother him - he’s working on his essay.

INTRUDE
1. to interrupt someone or become involved in their private affairs, in an annoying and
unwanted way: Would I be intruding if I came with you?
intrude into/on/upon - Employers should not intrude into the private lives of their
employees.
2. to come into a place or situation, and have an unwanted effect
intrude on - It is to be hoped that TV cameras never intrude on this peaceful place.

96
Thesaurus (a ridica)
▪ lift (up) to move something or someone upwards to a higher position, especially something
heavy, either by using your hands or a machine: You shouldn’t lift anything heavy if you
have a bad back. | She lifted the lid from a huge pot and took a sniff. | They lifted me
onto a stretcher and took me to the ambulance. | He lifted the girl up onto his knee. | They
used a crane to lift the carriages back onto the rails. | The massive bull lifted him bodily
into the air and shook him repeatedly.
▪ raise to lift something to a higher position for a short time before lowering it again.
Raise is more formal than lift: The bridge can be raised to allow ships to pass under it. |
‘Cheers, everyone!’ said Larry, raising his glass.
▪ pick up to lift something up from the ground, from a table etc, especially something small
or light: She picked up her bag and left the room. | Tom picked the papers up off the floor.
| Why don’t you just pick up the phone and call him? | Maurin picked up the gun and put it
in his pocket. | The lioness picked her cub up by its neck. | There are papers all over the
floor – could you pick them up and put them away? | The little girl’s mother laughed and
bent down to pick her up. | The vacuum cleaner won’t pick this stuff up.
▪ scoop up to lift someone or something quickly from the ground, from a table etc, using
your hand or arm: She bent down and scooped up the little dog.
▪ hoist to lift up something which is heavy and difficult to carry: Joe picked up the sack
and hoisted it onto the truck. | The crowd hoisted him onto their shoulders and carried him
triumphantly down the main street.
▪ elevate technical to lift something to a higher position and keep it there: The doctor
advised me to rest and elevate my ankle.
▪ put your hand up to lift your arm into the air, for example because you want to speak in a
class or when voting: Put your hand up if you know the answer.
lift off phrasal verb
if an aircraft or spacecraft lifts off, it leaves the ground and rises into the air

Oxford
pick sb/sth up • hoist • scoop • heave • |especially written raise
Opp: put sb/sth down
lift/pick/hoist/scoop/raise sb/sth up
lift/pick up/hoise/heave a bag/basket
lift/pick up/hoist/scoop a child/girl/boy
lift/raise your hand/arm/head/chin/face/eyes/eyebrows
Lift, pick sb/sth up or raise? Lift can mean to move sb/sth in a particular direction, not
just upwards; pick sb/sth is usually used about sb/sth that is not very heavy and is only
used for upwards movement; raise is used especially about parts of the body
• He lifted the suitcase down from the rack.
• He picked up the phone and dialled the number.
• She raised her eyebrows.

Thesaurus
■ with nothing in it or on it
▪ empty used about something that has nothing inside: an empty can of hair spray | The
fridge is almost empty.
▪ blank used about a computer screen or a piece of paper that has no writing or pictures on
it, or a CD, DVD etc with nothing recorded on it: a blank sheet of paper | He stared at the
blank screen for a few minutes. | a blank tape
▪ bare used about a room or cupboard that has very little in it: His room was bare except
for a bed and a wardrobe.
▪ hollow used about something that has an empty space inside: a hollow tree | The suitcase
had a hollow bottom.

97
Thesaurus (loc)
▪ place a point or area, especially one that you visit or use for a particular purpose: He’s
been to lots of places. | a good meeting place
▪ position the exact place where someone or something is, in relation to other things: She
showed me the position of the village on the map. | I changed the position of the mirror
slightly. | Jessica moved to a position where she could see the stage better.
▪ point a particular place on a line or surface: At this point the path gets narrower. | No
cars are allowed beyond this point.
▪ spot a place, especially a particular kind of place, or a place where something happens.
Spot sounds rather informal: She chose a sunny spot. | The area is a favourite spot for
windsurfers. | This is the exact spot where I asked her to marry me.
▪ location a place where someone or something is, or where something happens. Location
sounds more formal than place: your exact location | The prisoners were taken to an
undisclosed location. | an ideal location for a winter break
▪ site a place, especially one that will be used for a particular purpose, or where
something important happened: the site of a great battle | There are plans to develop the
site for housing. | The area has become a dumping site for nuclear waste.
▪ venue a place where something such as a meeting, concert, game etc takes place: the venue
for the next Olympic Games | The hotel is a popular wedding venue.
▪ scene the place where something bad such as an accident or crime happened: the scene of
the crime | Ambulance crews were at the scene within minutes.
▪ setting the place and the area around it, where something is or where something happens:
The hotel is in a beautiful setting. | the setting for the film ‘A Room With a View’ |
Beautiful gardens provide the perfect setting for outdoor dining.
▪ somewhere used for talking about a place when you are not sure exactly which place: She
came from somewhere in London.
▪ whereabouts the place where someone or something is – used especially when you do not know
this or do not want to tell people: The whereabouts of the painting is unknown. | He refused
to disclose his whereabouts. | I’m not sure about her whereabouts.

Thesaurus
▪ put to move something to a particular place: I’ve put the wine in the fridge. | Where have
you put my grey shirt?
▪ place to put something somewhere carefully: ‘It’s beautiful,’ he said, placing it back on
the shelf.
▪ lay to put someone or something down carefully on a flat surface: He laid all the money on
the table. | She laid the baby on his bed.
▪ position to carefully put something in a suitable position: Position the microphone to
suit your height. | Troops were positioned around the city.
▪ slip to put something somewhere with a quick movement: He slipped his arm around her
waist. | Carrie quickly slipped the money into her bag.
▪ shove to put something into a space or container quickly or carelessly: Shove anything you
don’t want in that sack. | I’ve ironed those shirts so don’t just shove them in a drawer.
▪ stick (also bung British English) informal to put something somewhere quickly or
carelessly: I stuck the address in my pocket and I can’t find it now. | Could you bung those
clothes in the washing machine?
▪ dump to put something down somewhere in a careless and untidy way: Don’t just dump all
your bags in the kitchen. | People shouldn’t dump rubbish at the side of the street.
▪ pop informal to quickly put something somewhere, usually for a short time: Pop it in the
microwave for a minute.
▪ thrust literary to put something somewhere suddenly or forcefully: ‘Hide it,’ he said,
thrusting the watch into her hand.

Place is slightly formal in most of its meanings. In everyday English, people usually use
put instead: ▪ She put the cup on the table. ▪ Innocent people were put at risk. ▪ They put
an ad in the paper.

98
STARTLE (a speria brusc, a face sa tresara, a uimi, a surprinde)
to make someone suddenly surprised or slightly shocked: Sorry, I didn’t mean to startle you.
be startled to do something I was startled to see Amanda.

Oxford Synonyms
surprise
startle • amaze • stun • astonish • take sb aback • astound
These words all mean to make sb feel surprised.
surprise • to give sb the feeling that you get when sth happens that you do not expect or do
not understand, or sth that you do expect does not happen; to make sb feel surprised: ▪ The
outcome didn't surprise me at all.
startle • to surprise sb suddenly in a way that slightly shocks or frightens them: ▪ Sorry,
I didn't mean to startle you. ◊ ▪ The explosion startled the horse.
amaze • to surprise sb very much: ▪ Just the huge size of the place amazed her.
stun • (rather informal) (often in newspapers) to surprise or shock sb so much that they
cannot think clearly or speak
astonish • to surprise sb very much: ▪ The news astonished everyone.
amaze or astonish?
These two words have the same meaning and in most cases you can use either. If you are
talking about sth that both surprises you and makes you feel ashamed, use astonish: ▪ He was
astonished by his own stupidity.
take sb aback • [usually passive] (especially of sth negative) to surprise or shock sb: ▪ We
were rather taken aback by her hostile reaction.
astound • to surprise or shock sb very much: ▪ His arrogance astounded her.

FLINCH (a tresari, a se infiora)

1. to move your face or body away from someone or something because you are in pain,
frightened, or upset
flinch at She flinched at the touch of his hand.
flinch from The boy flinched away from him.
2. to feel embarrassed or upset
flinch at Jo flinched at her sister’s insensitivity.

a se crispa = A se contracta în mod involuntar, a se încleșta (din cauza unei tensiuni

nervoase)

WINCE (crispa, tresari) (twinge – junghi)

1.to suddenly change the expression on your face as a reaction to something painful or
upsetting: Sandra winced as the dentist started to drill.
2.SYN cringe to suddenly feel very uncomfortable or embarrassed because of something that
happens, something you remember etc
wince at the memory/thought/idea I still wince at the thought of that terrible evening.

winch – vinci, troliu - a machine with a rope or chain for lifting heavy objects

Thesaurus
▪ bring to take something or someone to the place where you are now, or the place where you
are going: Have you brought your ticket with you? | He asked his father if he could bring a
friend to stay.
▪ take to move something to another place, or help someone go to another place: I took a
book with me to read on the train. | He was taken to hospital by ambulance.
▪ get (also fetch especially British English) to go to another place and come back with
something or someone: I went upstairs to get my jacket. | Joseph told me to fetch the
doctor, so I ran to the village.

99
PATH (carare, poteca)
a track that has been made deliberately or made by many people walking over the same ground:
I walked nervously up the garden path towards the front door; a well-worn path across the
grass. Follow the path along the river to the bridge; a path leading to the summer house

Oxford
Path, road or route? Path is often more personal than road: her path in life (= the one that
a particular person follows) but the road to stardom (= the one that all stars must follow).
Route may be used in both personal and general ways but is used especially to report things
in a more factual, less emotional way: the route to economic stability

TRACK
I.1.(path/road) a narrow path or road with a rough uneven surface, especially one made by
people or animals frequently moving through the same place: The road leading to the farm was
little more than a dirt track. The track led through dense forest. a steep mountain track
2.(urma) a line of marks left on the ground by a moving person, animal, or vehicle: We
followed the tyre tracks across a muddy field. The tracks, which looked like a fox’s, led
into the woods.
6. keep/lose track of somebody/something to pay attention to someone or something, so that
you know where they are or what is happening to them, or to fail to do this: It’s difficult
to keep track of all the new discoveries in genetics. I just lost all track of time.
13.be on the track of somebody/something to hunt or search for someone or something: Police
are on the track of the bank robbers.
15.the direction or line taken by something as it moves
track of islands that lie in the track of North Atlantic storms

II.1.(a urmari) to search for a person or animal by following the marks they leave behind
them on the ground, their smell: Police have been tracking the four criminals all over
Central America.
track somebody to something The dogs tracked the wolf to its lair.
2.to record or study the behaviour or development of someone or something over time: The
progress of each student is tracked by computer.
3. to follow the movements of an aircraft or ship by using radar: a tracking station

Oxford
platform / track
In British stations the platforms, where passengers get on and off trains, have numbers:
The Edinburgh train is waiting at platform 4.
In stations in the USA, it is the track that the train travels along that has a number:
The train for Chicago is on track 9.

Thesaurus
▪ follow to walk, drive etc behind or after someone, for example in order to see where they
are going: The man had followed her home to find out where she lived. | Follow that car! |
He hired a detective to follow her.
▪ chase to quickly run or drive after someone or something in order to catch them when they
are trying to escape: Police chased the car along the motorway at speeds of up to 90 mph.
▪ run after somebody/go after somebody to quickly follow someone or something in order to
stop them or talk to them: I ran after him to say sorry, but he’d already got on the bus.
▪ stalk /stɔːk $ stɒːk/ to secretly follow an animal in order to kill it, or to secretly
follow a person in order to attack them: a tiger stalking its prey | He had a long history
of stalking women in his neighbourhood.
▪ pursue /pəˈsjuː $ pərˈsuː/ written to chase someone in a very determined way: The ship was
being pursued by enemy submarines.
▪ give chase written to chase someone or something who is trying to escape from you: One of
the officers gave chase and arrested the man. | The calf ran away and the lion gave chase.
▪ tail to secretly follow someone in order to watch what they do and where they go:
Apparently, the police had been tailing the terrorists for months.
▪ track to follow and find a person or animal by looking at the marks they leave on the
ground: The bushmen were tracking antelope in the Kalahari desert.

100
TRAIL
1.(a tari, a trage dupa sine) to pull something behind you, especially along the ground, or
to be pulled in this way: A plane trailing a banner was circling overhead.
trail in/on/over etc She walked slowly along the path, her skirt trailing in the mud.
trail something in/across/through etc something Rees was leaning out of the boat trailing
his hand through the water.
4.(a urmari, a fila) to follow someone by looking for signs that they have gone in a
particular direction: Police trailed the gang for several days.
trail away/off if someone’s voice trails away or trails off, it becomes gradually quieter
and then stops: She trailed off, silenced by the look Kris gave her

II.1. a rough path across countryside or through a forest:

The trail led over Boulder Pass before descending to a lake. ⇨ nature trail
2.(dara) a long line or a series of marks that have been left by someone or something
trail of a trail of wet footprints; The bus left a trail of black smoke behind it. The
typhoon left a trail of devastation.
3. a series of unpleasant situations or feelings that have been left by someone or something
trail of He left a trail of broken hearts and broken promises.
4. a sign that a person or animal has been in a place, used for finding or catching them:
The hunters lost the tiger’s trail in the middle of the jungle. Police tracked him to
Valencia and there the trail went cold (=they could not find any signs of him).
5. be on the trail of somebody/something to be trying to find someone or something by
getting information about them: industrial spies on the trail of technological secrets
Police believe they are hot on the trail of a drug-smuggling gang (=they are close to
finding them).

TRACE
I.1. Oxford Syn: track down - to find someone or something that has disappeared by searching
for them carefully: She had given up all hope of tracing her missing daughter. Police are
trying to trace a young woman who was seen near the accident.
4.to copy a drawing, map etc by putting a piece of transparent paper over it and then
drawing the lines you can see through the paper
5.(trasa) to draw real or imaginary lines on the surface of something, usually with your
finger or toe
trace something on/in/across Rosie’s fingers traced a delicate pattern in the sand.
6.trace a call to find out where a telephone call is coming from by using special electronic
equipment: His call was traced and half an hour later police arrested him.

II.1.(urma, indiciu(clue)) a small sign that shows that someone or something was present or
existed: There was no trace of anyone having entered the room since then. Petra’s lost all
trace of her German accent. Officers were unable to find any trace of drugs.
disappear/vanish/sink without (a) trace (=disappear completely, without leaving any sign of
what happened)The plane vanished without a trace.
2. a very small amount of a quality, emotion, substance etc that is difficult to see or
notice
trace of I saw the faintest trace of a smile cross Sandra’s face; traces of poison
3.technical a search to find out where a telephone call came from, using special electronic
equipment: The police put a trace on the call.
4.technical the mark or pattern made on a screen or on paper by a machine that is recording
an electrical signal: This trace shows the heartbeat.

101
conceptie = Felul de a vedea sau ansamblu de păreri, de idei cu privire la probleme
filozofice, științifice, tehnice, literare

OUTLOOK (perspectiva, conceptie)

1. your general attitude to life and the world
outlook on He’s got a good outlook on life. Exercise will improve your looks and your
outlook. None of my arguments could change his outlook or behavior.
positive/optimistic outlook She still has an optimistic outlook for the future.
2. what is expected to happen in the future
outlook for The outlook for the weekend is unsettled, with periods of heavy rain. The
outlook for sufferers from this disease is bleak.
economic/financial/political etc outlook a gloomy economic outlook in Western Europe
3.(perspectiva, priveliste) a view from a particular place: a very pleasing outlook from the
bedroom window

PROSPECT
1. the possibility that something will happen
prospect of doing something
I see no prospect of things improving here. There is every prospect (=a strong possibility)
of the weather remaining dry this week.
prospect for There are good prospects for growth in the retail sector.
prospect that There’s a real prospect that England will not qualify for the World Cup.
2.[singular] a particular event which will probably or definitely happen in the future –
used especially when you want to talk about how you feel about it
prospect of The prospect of marriage terrified Alice. Greeks face the prospect of new
general elections next month. He relishes the prospect of a fight.
daunting/exciting etc prospect
be excited/alarmed/concerned etc at the prospect (of something)
gloomy/grim/bleak - Many Britons face the grim prospect of having their home repossessed.
She wasn’t exactly overjoyed at the prospect of looking after her niece.
3. prospects [plural] chances of future success: I had no job, no education, and no
prospects.
job/career prospects - Job prospects for graduates don’t look good.

Thesaurus
■ what will happen to somebody/something
▪ sb’s/sth’s future what will happen to someone or something: He knew that his future was in
films. | Shareholders will meet to decide the company’s future.
▪ the outlook what will happen, especially concerning business, the economy, or the weather:
The economic outlook looks good. | Here is the weather outlook for tomorrow.
▪ prospect the idea or possibility that something will happen: the awful prospect of another
terrorist attack | Prospects for a peace settlement don’t look too good.

a omite = 1. A lăsa (intenționat) la o parte, a neglija; 2. a trece cu vederea, a nu tine

seama de

OVERLOOK
1. SYN miss (a-i scapa) to not notice something, or not see how important it is: It is easy
to overlook a small detail like that. Nobody could overlook the fact that box office sales
were down. Oxford - He seems to have overlooked one important fact. In my hurry to finish
the exam I had overlooked part of one of the questions.
2.(a trece cu vederea, a nu tine seama de) to forgive someone’s mistake, bad behaviour etc
and take no action: She found him entertaining enough to overlook his faults.
3.(a da spre) if a house, room etc overlooks something, it has a view of it, usually from
above: Our room overlooks the ocean.
Oxford 4.(omite) Syn: pass over ~ sb (for sth) to not consider sb for a job or position,
even though they might be suitable: • She's been overlooked for promotion several times.

102
LOOK INTO SOMETHING (cerceta) phrasal verb SYN investigate
to try to find out the truth about a problem, crime etc in order to solve it: Police are
looking into the disappearance of two children.
PORE OVER SOMETHING phrasal verb to read or look at something very carefully for a long
time: She was poring over a book
PERUSE formal to read something, especially in a careful way: She leant forward to peruse
the document more closely.

STERN (rigid, sever, aspru) (un parinte)

1. serious and strict, and showing strong disapproval of someone’s behaviour: sterner
penalties for drug offences
stern look/voice/expression ‘Wait!’ I shouted in my sternest voice.
stern warning/rebuke His actions have earned him stern rebukes from human rights
organizations.

2. HARSH - severe, cruel, or unkind

harsh criticism/treatment/punishment
the harsh measures taken against the protesters; ‘She’s an idiot!’ ‘Aren’t you being a bit
harsh?’; a harsh authoritarian regime; He had harsh words (=severe criticism) for the
Government. Oxford - The punishment was harsh and unfair. We had to face up to the harsh
realities of life sooner or later.

GRIM
1. SYN harsh making you feel worried or unhappy: the grim reality of rebuilding the
shattered town. When he lost his job, his future looked grim. Millions of Britons face the
grim prospect (=something bad that will probably happen) of dearer home loans.
We received the grim news in silence.
2. looking or sounding very serious: ‘I’ll survive,’ he said with a grim smile.
The child hung on to her arm with grim determination.(hotarare indarjita) The police
officers were silent and grim-faced.
3.(sinistru, deprimant) British English informal very bad, ugly, or unpleasant: The weather
forecast is pretty grim. They painted a grim picture of what life used to be like there; a
grim industrial town

BLEAK
1. without anything to make you feel happy or hopeful
a bleak future/prospect - The company still hopes to find a buyer, but the future looks
bleak.
2. cold and without any pleasant or comfortable features: a bleak January afternoon; The
landscape was bleak.

Webster – bleak
1: not warm, friendly, cheerful, etc: • The weather is bleak. [=cold, rainy, dark, etc.] • a
bleak landscape • a bleak [=dismal] movie about a prison • a bleak [=dreary] concrete
building with few windows
2: not hopeful or encouraging: • The future looks bleak. [=grim, depressing]
• Their chances of winning the game were bleak. [=it was not likely that they would win the
game] • a bleak economic climate
bleak·ly adv • He stared bleakly at the rubble.

103
Thesaurus
▪ plain without anything added, or without decoration: a plain shirt | The fireplace was
plain apart from a small design at the top.
▪ simple not having a lot of decoration or unnecessary things, but attractive: She was
wearing a simple black dress. | The accommodation is simple but clean.
▪ austere /ɔːˈstɪə, ɒ- $ ɒːˈstɪr/ very plain and with very little decoration, or very little
in it – used about a room or place that does not make you feel welcome: He dreaded having
dinner in that austere dining room. | The building was grey and a little austere. | the
austere beauty and grandeur of mountain scenery
▪ spartan plain and without anything that would make life easier or more comfortable – used
especially about rooms, conditions, or ways of living: Her apartment is quite spartan. |
They had a very spartan life.
▪ stark very plain in a surprising way, with very little colour or decoration – used about
rooms and places: Sam sat looking at the stark white walls. | It is a landscape of stark
beauty.
▪ bare empty, or not covered by any decorations: Her office seemed very bare now that her
desk had gone. | He was tired of looking at the bare walls of his prison cell.

STARK
1. very plain in appearance, with little or no colour or decoration: In the cold dawn light,
the castle looked stark and forbidding; the stark beauty of New Mexico
2. SYN harsh Oxford Syn: bleak (dur, aspru) unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid: The
movie shows the stark realities of life in the ghetto. The extreme poverty of the local
people is in stark contrast (izbitor, evident) to the wealth of the tourists. We are faced
with a stark choice; a stark reminder of life under Communist rule

Webster – stark
1: having a very plain and often cold or empty appearance: • a stark white room
• a stark landscape • a stark winter day • The room was decorated with stark simplicity.
2: unpleasant and difficult to accept or experience: • the stark reality of death
• She gave the facts of the case in stark [=harsh] and sobering detail. • This tragedy
serves as a stark reminder of the dangers of drunk driving.
3: very obvious: very plain and easily seen.There is a stark difference between them. His
criticism of the movie stands in stark contrast to the praise it has received from others.
- stark·ly adv [more ~; most ~] • a starkly modern building

Oxford Synonyms
plain • simple • stark • bare • unequivocal
These words all describe statements, often about sth unpleasant, that are very clear, not
trying to hide anything, and not using more words than necessary.
plain • used for talking about a fact that other people may not like to hear; honest and
direct in way that other people may not like: ▪ The plain fact is that nobody really knows.
simple • [only before noun] used for talking about a fact that other people may not like to
hear; very obvious and not complicated by anything else: ▪ The simple truth is that we just
can't afford it.
plain or simple?
When it is being used to emphasize facts that other people may not like to hear, plain is
usually used in the expression the plain fact/truth is that… Simple can be used in this way
too, but it can also be used in a wider variety of structures and collocations (such as
reason and matter): ▪ The problem was due to the simple fact that… ◊ The problem was due to
the plain fact that… ◊ for the plain reason that… ◊ It's a plain matter of… Expressions with
simple often suggest impatience with other people's behaviour.
stark • (rather formal) used for describing an unpleasant fact or difference that is very
obvious: ▪ The stark truth is that there is not enough money left.
The simple/plain truth may be sth that some people do not want to hear, but it may be good
for them to hear it anyway. The stark truth is sth particularly unpleasant and has no good
side to it at all.
bare • [only before noun] the most basic or simple, with nothing extra: ▪ She gave me only
the bare facts of the case.
unequivocal • (formal) expressing your opinion or intention very clearly and firmly: ▪ The
reply was an unequivocal ‘no’.
the plain/simple/stark/bare/unequivocal truth
a(n) plain/simple/stark/bare/unequivocal fact/statement
a(n) plain/simple/unequivocal answer
104
Thesaurus
▪ strict expecting people to obey rules or to do what you say – used especially about
parents, teachers, or organizations: Our teachers were very strict. | Most schools are quite
strict about the way students dress.
▪ firm showing that you are in control of the situation and will not change your opinion,
especially when you are telling someone what to do: You have to be firm with young children.
| I’ll be firm with him and tell him he can’t have any more money.
▪ tough determined that your orders or decisions will be obeyed, especially in order to make
sure that a situation improves – used especially when you think that someone is right to be
strict: We need a government that is tough on crime. | She can be quite tough with her
students, but they respect her for it. | The chancellor has got to be tough and keep
government spending down.
▪ stern (sever, aspru)strict in a serious, disapproving, and rather unfriendly way: Her
grandfather was a stern man who rarely smiled. | Sheila walked into the museum, under the
stern gaze of the curator.
▪ harsh punishing or criticizing someone in a way that seems very severe, often too severe:
Don’t be too harsh on her – she’s only a child. | It may seem harsh to punish him, but he
has to learn that this kind of behaviour is unacceptable. | Her reaction to the child’s bad
behaviour was unnecessarily harsh.
▪ authoritarian disapproving very strict about forcing people to obey rules or laws, and
punishing them very severely if they fail to do this – used about people and governments:
Her father was very authoritarian and insisted on total obedience. | an authoritarian
government

Thesaurus (mustra, dojeni)

▪ reprimand formal to tell someone that they have done something wrong or illegal and are
being punished for it – used especially in official contexts: The police officers were
officially reprimanded for their behaviour. | The Swiss authorities severely reprimanded the
banks for accepting $660 million from the former Nigerian dictator Sani Abacha. | Debra
remembered as a very young child being reprimanded by her father.
▪ scold formal if a parent, teacher, or other adult scolds a child, they talk to them
angrily because they have done something wrong. Scold sounds rather formal and old-
fashioned. In everyday English people usually say tell somebody off: I dreaded the thought
of going home and being scolded by my father.
▪ tell somebody off to talk angrily to someone because they have done something wrong. Tell
somebody off is more common in British English than American English: Dad told me off for
getting home late.
▪ lecture to talk angrily to someone for a long time about something they have done wrong,
especially in a way that they think is not necessary or fair: Stop lecturing me, will you! |
He began to lecture her about her duties as a citizen.
▪ rebuke formal to tell someone that they should not have done something: She rebuked him
for being late. | Sheerman rebuked his colleague for suggesting that he was too stupid to
understand what he was saying.
▪ reproach formal to talk to someone in a way that shows you are disappointed at what they
have done. Reproach sounds much gentler than criticizing someone or reprimanding them: He
felt he had to reproach his friend for his excessive drinking.

II.2. SCORN
to criticize someone or something because you think they do not deserve respect: He scorned
the government’s record in dealing with crime.

I.2. POUR SCORN ON SOMEBODY/SOMETHING (also heap scorn on somebody/something American

English) to strongly criticize someone or something because you think they do not deserve
respect: Labour poured scorn on the Tory claim to be the party of law and order.

4.SLAM SYN slate to criticize someone or something strongly – used especially in

newspapers: Local media slammed plans to build a prison in the area.
slam somebody for something - The council was slammed for its unfair selection procedure.

REMONSTRATE formal (a protesta, a se opune)

to tell someone that you strongly disapprove of something they have said or done
remonstrate with - The Everton manager remonstrated angrily with the referee.
105
REPROOF formal (repros, imputare)
1. [uncountable] blame or disapproval: She greeted me with a look of cold reproof.
2. a remark that blames or criticizes someone: a mild reproof

REPROVE formal SYN tell off Oxford syn rebuke - to criticize someone for something that
they have done

INVEIGH AGAINST SOMEBODY/SOMETHING phrasal verb formal - to criticize someone or something

strongly

UPBRAID formal (critica, ocari) to tell someone angrily that they have done something wrong

REPREHENSIBLE formal (reprobabil, condamnabil)

reprehensible behaviour is very bad and deserves criticism

REVILE written (insulta, ocari, ultragia, ponegri, injura) SYN hate

to express hatred of someone or something: The judge was reviled in the newspapers for his
opinions

SWEAR - 1. to use rude and offensive language

OFFEND (a jigni)
to make someone angry or upset by doing or saying something that they think is rude, unkind
II SLIGHT to offend someone by treating them rudely or without respect
OUTRAGE (a indigna) - a feeling of great anger and shock

vehement = Violent, impetuos, furtunos

acerb = Necruțător, înverșunat, aspru; agresiv, caustic, sarcastic
aprig = 1. (Adesea adverbial) Iute, înfocat, nestăpânit. 2. (Adesea adverbial) Aspru 2, crunt,
nemilos, înverșunat.

FIERCE
1. done with a lot of energy and strong feelings, and sometimes violence: fierce fighting in
the city
fierce attack/opposition/criticism
The government’s policies came under fierce attack; a fierce debate; fierce competition
(acerba) between the companies
2.(fioros) a fierce person or animal is angry or ready to attack, and looks very
frightening: fierce guard dogs. She turned round, looking fierce.
3.(puternic, intens) fierce emotions are very strong and often angry: These people take
fierce pride in their independence.
4.fierce cold, heat, or weather is much colder, hotter etc than usual: a fierce wind, storm

resentiment = Sentiment ostil față de cineva, pornire împotriva cuiva provocată de amintirea
neplăcerilor suportate.

BITTER
1.(plin de resentimente) feeling angry, jealous, and upset because you think you have been
treated unfairly
bitter about I feel very bitter about it; a bitter old man. Oxford - She is very bitter
about losing her job. Loving relationships can turn bitter.
Cambridge - describes a person who is angry and unhappy because they cannot forget bad
things which happened in the past: • I feel very bitter about my childhood and all that was
denied me. She'd suffered terribly over the years but it hadn't made her bitter.
2.(amar, dureros) [only before noun] making you feel very unhappy and upset
a bitter disappointment/blow If he failed, it would be a bitter disappointment to his
parents. His photo stirred up bitter memories.
from bitter experience (=because of your own very unpleasant experiences). She knew from
bitter experience that it would be impossible to talk it over with Julian.
3.(inversunat) a bitter argument, battle etc is one in which people oppose or criticize each
other with strong feelings of hate and anger
bitter dispute/battle/struggle The couple are locked in a bitter battle for custody of the
children. The government faces bitter opposition to these policies. The countries are still
bitter enemies.
106
RESENTMENT
SYN bitterness a feeling of anger because something has happened that you think is unfair
resentment at/against/of She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for
promotion.
feel/harbour/bear resentment He felt considerable resentment towards Sheila for making him
work late.
smouldering resentment (=resentment that is felt for a long time but not expressed) The
unrest highlighted the smouldering resentment in France's poor neighbourhoods

smoulder (a mocni) if something such as wood smoulders, it burns slowly without a flame

SMOTHER
1. to completely cover the whole surface of something with something else, often in a way
that seems unnecessary or unpleasant
smother something with/in something noodles smothered in garlic sauce
2. (sufoca, asfixia) to kill someone by putting something over their face to stop them
breathing ⇨ suffocate:
A teenage mother was accused of smothering her 3-month-old daughter.
3.(inabusi) SYN stifle to stop yourself from showing your feelings or from doing an action:
The girls tried to smother their giggles.
4. to give someone so much love and attention that they feel as if they are not free and
become unhappy: I don’t want him to feel smothered.

STIFLE
1.to stop something from happening or developing OPP encourage: rules and regulations that
stifle innovation. How can this party stifle debate on such a crucial issue?
2.(inabusi) to stop a feeling from being expressed: He stifled an urge to hit her.
stifle a yawn/smile/grin I tried to stifle my laughter.
3.if you are stifled by something, it stops you breathing comfortably ⇨ suffocate: He was
almost stifled by the fumes.

CHOKE (sufoca)
1. to be unable to breathe properly because something is in your throat or there is not
enough air
choke on He choked on a piece of bread. Six people choked to death on the fumes.
2 if something chokes you, it makes you unable to breathe properly: I felt as if there was a
weight on my chest, choking me. The smoke was choking me.
3. to prevent someone from breathing by putting your hands around their throat and pressing
on it: His hands were round her throat, choking her.
4. to be unable to talk clearly because you are feeling a strong emotion
choke with - He was choking with rage. I was too choked with emotion to speak. Her voice was
choked with rage.
5. (also choke something ↔ out) to say something with difficulty because you are very upset
or angry: ‘Get out,’ she choked.
6. [transitive] (also choke something ↔ up) to fill a place so that things cannot move
through it: Weeds were choking the stream.
be choked (up) with something The gutters were choked up with leaves.
7 informal to fail at doing something, especially a sport, because there is a lot of
pressure on you: People said I choked, but I just had a bad day on the golf course.
8. if one plant chokes another, it kills it by growing all around it and taking away its
light and room to grow: Weeds can quickly choke delicate garden plants.
choke something ↔ back phrasal verb
to control your anger, sadness etc so that you do not show it: He choked back tears as he
described what had happened. She choked back a sob. I choked back my anger.

SWELTER (a nu mai putea de caldura, a se inabusi, a se sufoca de caldura)

to feel extremely hot and uncomfortable: Crowds of shoppers sweltered in the summer heat.

107
REMISS formal /rɪˈmɪs/ (neglijent) SYN negligent
careless because you did not do something that you ought to have done
remiss in parents who are remiss in their duties
it was remiss of somebody to do something It was remiss of the social services not to notify
the police.

NEGLECT
I.1.(a neglija) to fail to look after someone or something properly: She smoked and drank,
neglected the children, and left the clothes unmended; a neglected garden; The building has
been badly neglected.
II.1.(neglijare) failure to look after something or someone, or the condition of not being
looked after
neglect of Tenants are complaining about the landlord’s neglect of the property.
years/decades/centuries etc of neglect After years of neglect, the roads were full of
potholes. The whole district had an air of abandonment and neglect.

NEGLECTFUL (neglijent)
not looking after something properly, or not giving it enough attention
neglectful of - She became more and more neglectful of her responsibilities.

Oxford
Leave or go away? Leave is used in ways that emphasize the act or time or leaving sb/sth;
go away emphasizes the need or desire of the speaker to be somewhere else or for another
person to be somewhere else

108
Thesaurus (satisfacator, multumitor)
▪ satisfactory good enough – often used when something reaches a fairly good standard, but
is not of a high standard: Her grades are satisfactory. | For a beginner, this camera
produces satisfactory results.
▪ all right/OK spoken not bad, but not very good: The meal was all right, but rather
expensive. | ‘How was the film?’ ‘It was OK.’
▪ reasonable fairly good: a reasonable standard of living | The quality of the food was
reasonable.
▪ acceptable if something is acceptable to you, you think it is good enough and you are
willing to take it: an acceptable offer | an acceptable level of risk | They can't find a
solution that is acceptable to both sides.
▪ adequate enough in quantity, or of a good enough standard. Adequate sounds rather formal
and is used especially in official contexts: an adequate supply of drinking water | adequate
standards of hygiene
▪ decent especially spoken good enough in quality – used especially when something is as
good as most other things: I want my kids to get a decent education. | Where can I get a
decent cup of coffee? | The food’s decent and the service is good.
▪ passable satisfactory, but not of the best quality – used especially about food and drink,
or someone’s skill at doing something. Passable sounds rather formal: a passable French wine
| His Japanese was passable. | a passable imitation of Barack Obama
▪ be up to scratch informal to be of a good enough standard: His work wasn’t up to scratch.
| None of the hotels they suggested were up to scratch.
▪ will do informal to be good enough for a particular purpose: Any kind of paper will do. |
‘How about Ken?’ ‘I suppose he’ll do.’

SATISFACTORY
something that is satisfactory seems good enough for you, or good enough for a particular
situation or purpose OPP unsatisfactory: His progress this term has been satisfactory.
satisfactory to/for - an arrangement that is satisfactory to both sides
satisfactory explanation/answer - There seems to be no satisfactory explanation.
perfectly/entirely/wholly satisfactory - None of the solutions was entirely satisfactory.
satisfactory result/outcome/resolution

109
Thesaurus (a instala, a monta, a asambla)
▪ install to put a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so that it is ready to be
used: The company is installing a new computer system. | How much does it cost to install
central heating?
▪ put in to install something. Put in is more common in everyday English than install and is
used especially about things that are not very complicated to install: The workmen are
coming to put the new windows in today. | They removed the bath and put in a shower instead.
▪ fit to put a new part or piece of equipment into or onto something: I had to fit new locks
after the burglary. | All vehicles must have seatbelts fitted.
▪ lay to put cables or a carpet in the correct place on the ground: Work on laying the
telephone cables has not yet begun. | Two workmen were laying carpet tiles in the kitchen.

4FIT
(equipment/part) to put a piece of equipment into a place, or a new part onto a machine, so
that it is ready to be used.
fit something on/to (a monta) something I need to fit a lock on the door. Anti-theft devices
are fitted to all our cars.
be fitted with something (dotat, echipat) The windows are all fitted with security locks.

a asambla = A reuni, a fixa, a îmbina două sau mai multe piese, mecanisme etc. ale unui
sistem
a imbina = A (se) lega, a (se) uni, a (se) împreuna, a (se) asocia pentru a realiza un tot;
a (se) îngemăna

FIT TOGETHER phrasal verb

1.if something fits together or you fit it together, different pieces can be joined to make
something: Look, the tubes fit together like this.
fit something together The pictures show you how to fit it together.
2.if a story, set of facts, set of ideas etc fit together, they make sense when considered
together: Telecom and computer businesses fit together well.

FIT SOMEBODY/SOMETHING ↔ OUT phrasal verb British English

to provide a person or place with the equipment, furniture, or clothes that they need: The
office had been fitted out in style. Biroul fusese amenajat dupa ultima moda.
fit somebody/something ↔ out with The new recruits were fitted out with uniforms and
weapons.
FIT SOMEBODY/SOMETHING ↔ UP phrasal verb British English (a dota, a echipa)
1. SYN fit somebody/something ↔ out to provide a place with the furniture or equipment that
it needs
fit somebody/something ↔ up with The rooms are now fitted up with electric lights.
2. informal to make someone seem guilty of a crime when they are really not guilty: I knew
that I had been fitted up.

Oxford (put sth somewhere)

to put or fix sth somewhere: They fitted a smoke alarm to the ceiling. The rooms were all
fitted with smoke alarms.
to put or join sth in the right place: The glass fits on top of the jug to form a lid. How
do these two parts fit together? We fitted together the pieces of the puzzle.

Cambridge (put in position)

to provide something and put it in the correct position: All the carpets we sell are fitted
free. • She's been fitted with an artificial leg. • We're having a new bathroom suite fitted
at the weekend. • He was recently fitted with a brace for his bad back. • Do you know anyone
who can fit windows? • He was messing with his bike and then he couldn't fit the parts back
together. • My car is having new tyres fitted.

110
Thesaurus
▪ build to make a house, road, wall, bridge etc using bricks, stone, wood, or other
materials: A new stadium will be built for the Olympics.
▪ construct to build a building, bridge, machine etc. Construct is more formal than build:
The council plans to construct two new schools.
▪ put up something to build a wall, fence, or building, or put a statue somewhere. Put up is
less formal than build: The neighbours have put up a new wooden fence.
▪ erect formal to build a wall, fence, or building, especially a public building, or put a
statue somewhere: A monument to the Canadian soliders was erected in Green Park.
▪ throw something up British English informal to build something very quickly: Developers
have hastily thrown up family homes in the area.
▪ put together to make something from its parts, for example a piece of furniture: It took
an hour to put the bookcase together.
▪ assemble formal to put all the parts of something such as a machine or a piece of
furniture together: A line of robots assemble the cars.

Thesaurus
▪ fashionable popular at a particular time: fashionable clothes | It was fashionable to have
red hair. | His theories were fashionable in the 1980s.
▪ trendy informal modern and fashionable – often used in a slightly disapproving or joking
way: a trendy tie | a trendy restaurant | The area has become very trendy and a lot of
artists live there.
▪ stylish adjective fashionable and well-designed in an attractive way: She was wearing a
stylish two-piece suit. | The furniture looked very stylish and modern.
▪ cool adjective informal fashionable – used especially when you think someone or something
looks good: Michael looked very cool in his dark jacket and sunglasses. | a cool shirt
▪ happening [only before noun] informal adjective a happening place is fashionable and
lively: London has always been a happening place.
▪ be in fashion verb phrase to be fashionable at a particular time: The Sixties look is back
in fashion.
▪ in adjective informal fashionable at a particular time. In is not used before a noun,
except in the phrases below: Pale colours are in. | New York was the in place to be. | Yoga
has become the in thing to do.

WRETCH (1.nefericit 2.ticalos)

1. someone that you feel sorry for: He was a lonely, miserable wretch.
2. someone you are annoyed with: Stop pulling my hair, you wretch!

VILLAIN - the main bad character in a film, play, or story

RASCAL (pungas, strengar) - a child who behaves badly but whom you still like
Oxford - (humorous) a person, especially a child or man, who shows a lack of respect for
other people and enjoys playing tricks on them: Come here, you little rascal!

ROGUE
I.1. a man or boy who behaves badly, but who you like in spite of this – often used
humorously: What’s the old rogue done now, I wonder? a lovable rogue
Oxford - (humorous) a person who behaves badly, but in a harmless way
II. 1. not behaving in the usual or accepted way and often causing trouble: rogue
moneylenders; Officials are concerned about rogue regimes that may have nuclear weapons.
2. a rogue wild animal lives apart from the main group and is often dangerous

111
compasiune = mila; compatimire
a compatimi = A avea sau a manifesta părere de rău față de suferințele cuiva
simpatie = atracție, afinitate, înclinație față de o persoană, o cauză etc.; afecțiune,
dragoste

SYMPATHY
1.(compasiune, compatimire) [plural, uncountable] the feeling of being sorry for someone who
is in a bad situation
sympathy for - I have a lot of sympathy for her; she had to bring up the children on her
own. I have absolutely no sympathy for students who get caught cheating in exams. Our
sympathies are with the families of the victims.
2.[plural, uncountable] belief in or support for a plan, idea, or action, especially a
political one
in sympathy with something (a privi cu simpatie) - Willard is in sympathy with many Green
Party issues. Her sympathies lie firmly with the Conservative Party.

Oxford
1.the feeling of being sorry for sb; showing that you understand and care about sb's
problems
2.the act of showing support for or approval of an idea, a cause, an organization, etc
3.friendship and understanding between people who have similar opinions or interests
Cambridge
understanding
1.(an expression of) understanding and care for someone else's suffering
2.offer/send your sympathies formal
support
3.support and agreement
Collins
1. If you have sympathy for someone who is in a bad situation, you are sorry for them, and
show this in the way you behave towards them.
2. If you have sympathy with someone's ideas or opinions, you agree with them.
3. If you take some action in sympathy with someone else, you do it in order to show that
you support them.
Webster
1. the feeling that you care about and are sorry about someone else's trouble, grief,
misfortune, etc.: a sympathetic feeling
2. a feeling of support for something
3. a state in which different people share the same interests, opinions, goals, etc.

COMPASSION
a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is suffering, and a desire to help them
compassion for compassion for the sick
feel/show/have compassion Did he feel any compassion for the victim of his crime?
with compassion Lieberman explores this sensitive topic with compassion. I was shocked by
the doctor’s lack of compassion.

112
PATHOS
the quality that a person, situation, film, or play has that makes you feel pity and
sadness: the pathos of the woman trying to keep her lover

PATHETIC
1.something or someone that is pathetic is so useless, unsuccessful, or weak that they annoy
you: You’re pathetic! Here, let me do it. I know it sounds pathetic now, but at the time I
was frightened. Vic made a pathetic attempt to apologise.
2. making you feel pity or sympathy: The child looked a pathetic sight.
pathetically adverb: She whimpered pathetically.

Oxford
1. Syn: pitiful - making you feel pity or sadness: a pathetic and lonely old man; The
starving children were a pathetic sight.
2. Syn: feeble - (informal, disapproving) weak and not successful: a pathetic excuse; She
made a pathetic attempt to smile. I know it sounds pathetic, but I can't ride a bike.
You're pathetic!
Cambridge
sad
1. causing feelings of sadness, sympathy or sometimes lack of respect, especially because a
person or an animal is suffering
The refugees were a pathetic sight - starving, frightened and cold. After the accident he
became a pathetic figure, a shadow of his former self.
unsuccessful
2. disapproving making someone feel no respect, often because unsuccessful or showing no
ability, effort or bravery: a pathetic attempt/joke/excuse; Are you telling me you're
frightened to speak to her? Don't be so pathetic!
Collins
1. If you describe a person or animal as pathetic, you mean that they are sad and weak or
helpless, and they make you feel very sorry for them.
2. If you describe someone or something as pathetic, you mean that they make you feel
impatient or angry, often because they are weak or not very good: It's a pound for a small
glass of wine, which is pathetic.
Webster
1. causing feelings of sadness and sympathy
2. informal + disapproving : very bad, poor, weak, etc: The team was pretty bad last year,
but this year they're downright pathetic. The story he told was a pathetic attempt to cover
up a lie; a pathetic excuse; His car is a pathetic piece of junk.

113
Thesaurus
■ very sad
▪ miserable very sad, especially because you are lonely, cold, ill, or upset – used about
people and periods of time: I felt miserable and blamed myself for what had happened. | Her
life was miserable. | I had a miserable time at college.
▪ depressed very sad and without hope for a long time, because things are wrong in your life
or because of a medical condition: After his wife left him, he became depressed and refused
to talk to anyone.
▪ heartbroken extremely sad because of something that has happened to someone or something
that you care about very much: She was heartbroken when her dog died.
▪ distressed/distraught very upset because of something bad that has happened, so that you
cannot think clearly: She was very distressed when he left her. | The boy’s hospital bed was
surrounded by distraught relatives.
▪ devastated [not before noun] extremely sad and shocked, because something very bad has
happened: The whole town was devastated by the tragedy.

3. mizerabil = care se află într-o stare foarte proastă, vrednică de plâns; nenorocit,
jalnic
jalnic = (Adesea adverbial) Foarte trist, dureros. ♦ Care provoacă milă; nenorocit; vrednic
de compătimit; lamentabil, deplorabil

MISERABLE
extremely unhappy, for example because you feel lonely, cold, or badly treated:
I’ve been so miserable since Pat left me. I spent the weekend feeling miserable. Jan looks
really miserable. Why do you make yourself miserable by taking on too much work?
2. especially British English always bad-tempered, dissatisfied, or complaining: He’s a
miserable old devil.
3. [usually before noun] making you feel very unhappy, uncomfortable etc: They endured hours
of backbreaking work in miserable conditions. Mosquito bites can make life miserable.
4. miserable weather is cold and dull, with no sun shining: It was a miserable grey day.
two weeks of miserable weather
5. [only before noun] very small in amount, or very bad in quality: I can hardly afford the
rent on my miserable income. The team gave a miserable performance.

WRETCH (1.nefericit 2.ticalos)

1. someone that you feel sorry for: He was a lonely, miserable wretch.
2. someone you are annoyed with: Stop pulling my hair, you wretch!

114
Thesaurus (a se potrivi, a corespunde)
▪ match if something matches something else, they look good together because they are very
similar in colour or style: a black suit with a handbag and shoes to match | The earrings
matched her eyes.
▪ go with something to look good with something else - Go with is very common in everyday
English: Do you think that blue wallpaper will go with the carpet?
▪ go together if two things go together, they look good when they are worn or seen with each
other. Go together is very common in everyday English: That jacket and skirt don’t really go
together. | The blue and the yellow go together well.
▪ complement formal if a piece of clothing or a colour complements something, it makes it
look more attractive: A simple string of pearls will complement any outfit.
▪ well coordinated/perfectly coordinated if clothes, decorations etc are well or perfectly
coordinated, they look good together because they have similar colours and styles: Her
outfits are always perfectly coordinated.

II.4. MATCH SYN suit (a se potrivi, a corespunde, a fi pe masura)

to be suitable for a particular person, thing, or situation: Teaching materials should match
individual students’ needs. We’ll help you find a home that will match your requirements.
well-matched/ill-matched - a well-matched pair

II.1.SUIT
to be acceptable, suitable, or convenient for a particular person or in a particular
situation: Whatever your reason for borrowing, we have the loan that suits your needs.
There’s a range of restaurants to suit all tastes. There are countryside walks to suit
everyone. We have gifts to suit every pocket (=of all prices). Either steak or chicken would
suit me fine. The climate there will suit you down to the ground (=suit you very well).
suit something to something She had the ability to suit her performances to the audience.

Despre haine

II.1 SUIT
clothes, colours etc that suit you make you look attractive: That coat really suits Paul.
Red suits you. Jill’s new hairstyle doesn’t really suit her.

I.1 FIT
a) [intransitive, transitive not in progressive] if a piece of clothing fits you, it is the
right size for your body: His clothes did not fit him very well. The uniform fitted her
perfectly. The jacket’s fine, but the trousers don’t fit. I know this dress is going to fit
you like a glove (=fit you very well).
► Use fit to say that clothes are not too big or too small. Use suit to say that clothes
look attractive on someone: The dress fits, but it doesn’t suit me.
b) [transitive usually passive] to try a piece of clothing on someone to see if it is the
right size for them, or to make sure a special piece of equipment is right for them
fit somebody for something - I’m being fitted for a new suit tomorrow.

I.3 BECOME
3. [transitive not in progressive] formal SYN suit to be suitable for someone, or to look
attractive on them:
Blue really becomes her. Don’t try to be clever – it doesn’t become you. Oxford - Short
hair really becomes you.

I.3 MATCH
colours/patterns something that is the same colour or pattern as something else, or looks
attractive with it
match for - That shirt’s a perfect match for your blue skirt.

8.TAKE SOMETHING IN (a stramta) to make a piece of clothing fit you by making it narrower
OPP let out
…my first experience trying to take in the waist of pants

115
Thesaurus (demn de incredere, de nadejde)
■ people
▪ trustworthy especially written if someone is trustworthy, you can trust them because they
are honest: Many people do not see politicians as trustworthy.
▪ reliable someone who is reliable can be trusted to do what they say they will do and not
make any mistakes: a reliable employee | We need someone who is 100% reliable.
▪ responsible someone who is responsible can be trusted to behave in a sensible way: Sam’s a
good babysitter – he’s responsible and the kids like him. | a responsible adult
▪ dependable someone who is dependable can be trusted to do what you need or expect: Britain
is our most dependable ally.
▪ steady someone who is steady is sensible and you can depend on them: He’s only sixteen,
but he’s steady and reliable.
▪ loyal someone who is loyal can be trusted to always give help or support to their friends,
their country, their political party etc: She is fiercely loyal to her family. | He is one
of the party’s most loyal supporters.
▪ faithful someone who is faithful stays loyal to a person, belief, political party etc, and
continues to support them, even in difficult situations: Daniel had been a faithful friend.
| a faithful member of the Communist Party
▪ can rely/depend on somebody if you can rely or depend on someone, you can be sure that
they will do what you want or need them to do: Don’t worry about a thing – you can depend on
me. | Patients rely on doctors to help them make the right decisions about their health
care.

receptiv = Susceptibil de a recepționa, de a primi cu ușurință impresii din afară; care

primește cu interes observațiile care i se fac (și ține seama de ele)

prompt = (Despre oameni) Care acționează repede și la timp. ♦ (Despre fapte, acțiuni etc.)
Care se produce repede, fără întârziere

RESPONSIVE (1.promt, 2.receptiv)

1. reacting quickly, in a positive way: a car with highly responsive steering
responsive to We try to be responsive to the needs of the customer. Her condition is not
responsive to drug therapy.
2. Oxford Syn: receptive - eager to communicate with people, and to react to them in a
positive way: I tried to get him talking, but he wasn’t very responsive.

responsabil = (Despre o persoană) Care poartă răspunderea unui lucru, a unui fapt

3.RESPONSIBLE
sensible and able to make good judgments, so that you can be trusted OPP irresponsible
You can leave the children with Billy – he’s very responsible.
responsible adult/citizen - It’s time you started acting like a responsible adult.

5.STEADY (serios, asezat, demn de incredere) - someone who is steady is sensible and you can
depend on them: a steady worker

116
rezonabil = (Despre oameni) Care are o judecată sau o comportare rațională; cu judecată;

SENSIBLE (1.rezonabil, rational 2.practic, usor de folosit)

1. reasonable, practical, and showing good judgement: She seems very sensible. sensible
advice; It’s sensible to keep a note of your passport number. Moving house seemed like the
sensible thing to do.

► A sensible person is reasonable and shows good judgement. A sensitive person is easily
upset, or understands other people’s feelings and problems.

2. suitable for a particular purpose, and practical rather than fashionable: Eat a sensible
diet and exercise daily; an old woman in sensible shoes and a neat skirt
3. formal noticeable: a sensible increase in temperature
4. be sensible of something literary SYN aware to know or realize that something exists or
is true: He was very sensible of the difficult situation she was in.

Oxford
Sensible or wise? Sensible describes sb who makes the right decisions in practical matters;
wise often describes sb older who is respected for the knowledge they have gained by
experience

Which Word?:
sensible / sensitive
Sensible and sensitive are connected with two different meanings of sense.
Sensible refers to your ability to make good judgements: ▪ She gave me some very sensible
advice. ▪ It wasn’t very sensible to go out on your own so late at night.
Sensitive refers to how easily you react to things and how much you are aware of things or
other people: ▪ a soap for sensitive skin ▪ This movie may upset a sensitive (sensibil)
child.

SENSITIVE
1.(sensibil) able to understand other people’s feelings and problems OPP insensitive: a
sensitive and intelligent young man
sensitive to: It’s made me much more sensitive to the needs of the disabled.
2.(suparacios) easily upset or offended by events or things that people say: a very
sensitive child
sensitive about: Laura’s sensitive about her weight.
sensitive to: Throughout her career she remained very sensitive to criticism.

Oxford – sensitive
1. (approving) – (sensibil)
• He's very sensitive to other people's feelings.
sympathetic • understanding • gentle • compassionate • humane • soft
Opp: insensitive
sensitive/sympathetic/understanding/gentle/compassionate towards sb
a sensitive/sympathetic/gentle/compassionate/humane manner/man
(in) a sensitive/sympathetic/gentle/compassionate/humane way
2. (sometimes disapproving) – (suparacios)
• You're far too sensitive.
often disapproving touchy • |BrE, informal, often disapproving prickly •
sensitive/touchy/prickly about sth
Which word? Sb who is sensitive or touchy is likely to get upset or to cry. Sb who is
prickly is more likely to be aggressive than to cry.
3.(sensibil, delicat)
• Her health is a sensitive issue
delicate • awkward • problematic • emotive • |informal tricky •
a/an sensitive/delicate/awkward/problematic/tricky matter/situation
a/an sensitive/delicate/awkward/emotive/tricky question/subject
the sensitive/delicate/problematic/emotive nature of sth

117
Thesaurus
■ causing strong feelings
▪ emotional causing people to have strong feelings – used especially about experiences,
speeches, or subjects that people have strong feelings about: Returning home after a year in
hospital was an emotional experience for Katy. | He gave an emotional speech at the funeral.
| It was a very emotional moment. | Abortion rights is a highly emotional issue.
▪ emotive used about issues or language that make people have strong feelings: Fox hunting
is a very emotive issue in Britain. | ‘Indoctrination’ is rather an emotive word.
▪ moving making you feel strong feelings of sadness or sympathy: Kelly’s book about her
illness is deeply moving. | a moving film
▪ touching (emotionant, induiosator) making you feel slightly emotional – used especially
when someone does something that shows how much they care about another person: Your loyalty
is very touching. | My son phoned me to wish me good luck, which was a touching gesture.
▪ poignant making you feel strong feelings of sadness or pity, especially when you remember
something in the past: Her youthful expression is a poignant reminder(memento, aducere-
aminte) of the passing of time.
▪ sentimental (dulceag) (also schmaltzy) informal dealing with emotions such as love and
sadness in a way that seems silly: He found the film too sentimental. | a schmaltzy comedy

I.4 MUSH
[uncountable] a book, film etc that is about love and is sentimental: poetry and mush like
that

Oxford – care, caution, prudence

care • attention or thought that you give to sth that you are doing so that you will do it
well and avoid mistakes or damage: ▪ She chose her words with care.
caution • care that you take in order to avoid danger or mistakes; not taking any risks: ▪
The utmost caution must be exercised when handling explosives.
prudence • (rather formal) being sensible and careful when you make judgements and
decisions; avoiding unnecessary risks: ▪ As a matter of prudence, keep a record of all your
financial transactions.
Prudence is used particularly in financial contexts.

Thesaurus
▪ faithful continuing to support a person, party, belief etc for a long time: his long and
faithful service to the party | his faithful servant | He remained faithful to his
fatherland right to the end. | She was one of the party’s most faithful and hardworking
members.
▪ loyal supporting a particular person, party, set of beliefs, etc – used especially about
someone you can can trust and depend on to support you: a loyal friend | loyal party members
| The women have remained loyal to the goals of the Communist Party. | I am not blindly
loyal. If I see something that I think is a mistake which could be handled better, I will
say so.
▪ devoted strongly supporting someone or something because you admire them, love them, or
enjoy what they do: the author’s devoted fans | her devoted husband
▪ staunch [only before noun] a staunch supporter, defender, or ↑ally is very loyal, in spite
of problems or difficulties: He is a staunch supporter of the president. | a staunch
defender of civil liberties | the US’s staunchest ally
▪ steadfast [usually before noun] a steadfast friend or supporter is very loyal. Also used
about someone’s support or service: Lewis was a generous and steadfast friend. | the
steadfast support of America's allies | The Queen has set a shining example of steadfast
service to her country.
▪ true faithful and loyal to someone, or to your beliefs, principles etc, even if there are
problems: In times like these you find out who your true friends are. | He remained true to
his socialist priniciples. | She promised that she would always be true to him.

118
Thesaurus
▪ completely to the greatest degree or in every way: That’s a completely different subject.
| Bad weather had completely destroyed the crops.
▪ totally/absolutely especially spoken completely: I’m totally exhausted. | He’s absolutely
right.
▪ entirely completely – used especially in negative sentences or after ‘almost’: I’m not
entirely sure. | The community is almost entirely dependent on farming.
▪ utterly completely – used especially to emphasize strongly disapproving words: It was
utterly impossible to work in the house. | The whole thing is utterly absurd.
▪ fully completely – used especially to show that you completely understand something or
that you have all the information you need: He was fully aware of what was happening. | The
disease is still not fully understood.

Thesaurus
▪ calculate formal to find out an amount, price, or value by adding numbers together: The
students calculated the cost of printing 5000 copies of their book.
▪ work out to calculate something. Work out is less formal than calculate, and is more
common in everyday English: You need to work out how much you will need to borrow.
▪ figure out (also figure American English) informal to calculate an amount: We still
haven't figured out how much it's all going to cost. | the method for figuring welfare
payments
▪ count to find out the total number of things or people in a group by looking at each one
and adding them all together: The teacher counted the children as they got on the bus.
▪ total (also total up) to add a number of things together to get a final number: Once the
scores have been totaled, we will announce the winner. | Okay, now let's total up who had
the most points.
▪ quantify formal to say how much something costs, how much of it there is, how serious or
effective it is etc: I think it's difficult to quantify the cost at the moment, for a
variety of reasons. | How do you quantify the benefits of the treatment? | a reliable method
for quantifying the amount of calcium in the blood
▪ assess formal to calculate what the value or cost of something is, or decide how good, bad
etc something is: The value of the paintings was assessed at $20 million. | They are still
assessing the damage. | We need to have a better way of assessing students' progress.
▪ estimate to guess an amount, price, or number as exactly as you can, based on the
knowledge you have: The police department estimates that the number of violent crimes will
decrease by 2%.
▪ put a figure on something to say what you think the exact total amount or value of
something is, especially when it is a lot: It's hard to put a figure on it, but the final
cost is likely to be over £225 million. | The company has refused to put a figure on its
losses.
▪ project to calculate what an amount will be in the future, using the information you have
now: The company projects sales of $4 million this year.

Total is used especially in journalism. In everyday English, people usually say that
something makes or adds up to a particular total:
▪ Three and six make nine.

119
Thesaurus
▪ continual continuing for a long time without stopping, or happening many times in a way
that is annoying or causes problems: There has been a continual improvement in standards. |
There were continual interruptions all day. | The couple were having continual arguments and
they decided that the best thing to do was to split up.
▪ continuous continuing without stopping: a continuous process of change | I've had six
continuous hours of meetings. | The machines have remained in continuous service over the
last six years without any problem; a continuous flow of information
▪ constant used when saying that something does not stop or always stays the same, or that
something keeps happening. Constant is often used about things that are worrying,
frightening, or difficult: There is a constant stream of water coming out of the ground. |
The plane was traveling at a constant speed of 650 kilometres an hour. | The refugees live
in constant fear of attack. | There is always the constant threat of war. | His illness
makes life a constant struggle for him and his parents. | The photographs are a constant
reminder (=something that makes you keep remembering something) of what happened in Bosnia.
▪ uninterrupted [only before noun] continuing for a long time without anything stopping it -
used especially when it is important for something to continue: Women with small babies
seldom get more than two or three hours of uninterrupted sleep. | The nation has enjoyed
nine years of uninterrupted economic growth. | The system helps to maintain an uninterrupted
flow of traffic. | an uninterrupted view of the mountains
▪ non-stop adjective, adverb continuing for a long time without stopping – used especially
about rain, journeys, work, or entertainment: two days of nonstop rain | a nonstop flight to
Tokyo | The concert will be seven hours of non-stop entertainment. | They worked non-stop.
▪ on-going if work or a situation is on-going, it will continue into the future, though
there will be pauses in it: The police said the investigation is on-going. | ongoing
negotiations
▪ solid [only before noun] used when emphasizing that you do something all through a period
of time, with no breaks at all: After eight solid hours of driving, I was exhausted. | It
took two solid weeks of work to fix the tunnel.

https://www.vocabulary.com/articles/chooseyourwords/continual-continuous/
The words continual and continuous are like twins: they both come from continue, but they
get mad if you get them confused. Continual means start and stop, while continuous means
never-ending. Continual things come and go, like arguments or rain. If your parents'
continual arguing drives you crazy, just be glad they stop sometimes! With continual rain,
you'll get some sunny breaks, as Ireland's forecasters like to say. Continuous, on the other
hand, is nonstop. Continual is chronic, like a cough that comes and goes, or a teenager's
sporadic fights with The Man. Continuous is like a circle, or a nightmare carousel that
never ever stops. Neither one is the evil twin; they're both moody.

The adjective continual describes something that's recurring, that happens again and again.
If your pet wolf keeps up his continual howling all night, your neighbors will let you know
about it.
The adjective continuous describes something that occurs over space or time without
interruption. Some computer fans make a continuous noise — a constant buzz — that can drive
you to distraction.

120
Oxford Thesaurus:
constant adj.
1. usually before noun
• Her constant chatter was starting to annoy him.
continuous • continual • persistent • perpetual • frequent • habitual •
constant/continuous/continual/persistent/frequent/habitual use
a constant/continuous/continual/persistent/frequent/perpetual problem
constant/continuous/continual/persistent/frequent attacks
a constant/continuous/continual/perpetual/frequent source of sth
2.
• Store the samples at a constant temperature.
steady • even • consistent • regular • |usually approving stable • |written unchanging •
|sometimes disapproving, especially business static •
Opp: variable
a constant/steady/even/stable temperature
a constant/steady/consistent trend/rate
a constant/steady speed/stream/trickle
remain constant/steady/even/consistent/stable/unchanging/static

Oxford Thesaurus:
continuous [continuous continuously] adj.
1.
• It was a week of almost continuous sunshine.
continual • unbroken • uninterrupted • endless • perpetual • never-ending • persistent •
round-the-clock • non-stop • |disapproving relentless • incessant •
Opp: intermittent
a/an continuous/uninterrupted/endless/never-ending/relentless/incessant flow of sth
a/an continuous/unbroken/uninterrupted/endless/never-ending succession/series
(a/an) continuous/continual/relentless/endless/never-ending struggle
Continuous or continual? Continuous is more frequent and has a wider range of uses than
continual. Continual is used especially to describe states of mind or body; collocates
include state, fear, pain and delight.
2.
• The soldiers suffered continuous attacks.
continual • constant • persistent • frequent • regular • habitual • |especially written
perpetual •
continuous/continual/constant/persistent/frequent/regular/habitual use/attacks
a continuous/continual/constant/persistent/frequent/perpetual problem
a continuous/continual/constant/frequent/perpetual source of sth
Which word? Persistent is often used to talk about medical problems or problems in society;
perpetual is used to talk about annoying personal habits. Continuous and continual are used
more in spoken English and less formal contexts.

Oxford Synonyms:
continuous / continual
These adjectives are frequently used with the following nouns:

continuous – process, employment, flow, line, speech, supply

continual – change, problems, updating, questions, pain, fear

Continuous describes something that continues without stopping.

Continual usually describes an action that is repeated again and again.
The difference between these two words is now disappearing. In particular, continual can
also mean the same as continuous and is used especially about undesirable things: ▪ Life was
a continual struggle for them. However, continuous is much more frequent in this sense.

121
Thesaurus
▪ fragile easily broken or damaged: The documents are old and very fragile. | a fragile
glass case | The seventeenth century wall hangings are extemely fragile.
▪ delicate easily damaged – used especially about things that are made from thin material
and look attractive: a delicate gold necklace | The plant has delicate blue flowers. |
delicate fabrics
▪ brittle brittle hair, nails, bones etc have a hard surface, but they break easily,
especially because they are not in good condition: As you get older, your bones become more
brittle. | a special shampoo for dry and brittle hair
▪ breakable breakable objects must be handled carefully because they will break easily: Put
breakable objects out of the reach of children. | breakable ornaments
▪ flimsy made of thin material that tears easily, or badly-made and likely to break easily:
a flimsy cotton shirt | a flimsy wooden table
▪ frail especially literary not strong and therefore easy to break, damage, or hurt: The
young trees are frail and need to be protected from the wind. | a frail little fishing boat
| a frail old lady

Oxford Thesaurus
fragile
• It's fragile, so don't drop it.
delicate • brittle •
Opp: robust
fragile/delicate/brittle bones/glass
fragile/delicate china
(a) fragile/delicate thread
the fragile/delicate ecology

Fragile or delicate? Delicate fabrics, like silk, need special care

• Use a cool wash for delicate fabrics.
Fragile fabrics need even more care, usually because they are very old.

in bad condition
Thesaurus
shabby – tattered – dilapidated – run-down – derelict – battered – rickety – be falling
apart

flimsy not well-made from strong materials and so easily damaged – used about furniture,
houses

122
Thesaurus
▪ completely to the greatest degree or in every way: That’s a completely different subject.
| Bad weather had completely destroyed the crops.
▪ totally/absolutely especially spoken completely: I’m totally exhausted. | He’s absolutely
right.
▪ entirely completely – used especially in negative sentences or after ‘almost’: I’m not
entirely sure. | The community is almost entirely dependent on farming.
▪ utterly completely – used especially to emphasize strongly disapproving words: It was
utterly impossible to work in the house. | The whole thing is utterly absurd.
▪ fully completely – used especially to show that you completely understand something or
that you have all the information you need: He was fully aware of what was happening. | The
disease is still not fully understood.

Oxford Thesaurus
totally • completely • fully • utterly • |especially BrE quite • |especially spoken
absolutely • perfectly
Opp: partly
entirely/totally/completely/quite/absolutely/perfectly normal
entirely/totally/completely/utterly/quite different
entirely/totally/completely/quite forget
Which word? The main differences between these words are in register not meaning.
Completely, entirely and fully are used more in written and formal English. Totally, quite,
absolutely and perfectly are used more in spoken and informal English. Utterly is often used
to express failure or impossibility: She utterly failed to convince them.

whole • total • full • complete

Opp: partial
a/an entire/whole/full/complete day/set
the entire/whole/total population
your entire/your whole/a full life
Entire or whole? Entire emphasizes sth more strongly than whole and is used especially to
emphasize how bad sth is: I wasted an entire/a whole day on it. We spent the whole day on
the beach.

a reflecta = A gândi profund; a cugeta, a medita la

PENSIVE (ganditor, meditativ, melancolic, trist)

- thinking a lot about something, especially because you are worried or sad: Jan looked
pensive; a pensive mood; to look pensive
Webster: a pensive mood/expression/sigh; She stared pensively out the window.

MUSE (a medita, a cugeta, a reflecta)

1. to say something in a way that shows you are thinking about it carefully: ‘Somewhere,’ he
mused, ‘I’ve heard your name before.’
Webster: to think or say (something) in a thoughtful way - • I could sell the house, she
mused, but then where would I go?
2. SYN ponder to think about something for a long time
muse on/over/about/upon - He mused on how different his life would have been, had he not met
Louisa.
musing: her gloomy musings

123
Thesaurus
■ to think about something
▪ think to use your mind to decide about something, form an opinion, imagine something etc:
I’ve been thinking about what you said – maybe you’re right. | I need some time to think.
▪ consider to think about something carefully before deciding what to do: Have you
considered working for a year before going to college?
▪ weigh (also weigh up British English) to carefully think about a plan or choice by
comparing all the advantages and disadvantages involved: You need to weigh up the pros and
cons (=the advantages and disadvantages), and decide which investment is the best one for
you. | The committee are still weighing the alternatives.
▪ give something some/a lot of thought to think carefully about something, before you make a
final decision about it: Why don’t you give it some thought and then get back to me? | He
had obviously given the matter a lot of thought.
▪ mull something over to think about a problem, plan etc before making a decision: Can you
give me a bit of time to mull it over?
▪ ponder to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about something, especially a
problem or something complicated: She is still pondering what to do. | Officials are
pondering ways to remove the oil from the beaches.
▪ contemplate to think about something you might do in the future: Did you ever contemplate
resigning?
▪ reflect formal to think carefully about something, especially something that happened in
the past: It was a good time to reflect upon the changes that had happened in my life.

Thesaurus
■ to have a particular opinion
▪ think: I think you’re right. | She didn’t think that the film was very good.
▪ believe to have an opinion that you are sure is right, especially about an important
subject such as politics or religion: The protestors believe that it is wrong to experiment
on animals. | Do you really believe that the only solution to violence is more violence?
▪ feel to have a particular opinion, especially one that is based on your feelings, not on
facts: She feels that there is no alternative. | I just felt that it was the right thing to
do.
▪ take the view that formal to have a particular opinion: The court took the view that the
company had acted unreasonably. | The college takes the view that smoking in the workplace
is a fire risk.
■ to think about something
▪ think to use your mind to decide about something, form an opinion, imagine something etc:
I’ve been thinking about what you said – maybe you’re right. | I need some time to think.
▪ consider to think about something carefully before deciding what to do: Have you
considered working for a year before going to college?
▪ weigh (also weigh up British English) to carefully think about a plan or choice by
comparing all the advantages and disadvantages involved: You need to weigh up the pros and
cons (=the advantages and disadvantages), and decide which investment is the best one for
you. | The committee are still weighing the alternatives.
▪ give something some/a lot of thought to think carefully about something, before you make a
final decision about it: Why don’t you give it some thought and then get back to me? | He
had obviously given the matter a lot of thought.
▪ mull something over (a medita) to think about a problem, plan etc before making a
decision: Can you give me a bit of time to mull it over?
▪ ponder to spend time thinking carefully and seriously about something, especially a
problem or something complicated: She is still pondering what to do. | Officials are
pondering ways to remove the oil from the beaches.
▪ contemplate to think about something you might do in the future: Did you ever contemplate
resigning?
▪ reflect formal to think carefully about something, especially something that happened in
the past: It was a good time to reflect upon the changes that had happened in my life.
■ to keep thinking about something
▪ brood to keep thinking for a long time about something that worries you or that makes you
angry or upset: There’s no point brooding over things you can’t change.
▪ dwell on something to spend too much time thinking about something sad or unpleasant: I
try to enjoy my life today and not dwell on the past.

124
Thesaurus
■ succeed in doing something
▪ succeed to do something you tried or wanted to do: Will they succeed in winning the
election? | He wanted to make her jealous, and he succeeded.
▪ manage to succeed in doing something difficult, after trying hard. Manage to do something
is very commonly used instead of succeed in doing something IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH: He finally
managed to find an apartment near his office. | Don’t worry – I’m sure we’ll manage somehow.
▪ achieve to succeed in doing something good or important: She’s achieved a lot in the short
time she’s been with the company. | If we are to achieve our goals, we have to plan
properly.
▪ accomplish formal to achieve something: The government accomplished its objective of
reducing violent crime. | What do you hope to accomplish this year?
▪ make it to be successful in your career, or to succeed in reaching a place or part of a
competition: Only a few people make it to the top and become professional singers. | We
finally made it to Chicago. | Which two teams will make it to the final?
▪ pull off phrasal verb to succeed in doing something, especially when you could easily have
not succeeded. Pull off sounds rather informal: Italy pulled off a great victory over
Germany. | I’d never performed on my own before, and wasn’t sure if I could pull it off.

SUCCEED (a reusi, a avea success, 4.a urma dupa)

1. to do what you tried or wanted to do: She wanted to be the first woman to climb Mount
Everest, and she almost succeeded.
succeed in doing something
Scientists claim they have succeeded in finding a cure for cancer.Very few people succeed in
losing weight and keeping it off.
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people often say they manage to do something rather than succeed in
doing something: ▪ Eventually I managed to get the lid back on the box.
2. to have the result or effect something was intended to have: The drug therapy has not
succeeded.
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people often say that a method or treatment works rather than succeeds:
We tried rebooting the computer, but that didn’t work.
3. to do well in your job, especially because you have worked hard at it for a long time
succeed as - I’m not sure he has the determination to succeed as an actor.
succeed in - a woman who succeeded in politics
4. Oxford Syn:follow - to be the next person to take a position or job after someone else
succeed somebody as something Reeves will succeed Segal as Speaker of the House.
5. to come after or replace something else, especially another product: This car is intended
to succeed the popular Fiesta.

4.COME OFF phrasal verb

informal to be successful: It was a good idea, but it didn’t quite come off. The performance
on the first night came off pretty well.

ACHIEVE (1.a duce la bun sfarsit 2.a avea success)

1. to successfully complete something or get a good result, especially by working hard:
Frances achieved very good exam results. Wilson has achieved considerable success as an
artist. She eventually achieved her goal of becoming a professor.
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say someone gets a result rather than achieves it:
He got good grades in his final exams.
2.(a avea success) to be successful in a particular kind of job or activity: We want all our
students to achieve within their chosen profession.

ACCOMPLISH SYN achieve

to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard
We have accomplished all we set out to do. Mission accomplished (=we have done what we
intended to do).
Oxford: to succeed in doing or completing sth

ATTAIN formal (a reusi sa ajunga, a atinge (dupa eforturi))

1. to succeed in achieving something after trying for a long time: More women are attaining
positions of power.
2. to reach a particular level, age, size: Share prices attained a high of $3.27. After a
year she had attained her ideal weight.
125
CARRY OUT phrasal verb (1.a efectua, a realiza 2. a duce la indeplinire)
1.(a efectua, a realiza) to do something that needs to be organized and planned: We need to
carry out more research. A survey is now being carried out nationwide. Turn off the water
supply before carrying out repairs.
In written English, people often use conduct when writing about research, experiments etc,
because this sounds more formal than carry out: ▪ They conducted experiments to test this
theory.
2.(a duce la indeplinire) to do something that you have said you will do or that someone has
asked you to do: Nicholson didn’t carry out his threat to take legal action. We carried out
her instructions precisely. Will the government carry out its promise to reform the law?

1.REALIZE (a-si da seama, a intelege, a realiza)

to know and understand something, or suddenly begin to understand it
realize (that) I suddenly realized that the boy was crying. Do you realize you’re an hour
late?
realize who/what/how I’m sorry, I didn’t realize who you were. It took us a while to realize
the extent of the tragedy. It was only later that I realized my mistake.

Thesaurus
▪ realize to begin to understand, notice, or know something that you did not understand etc
before: I hadn’t realized that Ben was his brother. | She suddenly realized who the man in
the photograph was.
▪ become aware to gradually realize that something is happening or is true, over a period of
time: He slowly became aware that he was not alone | People are becoming more aware of the
harmful effects of cars on the environment.
▪ dawn on somebody if something dawns on you, you realize it for the first time – often used
in the phrase it dawned on somebody: It dawned on me that he could be lying. | It only
dawned on her that she was in danger when she saw rescue workers running away from the
building. | He thought about the dream for a long time before its meaning began to dawn on
him.
▪ sink in if something sinks in, you begin to realize its full meaning or importance,
especially gradually: It took a few minutes for the doctor’s words to sink in. | The reality
of what I had done slowly began to sink in.
▪ hit if a fact hits you, you suddenly understand it and how important it is: It hit me one
day that he didn’t care. He’d talk when I phoned him, but he’d never call me.
▪ strike if an idea or thought strikes you, you suddenly think of it: It suddenly struck her
what a risk she was taking. | A thought has just struck me - there must be other people with
the same problem.

Thesaurus
▪ plan a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions
that has been considered carefully and in detail: Leaders outlined a plan to end the
fighting.
▪ plot/conspiracy a secret plan to do something bad or illegal, made by a group of people:
There was a plot to assassinate the President. | a terrorist conspiracy
▪ scheme British English an official plan that is intended to help people: The government
has introduced a new scheme to help young people find work.
▪ strategy a carefully designed plan which is intended to achieve a particular purpose over
a long period of time: the company’s business strategy | The government’s economic strategy
has been criticized by many experts. | We need to develop effective strategies for combating
the sale of counterfeit goods.
▪ initiative a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular
aim: a peace initiative | a major new initiative to tackle street crime
▪ policy a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc agree on, that
states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem: the government’s
immigration policy | It’s company policy to allow people to work from home.
▪ programme British English, program American English a series of activities that a
government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will
continue for a long time: a five-year programme which will create 2000 new jobs | federal
programs for low-income housing

126
Thesaurus
▪ plan a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions
that has been considered carefully and in detail: Leaders outlined a plan to end the
fighting.
▪ plot/conspiracy a secret plan to do something bad or illegal, made by a group of people:
There was a plot to assassinate the President. | a terrorist conspiracy
▪ scheme British English an official plan that is intended to help people: The government
has introduced a new scheme to help young people find work.
▪ strategy a carefully designed plan which is intended to achieve a particular purpose over
a long period of time: the company’s business strategy | The government’s economic strategy
has been criticized by many experts. | We need to develop effective strategies for combating
the sale of counterfeit goods.
▪ initiative a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular
aim: a peace initiative | a major new initiative to tackle street crime
▪ policy a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc agree on, that
states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem: the government’s
immigration policy | It’s company policy to allow people to work from home.
▪ programme British English, program American English a series of activities that a
government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will
continue for a long time: a five-year programme which will create 2000 new jobs | federal
programs for low-income housing

Oxford Thesaurus - scheme

1.(especially BrE)
• Over 10 000 people joined the training scheme.
initiative • plan • strategy • policy • |BrE programme • |AmE program •
a/an scheme/initiative/plan/strategy/policy/programme for sth
a/an scheme/initiative/plan/strategy/policy/programme to do sth
have/propose/adopt a scheme/plan/strategy/policy
launch a/an scheme/initiative/plan/programme

2.
• Police uncovered a scheme to steal two Picasso paintings.
conspiracy •lot • |especially AmE sting • |especially written intrigue
a scheme/conspiracy to do sth
be involved in a scheme/conspiracy/plot/sting/intrigue
uncover a scheme/conspiracy/plot

Oxford Thesaurus – conspiracy

• a conspiracy to overthrow the government
plot • scheme • |especially AmE sting • |especially written intrigue • |formal collusion •
a conspiracy/plot/intrigue against sb
(an) alleged conspiracy/plot/scheme/intrigue/collusion
be involved in (a) conspiracy/plot/scheme/sting/intrigue/collusion

127
Oxford Synonyms - drive
battle • struggle • drive • war • fight
These are all words for an effort made to achieve or prevent sth.
campaign • a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social,
commercial or political aim: ▪ the campaign for parliamentary reform ◊ ▪ an advertising
campaign
battle • a competition or argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or
control: ▪ She finally won the legal battle for compensation. ◊ ▪ the endless battle between
man and nature
struggle • a competition or argument between people or groups of people trying to win power
or control: ▪ the struggle for independence ◊ ▪ the struggle between good and evil

battle or struggle?
A struggle is always about things that seem absolutely necessary, such as life and death or
freedom. A battle can also be about things that are not absolutely necessary, just
desirable, or about the pleasure of winning: ▪ the battle/struggle between good and evil ◊ a
legal struggle for compensation ◊ a struggle of wills/wits.
drive • an organized effort by a group of people to achieve sth: ▪ the drive for greater
efficiency ◊ ▪ a drive to reduce energy consumption

campaign or drive?
A campaign is usually aimed at getting other people to do sth; a drive may be an attempt by
people to get themselves to do sth: ▪ From today, we're going on an ▪ economy drive ▪ ▪ (=
we must spend less) ▪. A campaign may be larger, more formal and more organized than a
drive.
war • [sing.] an effort over a long period of time to get rid of or stop sth bad: ▪ the war
against crime
fight • [sing.] the work of trying to stop or prevent sth bad or achieve sth good; an act of
competing, especially in a sport: ▪ Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies.

war or fight?
A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone agrees are bad. A fight
can be about achieving justice for yourself.
a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight against sth
a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight for sth
a one-man/one-woman/personal campaign/battle/struggle/war
a bitter campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight
to launch/embark on a campaign/battle/drive
to lead/continue the campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight
to win/lose a battle/struggle/war/fight

128
Thesaurus
■ when people hit or attack each other
▪ fight a situation in which people hit or attack each other because of an argument, or as a
sport: He had a fight with an older boy. | the famous fight between Muhammad Ali and George
Foreman
▪ battle a fight between opposing armies or groups of people: The English king was killed at
the Battle of Hastings. | a battle between two rival gangs
▪ scuffle a short fight that is not very violent: There was a short scuffle with the police,
but no arrests were made.
▪ punch-up British English informal a fight in which people hit each other because of an
argument: The game turned into a punch-up.
▪ brawl a noisy fight between a group of people: He was hurt in a drunken brawl.
▪ altercation formal a short noisy argument or fight, especially one that is not serious:
There was a brief altercation and someone called the police.
▪ riot a fight involving a large number of people, especially people who are protesting
about something: The book provoked riots all over Europe.

■ when people try to achieve something

▪ fight the process in which people try to stop something bad from happening or to improve a
situation: Schools have an important part to play in the fight against drugs. | women’s
fight for equality
▪ battle a fight to change a situation or deal with a problem in society: The battle against
racial discrimination is not over.
▪ campaign a planned series of actions intended to achieve something: Motoring organizations
started a campaign for safer roads.
▪ struggle a long, hard fight for freedom, independence, equal rights etc: Nkrumah led the
people in their struggle for independence.
▪ crusade someone’s fight against something they think is morally wrong: She intends to
continue her crusade against sex and violence on TV.

129
Oxford Thesaurus – fight verb
• The soldiers were trained to fight in the jungle.
wage • skirmish • |formal engage • take up arms
fight/skirmish/engage with sb/sth
fight/take up arms against sb/sth
fight/wage (a) war/battle/campaign

2. I, T
• She fought her attacker bravely.
wrestle • struggle • brawl • grapple • box • scuffle • |especially journalism clash •
fight/wrestle/struggle/brawl/grapple/scuffle/clash with sb
fight/struggle/box against sb
fight/struggle fiercely/furiously

3. I, T
• There are ten parties fighting the election.
compete • struggle • contest • |formal vie • |especially journalism battle
fight/compete/struggle/vie/battle for sth
fight/compete/struggle/vie for power
fight/compete/struggle/battle hard

4. T, I
• Workers are fighting the decision to close the factory.
combat • oppose • resist • defy • rebel
fight/rebel against sb/sth
fight/oppose/resist a plan/proposal
fight/combat crime/disease/pollution/inflation

5. I, T
• Campaigners fought to save the school from closure.
campaign • work • lobby • agitate •
fight/campaign/work/lobby/agitate for/to do sth
fight/campaign/lobby on behalf of sb
a group fights/campaigns/works/lobbies
Fight or campaign? Campaigning is often to persuade people that a political or social change
is needed, or a practice needs to be stopped. Fight is often used to talk about achieving
justice for yourself, for example gaining the right to do sth.

6. I (AmE)
• It's not worth fighting about.
argue • quarrel • fall out • squabble • bicker • |BrE, informal row • |especially journalism
clash •
fight/argue/quarrel/fall out/squabble/bicker/row/clash with sb
fight/argue/quarrel/fall out/squabble/bicker/row/clash over sth
fight/argue/quarrel/fall out/squabble/bicker/row about sth

130
Oxford Thesaurus – fight noun
• He got into a fight in a bar.
brawl • struggle • scuffle • tussle • |journalism clash •
a fight/brawl/struggle/scuffle/tussle/clash with sb
a fight/brawl/struggle/scuffle/tussle/clash between people
a fight/brawl/struggle/scuffle/tussle/clash over sth
be in/get into/be involved in a fight/brawl/scuffle/tussle/clash

2. sing.
• the fight against crime
war • crusade • battle • struggle • campaign
a fight/crusade/battle/struggle/campaign for sth
a fight/war/crusade/battle/struggle/campaign against sth
a fight/war/battle/struggle between people
lead/continue the fight/war/crusade/battle/struggle/campaign

Fight, war or crusade? A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone
agrees are bad. A fight can be about achieving justice for yourself. A crusade is often
about persuading people to share your beliefs about what is right and wrong.

3. C (especially AmE)
• We had a fight over money.
argument • quarrel • squabble • shouting match • disagreement • dispute • |BrE, informal row
• |informal tiff
a/an fight/argument/quarrel/squabble/shouting match/disagreement/row/tiff with sb
a/an fight/argument/quarrel/squabble/shouting match/disagreement/dispute/row/tiff between A
and B
(a/an) fight/argument/quarrel/squabble/disagreement/dispute/row about/over sb/sth
a/an fight/argument/quarrel/row/dispute breaks out

Fight, argument, quarrel or row? A quarrel, row or fight is usually only between people who
know each other:
• We had an argument with the waiter about the bill.
¤ We had a quarrel/row/fight with the waiter about the bill. A quarrel is less violent than
a row or fight, but it can continue for a period of time; an argument can be violent or it
can be a serious discussion.

131
Oxford Synonyms – fight
campaign
battle • struggle • drive • war • fight
These are all words for an effort made to achieve or prevent sth.
campaign • a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a particular social,
commercial or political aim: ▪ the campaign for parliamentary reform ◊ ▪ an advertising
campaign
battle • a competition or argument between people or groups of people trying to win power or
control: ▪ She finally won the legal battle for compensation. ◊ ▪ the endless battle between
man and nature
struggle • a competition or argument between people or groups of people trying to win power
or control: ▪ the struggle for independence ◊ ▪ the struggle between good and evil

battle or struggle?
A struggle is always about things that seem absolutely necessary, such as life and death or
freedom. A battle can also be about things that are not absolutely necessary, just
desirable, or about the pleasure of winning: ▪ the battle/struggle between good and evil ◊ a
legal struggle for compensation ◊ a struggle of wills/wits.
drive • an organized effort by a group of people to achieve sth: ▪ the drive for greater
efficiency ◊ ▪ a drive to reduce energy consumption

campaign or drive?
A campaign is usually aimed at getting other people to do sth; a drive may be an attempt by
people to get themselves to do sth: ▪ From today, we're going on an ▪ economy drive ▪ ▪ (=
we must spend less) ▪. A campaign may be larger, more formal and more organized than a
drive.
war • [sing.] an effort over a long period of time to get rid of or stop sth bad: ▪ the war
against crime
fight • [sing.] the work of trying to stop or prevent sth bad or achieve sth good; an act of
competing, especially in a sport: ▪ Workers won their fight to stop compulsory redundancies.

war or fight?
A war is about stopping things, like drugs and crime, that everyone agrees are bad. A fight
can be about achieving justice for yourself.
a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight against sth
a campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight for sth
a one-man/one-woman/personal campaign/battle/struggle/war
a bitter campaign/battle/struggle/drive/war/fight
to launch/embark on a campaign/battle/drive
to lead/continue the campaign/battle/struggle/drive/fight
to win/lose a battle/struggle/war/fight

Oxford Synonyms – fight

fight
clash • brawl • struggle • scuffle
These are all words for a situation in which people try to defeat each other using physical
force.
fight • a situation in which two or more people try to defeat each other using physical
force: ▪ He got into a fight with a man in the bar.
clash • (journalism) a short fight between two groups of people: ▪ Clashes broke out between
police and demonstrators.
brawl • a noisy and violent fight involving a group of people, usually in a public place: ▪
a drunken brawl in a bar
struggle • a fight between two people or groups of people, especially when one of them is
trying to escape, or to get sth from the other: ▪ There were no signs of a struggle at the
murder scene.
scuffle • a short and not very violent fight or struggle: ▪ He was involved in a scuffle
with a photographer.
a fight/clash/brawl/struggle/scuffle over sth
in a fight/brawl/struggle/scuffle
a violent fight/clash/struggle
to be in/get into/be involved in a fight/clash/brawl/scuffle
a fight/clash/brawl/scuffle breaks out

132
Thesaurus (event, situations)
freak extremely unusual and unexpected - used about an accident, storm

REVOLT/rebellion/uprising an attempt by a large group of people at revolution: a popular

uprising (=involving ordinary people, not the army)

ARGUMENT (cearta, disputa)

situation in which two or more people disagree, often angrily
QUARREL especially British English an argument, especially one in which people get angry and
that lasts a long time. Quarrel sounds more formal and more serious than argument or row
WRANGLE
a long and complicated argument SYN battle a bitter wrangle over copyright

Thesaurus
feud a very bitter argument between two groups, especially families, which lasts for many
years and causes people to hate each other
row British English, fight especially American English a loud angry argument with someone,
especially your boyfriend, girlfriend, or someone in your family. Row is also used about a
serious disagreement between politicians about important public issues
squabble an argument about something that is not important
bicker syn squabble
to argue about things that are not important

TUSSLE
I.1. SYN struggle a fight using a lot of energy, in which two people get hold of each other
and struggle
II.1 to fight or struggle without using any weapons, by pulling or pushing someone rather
than hitting them
II.2. SYN wrestle to try to beat someone in order to get something

WRESTLE
to fight someone by holding them and pulling or pushing them

FRAY
I.1. if cloth or other material frays, or if something frays it, the threads become loose
because the material is old
II. the fray - an argument or fight

SKIRMISH
a fight between small groups of soldiers, ships etc, especially one that happens away from
the main part of a battle – used in news reports

BLUSTER
to speak in a loud angry way that is not really very impressive
Oxford to talk in an aggressive or threatening way, but with little effect

BOISTEROUS
someone, especially a child, who is boisterous makes a lot of noise and has a lot of energy

CLAMOUR
a very loud noise made by a large group of people or animals (~ of angry voices, of birds)

133
Thesaurus
roar a loud noise that continues for a long time – used about the noise from an engine, the
traffic, a crowd, the sea, or the wind
uproar (zarva, vacarm) - a lot of noise or angry protest about something

ROW
II.3 SYN racket a loud unpleasant noise that continues for a long time
Stop that row – I’m trying to get to sleep

TURMOIL
a state of confusion, excitement, or anxiety
Cambridge - a state of confusion, uncertainty or disorder

Thesaurus
■ when people hit or attack each other
▪ fight a situation in which people hit or attack each other because of an argument, or as a
sport: He had a fight with an older boy. | the famous fight between Muhammad Ali and George
Foreman
▪ battle a fight between opposing armies or groups of people: The English king was killed at
the Battle of Hastings. | a battle between two rival gangs
▪ scuffle a short fight that is not very violent: There was a short scuffle with the police,
but no arrests were made.
▪ punch-up British English informal a fight in which people hit each other because of an
argument: The game turned into a punch-up.
▪ brawl a noisy fight between a group of people: He was hurt in a drunken brawl.
▪ altercation formal a short noisy argument or fight, especially one that is not serious:
There was a brief altercation and someone called the police.
▪ riot a fight involving a large number of people, especially people who are protesting
about something: The book provoked riots all over Europe.

BRAWL (incaierare, cearta)

I. a noisy quarrel or fight among a group of people, especially in a public place
II. to quarrel or fight in a noisy way, especially in a public place

SCUFFLE syn tussle a short fight that is not very violent (~ with the police)

RIOT (tulburari, dezordine)

a situation in which a large crowd of people are behaving in a violent and uncontrolled way,
especially when they are protesting about something

134
NELINISTIT

3.UNEASY (nelinistit) not comfortable, peaceful, or relaxed: She eventually fell into an
uneasy sleep
Oxford - They passed an uneasy night waiting for news from the hospital.
Webster - awkward and uncomfortable : not relaxed - an uneasy silence; She's uneasy among
strangers. We spent an uneasy night waiting for news.

NESIGUR

UNSAFE (1.dangerous or likely to cause harm 2.likely to be harmed)

1.The building is unsafe; water that’s unsafe to drink
2.Many people feel unsafe walking alone at night.

2.UNEASY used to describe a period of time when people have agreed to stop fighting or
arguing, but which is not really calm
uneasy peace/truce/alliance/compromise The treaty restored an uneasy peace to the country.

INSECURE (1.not confident 2.not safe)

2.~ job, building, doors, windows, situation, future, borders, financially ~, economically ~

UNSTEADY
1.shaking or moving in a way you cannot control: He poured the coffee with a very unsteady
hand; a baby’s first unsteady steps. She was quite unsteady on her feet (=she might fall
over). Oxford - She is still a little unsteady on her feet after the operation.
2.showing that you are nervous: Her voice was unsteady. She took a deep unsteady breath.
Webster - He signed his name with an unsteady hand.
3.SYN unstable - an unsteady object is not balanced very well and could fall: The
stool/ladder is unsteady.
4.SYN fragile - an unsteady situation, relationship etc could change or end at any time:
an unsteady peace

3.EASY (linistit, fara grija, tihnit)

not feeling worried or anxious OPP uneasy: We talk more openly when we feel easy and
relaxed. I can leave the children with my mother with an easy mind. (liniste sufleteasca)

AWKWARD
Oxford Thesaurus:
1.
• She is awkward with people she doesn't know.
uncomfortable • embarrassed • self-conscious • sheepish
awkward/uncomfortable/embarrassed/self-conscious/sheepish about sth
an awkward/uncomfortable/embarrassed silence
a/an embarrassed/self-conscious/sheepish smile

Awkward, uncomfortable or embarrassed? Embarrassed is used especially to describe how sb

feels; uncomfortable can describe a situation; awkward often describes sb's personality or
usual behaviour.

2.
• You've put me in an awkward position.
problematic • delicate • sensitive • |informal tricky •
a/an awkward/problematic/delicate/sensitive/tricky matter/situation
a/an awkward/problematic/delicate/sensitive relationship
a/an awkward/delicate/sensitive/tricky question/subject/problem
3. (dificil, greu de multumit)
• Please don't be awkward about letting him come.
difficult • perverse • obstructive • uncooperative • unhelpful (nefolositor, de niciun
folos/ajutor)
be awkward/difficult about sth
an awkward/a difficult customer
deliberately awkward/perverse/obstructive
135
pervers = (Despre oameni; adesea substantivat) Care este înclinat spre fapte reprobabile,
gata oricând să facă rău; care manifestă o deviere de la normal a instinctelor, a judecății,
a ideilor, descompus din punct de vedere moral; corupt, depravat, imoral; (cu sens atenuat)
perfid, fățarnic; spec. care prezintă perversitate sexuală

perverse - behaving in an unreasonable way, especially by deliberately doing the opposite of

what people want you to : He gets perverse satisfaction from embarrassing people

a intampina = A-i ieși cuiva înainte pentru a-l primi. 2. Tranz. Fig. A i se ivi cuiva
necazuri, obstacole în calea unei realizări

ENCOUNTER /ɪnˈkaʊntə $ -ər/ (1.a intampina 2. a intalni)

1.(a intampina) to experience something, especially problems or opposition

encounter problems/difficulties - They encountered serious problems when two members of the
expedition were injured.
encounter opposition/resistance - The government has encountered strong opposition to its
plans to raise income tax. The doctor had encountered several similar cases in the past.
In everyday English, people usually say come across problems/difficulties rather than
encounter problems/difficulties and come up against opposition/resistance rather than
encounter opposition/resistance : Did you come across any problems? ▪ We came up against
quite a lot of opposition from local people.
1.RUN INTO SOMEBODY/SOMETHING phrasal verb - to start to experience a difficult or
unpleasant situation: He ran into criticism after remarks he made in a television interview.

2.(a intalni) formal to meet someone without planning to: I first encountered him when
studying at Cambridge.
Webster: I encountered [=ran into] an old friend on a recent business trip.
1.COME ACROSS SOMEBODY/SOMETHING phrasal verb to meet, find, or discover someone or
something by chance: I came across an old diary in her desk. I’ve never come across anyone
quite like her before. We’ve come across a few problems that need resolving.
In written English, people often use encounter when writing about problems or difficulties
because this sounds more formal than come across:The team of researchers had encountered
similar problems before.
4.RUN INTO SOMEBODY/SOMETHING phrasal verb informal to meet someone by chance: Guess who
I ran into in town today!

II. encounter

close encounter
Oxford: I've had a number of close encounters (= situations that could have been dangerous)
with bad drivers.
Webster: To have a close encounter with something is to come very close to being hurt or
damaged by it: The island has had several close encounters with major hurricanes in recent
years.

chance encounter (= a meeting that happened by chance – intalnire intamplatoare)

Webster
1.b - a usually brief experience with another person: a brief/painful encounter
• He's accused of having had sexual encounters with several young women.They had a romantic
encounter [=a brief romantic relationship] several years ago.
1.c - a violent or very unfriendly meeting - Two protesters were arrested during an
encounter [=clash (ciocnire)] with police. There was a violent encounter between fans of the
opposing teams.

136
Thesaurus
▪ meet to be in the same place as someone else because you have arranged to see them: I’ll
meet you at the restaurant, OK? | The two leaders are scheduled to meet again next month.
▪ get together informal to meet with a group of people, in order to do something together:
Why don’t we all get together and go out for a drink? | Have the students get together in
groups of four to work on the problem.
▪ come together if people come together, they meet in order to discuss things, exchange
ideas etc: Goldman persuaded the heads of the groups to come together for an informal
conference.
▪ meet up informal if friends meet up, they meet in order to do something together: We must
meet up some time. | Why don’t I meet up with you after lunch?
▪ gather if people gather somewhere, they come together in the same place in order to do
something or see something: Fans have started to gather outside the stadium. | Angry crowds
gathered in front of the US embassy.
▪ assemble formal if people assemble somewhere, they all come and stand together in the same
place, especially as part of an officially arranged plan: If the fire alarm rings, please
assemble in the parking lot. | The students began to assemble in the main hall.

MEET
2. [not in passive] SYN bump into to see someone by chance and talk to them: You’ll never
guess who I met in town. I was worried I might meet Henry on the bus.
3.(a cunoaste, a face cunostinta) [not in passive] to see and talk to someone for the first
time, or be introduced to them: We first met in Florence. I met my husband at university.
Jane, come and meet my brother.
nice/pleased to meet you (=used to greet someone politely when you have just met them for
the first time). ‘This is my niece, Sarah.’ ‘Pleased to meet you.’
(it was) nice meeting you (=used to say goodbye politely to someone you have just met for
the first time)
4.(a intampina) to be waiting for someone at an airport, station etc when they arrive in a
plane or train: My dad met us at the station. I’ll come and meet you off the plane.
5.(a se intruni) to come together in the same place in order to discuss something: The
committee meets once a month.The two groups will meet next week to discuss the project..
7. (join or touch) [not in passive] if two things meet, they touch or join at a particular
place: The two roads meet just north of Flagstaff. Their hands met under the table.
8.(a intampina) SYN encounter, come across to experience a problem, attitude, or situation:
Wherever she went she met hostility and prejudice.
9.(a face fata) meet a problem/challenge to deal with a problem or something difficult that
you have to do: The new building will mean that we can meet the challenge of increasing
student numbers.
10.(a indeplini, a satisface, a respecta) meet a need/demand/requirement/condition etc to do
something that someone wants, needs, or expects you to do or be as good as they need, expect
etc: The company says it is unable to meet the workers’ demands for higher wages. The
service is tailored to meet your needs; beaches which meet European standards of
cleanliness.
Oxford: Until these conditions are met we cannot proceed with the sale.
11.(a respeta) meet a deadline to finish something at the time it is meant to be finished:
We are still hoping to meet the November deadline.
12.(a indeplini) meet a goal/target etc to achieve something that you are trying to achieve:
It’s impossible to meet the sales targets. The scheme does not meet its objectives.
13.(a suporta) meet a debt/cost/expense etc to make a payment that needs to be made: The
government has promised to meet the cost of clearing up after the floods.
14. there’s more to somebody/something than meets the eye used to say that someone or
something is more interesting, intelligent etc than they seem to be
15.( a se intalni, a se incrucisa) our/their eyes meet if two people’s eyes meet, they look
at each other: Our eyes met momentarily, then he looked away. His eyes met Nina’s and she
smiled.

24.LINE
(a fi in concordanta) in line with something if something changes in line with something
else, it changes in the same way and at the same rate as it: Pensions will be increased in
line with inflation.

137
Oxford Thesaurus - meet
1. informal run into sb • bump into sb • |formal encounter
meet/run into/bump into a friend

2. I, T, no passive
• The committee meets on Fridays.
meet with sb • gather • mass • assemble • rally • |informal get together • meet up •
|formal convene
meet/meet with sb/gather/mass/assemble/rally/get together/meet up/convene for sth
meet/get together/meet up with sb
meet/meet with sb/gather/get together/convene regularly

3. T
• Will you meet me at the airport?
greet • welcome • |formal receive
meet/greet/welcome/receive sb with a smile, etc.
meet/greet/welcome/receive a guest/visitor
be there to meet/greet/welcome/receive sb

4. T, no passive, I
• Where did you two first meet?
get to know sb • |formal make sb's acquaintance
first meet/get to know/make the acquaintance of sb

5. I, T
• The curtains don't meet in the middle.
touch • cross • join • merge
rivers meet/join/merge
roads/paths meet/cross/join
not quite/almost/nearly meet/cross/touch

6. T
• How can we meet the needs of all these different groups?
satisfy • serve • suit • |BrE, formal fulfil • |AmE fulfill •
meet/satisfy/serve/suit/fulfil a requirement/need/purpose
meet/satisfy/suit/fulfil a demand/condition
meet/satisfy/fulfil a/an standard/obligation
meet/satisfy/fulfil the terms/criteria

a valorifica = a pune in valoare, a scoate in evidenta

FULFIL
1.(a indeplini, a realiza) if you fulfil a hope, wish, or aim, you achieve the thing that
you hoped for, wished for: Visiting Disneyland has fulfilled a boyhood dream. Being deaf
hasn’t stopped Karen fulfilling her ambition to be a hairdresser. It was then that the
organization finally began to fulfill the hopes of its founders.
fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective (a atinge)- an analysis of how different countries are
attempting to fulfill their political goals.
2.to do or provide what is necessary or needed
fulfil a role/duty/function (a indeplini) - A good police officer is not fulfilling his role
if he neglects this vital aspect.
fulfil a requirement/condition/obligation (a satisface, indeplini, respecta) Britain was
accused of failing to fulfil its obligations under the EU Treaty. Much of the electrical
equipment failed to fulfill safety requirements. There is little doubt that the scheme
fulfils a need for our community.(Nu exista nici o indoiala/ fara indoiala/ cu siguranta ca
sistemul satisface o nevoie…)
3. fulfil a promise/pledge SYN keep OPP break formal to do what you said you would do:
I’d like to see him fulfil his promise to reorganize the army.
4. fulfil your potential/promise (a atinge, a valorifica) to be as successful as you
possibly can be: We want to make sure that all children are able to fulfil their potential.
5. if your work fulfils you, it makes you feel satisfied because you are using all your
skills, qualities etc
6. fulfil yourself (a se realiza) to feel satisfied because you are using all your skills,
qualities: She succeeded in fulfilling herself both as an actress and as a mother.
138
2.REALIZE formal
to achieve something that you were hoping to achieve: She never realized her ambition of
winning an Olympic gold medal; a young singer who has not yet realized her full potential
(=achieved as much as she can achieve)

SATISFY
1. to make someone feel pleased by doing what they want: Nothing I did would ever satisfy my
father.
2. if you satisfy someone’s needs, demands etc, you provide what they need or want
satisfy sb’s needs/demands/desires - The program is designed to satisfy the needs of adult
learners.
satisfy sb’s hunger/appetite (=give someone enough food to stop them from feeling hungry) -
A salad won’t be enough to satisfy my appetite. Just to satisfy my curiosity (=find out
something), how much did it cost?
3. formal SYN convince to make someone feel sure that something is right or true
satisfy somebody of something Jackson tried to satisfy me of his innocence.
satisfy yourself (that)Having satisfied herself that no one was there, she closed the door.
4. formal SYN meet to be good enough for a particular purpose, standard: Have you satisfied
all the requirements for the general degree?

Oxford Thesaurus - satify

1. T (not used in the progressive tenses; often used in negative sentences)
• The plans satisfied no one.
please • |especially spoken make sb's day • |written gratify •
It satisfied/pleased/gratified sb that…
You can't satisfy/please everybody/everyone.
Nothing satisfies/pleases sb.

Satisfy or please? Sth that satisfies you is just good enough, but sth might please you very
much:
• The result pleased us enormously.
¤ The result satisfied us enormously.

2. T
• She failed to satisfy the requirements for entry to the college.
meet • serve • suit • |formal, BrE fulfil • |AmE fulfill
satisfy/meet/serve/suit/fulfil a requirement/need/purpose
satisfy/meet/suit/fulfil a demand/condition
satisfy/meet/fulfil a/an a standard/sn obligation/the terms/the criteria

3. T (not used in the progressive tenses)

• His answer didn't satisfy the jury.
convince • persuade
satisfy/convince/persuade sb of sth
satisfy/convince/persuade sb that…
satisfy/convince/persuade yourself

COMPLY formal
to do what you have to do or are asked to do ⇨ compliance, compliant
comply with - Failure to comply with the regulations will result in prosecution. The
newspaper was asked by federal agents for assistance and agreed to comply.

139
Thesaurus (tinta, tel, scop, obiectiv)
▪ aim something you hope to achieve by doing something: The main aim of the plan was to
provide employment for local people.
▪ goal something important that you hope to achieve in the future, even though it may take a
long time: The country can still achieve its goal of reducing poverty by a third.
▪ target a particular amount or total that you want to achieve: The company is on track to
meet its target of increasing profits by 10%.
▪ objective the specific thing that you are trying to achieve – used especially about things
that have been officially discussed and agreed upon in business, politics etc: Their main
objective is to halt the flow of drugs. | We met to set the business objectives for the
coming year.
▪ ambition something that you very much want to achieve in your future career: Her ambition
was to go to law school and become an attorney. | Earlier this year, he achieved his
ambition of competing in the Olympic Games

Thesaurus
▪ purpose the reason you do something, and the thing you want to achieve when you do it:
What is the purpose of your visit to England? | The plant is used for medicinal purposes.
▪ aim what you want to achieve when you do something: The main aims of the project are as
follows. | Their ultimate aim is to find a cure for cancer.
▪ goal something that you hope to achieve in the future, even though this may take a long
time: It took Mandela over forty years to achieve his goal of a democratic South Africa. |
the goal of ending child poverty
▪ objective something that you are working hard to achieve, especially in business or
politics: The bank achieved its objective of increasing its share of the market. | The
government’s long-term objective is to cut CO2 emissions by 50%.
▪ the object of something formal the specific purpose of an activity: The object of the game
is to get as many points as possible. | The students will benefit, and that must be the
object of the exercise (=the main thing that you are trying to do).
▪ the point the purpose of doing something and the reason why it is right or necessary: At
fourteen, I couldn’t see the point of going to school. | What’s the point in waiting? (=I
don’t think it is useful or necessary)
▪ intention the purpose that you have in your mind when you do something: He kept his real
intentions well hidden. | Although we made a lot of money, this wasn’t our original
intention.
▪ ends the result that someone is trying to achieve – used especially when you disapprove of
what someone is doing: They are using religion for political ends. | The ends do not justify
the means (=you should not use violence, cruelty, dishonest behaviour etc to achieve your
aims).

Oxford Thesaurus - purpose

purpose noun
1. C
• The main purpose of the campaign is to raise money.
aim • objective • object • point • idea • goal • target • intention • plan • end • |formal
law intent
with the purpose/aim/objective/object/idea/goal/intention/intent of doing sth
sb's purpose/aim/intention/plan/intent that…
have a/an purpose/aim/objective/object/point/goal/target/intention/plan/intent

2. C
• The building is used for religious purposes.
function • use
a useful purpose/function
have a purpose/function/use
serve/fulfil a purpose/function

3. C, U
• Volunteer work gives her life a sense of purpose.
vocation • mission •
find your purpose/vocation/mission
a sense of purpose/vocation/mission
sb's purpose/vocation/mission in life
140
I.AIM
1. something you hope to achieve by doing something
aim of - e aim of the research is to find new food sources. The main aim of the course is to
improve your writing.
with the aim of doing something - a campaign with the aim of helping victims of crime.
Teamwork is required in order to achieve these aims; a policy which sets out the school’s
aims and objectives
2. take aim to point a gun or weapon at someone or something you want to shoot
take aim at - Alan took aim at the target.
3. take aim at somebody/something American English to criticize someone or something:
Critics took aim at the President.
II.AIM
1. to try or intend to achieve something
aim to do something - We aim to finish by Friday.
(be) aimed at doing something - an initiative aimed at reducing road accidents
aim for - We’re aiming for a big improvement.
2. aim something at somebody - to say or do something that is intended for a particular
person or group of people: a program that’s aimed at teenagers; The criticism wasn’t aimed
at you.

Oxford Thesaurus - aim

• Our main aim is to increase sales.
purpose • intention • objective • goal • idea • point • |formal law intent •
with the aim/purpose/intention/objective/goal/idea/intent of doing sth
have a/an aim/purpose/intention/objective/goal/point/intent
achieve a/an aim/purpose/objective/goal
Aim or purpose? Your aim in doing sth is what you want to achieve; your purpose is your
reason for doing it.

Oxford Synonyms - aim noun

purpose
aim • intention • plan • point • idea
These are all words for talking about what sb/sth intends to do or achieve.
purpose • what sth is supposed to achieve; what sb is trying to achieve: ▪ Our campaign's
main purpose is to raise money.
aim • what sb is trying to achieve; what sth is supposed to achieve: ▪ She went to London
with the aim of finding a job. ◊ ▪ Our main aim is to increase sales in Europe.
purpose or aim?
Your purpose for doing something is your reason for doing it; your aim is what you want to
achieve. Aim can suggest that you are only trying to achieve sth; purpose gives a stronger
sense of achievement being certain. Aim can be sb's aim or the aim of sth. Purpose is more
usually the purpose of sth: you can talk about sb's purpose but that is more formal.

intention • what you intend to do: ▪ I have no intention of going to the wedding. ◊ ▪ She's
full of good intentions but they rarely work out.
plan • what you intend to do or achieve: ▪ There are no plans to build new offices.
intention or plan?
Your intentions are what you want to do, especially in the near future; your plans are what
you have decided or arranged to do, often, but not always, in the longer term.

point • (rather informal) the purpose or aim of sth: ▪ What's the point of all this
violence? ◊ ▪ The point of the lesson is to compare the two countries.
idea • (rather informal) the purpose of sth; sb's aim: ▪ The whole idea of going was so that
we could meet her new boyfriend. ◊ ▪ What's the idea behind this?
point or idea?
Point is a more negative word than idea. If you say What's the point…? you are suggesting
that there is no point; if you say What's the idea…? you are genuinely asking a question.
Point, but not idea, is used to talk about things you feel annoyed or unhappy about: There's
no idea in… ◊ I don't see the idea of….
with the purpose/aim/intention/idea of doing sth
sb's intention/plan to do sth
to have a(n) purpose/aim/intention/plan/point
to achieve/fulfil a(n) purpose/aim
141
Oxford Thesaurus – aim verb
1. T, I
• We aim to be there by six.
plan • intend • mean • |formal propose •
aim/plan/intend/mean/propose to do sth
intend/propose doing sth

2. T
• measures aimed at preventing crime
be designed • be intended • be meant •
be designed/intended for/as sth
be designed/intended/meant to do/be/have, etc. sth
be specifically/primarily/mainly/principally/largely aimed at/designed for/intended for sth

3. T, I
• He aimed the gun at her head.
point • direct • turn • focus
aim/point/direct (sth) at sb
aim/point/focus a camera
aim/direct/focus (a) light
aim/point/turn a gun at/on sb

4.
• be aimed at a young audience
target • direct • |especially business pitch • |formal address •
be aimed/target sth/direct sth/pitch sth at sb/sth
primarily aimed at/targeted at/directed at/pitched at/addressed to sb/sth
directly aimed at/targeted at/pitched at/addressed to sb/sth

GOAL (tinta, tel, scop)

1. SYN aim something that you hope to achieve in the future: Your goal as a parent is to
help your child become an independent adult.
IN EVERYDAY BRITISH ENGLISH, people often talk about what someone is aiming to do rather
than talk about someone’s goal: His goal is to set up his own business. He’s aiming to set
up his own business.

142
I.TARGET
1. (aim) something that you are trying to achieve, such as a total, an amount, or a time SYN
goal
sales/attainment/growth targets - demanding financial targets
target of - the target of a one-third reduction in road accidents
target for - Higher degrees in English are a target for foreign students. There is no target
date for completion of the new project. The government may fail to meet (=achieve) its
target of recycling 25% of domestic waste.
Jiang set annual growth targets of 8–9%.
on target (=likely to achieve a target). The company says that growth of 10% is on target.
2. OBJECT OF ATTACK an object, person, or place that is deliberately chosen to be attacked
target for/of - Railway stations are prime targets (=very likely targets) for bombs.
easy/soft target - Cars without security devices are an easy target for the thief.
3. OBJECT OF AN ACTION the person or place that is most directly affected by an action,
especially a bad one
target for/of - The area has become a prime target for supermarket development.
The country is a target of criticism for its human rights record.
II.TARGET
1. to make something have an effect on a particular limited group or area:
The advertisement was designed to target a mass audience.
target something on/at somebody/something - a new benefit targeted on low-income families
The programme is targeted at improving the health of women of all ages.
2. to aim something at a target
target something on/at somebody/something - The missiles are targeted at several key
military sites.
3. to choose a particular person or place to do something to, especially to attack them or
criticize them:
It’s clear that smaller, more vulnerable banks have been targeted.
He was targeted by terrorists for a second time last night.

Oxford Synonyms - target

objective • goal • object • end
These are all words for sth that you are trying to achieve.
target • a result that you try to achieve: ▪ Set yourself targets that you can reasonably
hope to achieve. ◊ ▪ attainment targets in schools
objective • (rather formal) something that you are trying to achieve: ▪ What is the main
objective of this project?
goal • something that you hope to achieve: ▪ He continued to pursue his goal of becoming an
actor.
target, objective or goal?
A target is usually officially recorded in some way, for example by an employer or by a
government committee. It is often specific, and in the form of figures, such as number of
sales or exam passes, or a date. People often set their own objectives: these are things
that they wish to achieve, often as part of a project or a talk they are giving. Goals are
often long-term, and relate to people's life and career plans or the long-term plans of a
company or organization.
object • the purpose of sth; sth that you plan to achieve: ▪ The object is to educate people
about road safety.
end • something that you plan to achieve: ▪ He joined the society for political ends. ◊ ▪
That's only OK if you believe that ▪ the end justifies the means ▪ ▪ (= bad methods of doing
sth are acceptable if the final result is good) ▪.
End is usually used in the plural or in particular fixed expressions.
to work towards a(n) target/objective/goal
an ambitious/major/long-term/short-term/future target/objective/goal
economic/financial/business targets/objectives/goals
to set/agree on/identify/reach/meet/exceed a(n) target/objective/goal
to achieve a(n) target/objective/goal/end

143
OBJECT [ˈɒbdʒɪkt] ; [ˈɑːbdʒekt]
1. THING a solid thing that you can hold, touch, or see but that is not alive: an everyday
object such as a spoon; a small metal object; scientists studying plants, animals or
inanimate objects (=things that are not alive)
2.(scop, tinta) the purpose of a plan, action, or activity
object of -The object of the game is to improve children’s math skills. My object was to
explain the decision simply. The customer will benefit most, and that is the object of the
exercise (=the purpose of what you are doing).
3. an object of pity/desire/ridicule etc someone or something that is pitied, wanted: She
feared becoming an object of ridicule (obiect de batjocura); sports cars and other objects
of desire; an object of study
4. money/expense is no object used to say that you are willing to spend a lot of money to
get something: Money’s no object; I want the best.
5. object lesson an event or story that shows you the right or wrong way of doing something
object lesson in - The way ants work is an object lesson in order and organization.

OBJECTIVE noun /əbˈdʒektɪv/ (obiectiv)

1. SYN goal something that you are trying hard to achieve, especially in business or
politics: He vowed to achieve certain objectives before the end of his presidency; the best
way to accomplish your objectives. The degree program has two main objectives. Managers
should set specific performance objectives for their teams. The main objective was to
improve children’s knowledge of geography. A clear objective was set and adhered to.
One of your first business objectives should be to get your own office.
2. a place that you are trying to reach, especially in a military attack: The 4th Division’s
objective was a town 20 miles to the east.

Oxford Thesaurus – objective noun

• What is the main objective of this project?
goal • target • purpose • aim • object • plan • idea • point • |formal end •
objectives/goals/targets/aims/plans for sth
achieve a/an objective/goal/target/purpose/aim/end
set/agree on/identify/reach/meet/exceed a/an objective/goal/target
Objective, goal or target? Goals usually relate to a person or organization's long-term
plans. Targets are usually specific figures, such as a number of sales, that are set
officially, for example by an employer or a government committee. People often set their own
objectives that they wish to achieve, for example as part of a project, campaign or piece of
writing.

OBJECTIVE adj.
1. Oxford Syn: unbiased based on facts, or making a decision that is based on facts rather
than on your feelings or beliefs OPP subjective
objective assessment/measurement/description - It’s hard to give an objective opinion about
your own children. Scientists need to be objective when doing research.
purely/totally/completely objective - the importance of a completely objective, independent
press
2. formal Oxford: philosophy - existing outside the mind as something real, not only as an
idea: The world has an objective reality.

Oxford Thesaurus – objective adj

• It's hard to be objective about your own child.
impartial • neutral • disinterested • non-partisan • unbiased/unbiassed
Opp: subjective /səbˈdʒektɪv/
objective/neutral about sb/sth
a/an objective/impartial/neutral/disinterested/unbiased observer
a/an objective/impartial/neutral/unbiased opinion/assessment/analysis

144
I.CORRECT
1. SYN right having no mistakes OPP incorrect: If my calculations are correct, we’re about
ten miles from Exeter. Score one point for each correct answer. You are absolutely correct,
the Missouri is the longest river in the US.
factually/grammatically/anatomically etc correct - The sentence is grammatically correct,
but doesn’t sound natural.
IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say right rather than correct: Are you sure you’ve got
the right address?
2. suitable and right for a particular situation: What’s the correct procedure in cases like
this? The correct way to lift heavy weights is to make sure that your back is straight.
3. SYN proper correct behaviour is formal and polite: It was not considered correct for
young ladies to go out on their own.
correctly adverb: If I remember correctly, he’s Spanish. We must make sure that things are
done correctly.
II.CORRECT verb
1. to make something right or to make it work the way it should: Some eyesight problems are
relatively easy to correct. You have the right to see a copy of your file, and to correct
any mistakes you may find.
IN EVERYDAY BRITISH ENGLISH, people usually say put something right rather than correct
something: The problem should be fairly easy to put right.
2. to show someone that something is wrong, and make it right: Correct my pronunciation if
it’s wrong. ‘She’s in Ireland now.’ ‘She was,’ Farrell corrected him.
correct yourself - ‘I,’ Lady Deverill corrected herself, ‘we are very happy here.’
3. if a teacher corrects a student’s written work, he or she writes marks on it to sho w the
mistakes in it
4. correct me if I’m wrong spoken used when you are not sure that what you are going to say
is true or not: Correct me if I’m wrong, but didn’t you say you’d never met him before?

Oxford Thesaurus - correct

1.
• You are 48 years old, is that correct?
right • true •
Opp: incorrect, Opp: wrong
correct/right about sth
the correct/right/true answer
the correct/right time
Right or correct? Correct is more formal than right and is more likely to be used in
official instructions or documents.
2.
• What's the correct way to shut the machine down?
right • |especially BrE proper •
Opp: wrong
correct/right about sb/sth
correct/right to do sth
correct/right in thinking/believing/saying sth
Correct, right or proper? People can be correct or right about sth, but not proper:
• You're right to be cautious in this situation.
¤ You're proper to be cautious.:
• Am I correct in thinking…?
¤ Am I proper in thinking…? Correct and proper are more often used to talk about methods;
right is more often used to talk about beliefs and decisions.

145
 Oxford Synonyms - correct
right
correct
Both these words describe a belief, opinion, decision or method that is suitable or the best
one for a particular situation.
right • if sb is right to do or think sth, that is a good thing to do or think in that
situation: ▪ You're right to be cautious. ◊ ▪ You made the right decision. ◊ ▪ ‘It's not
easy.’ ‘Yes, you're right.’
correct • (of a method, belief, opinion or decision) right and suitable in a particular
situation: ▪ What's the correct way to shut the machine down? ◊ ▪ I don't think she's
correct to say he's incompetent.

right or correct?
Correct is more formal than right. It is more often used for methods and right is more often
used for beliefs, opinions and decisions.

right/correct about sb/sth

right/correct to do sth
right/correct in thinking/believing/saying sth
the right/correct decision/judgement/conclusion
the right/correct way/method/approach
absolutely/quite right/correct

Oxford Synonyms – correct

true
right • correct
These words all describe sth that cannot be doubted as fact and includes no mistakes.
true • connected with facts rather than things that have been invented or guessed: ▪ Are the
following statements ▪ true or false ▪? ◊ ▪ Is it ▪ true (that) ▪ she's leaving?
right • that is true and cannot be doubted as a fact: ▪ I got about half the answers right.
◊ ▪ What's the right time?
correct • right according to the facts and without any mistakes: ▪ Only one of the answers
is correct. ◊ ▪ Check that all the details are correct.

right or correct?
Correct is more formal than right and is more likely to be used in official or formal

instructions or documents.
right/correct about sb/sth
the true/right/correct answer
the right/correct time

146
rezonabil = 1. (Despre oameni) Care are o judecată sau o comportare rațională; cu judecată;
cumpănit, cuminte. ♦ (Despre acțiuni, fapte etc.) Care se menține în limitele normale,
obișnuite; care nu are nimic ieșit din comun; fără exagerări; cumpătat. 2. (Despre prețuri)
Care este corespunzător cu valoarea lucrului (de) cumpărat; potrivit, acceptabil

Thesaurus
▪ fair treating people equally or in the way that is right: It’s not fair that she gets paid
more than me. | Everyone has the right to a fair trial.
▪ just formal morally right and fair: a just punishment | a just cause | a just society | Do
you think it was a just war?
▪ reasonable fair and sensible according to most people’s standards: a reasonable request |
Lateness, without a reasonable excuse, will not be tolerated.
▪ balanced giving fair and equal treatment to all sides of an argument or subject: Balanced
reporting of the news is essential.
▪ even-handed giving fair and equal treatment to everyone, especially when it would be easy
to favour one particular group: The drama takes an even-handed look at the consequences of
violent crime, both on attackers and their victims. | The film is even-handed and does not
try to make you support either side.
▪ equitable /ˈekwətəbəl, ˈekwɪtəbəl/ formal giving equal treatment to everyone involved: We
need an equitable solution to this problem. | a more equitable distribution of wealth

FAIR
1.(reasonable and acceptable) a fair situation, system, way of treating people, or judgment
seems reasonable, acceptable, and right OPP unfair: All we are asking for is a fair wage.
£150 is a fair price.
fair trial/hearing the right to a fair trial; What do you think is the fairest solution? The
report is a fair summary of the issues facing us.
it is fair to do something It seems fair to give them a second chance.
it’s only fair (that) (=used to say that it is right to do something); It’s only fair that
we tell him what’s happening.
it’s fair to say (that) (=used when you think what you are saying is correct or reasonable);
It’s fair to say that by then he had lost the support of his staff.
it’s not fair on somebody I can’t carry on working such long hours. It’s not fair on my
family.

3.FAIR (quite large) a fair size/amount/number/bit/distance etc especially British English

quite a large size, number etc:
I’ve still got a fair amount of work left to do.
We had travelled a fair way (=quite a long distance) by lunch time.
there’s a fair chance (that)/of something - (=it is quite likely that something will happen)
There’s a fair chance we’ll be coming over to England this summer.

6.FAIR (level of ability) SYN average neither particularly good nor particularly bad: Her
written work is excellent but her practical work is only fair.

12.FAIR all’s fair in love and war - used to say that in some situations any method of
getting what you want is acceptable

Cambridge
14. FAIR (quite good) before noun (of an idea, guess or chance) good, but not excellent
• I think I've got a fair idea of (= I understand reasonably well) what you want.
• She's got a fair chance of winning (= There is a reasonable chance that she will win).

IMPARTIAL SYN fair

not involved in a particular situation, and therefore able to give a fair opinion or piece
of advice OPP biased: We offer impartial advice on tax and insurance; an impartial inquiry
into the deaths; an impartial observer.

147
REASONABLE
1. fair and sensible OPP unreasonable:
a reasonable request
Be reasonable – you can’t expect her to do all the work on her own!
I thought it was a perfectly reasonable (=completely reasonable) question.
it is reasonable to do something - It seems reasonable to assume they’ve been tested.
He had reasonable grounds (=good reasons but no proof) for believing the law had been
broken.
a reasonable explanation/excuse - It sounded like a reasonable enough excuse to me.
2. SYN average fairly good, but not especially good: She has a reasonable chance of doing
well in the exam.
3. a reasonable amount is fairly large: I’ve got a reasonable amount of money saved.
4. SYN fair reasonable prices are not too high: good food at a reasonable price

Oxford Thesaurus - reasonable

1.
• It seems a perfectly reasonable request to make.
fair • just • plausible • equal • even-handed • |formal equitable
Opp: unreasonable
be reasonable/fair/just/plausible/equitable that…
be reasonable/fair/just to do sth
a/an reasonable/fair/just/equal/equitable division/distribution/share of sth
2.
• The furniture is in reasonable condition.
fair • acceptable • satisfactory • adequate • decent • |especially spoken all right • not
bad • |informal, especially spoken OK
be reasonable/fair/acceptable/satisfactory/all right/OK to do sth
be reasonable/fair/acceptable/satisfactory/all right/OK that…
a/an reasonable/fair/acceptable/satisfactory solution
a/an reasonable/acceptable/satisfactory/adequate/decent level/standard of sth
3.
• We sell good quality food at reasonable prices.
affordable • inexpensive • economical • cheap • |especially business competitive
Opp: unreasonable
reasonable/affordable/economical/cheap/competitive prices/rates/fares
affordable/inexpensive/economical/cheap/competitive products/services

Oxford Synonyms – reasonable

cheap
competitive • budget • affordable • reasonable • inexpensive
These words all describe a product or service that costs little money or less money than you
expected.
cheap • costing little money or less money than you expected; charging low prices. Cheap can
also be used in a disapproving way to suggest that sth is poor quality as well as low in
price: ▪ a bottle of cheap perfume.
competitive • (of prices, goods or services) as cheap as or cheaper than those offered by
other companies; able to offer goods or services at competitive prices.
budget • [only before noun] (used especially in advertising) cheap because it offers only a
basic level of service.
affordable • cheap enough for most people to afford.
reasonable • (of prices) not too expensive.
inexpensive • (rather formal) cheap. Inexpensive is often used to mean that sth is good
value for its price. It is sometimes used instead of cheap, because cheap can suggest that
sth is poor quality.
cheap/competitive/budget/affordable/reasonable prices/fares/rates
cheap/competitive/budget/affordable/inexpensive products/services

148
Oxford Vocabulary Building
Objects you can use
It is useful to know some general words to help you describe objects, especially if you do
not know the name of a particular object.
A device is something that has been designed to do a particular job: ▪ There is a new device
for cars that warns drivers of traffic jams ahead.
A gadget is a small object that does something useful, but is not really necessary: ▪ His
kitchen is full of gadgets he never uses.
An instrument is used especially for delicate or scientific work: ▪ ‘What do you call the
instrument that measures temperature?’ ‘A thermometer.’
A tool is something that you use for making and repairing things: ▪ ‘Have you got one of
those tools for turning screws?’ ‘Do you mean a screwdriver?’
A machine has moving parts and is used for a particular job. It usually stands on its own: ▪
‘What’s a blender?’ ‘It’s an electric machine for mixing soft food or liquid.’
An appliance is a large machine that you use in the house, such as a washing machine.
Equipment means all the things you need for a particular activity: ▪ climbing equipment.
Apparatus means all the tools, machines or equipment that you need for something: ▪
firefighters wearing breathing apparatus

Thesaurus
▪ machine a piece of equipment with moving parts that uses power such as electricity to do a
particular job: a washing machine | an X-ray machine | Staff are trained to operate the
machine.
▪ appliance formal a machine or piece of electrical equipment, usually a large one, that
people use in the home: The store sells kitchen appliances such as refrigerators,
dishwashers, and toasters. | We carry out repairs on a range of household appliances.
▪ device a piece of equipment, usually a small electronic one, that does a special job:
electronic listening devices | 50,000 people downloaded the music to computers or portable
devices such as iPods. | The device is fitted to the car and can detect stationary objects
ahead.
▪ gadget a small, useful, and cleverly-designed tool or machine: high-tech gadgets | He buys
all the latest gadgets; a neat gadget for sharpening knives
▪ contraption a machine or piece of equipment that looks strange or complicated: There was a
bizarre contraption for polishing the floor.

149
THESAURUS
▪ sympathetic (plin de intelegere/compasiune) kind to someone who is having problems: My
friends were very sympathetic when I lost my job. | Jill was a very sympathetic listener. |
a sympathetic attitude
▪ compassionate (milos, plin de compasiune, compatimitor) wanting to help people who are
suffering or having problems: The doctor was a compassionate man who always acted in his
patients’ best interests.
▪ understanding not getting angry with someone or criticizing them, because you can see that
they have problems: I have had a lot of time off work, but my boss is very understanding. |
an understanding look
▪ caring (grijuliu, atent, afectuos) caring about other people’s feelings and wanting to
help them: I have very caring parents. | Most of the nurses are very caring.

THESAURUS
▪ kind someone who is kind tries to help people and make them happy or comfortable, and
shows that they care about them: They were very kind to us and let us stay in their house as
long as we liked. | a kind old lady | a kind thing to say
▪ nice especially spoken friendly and kind. Nice is very common in everyday spoken English
and is often used instead of kind: Everyone has been so nice to me. | It’s nice of you to
invite me here. | He seems such a nice man.
▪ generous kind because you give people money, presents etc: ‘I’ll pay for the meal.’
‘That’s very generous of you.’ | a generous gift
▪ considerate (atent (cu altii)) thinking about other people’s feelings, and careful not to
do anything that will upset them: Our neighbours are very considerate and always keep their
TV turned down. | a considerate driver | He’s always very polite and considerate to his
guests.
▪ thoughtful (atent) thinking of things you can do to make other people happy or feel good –
used especially when someone does something such as giving someone a present or helping
someone: It was thoughtful of you to send him a card. | Some thoughtful person had taken her
bag to the lost property office.
▪ caring kind and wanting to help and look after people: She’s lucky to have such a loving
and caring husband. | The British are well-known for their caring attitude toward animals.
▪ sympathetic saying kind things to someone who has problems and behaving in a way that
shows you care about them: My boss was very sympathetic and said I should take some time off
work. | She gave him a sympathetic smile.
▪ good kind and showing that you want to help – used especially in the following phrases: It
was good of you to come and see me. | She’s always been very good to us.
▪ sweet informal very kind – used especially when you like someone very much, or you are
very pleased because of something they have done: I was given the flowers by a sweet little
old lady who lived next door. | It’s sweet of you to ask. | a sweet thing to say
▪ kind-hearted/warm-hearted especially written having a kind and friendly character, which
makes other people like you: He was a wonderful father, kind-hearted and always laughing. |
The town is full of warm-hearted, helpful people.
▪ benevolent formal kind and wanting to help people – often used about someone who is
important or who people respect: a benevolent ruler | They believe in the existence of a
benevolent God who will save mankind. | He listened politely, like some benevolent uncle.

SOLICITOUS (preocupat) Oxford Syn: attentive

very concerned about someone’s safety, health, or confort
• She was very solicitous for our welfare; a solicitous host

goodwill

150
Thesaurus
■ to ask for something
▪ ask for to tell someone you want them to give you something: I’m going to ask for a pay
rise.
▪ order to ask for food or drink in a restaurant: We ordered some more coffee. | Have you
ordered yet?
▪ demand to ask for something in a firm way, insisting that someone gives you what you ask
for: They’re demanding immediate payment. | If the goods are faulty, you can demand a
refund.
▪ request formal to ask for something: The pilot requested permission to land. | I enclose
the information you requested.
▪ beg/plead to ask for something in an urgent way, because you want it very much and will be
very unhappy if you do not get it: He begged me for some money. | I’m not going to plead for
forgiveness.
▪ nag/pester to keep asking someone for something, in an annoying way: She keeps nagging me
for a new phone. | People were pestering him for his autograph.

2.EXPECT (a pretinde)
(demand) to demand that someone does something because it is a duty or seems reasonable
expect something from somebody - The officer expects complete obedience from his troops.
expect somebody to do something - I can’t expect her to be on time if I’m late myself.
expect a lot of somebody/expect too much of somebody (=think someone can do more than may be
possible) - The school expects a lot of its students

Oxford
3.EXPECT
to demand that sb will do sth because it is their duty or responsibility
• ~ sth (from sb) Her parents expected high standards from her.
• He's still getting over his illness, so don't expect too much from him.
• ~ sth (of sb) Are you clear what is expected of you?
• ~ sb to do sth They expected all their children to be high achievers.
• We are expected to work on Saturdays.
• ~ to do sth I expect to be paid promptly for the work.

Expect, demand or ask?

Ask is not as strong as expect or demand, both of which can be more like a command

CAMBRIDGE
3.EXPECT - to think that someone should behave in a particular way or do a particular thing
• I expect punctuality from my students.
• + to infinitive Borrowers are expected to (= should) return books on time.
• We expect these practices to cease forthwith. Some people expect instant gratification.
• You shouldn't expect others to do your work for you. It annoys me that she just expects us
to help. The governors and the education authority expect all pupils to attend school
assembly.

WEBSTER
3.EXPECT [+ obj] : to consider (something) to be reasonable, required, or necessary
• He's a teacher who expects hard work from his students.
• Her latest film lacks the quality that we've come to expect (from her).
• We expected more from/of you.
• This is not the kind of behavior I expected of you.
• He expects a great deal from/of himself and from/of other people.
• I don't think it's too much to expect that you should get to work on time.
• The supplier expects to be paid on time.
• We expect you to pay your debts.
• “England expects every man to do his duty.” Lord Nelson (1805) –

151
CALL FOR SOMEBODY/SOMETHING phrasal verb
1.(a cere public) if a group of people call for something, they ask publicly for something
to be done: Human Rights groups are calling for the release of political prisoners.
2.(a fi nevoie, a necesita) to need or deserve a particular type of behaviour or treatment:
Dealing with children who are so damaged calls for immense tact and sensitivity. That kind
of abuse is really not called for (=it is unnecessary and unwelcome)

II.CALL noun (cerere)

5. request/order a request or order for something or for someone to do something:
Members obediently answered the calls for funds.
call for somebody to do something - There have been calls for the secretary to resign.
a call to arms (=an order for people to fight against an enemy)
1.when you speak to someone on the telephone
It’s cheaper to make calls after 6 pm.
6. a) the decision made by a ↑referee in a sports game
make a good/bad call - There may have been a few bad calls, but they’re making them for a
reason.
b) [singular] informal a decision: Don’t just say what you think I would like. It’s your
call.
make a call (=decide something)
an easy/hard call (=an easy or difficult decision)
judgement call (=a decision based on your personal judgement of a situation)
II.7. there isn’t much call for something used for saying that not many people want a
particular thing:
There isn’t much call for black and white televisions these days.

Oxford – call noun

request/demand
5. uncountable no ~ for sth | no ~ (for sb) to do sth no demand for sth; no reason for sb's
behaviour : There isn't a lot of call for small specialist shops nowadays.
6. countable ~ on sb/sth a demand or pressure placed on sb/sth
• She is a busy woman with many calls on her time.

Collins
CALL FOR
3 [PHRASAL VERB] V P n (necesita)
If something calls for a particular action or quality, it needs it or makes it necessary.
It's a situation that calls for a blend of delicacy and force.
= demand, require

REQUIRE
1. to need something: Campbell’s broken leg will probably require surgery. What’s required
is a complete reorganization of the system. Most house plants require regular watering.
Require is used especially in written English. IN EVERYDAY ENGLISH, people usually say need:
▪ His leg will probably need surgery.
2. if you are required to do or have something, a law or rule says you must do it or have it
be required to do something - You are required by law to wear a seat belt.
require that - Regulations require that students attend at least 90% of the lectures.
The bill failed to get the required number of votes.

152
Oxford Thesaurus: requirements
1. C (formal)
• Our immediate requirement is extra staff.
need • necessity • essential • |formal want
a requirement/need/necessity for sth
basic requirements/needs/necessities/essentials
meet/satisfy sb's requirements/needs/wants
2. C (formal)
• Be sure to check visa requirements before travelling.
condition • terms • provision • qualification • |BrE the small print • |AmE the fine print •
|formal provison • prerequisite
(a) requirement/condition/terms/provision/prerequisite for sth
lay down requirements/conditions/terms/provisions
accept/observe/comply with the requirements/conditions/terms/provisions

DEMAND
3. demands [plural] the difficult, annoying, or tiring things that you need to do, or a
skill you need to have
demands of - the demands of modern life
demands on - The curriculum makes great demands on the teacher. There are heavy demands on
people’s time these days.
place/put demands on/upon somebody/something - the increased demands placed on police
officers
4. popular demand when a lot of people have asked for something to be done, performed etc
by/due to popular demand (=because of popular demand) - The exhibition will run for an
extra week, due to popular demand.

I.REQUEST
1. a polite or formal demand for something
request for - They have made an urgent request for international aid.
request from - requests from customers for more information
request that - Anderson repeated his request that we postpone the meeting.
at sb’s request - The study was done at the request of the Chairman.
on request - Further details will be sent on request.
by request - There were no flowers at the funeral, by request.
II.REQUEST
formal to ask for something in a polite or formal way: To request more information, please
call our toll free number. You have to request permission if you want to take any
photographs.
request that - The prosecution has requested that all charges against Hodgkins are dropped.
request somebody to do something - All club members are requested to attend the annual
meeting.
request something from somebody - The Police Committee requested a grant from the Government
to cover the extra expense.

153
viciu = Defect, cusur, neajuns; fig. Pornire nestăpânită și statornică spre rău, apucătură
rea, patimă; desfrâu, dezmăț, destrăbălare

neajuns = 1. Greutate, dificultate, neplăcere, necaz. 2. Lipsă, scădere; defect, cusur;

dezavantaj

Thesaurus (defect, cusur, neajuns, punct slab, eroare)

■ something wrong
▪ fault a problem in a machine, system, design etc that causes damage or makes it not work
properly: The fire was caused by an electrical fault. | a fault in the engine
▪ defect a fault in something such as a product or machine, resulting from the way it was
made or designed: Cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory.
▪ weakness a part of a plan, system, or argument that is not as good as the other parts, and
makes it likely to fail: What are the strengths and weaknesses of each method?
▪ flaw a fault in a plan, system, argument etc, especially one that makes it useless or not
effective: Your argument has a fundamental flaw. | There was one major flaw in his
suggestion – we didn’t have enough money.
▪ bug a fault in a computer program: A bug in the system was quickly fixed.
▪ glitch a small fault in the way something works, that can usually be easily corrected: I
noticed a small glitch when installing the software.
▪ mistake something that is wrong in someone’s spelling, grammar, calculations etc: The
article was full of spelling mistakes.
▪ there’s something wrong with something used when saying that there is a problem in a
machine, car etc, but you do not know what it is: There’s something wrong with the computer
– it won’t close down.

FLAW
1. SYN defect a mistake, mark, or weakness that makes something imperfect
flaw in - a flaw in the software
serious/major/basic/minor etc flaw - a slight flaw in the glass; A design flaw (=a mistake
or weakness in the way something was made) caused the engine to explode.
2. a mistake or problem in an argument, plan, set of ideas etc
flaw of - Beautiful scenery does not make up for (=compensate) the flaws of this film.
flaw in - There is a fundamental flaw in Walton’s argument.
fatal flaw (=a weakness that makes something certain to fail)
3. a fault in someone’s character: Jealousy is Othello’s major flaw. the President’s
character flaws

I.4 FAULT
a bad or weak part of someone’s character: His worst fault is his arrogance. I may have my
faults, but ingratitude is not one of them. For all his faults (=in spite of his faults) he
was a good father.

DEFECT /dɪˈfekt, ˈdiːfekt/

a fault or a lack of something that means that something or someone is not perfect: All the
cars are tested for defects before they leave the factory; a genetic defect

Defect or fault? A fault can only exist in sth that has been made by people. It can be
permanent or temporary and can be present from the beginning or develop later. A defect can
exist in sth that has been made by people or in a part of the body. It is present from the
beginning or from birth and is not temporary, although it may be repaired or treated:
• If a fault develops in the equipment…
¤ If a defect develops…:
• a birth defect
¤ a birth fault

154
Thesaurus( atractie, ispita, farmec, fascinatie) temptation, spell

▪ attraction noun a feature or quality that makes people like, want, or feel interested in
something: The excitement is part of the attraction of the job. | For many mothers, the
attraction of childcare in the workplace is the chance to be near their children. | The idea
of living in another country does have a certain attraction.
▪ appeal noun a quality that makes people like something or someone: Much of Corfu’s appeal
lies in its lively night life. | I don’t understand the appeal of this kind of music.
▪ the lure of something noun [singular] a very attractive quality that makes you want
something very much – often used about something that has a bad effect or influence: It’s
hard to resist the lure of credit cards and easy money. | The lure of urban life is
especially powerful for the young.
▪ charm noun a pleasant quality that someone or something has that makes people like them,
feel attracted to them, or be influenced by them: He was physically attractive and possessed
considerable personal charm. | The book captures Savannah’s old Southern charm perfectly.
▪ glamour noun [uncountable] the attractive and exciting quality that is connected with
wealth and success: the glamour of Monte Carlo | Hollywood glamour | The world of modelling
is famous for its glitz and glamour.
▪ draw noun [singular] something that makes people want to do something or go somewhere: The
money is a big draw for many players. | The island’s main draw is its wonderful beaches.

Thesaurus
■ to agree with and help somebody/something
▪ support to say that you agree with a person or idea, and usually help them because you
want them to succeed: We will support your decision. | Thanks to everyone who supported us
throughout the trial. | The tsunami appeal was supported by thousands of people.
▪ back to support a person or plan by providing money or practical help – used about
governments or other powerful groups: The £100 million scheme is backed by the British
government. | The people backing him do not have the interests of the club at heart.
▪ endorse to formally and officially say that you support a person, plan, or idea:
Agriculture ministers refused to endorse the Commission's proposals.
▪ get behind somebody/something to support a person or plan and help them be successful -
used especially about a group of people: The England fans really got behind the team. | I
really believe in this initiative, but it was hard to find business people who were willing
to get behind it. | The police can't do anything unless the public gets behind them.
▪ stand up for somebody/something to say that you support someone or something when they are
being attacked: You were the only person who stood up for me at the meeting. | He stood up
for what he believed in.
▪ side with somebody to support one of the people or groups involved in an argument - used
especially when you disapprove of this or think it is unfair: I felt she was siding with her
mother rather than standing up for me. | The jury often side with the defendant in these
situations.

2.SYMPHATETHIC
[not before noun] willing to give approval and support to an aim or plan
sympathetic to/towards - Senator Capp is very sympathetic to environmental issues.
(priveste cu simpatie, bunavointa)

6.SUSTAIN
formal to support an idea or argument, or prove that it is right: This argument is difficult
to sustain.

155
Thesaurus
■ to stop something from falling
▪ support to hold the weight of something and stop it from falling: The branch was too weak
to support his weight. | The ceiling was supported by huge stone columns. | Her body was so
weak that she had to be supported by two nurses.
▪ hold up to stop something from falling: These poles hold up the outer part of the tent. |
His trousers were held up by an old piece of string.
▪ prop up to stop something from falling by putting something against it or under it: The
builders have propped up the walls with steel beams.
▪ carry to support the weight of someone or something – used about something supporting
several people, vehicles etc: The bridge could only carry up to two cars at a time. | The
lift can carry up to 12 people.
▪ hold to be strong enough to support the weight of someone or something: Are you sure the
branch will hold both of us? | She prayed that the roof would hold her weight as she crawled
along it.
▪ bear literary or technical to hold the weight of something: The truck did not look strong
enough to bear the weight of all those people. | a load-bearing wall
▪ take somebody's/something's weight to be strong enough to support the weight of someone or
something: His damaged leg would not take his weight. | Any large mirrors should have
additional support to take their weight. | Make sure you choose a pole that will take the
weight of your curtains.

UPHOLD (a sustine, a sprijini)

1. to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist: a
committee that aims to uphold educational standards
2. if a court upholds a decision made by another court, it states that the decision was
correct OPP overrule: The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal.

Thesaurus
▪ claim to say that something is true, even though it has not been proved: He claims that he
didn’t see anything. | She claims to be a descendant of Charles Dickens.
▪ allege to claim that someone did something wrong or illegal, although you do not give any
proof: It is alleged that he murdered his wife. | Patients allege that the two firms failed
to warn doctors about the dangers of taking the drugs over a long period.
▪ maintain to repeatedly say that something is true, especially when other people do not
believe you: He continued to maintain his innocence, even after he was sent to prison. | My
mother always maintains that I learned to talk at six months.
▪ insist to say very firmly that something is true: She insists that Tom was there, although
he denies it. | Turkey insists that there is more than enough water in the two rivers for
all three countries.
▪ assert formal to state that something is true – used especially in formal writing when
reporting someone’s opinion: They assert that children work better on their own. | The
Environment Minister asserted that one third of the country’s cities had major pollution
problems.
▪ contend formal to claim that something is true, especially when other people disagree with
you: Lawyers contend that his back problems were due to an existing injury, not the
accident. | It is possible, as Kennedy contends, that her medical condition is caused by her
work.

156
REVELRY (chef, petrecere)
wild noisy dancing, eating, drinking etc, usually to celebrate something
BASH
II.2. informal a party or an event to celebrate something: a birthday bash

Thesaurus
▪ bash informal a party, especially a big one that a lot of famous people go to – used
especially in journalism: the star’s birthday bash | a picture of him at a Hollywood bash |
a showbiz bash
rave a large party which is held outside or in an empty building, where people dance to
music and take illegal drugs

BINGE (chef, chiolhan)

informal a short period when you do too much of something, such as eating or drinking: a
drinking binge; a week-long binge of shopping
SPREE
a short period of time when you do a lot of one activity, especially spending money or
drinking alcohol
on a spree They went on a drinking spree. a shopping spree

Thesaurus
■ when a part of your body hurts
▪ painful used for describing a part of the body that hurts: Her leg is still painful where
she broke it. | painful joints | She was suffering from painful stomach cramps.
▪ tender painful when touched: The skin around the wound is very tender.
▪ sore painful as a result of a wound, infection, or too much exercise: sore muscles | a
sore throat | The wound was sore and red.

Syn Oxford
SORE (of a part of the body) painful and often red, especially because of infection or
because a muscle has been used too much: a sore throat Their feet were sore after hours of
walking.
RAW (of a part of the body) red and painful, for example because of an infection or because
the skin has been damaged: The skin on her feet had been rubbed raw
INFLAMED (of a part of the body) painful, red and hot because of an infection or injury: ▪
The wound had become inflamed

4.TENDER Oxford Syn: delicate - easily damaged – used especially about plants or flowers
plapand = lipsit de vitalitate, rezistenta firav = care are o constitutie delicata, slabut,
plapand

Thesaurus
■ not physically strong
▪ weak not physically strong, sometimes because you are ill: Tom’s had flu and he’s still
feeling weak. | The doctors said she was too weak to have an operation. | He suffered
constantly from a weak chest.
▪ frail weak and thin, especially because you are old: a frail 85-year-old lady | My
grandfather’s becoming quite frail now.
▪ shaky feeling weak in your legs and only able to walk slowly and unsteadily: When I came
out of hospital I was a bit shaky for a while.
▪ puny /ˈpjuːni/ especially disapproving small, thin, and looking very weak: his puny white
arms | He was a puny little boy who was often bullied at school.
▪ feeble especially written weak and unable to do much because you are very ill, very old or
young: For a week she was too feeble to get out of bed. | a tiny, feeble baby
▪ delicate weak and often becoming ill easily: a delicate child | She had rather a delicate
constitution (=her body easily became ill).

157
Thesaurus
■ when someone is speakng
▪ interrupt [intransitive and transitive] to stop someone from continuing speaking: She
interrupted him to ask exactly how he had broken his ankle. | Oliver began his story but was
soon interrupted by the arrival of Mr Gosling. | I wish you wouldn’t interrupt all the time.
▪ butt in [intransitive] to rudely start speaking when someone is already speaking: Will you
please stop butting in! | Steve kept butting in with silly comments.
▪ cut somebody off/cut somebody short [intransitive] to prevent someone from finishing what
they are saying: He slammed down the phone and cut her off in mid-sentence. | Bob began to
speak but Donna cut him short.
▪ heckle [intransitive and transitive] to deliberately interrupt a speaker or performer by
shouting, especially to show that you do not agree with what they are saying: Comedians are
used to dealing with members of the audience who heckle. | The speaker was heckled by a
group of protesters.
▪ chip in [intransitive] to interrupt a conversation or discussion by adding comments,
especially helpful or useful ones: Feel free to chip in if you have any comments to make.
■ when someone is doing something
▪ interrupt [intransitive and transitive] to stop someone from continuing to do something:
Miss Danziger apologised for interrupting their enjoyment of their meal. | My thoughts were
interrupted by the sound of the doorbell. | His interview was interrupted by a call from the
President.
▪ disturb to interrupt someone when they are trying to work, sleep etc: The sign on the door
said ‘Do not disturb. Meeting in progress’. | I hope I’m not disturbing you. Do you want me
to come back later? | Her sleep was disturbed by a violent hammering on the door.
▪ bother to interrupt someone, especially by asking questions when they are trying to do
something else: ‘I’m very sorry to bother you,’ Jackson said smoothly, ‘but I’d like a few
minutes of your time.’ | You mustn’t bother him - he’s working on his essay.

INTERVENE, COME IN (in discutie)

2. to interrupt someone when they are speaking

COME IN (in discutie)

4. to join in a conversation or discussion

WADE IN
to enter a discussion, argument etc in a forceful and annoying way, often without thinking
about the possible results

break in phrasal verb

1. to enter a building by using force, in order to steal something: Thieves broke in and
stole £10,000 worth of computer equipment. ⇨ break-in
2. to interrupt someone when they are speaking
break in on I didn’t want to break in on his telephone conversation.
break in with Dad would occasionally break in with an amusing comment.

Oxford Thesaurus: interrupt verb

1. I, T
• Please stop interrupting me!
disturb • • cut in • • barge in • |especially spoken bother • |informal chip in • |formal
intrude • • trouble •
interrupt/disturb sb/cut in/bother sb/chip in/trouble sb with sth
be sorry to interrupt sb/disturb sb/cut in/bother sb/intrude/trouble sb
Interrupt, disturb or bother? You usually interrupt sb who is speaking by speaking yourself.
You can either disturb or bother sb who is trying to do sth on their own, by talking to them
or asking questions. You can also disturb (but not bother or interrupt) sb who is trying to
rest, by making a lot of noise.
2. T
• The game was interrupted twice by rain.
disrupt • • interfere with sth • • hold sb /sth back • • hamper • • hinder • • obstruct • •
upset •
interrupt/disrupt/interfere with/hamper/hinder/obstruct (sb's) work
interrupt/disrupt a meeting
158
MANAGE (reusi, gestiona) HANDLE (manui, manevra) TACKLE (aborda) COPE WITH (face fata)

Thesaurus
▪ deal with something to take the necessary action, especially in order to solve a problem:
We need to deal with problems like pollution and climate change. | I spend most of my day
dealing with customer enquiries.
▪ handle to deal with a problem or difficult situation by making particular decisions. Used
especially when talking about how well or badly someone does this: He handled the situation
very well. | Most customers were happy with the way their complaints had been handled.
▪ tackle to start to deal with a problem, especially one that is complicated: We need to
tackle the issue of drugs in schools. | The government is introducing new measures to tackle
online crime.
▪ see to/attend to somebody/something to deal with all the practical details of something
that needs to be done or organized. Attend to is more formal than see to: My son saw to all
the funeral arrangements. | I have some business to attend to.
▪ take care of something to do the work or make the arrangements that are necessary for
something to happen. Used especially when you do this for someone else so that they do not
have to worry about it: My secretary takes care of all the paperwork.
▪ process if a company or organization processes a letter, form etc, they do the things that
are usually done as part of their official system, in order to deal with it: It will take a
minimum of 14 days to process your passport application. | I called their office, and they
said that my request was still being processed.

DEAL
1. agreement - an agreement or arrangement, especially in business or politics, that helps
both sides involved: They made a deal to sell the land to a property developer.
deal with - rumors that the company had done a deal with Microsoft to market its products
deal between - Twelve US soldiers were released after a deal between the army and the
guerillas.

Oxford Thesaurus - deal

• The unions are willing to do a deal over pay.
agreement • • bargain • • pact • • settlement • • arrangement • • understanding •
a/an deal/agreement/pact/settlement/arrangement/understanding on sth
under a/an deal/agreement/pact/arrangement
reach a/an deal/agreement/settlement/arrangement/understanding
make/sign a/an deal/agreement/pact

159
Thesaurus
▪ completely to the greatest degree or in every way: That’s a completely different subject.
| Bad weather had completely destroyed the crops.
▪ totally/absolutely especially spoken completely: I’m totally exhausted. | He’s absolutely
right.
▪ entirely completely – used especially in negative sentences or after ‘almost’: I’m not
entirely sure. | The community is almost entirely dependent on farming.
▪ utterly completely – used especially to emphasize strongly disapproving words: It was
utterly impossible to work in the house. | The whole thing is utterly absurd.
▪ fully completely – used especially to show that you completely understand something or
that you have all the information you need: He was fully aware of what was happening. | The
disease is still not fully understood.

UTTERLY
completely – used especially to emphasize that something is very bad, or that a feeling is
very strong: You look utterly miserable.
Webster: • I was utterly convinced that she was wrong. • The two cities are utterly
different.
I.2 SHEER SYN pure Oxford Syn: utter
sheer luck/happiness/stupidity etc luck, happiness etc with no other feeling or quality
mixed with it: I’ll never forget the look of sheer joy on her face; sheer hypocrisy
Oxford: sheer delight; sheer desperation; Webster: sheer coincidence/joy

I.1 SHEER
1. the sheer weight/size etc used to emphasize that something is very heavy, large etc
the sheer weight/size etc of - The sheer size of the country makes communications difficult.
Oxford: • The area is under threat from the sheer number of tourists using it. We were
impressed by the sheer size of the cathedral.
Webster: The sheer amount of work was staggering. The sheer force of the wind knocked me to
the ground.

UTTER
complete – used especially to emphasize that something is very bad, or that a feeling is
very strong: That’s utter nonsense! This company treats its employees with utter contempt.
I watched in complete and utter horror as he pulled out a gun. fifteen years of utter
confusion
Webster: It's hard to believe that we were utter strangers just a few days ago. • The
situation descended into utter chaos. • The children displayed an utter lack of interest in
the performance. • The movie was utter garbage. The wedding was a complete and utter
[=absolute, total] disaster.

160
Thesaurus (ciudat)
strange unusual or surprising, especially in a way that is difficult to understand, or that
is a little frightening: What’s that strange noise downstairs? | That’s strange – I’m sure I
left my keys on the table. | a strange old man
funny/odd especially spoken a little strange and making you feel slightly surprised or
worried: There’s a funny smell in the kitchen
curious especially written strange, especially in an interesting way. Curious is a little
more formal than strange
peculiar slightly strange, and different from what you would normally expect – used
especially when this is either amusing or worrying (clothes, expression on face)

ODD (ciudat, straniu) - different from what is normal or expected, especially in a way that
you disapprove of or cannot understand

UNCANNY very strange – used especially about someone having an unusual ability to do
SOMETHING, or looking surprisingly similar to someone

WEIRD very strange or very different from what you are used to

FREAK
1. informal someone who is extremely interested in a particular subject so that other people
think they are strange or unusual (fitness freak, computer freak)
2. someone who is considered to be very strange because of the way they look, behave, or
think

QUAINT - attractive in an unusual or old-fashioned way (a quaint seaside village)

Thesaurus
■ unintentionally unkind
▪ thoughtless/inconsiderate not thinking about the effects of your actions on other people:
It was inconsiderate of him not to say that he would be late. | a thoughtless disregard for
other people’s feelings
▪ tactless someone who is tactless carelessly says or does things that are likely to upset
someone, without realizing what they are doing: How could you be so tactless? | a tactless
question
▪ insensitive behaving in a way that is likely to upset someone, or not seeming to care
about someone’s feelings. Insensitive is rather a formal word: The article is insensitive to
the family and friends of the victim. | He later admitted that some of his remarks were
‘insensitive’.

Oxford Thesaurus insensitive adj.

• It was a really insensitive thing to say.
thoughtless • • unsympathetic • • uncaring • • tactless • • inconsiderate • |written
unthinking •
Opp: sensitive
insensitive/unsympathetic to sb/sth
a/an insensitive/thoughtless/tactless remark
an unsympathetic/uncaring/inconsiderate attitude

161
BODE (prevesti)
1.the past tense of bide
2.bode well/ill (for somebody/something) SYN augur - to be a good or bad sign for the future
PRESAGE formal - to be a sign that something is going to happen, especially something bad:
presage rain;
PORTEND literary Oxford Syn: foreshadow
to be a sign that something is going to happen, especially something bad: ~ disaster
OMEN (semn, prevestire) portent
a sign of what will happen in the future: good/bad omen
OMINOUS (prevestitor) Oxford Syn: foreboding
making you feel that something bad is going to happen
MISGIVING (presimtire rea)
a feeling of doubt or fear about what might happen or about whether something is right

QUALM (neliniste sufleteasca, presimtire rea, remuscari, indoieli) Oxford Syn: misgiving
a feeling of slight worry or doubt because you are not sure that what you are doing is
right: Despite my qualms, I took the job. The manager has no qualms about dropping players
who do not perform well.

162