Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Waste Management
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wasman

Review

Trend of the research on construction and demolition waste management

Hongping Yuan ⇑, Liyin Shen 1
Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Research interests in addressing construction and demolition (C&D) waste management issues have
Received 12 July 2010 resulted in a large amount of publications during the last decade. This study demonstrates that there
Accepted 27 October 2010 is no systematic examination on the research development in literature in the discipline of C&D
Available online 18 December 2010
waste management. This study presents the latest research trend in the discipline through analyzing
the publications from 2000 to 2009 in eight major international journals. The analysis is conducted
on the number of papers published annually, main authors’ contributions, research methods and data
analysis methods adopted, and research topics covered. The results exhibit an increasing research
interest in C&D waste management in recent years. Researchers from developed economies have
contributed significantly to the development of the research in the discipline. Some developing
countries such as Malaysia and China have also been making good efforts in promoting C&D waste
management research. The findings from this study also indicate that survey and case study are
major methods for data collection, and the data are mostly processed through descriptive analysis.
It is anticipated that more future studies on C&D waste management will be led by researchers from
developing economies, where construction works will remain their major economic activities. On the
other hand, more sophisticated modeling and simulating techniques have been used effectively in a
number of studies on C&D waste management research, and this is considered a major methodology
for future research in the discipline. C&D waste management will continue to be a hot research topic
in the future, in particularly, the importance of human factors in C&D waste management has
emerged as a new challenging topic.
Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
2. Construction and demolition waste management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
3. Research methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
3.1. Selection of target scholarly journals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
3.2. Measuring main authors’ contributions to C&D waste management research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
3.3. Classification of the identified papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
4. Results, analyses and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
4.1. Number of published papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
4.2. Main authors’ contributions to the publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
4.3. Research and data analysis methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
4.4. Research topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
4.4.1. Numbers of publications on different research topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
4.4.2. Future research directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676
5. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678

⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +852 27664306, +852 61820697; fax: +852

1. Introduction
27645131.
E-mail addresses: hpyuan2005@gmail.com (H. Yuan), bsshen@polyu.edu.hk
(L. Shen). In recent years, a large amount of publications concerning con-
1
Tel.:+852 27665805. struction and demolition (C&D) waste management have occurred

0956-053X/$ - see front matter Ó 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.10.030
 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679
in scholarly journals around the globe. Whilst this development
has enriched the literature in this discipline, it presents challenges
to researchers for capturing an overview of the research develop-
ment. There exists a difficulty to gain a comprehensive under-
standing on the research progress in a discipline such as C&D
waste management, in which publications have been increasing
dramatically in a short period of time. It is considered vital impor-
tant to examine systematically the literature relating to C&D waste
management to provide effective understandings on the latest
development of the research in the discipline, and serve as a vehi-
cle for inspiring the trend of the research on C&D waste
management.
Literature review is generally considered as a key methodology
for examining the development trend of research in a particular
discipline. Flanagan et al. (2007), for example, conducted a review
on competitiveness in construction and suggested global competi-
tion strategy as a key research area in the discipline. The study by
Bersnen and Marshall (2000) examined the key issues and debates
addressed in literature on the concept of partnering, and concluded
that a more realistic and practical approach to the development
and implementation of partnering would emerge only by fully
appreciating the effects of the complexities of organizations. Al-
Sharif and Kaka (2004) conducted an analysis of the PFI/PPP (pri-
vate finance initiative/public–private partnership) topic coverage
in construction journals, and pointed out that the number of pub-
lications in this area was not comparative with the importance of
PFI/PPP and the level of activities associated. Beyond the discipline
of construction management, Tsai and Wen (2005), carried out a
content analysis of publication on science education, and revealed
that science education research had progressively become an
important field recognized by the international academic commu-
nity. The study conducted by Scudder and Hill (1998) in the field of
operation management presented evaluation and review on the
empirical work that has been done during the period of 1986
and 1995. These research works reviews, on one hand, have pro-
vided researchers with clear and thorough understandings on the
current development of research in these disciplines, which are
useful to launch their studies while avoiding duplication of re-
search effort (Flanagan et al., 2007). On the other hand, they pres-
ent some new and noteworthy research directions for future. It
demonstrates that literature review research is critical to allow
researchers to grasp what is the current research progress and
what are the potential research directions in a concerned research
discipline.
The research by Yuan et al. (2009) presents a comprehensive
examination of the research papers published in academic journals
in the field of C&D waste management. With the assistance of the
Qualitative Social Research software package NVivo, Yuan et al.
(2009) introduced a rigorous and logic method for identifying the
C&D waste management papers. This method is proven effective
in examining existing topics in literature within a particular disci-
pline, but it could not present any promising topics for further re-
search development. Therefore, it appears that no systematic
review has been conducted in the discipline of C&D waste
management.
It is therefore the aim of this study to demonstrate the latest re-
search directions in the discipline of C&D waste management sug-
gested in the literature through analyzing the publications about
C&D waste management in the selected journals from 2000 to
2009. For the fulfillment of the study aim, the following questions
are addressed:
 Who were the main contributors to C&D waste management
research from 2000 to 2009?
 What were the main methods of data collection and analysis in
the research from 2000 to 2009?
671
 What is the development of research trend of research topics?
The paper is divided into four major parts. The following section
outlines the principles and practice of C&D waste management,
followed by introducing the research methodology for selecting
the target scholarly journals and analyzing the data. In the final
part, the paper presents the analysis and discussion of the research
results, followed by presenting conclusions of this study.
2. Construction and demolition waste management
The term ‘‘C&D waste’’ is generally used to refer to the solid
waste generated in the construction sector. More specifically, the
term is defined as the waste which arises from construction, reno-
vation and demolition activities including land excavation or for-
mation, civil and building construction, site clearance, demolition
activities, roadwork, and building renovation (Shen et al., 2004).
Significant amount of C&D waste is annually generated globally.
For example, the study by Sandler and Swingle (2006) shows that
approximately 136 million tons of building-related C&D debris is
generated each year in the US, out of which only 20–30% is recycled.
In UK, it was reported that every year around 70 million tons of
C&D materials and soil ended up as waste (DETR, 2000), and the
wastage rate in the UK construction industry was as high as 10–
15% (McGrath and Anderson, 2000). In Australia, C&D waste ac-
counts for 16–40% of the total solid waste generated (Bell, 1998).
In Hong Kong, according to the report by the Environment Protec-
tion Department (EPD), about 2900 tons of C&D waste was re-
ceived at landfills per day in 2007 (Hong Kong EPD, 2007). China
produces 29% of the world’s municipal solid waste (MSW) each
year, of which construction activities contribute for nearly 40%
(Dong et al., 2001; Wang et al., 2008).
Adverse impacts of C&D waste generation are multiple, includ-
ing running up a large amount of land resources for waste landfill-
ing (Poon et al., 2003), harming the surroundings by hazardous
pollution (Esin and Cosgun, 2007), and wasting natural resources.
As C&D waste is unavoidable and ‘‘zero waste’’ is not practical, re-
search pursuing solutions to minimize the generation of C&D
waste has been conducted in the past few decades. In line with
these research developments, a waste management method hier-
archy has been well established, comprising of four strategies
(Fig. 1), namely, waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and disposal
(Peng et al., 1997). The impacts from using the four strategies on
the environment are in ascending order from low to high. The pri-
mary principles of the hierarchy are minimizing resource con-
sumption and preventing environmental pollution, the two
Fig. 1. The C&D waste management method hierarchy.
672 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679
pillars of sustainability in construction (Peng et al., 1997). The
three strategies (reduce, reuse, and recycle) in the waste manage-
ment method hierarchy are well known as 3Rs of C&D waste man-
agement, which has been used as basic principles for conducting
other C&D waste management.
Waste reduction offers two major benefits: minimizing the gen-
eration of C&D waste and reducing the cost for waste transporting,
disposal and recycling (Poon, 2007; Esin and Cosgun, 2007). Waste
reduction strategy is considered as the most effective and efficient
method for minimizing the generation of C&D waste and eliminat-
ing many of the waste disposal and environmental problems (Peng
et al., 1997; Esin and Cosgun, 2007). Nevertheless, C&D waste is
unavoidable, when the C&D waste occurs, reuse and recycle strat-
egies are optional methods for application to reduce the C&D waste
volume entering landfills. Reuse usually means using the same
material in construction more than once, including using the mate-
rial again for the same function (e.g., timber formwork in construc-
tion) (Ling and Leo, 2000). Another type of reuse is new-life reuse
where the material is used as a raw material for a new function
(e.g., using the cut-corner steel bar for shelves and fraction of con-
crete and bricks for road base material) (Duran et al., 2006). The
waste materials that cannot be reused will either be recycled for
new construction materials or disposed of at landfills. Reuse is
the most desirable option after reduction because it requests for
a minimum processing and energy use (Peng et al., 1997). If the
generated waste cannot be reused, recycling strategy should be
considered. By recycling, C&D waste can be made to some new
materials. Kartam et al. (2004) and Tam (2008a) identified the ma-
jor benefits from waste recycling, including: (1) reducing the de-
mand for new resources; (2) cutting down on transport and
production energy cost; (3) utilizing waste which would otherwise
be lost to landfill sites; (4) preserving areas of land for future urban
development; and (5) improving the general state of the environ-
ment. Where C&D waste cannot be reused nor recycled, they need
to be disposed of properly at landfills and/or for public filling to
alleviate its pollution to the surroundings.
Despite the well-developed strategies of C&D waste manage-
ment, it is unfortunately to note that the implementation of these
management methods in practice is far from effective (Lingard
et al., 2000; Tam, 2008b; Osmani et al., 2006; Kofoworola and Ghe-
ewala, 2009). Barriers and difficulties of applying these methods
have been well addressed in previous studies. Osmani et al.’s
(2006) study reveals that C&D waste management is not put to a
priority in the design process. Studies conducted by Tam et al.
(2007) and Jaillon et al. (2009) identify several hindrances to
applying low-waste technology, namely, prefabrication in Hong
Kong construction industry. Other studies (e.g., Kawano, 2003;
Tam and Tam, 2006; Tam et al., 2009) reveal that concern about
the extra cost of recycling and the quality of recycled materials is
a key barrier to the promotion of recycling practices in construc-
tion. There is a pressing need for solutions to mitigate these barri-
ers. Tam and Tam (2006) and Hao et al. (2008) suggested that the
C&D waste charging scheme promulgated by Hong Kong govern-
ment could be promoted widely. Among many reasons for the lim-
ited effectiveness of C&D waste management, a typical reason is
the different concerns between two major groups of stakeholders
involved in the C&D waste management process. The first group in-
cludes the authorities, general public and NGOs which all tend to
concern more about minimizing the amount of C&D waste entering
landfills. The other major group comprises of project clients, main
and subcontractors and it concerns more on the benefit and profits
from conducting C&D waste management, with less concern about
whether or not the generated C&D waste would burden the
environment.
The main reasons for the limited use of existing C&D waste
management methods will form the basis for the future research
in order to improve the implementation of these established meth-
odologies. It is the aim of this study to provide insights into the
current outcomes and the future development of C&D waste man-
agement research.
3. Research methodology
3.1. Selection of target scholarly journals
To select the target scholarly journals publishing C&D waste
management research work, the study by Yuan et al. (2009) pro-
vides an effective reference for selection. There are four journals
publishing the largest number of papers, including: Resources Con-
servation and Recycling (RC&R), Waste Management (WM), Waste
Management and Research (WM&R), and Construction Manage-
ment and Economics (CME). Other journals have also published
research works in this discipline, including Building and Environ-
ment (B&E), Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
(CEM), Automation in Construction (AIC), Engineering, Construc-
tion and Architectural Management (ECAM), Construction Innova-
tion (CI), International Journal of Management of Environmental
Quality (MEQ), and Journal of Industrial Ecology (JIE). The authors
of the present study re-visited the above-mentioned journals is-
sue-by-issue in order to retrieve and filter C&D waste management
related papers that have been published in these journals during
the period of 2000 and 2009.
As a result, it was found that eight journals, namely RC&R, WM,
WM&R, CME, B&E, CEM, AIC, ECAM, have published more than two
C&D waste management related papers from 2000 to 2009. There-
fore, these eight scholarly journals were finally selected as target
journals for identifying research works on C&D waste manage-
ment. The basis for using these as target journals is due to two
main aspects. Firstly, these journals are the mainstream in publish-
ing C&D waste management research (Yuan et al., 2009). Secondly,
RC&R, WM, and WM&R publish broadly on waste management and
sometimes include papers on C&D waste management, and CME,
CEM, AIC, ECAM have been the top-10 construction related jour-
nals (Chau, 1997), which are highly recognized in the construction
management field.
3.2. Measuring main authors’ contributions to C&D waste
management research
Many researchers have been contributing to the development of
C&D waste management through publishing works. In order to
understand the main stream of the research in this discipline, top
contributors to the research are to be identified. It is considered
that this identification enables researchers to track the research
path of these contributors, and to be able to deepen the research
from where left. In conducting this identification, this study adopts
a similar approach employed by Al-Sharif and Kaka (2004) for
identifying major authors in the discipline of PFI/PPP, which is to
count an author’s total number of papers published across a given
time period.
Measuring the contribution of main authors has been a tradi-
tional topic of great interest to researchers in various disciplines
(Little, 1997; Tsai and Wen, 2005; Roberts et al., 2006). Typically,
there are two methods for measuring author contribution. One is
to assign an appropriate score to an author through considering
his/her contribution to a specific paper (e.g., Howard et al., 1987
and Trueba and Guerrero, 2004). Then the author’s total score on
all involved papers are derived from adding individual scores. An-
other method is to calculate the total number of citation of a spe-
cific paper. The more frequently a paper has been cited by other
researchers, the more important the paper is. It is considered that
 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679
a more frequently cited paper also demonstrates that the research-
ers involved in the paper have made greater contributions to the
research community. Both methods are used in this study to eval-
uate the author contribution. The scoring method proposed by
Howard et al. (1987), which has been widely adopted by previous
studies (e.g., Tsai and Wen, 2005; Roberts et al., 2006), was em-
ployed for appreciating the contribution of an individual author.
Each author’s contribution to a particular paper was measured
through calculating the contribution score according to a formula
as follows:
1:5ni
Score ¼ Pn ni
i¼1 1:5
where n is the total number of authors of the paper and i is the spe-
cific author’s ordinal position in the paper (Howard et al., 1987).
Considering that each paper has a total score of 1, a detailed score
matrix for authors is shown in Table 1. For example, if a paper
has a sole author, the author will receive a score of 1.00; if a paper
involves three authors, they in descending order will receive scores
of 0.47, 0.32 and 0.21, respectively.
3.3. Classification of the identified papers
The research papers were identified and classified to gain in-
sights into the development trend of research in the area of C&D
waste management. The first objective of this work is to gain the
understanding of what data collection methods and what data
analysis methods have been adopted in the literature. The second
objective is to determine the number of papers published each year
on C&D waste management topics during 2000 and 2009.
The methods used in conducting C&D waste management re-
search in previous studies vary to a large extent. By examining
the papers identified in this study, it can be observed that four
types of research methods have been adopted. Detailed description
of the research methods is as follows:
 Survey: this is facilitated through distributing questionnaires to
or conducting face-to-face interviews with industry practitio-
ners (e.g., Begum et al., 2007).
 Case study: this is carried out by studying one or more real-
world construction projects (e.g., Roussat et al., 2009).
 Review: the aim of these papers is to provide insights and crit-
ical analyses of the literature on a specific topic (e.g., Tam and
Tam, 2006), or to open a window onto the C&D waste manage-
ment practice in any given country/region (e.g., Fatta et al.,
2003).
 Experiment: this research method is mainly used to study C&D
waste recycling (e.g., Correia et al., 2009).
Furthermore, the examination on the identified papers reveals
that there are primarily four types of data analysis methods
adopted in conducting C&D waste management research, including
descriptive analysis, simulating/modeling, statistical analysis and
cost–benefit analysis.
Table 1
Authors’ contribution score matrix for multi-author papers.
Number of authors Order of a specific author
1 2 3 4
1 1.00
2 0.60 0.40
3 0.47 0.32 0.21
4 0.42 0.28 0.18 0.12
5 0.38 0.26 0.17 0.11
673
 Descriptive analysis concerns analyzing data through calculat-
ing the percentage, mean value and standard deviation, or con-
ducting different kinds of statistical tests (e.g., Teo and
Loosemore, 2001).
 Simulating/modeling refers to analyzing data by the deploy-
ment of various mathematical modeling techniques (e.g., Hao
et al., 2008).
 Statistical analysis adopts various statistical analysis tech-
niques, such as the regression analysis (e.g., Begum et al., 2009).
 Cost–benefit analysis reveals the cost and benefit of C&D waste
management activities (e.g., Begum et al., 2006).
ð1Þ
The analysis on research topic not only benefits for identifying
the topics that have been investigated previously, thus avoiding
duplication of research efforts, but also for understanding how
the research topics vary across the investigation period. It has been
found that the identified papers are in six categories of research
topics, encompassing: (1) C&D waste generation, (2) C&D waste
reduction, (3) C&D waste reuse, (4) C&D waste recycling, (5) C&D
waste management in general, and (6) human factors in C&D waste
management. Where a paper covers more than one topic, the paper
is classified into the most highly related topic cluster. The sub-top-
ics included in each of the categories are tabulated in Table 2.
4. Results, analyses and discussion
4.1. Number of published papers
Table 3 shows the number of C&D waste management related
papers published annually from 2000 through 2009. There were
87 C&D waste management related papers among the 7732 ones
published in the eight target journals during the survey period.
Although publication of C&D waste management only accounted
for 1.13% of the total publication, the amount of C&D waste man-
agement related papers published annually, which increased from
4 in 2000 to 16 in 2009, showed obviously that C&D waste man-
agement has attracted increasing attention from researchers.
As presented in Table 3, 57 papers have been published to ad-
dress the information on various types of waste, on the journal
of RC&R, WM, and WM&R. It was not until 2002 that more and
more C&D waste management related papers began to appear in
construction related journals typically including CEM, AIC and
ECAM in 2003. Among the five construction related journals,
CME has published 9 C&D waste management related papers be-
tween 2000 and 2009, followed by 8 in B&E, 6 in CEM, 4 in AIC,
and 3 in ECAM. From the table, it can be also seen that the average
ratio of addressing research issues on C&D waste management is
1.13%. However, the ratio for RC&R, WM, and WM&R is much high-
er. This indicates that the three journals have been contributing
more significantly in publishing C&D waste management research.
It should be highlighted that CME has published the largest num-
ber of C&D waste management related papers among all the con-
struction related journals during the period.
4.2. Main authors’ contributions to the publications
There are a total of 13 researchers who contributed more than
two C&D waste management related papers from 2000 to 2009,
as tabulated in Table 4. By applying formula (1), the total contribu-
5 tion score of each of these 13 researchers is calculated. Apparently,
V.W.Y. Tam has published the largest number of papers (11 pa-
pers), receiving the highest total contribution score of 5.97. It ap-
pears that four of the top-five researchers who have contributed
the largest number of papers have devoted their efforts mainly to
0.08
the investigation of C&D waste management problems in Hong
674 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679

Table 2
Research topics in C&D waste management publications.

Research topics Sub-topics

(1) C&D waste generation
(2) C&D waste reduction
(3) C&D waste reuse
(4) C&D waste recycling
(5) C&D waste management in
general
(6) Human factors in C&D waste
management
C&D waste amount; C&D waste origins; waste causes; waste generation rate; and factors affecting waste generation
Benefits of C&D waste reduction; waste reduction measures and technologies; barriers to waste reduction; and the effectiveness
of waste reduction
Barriers to C&D waste reuse and various waste reuse practices
C&D waste recycling practices; waste recycling rate; benefits of waste recycling; and barriers to applying recycled materials
The regulation environment for C&D waste management; waste management system; waste management plan; performance of
C&D waste management; cost–benefit analysis; incentives for waste management; and sustainable C&D waste management
The influence of human factors; factors for minimizing the influence of human factors; perceptions of various professionals; and
difficulties in managing human factors in C&D waste management

Table 3
C&D waste management related papers published from 2000 to 2009.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total
Target journals Total 475 525 575 608 651 730 825 1170 1023 1150 7732
C&D WM 4 5 4 8 11 5 8 16 10 16 87
Ratio (%) 0.84 0.95 0.70 1.32 1.69 0.68 0.97 1.37 0.98 1.54 1.13
RC&R Total 60 64 45 65 72 66 76 120 106 92 766
C&D WM 0 3 1 3 3 1 4 5 2 4 26
Ratio (%) 0.00 4.69 2.22 4.62 4.17 1.52 5.26 4.17 1.87 4.34 3.39
WM Total 83 79 111 95 107 110 144 213 308 375 1625
C&D WM 1 0 1 2 2 1 0 4 2 7 20
Ratio (%) 1.20 0.00 0.90 2.11 1.87 0.91 0.00 1.88 0.65 1.87 1.23
WM&R Total 59 61 58 55 50 62 59 68 65 66 603
C&D WM 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 3 2 11
Ratio (%) 1.69 0.00 0.00 1.82 0.00 1.61 1.69 2.94 4.62 3.03 1.82
CME Total 69 59 60 72 89 85 106 100 93 90 823
C&D WM 1 2 0 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 9
Ratio (%) 1.45 3.39 0.00 1.39 4.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11 1.09
B&E Total 54 105 144 143 135 168 204 437 219 269 1878
C&D WM 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 1 8
Ratio (%) 1.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.74 0.00 0.49 0.92 0.00 0.37 0.43
CEM Total 62 61 64 81 102 140 135 108 103 132 988
C&D WM 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 6
Ratio (%) 0.00 0.00 1.56 0.00 0.98 0.71 0.74 0.93 0.00 0.76 0.61
AIC Total 51 59 55 61 57 64 65 87 93 93 685
C&D WM 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 4
Ratio (%) 0.00 0.00 1.82 0.00 0.00 1.56 1.54 0.00 1.08 0.00 0.58
ECAM Total 37 37 38 36 39 35 36 37 36 33 364
C&D WM 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 3
Ratio (%) 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.56 0.00 0.82

Table 4
Researchers contributing to more than two papers.

Researchers Papers Score Affiliation

Tam, V.W.Y 11 5.97 City University of Hong Kong; Griffith University, Australia; and University of Western Sydney, Australia
Poon, C.S. 9 3.56 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Tam, C.M. 6 1.87 City University of Hong Kong
Shen, L.Y. 5 1.68 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Yu, A.T.W 5 1.52 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Begum, R.A. 4 1.68 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Siwar, C. 4 1.12 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Pereira, J.J. 4 0.72 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Jaafar, A.H. 4 0.48 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Chen, Z 3 1.13 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Massey University, New Zealand; and The University of Reading, UK
Li, H 3 1.00 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Papadopoulos, K. 3 0.78 National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Moustakas, K. 3 0.42 National Technical University of Athens, Greece

Kong; and three of them, including C.S. Poon, L.Y. Shen, A.T.W. Yu,
are all from Hong Kong.
A further examination on the research origin of the identified
papers, as shown in Table 5, indicates that Hong Kong is the most
contributor to publishing C&D waste management related papers,
receiving a total contribution score of 20.13 for having published
23 papers between 2000 and 2009. The largest number of research-
ers (22) is also in Hong Kong. It is worth noting that the five devel-
oped countries/regions, namely Hong Kong, Australia, USA, UK, and
Sweden, have contributed the most to C&D waste management
 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679 675

Table 5 Table 7
Research origin of C&D waste management papers published. Research methods in the publications.

Institute/University Researchers Papers Score Research method Number of papers Percentage (%)
Hong Kong 4 22 23 20.13 Case study 34 39.1
Australia 5 9 11 10.62 Survey 30 34.5
USA 12 18 7 6.96 Review 16 18.4
UK 5 8 7 3.97 Experiment 7 8.0
Sweden 9 14 6 5.79
Malaysia 1 4 4 4.00
Brazil 4 14 4 3.60
China 3 4 4 3.18
Greece 1 9 3 3.00 Table 8
France 2 4 3 2.21 Data analysis methods in the publications.

Data analysis method Number of papers Percentage (%)

research, as they have covered about 62% of the whole publication
identified. It to a large extent indicates that C&D waste manage-
ment in these countries/regions are on the higher agenda com-
pared with that in the developing countries. Furthermore, it is
also worth noting that Malaysia and China having been doing well
in promoting C&D waste management research, with each contrib-
uting to 4 C&D waste management related papers during the per-
iod of 2000 and 2009, and a contribution score of 4.00 and 3.18,
respectively. Reasons for the lag of C&D waste management re-
search in developing countries may be multiple, such as lower
awareness for performing C&D waste management in the construc-
tion sector, less pressure of land resources used for C&D waste dis-
posal, and others.
Citation analysis, as aforementioned, is another effective way
for reflecting author contribution. Table 6 tabulates the results of
citation analysis on the 87 papers (all self-citations have been ex-
cluded already). From the results of Table 6, it can be found that
publication of C.S. Poon from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University
have been cited for 59 times. In addition, five frequently cited
researchers are all from universities in Hong Kong, and the other
two have collaborated closely with the Hong Kong researchers.
This can imply that the Hong Kong researchers contributed signif-
icantly to the whole C&D waste management research during the
period of 2000 and 2009.
4.3. Research and data analysis methods
All the papers were classified as to the afore-outlined research
methods. Table 7 shows the number of papers that fall into each
category. It is clear that case study and survey are the major meth-
ods used for data collection. Since C&D waste management is an is-
sue that connects tightly to construction practice, it is impossible
Descriptive statistics/analysis 52 59.8
Simulating/modeling 19 21.8
Statistical analysis 13 14.9
Cost–benefit analysis 3 3.5
to provide constructive measures and suggestions without under-
standing the industry practices. Therefore, case study, interview,
and questionnaire appear the most appropriate methods for
obtaining research data in previous studies.
Table 8 shows classification of the data analysis methods. A
number of 52 papers have adopted descriptive analysis, 19 papers
adopted simulating/modeling methods, and 13 papers used statis-
tical analysis. Only 3 papers focused on examining the economic
feasibility of C&D waste management by using the cost–benefit
analysis approach. Caution must be taken here not to draw the
conclusion that a given method being adopted by more papers is
more popular than others, since some methods are more general
and broader in scope than other methods. Another interesting phe-
nomenon is that in most earlier studies, researchers tend to use
simple descriptive and statistical analysis methods for data analy-
sis, but recently, more complicated methods, such as system
dynamics (Hao et al., 2007), genetic algorithms and integer pro-
gramming model (Salem et al., 2007), and discrete-event simula-
tion (Lu et al., 2006), begin to play a role in C&D waste
management research. By employing these newly developed
mathematical techniques, the complexity and dynamics of the
C&D waste management can be simulated to better reflect the real-
ity (Lu et al., 2006; Hao et al., 2007). Hence there is increasing
trend of studies in the future by applying different modeling tech-
niques in C&D waste management. These attempts will be highly
encouraged as they could provide insights into how to improve
the effectiveness of C&D waste management.

Table 6
Most frequently cited researchers.

Researchers Affiliation Total times cited

Poon, C.S. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 59
Yu, A.T.W. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 43
Chen, Z. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Massey University, New Zealand; and The University of Reading, UK 33
Li, H. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 33
Tam, V.W.Y. City University of Hong Kong; Griffith University, Australia; and University of Western Sydney, Australia 31
Ng, L.H. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 31
Tam, C.M. City University of Hong Kong 27
Lingard, H. University of Melbourne, Australia 21
Graham, P. RMIT University, Australia 21
Teo, M.M.M. The University of New South Wales, Australia 21
Loosemore, M. The University of New South Wales, Australia 21
Papadopoulos, A. National Technical University of Athens, Greece 21
Moustakas, K. National Technical University of Athens, Greece 21
Klang, A. Mid-Sweden University, Sweden 20
Vikman, P. Mid-Sweden University, Sweden 20
Brattebo, H. The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway 20
676 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679
Table 9
Number of publications distributed among different research topics in the period 2000–2009.
2000 2001 2002 2003
Topic 1: C&D waste generation 0 0 1 0
Topic 2: C&D waste reduction 0 2 1 0
Topic 3: C&D waste reuse 2 0 0 1
Topic 4: C&D waste recycling 0 2 2 0
Topic 5: C&D waste management in general 2 1 0 6
Topic 6: Human factors in C&D waste management 0 1 0 0
4.4. Research topics
4.4.1. Numbers of publications on different research topics
According to Table 9, the majority of the research effort have
been devoted to research into ‘‘C&D waste management in general’’
(37.93%), ‘‘C&D waste recycling’’ (26.44%), ‘‘C&D waste reduction’’
(14.94%), and ‘‘C&D waste generation’’ (10.34%). Along with the
time goes by, research interests in some topics, such as ‘‘C&D waste
recycling’’, ‘‘C&D waste management in general’’, and ‘‘human fac-
tors in C&D waste management’’, have been increasing.
The research into ‘‘C&D waste management in general’’ ac-
counts for the largest since this topic covers a relatively wide range
of sub-topics, such as regulation environment for C&D waste man-
agement, waste management system, waste management plan,
and cost–benefit analysis. Apparently, from 2007 onwards, papers
devoted to this general topic tend to have increased, which can be
seen from Table 9. This indicates that the sub-topics grouped under
‘‘C&D waste management in general’’ will continue to be hot re-
search issues in future.
The second popular topic comes to ‘‘C&D waste recycling’’. This
topic deals with C&D waste management problems from both
managerial and technical perspectives. Results in Table 9 show a
general trend of increase in annual number of papers focused on
this topic. It is considered that this topic will continue to be an
important focus.
The topic ‘‘C&D waste reduction’’ has been receiving steady
interest from researchers from 2000, indicating that C&D waste
reduction is the most preferable method for managing C&D waste
in terms of resource saving and pollution alleviation.
Three sub-topics in the topic of ‘‘C&D waste generation’’, includ-
ing waste causes, waste generation rate, and factors affecting waste
generation, have received significant attention. Within a given
country/region, it is important to understand the C&D waste gener-
ation situation before in-depth studies can be carried out to find
solutions of managing wastes. Increasing number of the developing
countries, such as Malaysia and China, tends to concentrate more
on this research topic. Note that research on C&D waste manage-
ment receives increased attention in these developing countries.
Referring to the topic of the human factors in C&D waste man-
agement, it is interesting to see that in the follow-up period of
6 years after the publication of the paper by Teo and Loosemore
(2001), no paper was published in this topic. It was not until
2008 that two related papers were published. This implies to a cer-
tain extent that researchers start again to recognize the important
role of human factors in C&D waste management.
It is unexpected to find that research efforts on ‘‘C&D waste re-
use’’ is far more less than that on the topic of ‘‘C&D waste reduc-
tion’’ and ‘‘C&D waste recycling’’, although they are considered as
three basic principles in C&D waste management. A careful review
of the literature reveals that this is probably because the generated
waste will be reused actively by contractors once they realize that
benefits can be obtained from doing so. For example, Ling and Leo
(2000) found that there were three important factors affecting the
reuse of timber formwork, in which two were highly related to
workmen, including working attitudes of workmen and efficiency
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Total %
1 0 1 2 0 4 9 10.34
2 1 2 3 1 1 13 14.94
0 0 0 1 1 1 6 6.90
3 1 4 3 3 5 23 26.44
4 3 1 6 5 5 33 37.93
0 0 0 0 1 1 3 3.45
of workmen. It indicates that best solutions to C&D waste reuse de-
pend highly on the practitioners, rather than the waste material
itself.
4.4.2. Future research directions
In line with the six research topics identified, several future re-
search directions can be further explored through an analysis of
what has been done and what remains to be done in the research
field of C&D waste management, as illustrated in Fig. 2. Since the
state-of-the-art of research into the discipline of C&D waste man-
agement is self-explanatory according to Fig. 2, the following sec-
tion mainly focuses on the analysis of future research direction
worth to be noted and highlighted.
Within the topic of ‘C&D waste generation’, two major themes
need to be further explored, including:
(1) Investigation of the amount of demolition waste, in particular,
for developing economies. Previous studies indicate that rela-
tively less research attempts have been made at investigat-
ing the amount of demolition waste, even though
demolition activities have made a greater contribution to
the generation of C&D waste than construction activities
(Bossink and Brouwers, 1996; US EPA, 2002). Furthermore,
due to rapid urbanization and insufficient attention to waste
generation in developing economies during the past decades
(such as China and Malaysia), statistical data regarding the
amount of waste generation is currently scarcity in these
countries (Wang et al., 2008; Begum et al., 2007). Given
the fact that volume of C&D waste, to a large extent, provides
fundamental data enabling the public to realize the real sit-
uation we are facing, it is essential to examine the amount of
demolition waste, in particular, for these developing coun-
tries in the future.
(2) Benchmarking different waste management performance using
‘waste generation rate’. Waste generation rate (WGR) serves
as valuable quantitative information for benchmarking dif-
ferent C&D waste management practices. The investigation
of WGR has long been attractive to researchers as well as
construction practitioners since the study by Skoyles
(1976), who examined WGRs for 37 materials in UK through
direct on-site observations and by comparing contractors’
records. Different practices, however, still adopt different
approaches to measure WGRs, which leads to difficulties to
the benchmark for measuring different C&D waste manage-
ment performances. In this regard, further study should be
launched to enable the benchmark of different waste man-
agement performances using WGR.
In the future, two sub-topics on the topic of ‘C&D waste reduc-
tion’ should be studied, namely:
(1) Barriers and strategies regarding C&D waste reduction in devel-
oping economies. During the past few decades, considerable
efforts have been devoted to dealing with barriers and strat-
egies of C&D waste management in developed countries,
 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679 677

Fig. 2. Future research directions in C&D waste management.

such as USA, UK, Germany and Japan. The barriers and strat-
egies for managing C&D waste in some developing countries,
however, are lagging far behind.
(2) Effectiveness of identified strategies. Existing studies have sug-
gested a wide range of C&D waste management strategies.
To what extend can these strategies effectively address the
C&D waste management problems that would be encoun-
tered in practice, however, is still an unsolved question.
Therefore, development of approaches that can examine
the effectiveness of different C&D waste management strat-
egies is probably a promising research direction.
be addressed in the future:
Under the umbrella of ‘C&D waste reuse’, two questions are
likely to be answered:
(1) How to improve practitioners’ attitudes towards waste reuse?
As afore-discussed, best solutions to C&D waste reuse
depend highly on the practitioners, rather than the waste
material itself, which without doubt emphasizes the impor-
tance of practitioners’ attitudes towards waste reuse. There-
fore, investigations into industry practitioners’ attitudes
toward C&D waste reuse in different contexts are helpful
to further understand their waste reuse behavior, thus strat-
egies for improving the performance of C&D waste reuse
could be presented.
(2) How to improve the efficiency of waste reuse? Improvement of
the efficiency of waste use deserves more attention, as this is
an important way to attain resource saving. Further studies
should be carried out to develop ways to improve the effi-
ciency of waste reuse, such as identifying barriers to waste
reuse, promoting advanced construction methods of waste
reuse, improving present waste reuse plan/system, and
designing and implementing awarding scheme to activate
waste reuse.
As for the topic of ‘C&D waste recycling’, two questions should
(1) How to promote the competitiveness of recycled materials? Pre-
vious studies indicate clearly that cost and quality are the
major considerations of industry practitioners when adopt-
ing recycled materials. Lauritzen (1998) and Tam and Tam
(2006), for example, both conclude that from a purely eco-
nomic point of view, recycled materials are only attractive
when they are competitive with virgin materials in terms
of cost and quality. However, cost for promoting waste recy-
cling and quality of recycled materials are still the major
barriers to the development of waste recycling (Kawano,
2003). It is therefore important to enhance the competitive-
ness of recycled materials, either by advanced technologies
678 H. Yuan, L. Shen / Waste Management 31 (2011) 670–679
or better management, so that the application of recycled
material in construction can be effectively promoted.
(2) How to evaluate the effectiveness of waste recycling from a sus-
tainable perspective? The economic effectiveness of waste
recycling, as afore-analyzed, is the main concern in waste
recycling. Nevertheless, the environmental and social effec-
tiveness of waste recycling, the other two dimensions of sus-
tainability, should also be embraced and evaluated. Although
research shows that environmental impacts of waste recy-
cling begin to appear in the arena recently, existing works
should be further elaborated. In the future, social impacts
of waste recycling should be envisaged as well. Only in this
way, can the sustainable development of waste recycling be
attained and associated adverse impacts be mitigated.
In addition, three directions in related to the topic of ‘C&D waste
management in general’ are worth noting:
(1) Environmental and social effectiveness of C&D waste manage-
ment. Similarly, research in ‘C&D waste management in
general’ needs to be shifted from ‘a traditionally focus on
cost–benefit analysis’ to ‘a broader view of sustainability
including economic, environmental and social effectiveness’.
That is, it is critical for future research in this area to take
both environmental and social effectiveness of C&D waste
management into consideration.
(2) How to ascertain a suitable disposal charging fee that can hit a
balance of interests among different project stakeholders? It is
reported that uncontrolled dumpling of C&D waste has been
widely occurring in many countries worldwide (Esin and
Cosgun, 2007; Zygouras et al., 2009). Generally speaking,
there are two ways to reduce uncontrolled dumplings. One
is by polluters’ (such as contractors, sub-contractors and
waste contractors) willingness to dispose of waste at land-
fills and the other is through governmental regulations
(Hao et al., 2008). Studies revealed that disposing of C&D
waste willingly at landfills did not work well in practice,
since polluters should incur extra costs for waste disposal
under the polluters-pay-principle (Begum et al., 2007). This
implies that the sole way to regulate their disposal behaviors
is the governmental regulation. Although research attempts,
such as Wang et al. (2008) and Kofoworola and Gheewala
(2009), have been devoted to waste disposal fee associated
issues, a suitable waste disposal fee that can balance and
stimulate interests of different project practitioners is
absence until present.
(3) How to understand C&D waste management by considering the
interrelationships of activities within the process? It is widely
acknowledged that the whole process of C&D waste manage-
ment is of high complexity, within which the activities are
interrelated (Shen et al., 2004). Such complexity cannot be
better understood without considering the interrelationships
underlying these activities (Hao et al., 2007). Some research-
ers have recognized this important characteristic of C&D
waste management and conducted works by employing
some systematic approaches such as mapping technique
(Shen et al., 2004), system dynamics (Hao et al., 2007; Yuan
et al., 2010) and discrete-event simulation approach (Lu
et al., 2006). While acknowledging their contributions,
further research following similar path is in pressing need.
Results of numbers of publications about different research top-
ics demonstrate that researchers start again to recognize the
important role of human factors in C&D waste management since
2008. Existing research efforts are committed to the investigation
of practitioners’ perceptions of C&D waste management and the
influence of practitioners’ (designer, contractor, worker) attitudes
on C&D waste management performance. To unfold the impor-
tance role that human plays in C&D waste management, further re-
search should be devoted to dealing with the following two
questions: one is how can practitioners’ perceptions influence their
attitudes towards C&D waste management?; the other is how to im-
prove practitioners’ attitudes, for example, through vocational training
or development of incentive program? The ultimate purpose for
addressing these two research questions in the future is to mitigate
human factors’ influence on C&D waste management and provide
insights into the improvement of C&D waste management perfor-
mance, both of which are lacking in current research.
5. Conclusions
C&D waste management has been a worldwide concerned issue
attracting increasing attention. This research provides a holistic
view on the research activities in this field of C&D waste manage-
ment by systematically analyzing the publications regarding C&D
waste management in eight scholarly journals, namely RC&R,
WM, WM&R, CME, B&E, CEM, AIC, and ECAM.
There are 87 papers published in the discipline of C&D waste
management during 2000 and 2009 in the eight selected journals.
The annual number of papers shows the increasing research efforts
into C&D waste management. By measuring the main authors’ con-
tributions, it has been found that researchers from some developed
economies, such as Hong Kong, Australia, and USA, are the main
contributors to C&D waste management research. Although rela-
tively less research has been conducted in developing economies,
Malaysia and China have started to promote C&D waste manage-
ment research. It can be anticipated that more and more research
in this field will be conducted by researchers from these develop-
ing economies in future, where construction business will remain
their key economic activities in the coming years.
The findings from this study suggest that survey and case study
are the major methods used for data collection in conducting C&D
waste management research. Descriptive analysis is the main
methodology used for data analysis. The major research topics in
the discipline include ‘‘C&D waste generation’’, ‘‘C&D waste reduc-
tion’’, ‘‘C&D waste reuse’’, ‘‘C&D waste recycling’’, ‘‘C&D waste
management in general’’, and ‘‘human factors in C&D waste man-
agement’’. Among them, ‘‘C&D waste management in general’’
and ‘‘C&D waste recycling’’ have been the dominant topics and will
continue to be hot issues in future research. Furthermore, the
importance of human factors in C&D waste management has
gained attention from researchers from 2008 onwards, which is
considered an emerging research topic in future. Based on the anal-
ysis of the state-of-the-art of research on C&D waste management,
several future directions are proposed as well.
The information revealed in this research is valuable to both
researchers and practitioners. It helps researchers understand the
key trends of research development in C&D waste management.
Practitioners will benefit from understanding the development of
C&D waste management methods, thus selecting proper methods
in their applications. Nevertheless, it is appreciated that the eight
journals referred in this study may not contain all related journals
publishing C&D waste management works, although the papers
published in these journals are representative to reflect the general
trend of C&D waste management research.
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