Polar Form

POLAR REPRESENTATION
OF A
COMPLEX NUMBER
Math 533 - Complex Analysis

Oreste M. Ortega, Jr.
Leyte Normal University
Math 533 - Complex Analysis Oreste M. Ortega, Jr. Leyte Normal University
POLAR REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Polar Representation
Introduction
We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

and used Cartesian coordinates.
Introduction

and used Cartesian coordinates. This time we will use polar
coordinates and obtain the so called polar representation or polar
form of complex numbers.
Introduction

form of complex numbers. The polar form will introduce
trigonometry into the picture.
Introduction

If P = (x, y) 6= (0, 0) is a point given in Cartesian coordinates,
Introduction

If P = (x, y) 6= (0, 0) is a point given in Cartesian coordinates, we
will write it in polar coordinates as P = (r, θ),
Introduction

will write it in polar coordinates as P = (r, θ), where r is the distance
from P to the origin O
Introduction

from P to the origin O and θ is the angle between the polar axis
(positive x−axis) and the ray OP.
Introduction

As the usual convention for θ,
Introduction

As the usual convention for θ, the counterclockwise direction is
positive,
Introduction

positive, while the clockwise direction is negative.
Introduction

We have the familiar change of coordinates formulas:
Introduction

x = r cos θ
Introduction

x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, wherer ≥ 0
Complex Numbers
Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

(x, y) in the complex plane.
Complex Numbers

(x, y) in the complex plane. Using polar coordinates, we obtain the
following polar representation:
Complex Numbers

Let z = x + iy be a complex number.
Complex Numbers

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form
Complex Numbers


z = r(cos θ + i sin θ),
Complex Numbers


z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), where r is the modulus of z
Complex Numbers


z = r(cos θ + i sin θ), where r is the modulus of z and θ is the
argument of z.
Complex Numbers


argument of z.
p
r = x2 + y2 ≥ 0
Complex Numbers


argument of z.
p
r = x2 + y2 ≥ 0
θ is any angle such that
x
F cos θ = p
x2 + y2
Complex Numbers


argument of z.
p
r = x2 + y2 ≥ 0
x x
F cos θ = p = ,
x2 +y 2 r
Complex Numbers


argument of z.
p
r = x2 + y2 ≥ 0
x x y
F cos θ = p = , sin θ = p
x2 +y 2 r x2 + y2
Complex Numbers


argument of z.
p
r = x2 + y2 ≥ 0
x x y y
F cos θ = p = , sin θ = p = , r 6= 0
x2 +y 2 r x2 +y2 r
Complex Numbers


argument of z.
p
r = x2 + y2 ≥ 0
x x y y
F cos θ = p = , sin θ = p = , r 6= 0
x2 +y 2 r x2 +y2 r
The argument of z is not defined when z = 0;
Complex Numbers


argument of z.
p
r = x2 + y2 ≥ 0
x x y y
F cos θ = p = , sin θ = p = , r 6= 0
x2 +y 2 r x2 +y2 r
The argument of z is not defined when z = 0; equivalently, when

r = 0.
Complex Numbers
From the representation above, we have
Re z = r cos θ
Complex Numbers
Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q
r= x2 + y2
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q
r= x2 + y2 = |z|
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q √
r= x2 + y2 = |z| = zz
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q √
r= x2 + y2 = |z| = zz
It is easy to see that
|z| = 1
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q √
r= x2 + y2 = |z| = zz
|z| = 1 ⇔ r = 1
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q √
r= x2 + y2 = |z| = zz
|z| = 1 ⇔ r = 1 ⇔ z = cos θ + i sin θ
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q √
r= x2 + y2 = |z| = zz
|z| = 1 ⇔ r = 1 ⇔ z = cos θ + i sin θ
for some real θ.
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q √
r= x2 + y2 = |z| = zz
|z| = 1 ⇔ r = 1 ⇔ z = cos θ + i sin θ
for some real θ.
Any complex number z such that |z| = 1
Complex Numbers
and
y
tan θ = (x 6= 0)
x
Thus, q √
r= x2 + y2 = |z| = zz
|z| = 1 ⇔ r = 1 ⇔ z = cos θ + i sin θ
for some real θ.
Any complex number z such that |z| = 1 is called unimodular.
Complex Numbers
If θ is any angle that satisfies F,
Complex Numbers
If θ is any angle that satisfies F, then θ + 2kπ (k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .)

will also satisfies F
Complex Numbers

will also satisfies F because the cosine and sine are 2π−periodic
functions.
Complex Numbers

functions. Thus, relations F do not determine a unique value of
argument z.
Complex Numbers

argument z.
If we restrict the choice of θ to the interval −π < θ ≤ π,
Complex Numbers

argument z.
If we restrict the choice of θ to the interval −π < θ ≤ π, then
there is a unique value of θ that satisfies F.
Complex Numbers

argument z.
We call this value the principal value of the argument
Complex Numbers

argument z.
We call this value the principal value of the argument and
denote it by Arg z.
Complex Numbers

argument z.
denote it by Arg z.
Thus, by definition, if z = x + iy,
Complex Numbers

argument z.
denote it by Arg z.
Thus, by definition, if z = x + iy, then
−π < Arg z ≤ π,
Complex Numbers

argument z.
denote it by Arg z.
x
−π < Arg z ≤ π, cos(Arg z) =
|z|
Complex Numbers

argument z.
denote it by Arg z.
x y
−π < Arg z ≤ π, cos(Arg z) = sin(Arg z) =
|z| |z|
Complex Numbers
The set of all values of the argument will be denoted by
Complex Numbers
arg z = {θ + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
where θ is any angle that satisfies F.
Complex Numbers
arg z = {θ + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
where θ is any angle that satisfies F. In particular, we have
arg z = {Arg z + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
Complex Numbers
arg z = {θ + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
arg z = {Arg z + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
Unlike, Arg z, which is a single-valued,
Complex Numbers
arg z = {θ + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
arg z = {Arg z + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
Unlike, Arg z, which is a single-valued, arg z is multi-valued or

set-valued.
Complex Numbers
arg z = {θ + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
arg z = {Arg z + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}

set-valued. Sometimes we will abuse notation and write
arg z = θ + 2kπ
Complex Numbers
arg z = {θ + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
arg z = {Arg z + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}

set-valued. Sometimes we will abuse notation and write
arg z = θ + 2kπ or simply arg z = θ to denote a specific value of the
argument from the set arg z.
Polar Form of a Complex Number
EXAMPLES
Example
Find the modulus, argument, principal value of the argument,
and polar form the given complex number. √
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5 ⇒ z1 = 5 + 0i
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5 ⇒ z1 = 5 + 0i ⇒ x = 5 and y = 0
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5 ⇒ z1 = 5 + 0i ⇒ x = 5 and y = 0
p √
r = x2 + y2 = 52 + 02 = 5
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5 ⇒ z1 = 5 + 0i ⇒ x = 5 and y = 0
p √
r = x2 + y2 = 52 + 02 = 5
An argument of z1 is clearly θ = 0,
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5 ⇒ z1 = 5 + 0i ⇒ x = 5 and y = 0
p √
r = x2 + y2 = 52 + 02 = 5
An argument of z1 is clearly θ = 0, thus
arg z1 = 0 + 2kπ = 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5 ⇒ z1 = 5 + 0i ⇒ x = 5 and y = 0
p √
r = x2 + y2 = 52 + 02 = 5
arg z1 = 0 + 2kπ = 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Since 0 ∈ (−π, π], we also have Arg z1 = 0
EXAMPLES
Example
a.) z1 = 5 b.) z2 = −3i c.) z3 = 3 + i
d.) z4 = 1 + i e.) z5 = 1 − i f.) z6 = −1 − i
Solutions:
a.) z1 = 5 ⇒ z1 = 5 + 0i ⇒ x = 5 and y = 0
p √
r = x2 + y2 = 52 + 02 = 5
arg z1 = 0 + 2kπ = 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
Since 0 ∈ (−π, π], we also have Arg z1 = 0
The polar representation is
5 = 5(cos 0 + i sin 0)
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i ⇒ z2 = 0 + (−3i)
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i ⇒ z2 = 0 + (−3i) ⇒ x = 0 and y = −3
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i ⇒ z2 = 0 + (−3i) ⇒ x = 0 and y = −3
r = |z2 | = | − 3i|
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i ⇒ z2 = 0 + (−3i) ⇒ x = 0 and y = −3
p
r = |z2 | = | − 3i| = 02 + (−3)2 = 3
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i ⇒ z2 = 0 + (−3i) ⇒ x = 0 and y = −3
p
r = |z2 | = | − 3i| = 02 + (−3)2 = 3
3π
arg z2 = + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
2
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i ⇒ z2 = 0 + (−3i) ⇒ x = 0 and y = −3
p
r = |z2 | = | − 3i| = 02 + (−3)2 = 3
3π
arg z2 = + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
2
π
Clearly, we have Arg z2 = − .
2
EXAMPLES
b.) z2 = −3i ⇒ z2 = 0 + (−3i) ⇒ x = 0 and y = −3
p
r = |z2 | = | − 3i| = 02 + (−3)2 = 3
3π
arg z2 = + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
2
π
Clearly, we have Arg z2 = − .
2
The polar representation is

3π 3π −π −π
−3i = 3 cos + i sin = 3 cos + i sin .
2 2 2 2
EXAMPLES
√
c.) z3 = 3+i
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3+i ⇒ x= 3 and y = 1
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3+i ⇒ x= 3 and y = 1
r = |z3 |
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3+i ⇒ x= 3 and y = 1
√ 2
q
r = |z3 | = 3 + 12
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3 + i ⇒ x = 3 and y = 1
√ 2 √
q
r = |z3 | = 3 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3 + i ⇒ x = 3 and y = 1
√ 2 √
q
r = |z3 | = 3 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
Now, √
x 3
cos θ = =
r 2
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3 + i ⇒ x = 3 and y = 1
√ 2 √
q
r = |z3 | = 3 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
Now, √
x 3 y 1
cos θ = = and sin θ = =
r 2 r 2
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3 + i ⇒ x = 3 and y = 1
√ 2 √
q
r = |z3 | = 3 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
Now, √
x 3 y 1
r 2 r 2
π
thus, arg z3 = + 2kπ
6
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3 + i ⇒ x = 3 and y = 1
√ 2 √
q
r = |z3 | = 3 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
Now, √
x 3 y 1
r 2 r 2
π
6
π
Arg z3 =
6
EXAMPLES
√ √
c.) z3 = 3 + i ⇒ x = 3 and y = 1
√ 2 √
q
r = |z3 | = 3 + 12 = 3 + 1 = 2
Now, √
x 3 y 1
r 2 r 2
π
6
π
Arg z3 =
6
The polar form is
√ π π
3 + i = 2 cos + i sin
6 6
ARGUMENTS
It is tempting to compute the argument θ of a complex number

z = x + iy by taking the inverse tangent,
ARGUMENTS

y
z = x + iy by taking the inverse tangent, that is, θ = tan−1 x
ARGUMENTS

y
This formula is true only if θ is in the interval − π2 , π2 ,

ARGUMENTS

y
This formula is true only if θ is in the interval − π2 , π2 , because

the inverse tangent takes its value in this interval,
ARGUMENTS

y

the inverse tangent takes its value in this interval, so it will not yield
values of θ taht are outside this interval.
ARGUMENTS

y

4π
For example, if θ = 3 ,
ARGUMENTS

y

√
For example, if θ = 4π 4π
3 , we have tan 3 = 3.
ARGUMENTS

y

√
3 , we have tan 3 = 3. However,
√
tan−1 3
ARGUMENTS

y

√
√
tan−1 3 = π3
ARGUMENTS

y

√
√
tan−1 3 = π3 and not 4π 3 .
ARGUMENTS

y

√
√
Recall that the tangent is π−periodic,
ARGUMENTS

y

√
√
Recall that the tangent is π−periodic, this means
tan θ = tan(θ + kπ) k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .
ARGUMENTS

y

√
√
tan θ = tan(θ + kπ) k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

y
Also, since tan θ = x ,
ARGUMENTS

y

√
√
tan θ = tan(θ + kπ) k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .

y
Also, since tan θ = x , we conclude that
y
θ = tan−1 + kπ ; x 6= 0
x
where the choice of k depends on z.
ARGUMENTS
For z = x + iy with x 6= 0,
ARGUMENTS
y
 tan−1 x

if x > 0
y
Arg z = tan−1 x + π if x < 0 and y ≥ 0
y
tan−1 x − π if x < 0 and y < 0

ARGUMENTS
y
 tan−1 x

if x > 0
y
y

For example, the point z1 = 2 + 3i is in the first quadrant.
ARGUMENTS
y
 tan−1 x

if x > 0
y
y

For example, the point z1 = 2 + 3i is in the first quadrant. Using a

calculator, we find Arg z1 = tan−1 32 ≈ 0.983
ARGUMENTS
y
 tan−1 x

if x > 0
y
y


calculator, we find Arg z1 = tan−1 32 ≈ 0.983 while the point
z2 = −2 − 3i, is in the third quadrant
ARGUMENTS
y
 tan−1 x

if x > 0
y
y


z2 = −2 − 3i, is in the third quadrant whose
Arg z2 = tan−1 32 − π ≈ −2.159.
ARGUMENTS
y
 tan−1 x

if x > 0
y
y


z2 = −2 − 3i, is in the third quadrant whose
Arg z2 = tan−1 32 − π ≈ −2.159.
When x = 0,
π

2 if y > 0
Arg z = Arg(iy) π
−2 if y < 0
MULTIPLICATION IN POLAR FORM
The polar form of complex numbers gives us a new insight into

multiplication and related operations on complex numbers.

Let z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )

Let z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) and z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 ) be two
nonzero complex numbers.

nonzero complex numbers. We compute their product directly and
using i2 = −1:

using i2 = −1:
z1 z2

using i2 = −1:
z1 z2 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )

using i2 = −1:

= r1 r2 (cos θ1 cos θ2 + i cos θ1 sin θ2 + i sin θ1 cos θ2 + i2 sin θ1 sin θ2 )

using i2 = −1:

= r1 r2 [(cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2 ) + i(sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2 )]

using i2 = −1:

Recall the formulas for the sum of two angles for sine and cosine:

using i2 = −1:

cos(θ1 + θ2 ) = cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2

using i2 = −1:

cos(θ1 + θ2 ) = cos θ1 cos θ2 − sin θ1 sin θ2
and
sin(θ1 + θ2 ) = sin θ1 cos θ2 + cos θ1 sin θ2
Therefore, the polar form of the product
z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
Thus, to multiply in polar form, add the arguments and multiply the
moduli.
moduli.
Taking the modulus both sides,
moduli.
Taking the modulus both sides, we have
|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
moduli.
|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
and taking the argument both sides,
moduli.
|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
and taking the argument both sides, we obtain
arg(z1 z2 ) = θ1 + θ2 = arg z1 + arg z2
moduli.
|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
and taking the argument both sides, we obtain
arg(z1 z2 ) = θ1 + θ2 = arg z1 + arg z2
More precisely,
arg z1 z2 = {(θ1 + θ2 ) + 2kπ : k = 0, ±1, ±2, . . .}
Multiplication in Polar Form
EXAMPLE
Example
Let z1 = 3(cos π4 + i sin π4 ) and z2 = 2(cos 5π 5π
6 + i sin 6 ). Compute
z1 z2 .
EXAMPLE
Example
z1 z2 .
Solutions:
Reading off the values, we have r1 = 3,
EXAMPLE
Example
z1 z2 .
Solutions:
π
Reading off the values, we have r1 = 3, θ1 = 4,
EXAMPLE
Example
z1 z2 .
Solutions:
π
Reading off the values, we have r1 = 3, θ1 = 4 , r2 = 2,
EXAMPLE
Example
z1 z2 .
Solutions:
π 5π
Reading off the values, we have r1 = 3, θ1 = 4 , r2 = 2, θ2 = 6 ,
EXAMPLE
Example
z1 z2 .
Solutions:
π 5π
thus

π 5π π 5π
z1 z2 = 2 · 3 cos + + i sin +
4 6 4 6
EXAMPLE
Example
z1 z2 .
Solutions:
π 5π
thus

π 5π π 5π
z1 z2 = 2 · 3 cos + + i sin +
4 6 4 6

13π 13π
= 6 cos + i sin
12 12
POLAR FORM OF THE INVERSE
Suppose that z1 6= 0, and z2 = z−1

1 ,

1 , then the polar form of the
product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1,

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
We obtain, r1 r2 = 1

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
We obtain, r1 r2 = 1 and θ1 + θ2 = 0,

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
We obtain, r1 r2 = 1 and θ1 + θ2 = 0, because the modulus of 1 is 1
and its argument is 0.

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
1
and its argument is 0. Hence r2 = and θ2 = −θ1 ,
r1

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
1
and its argument is 0. Hence r2 = and θ2 = −θ1 , so the polar form
r1
of the inverse of a complex number z is given by

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
1
r1
z−1
1 = z2

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
1
r1
z−1
1 = z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
1
r1
z−1
1 = z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
1
= (cos(−θ1 ) + i sin(−θ1 ))
r1

product will become
z1 z−1
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
but z1 z−1
1 = 1, thus
1 = r1 r2 [cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 )]
1
r1
z−1
1 = z2 = r2 (cos θ2 + i sin θ2 )
1
= (cos(−θ1 ) + i sin(−θ1 ))
r1
1
z−1 = (cos θ − i sin θ)
r
POLAR FORM OF A QUOTIENT
Now, consider any complex numbers z1 and z2 6= 0.
Now, consider any complex numbers z1 and z2 6= 0. Since

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2
where z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 )

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2
1
where z1 = r1 (cos θ1 + i sin θ1 ) and z−1
2 = (cos θ2 − i sin θ2 ),
r2

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2
1
2 = (cos θ2 − i sin θ2 ), we
r2
obtain the polar form of a quotient

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2
1
2 = (cos θ2 − i sin θ2 ), we
r2
z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2
1
2 = (cos θ2 − i sin θ2 ), we
r2
z1 1
= z1 z−1
2 = r1 · [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )]
z2 r2

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2
1
2 = (cos θ2 − i sin θ2 ), we
r2
z1 1
= z1 z−1
2 = r1 · [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )]
z2 r2
z1 r1
= [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )]
z2 r2

z1
= z1 z−1
2
z2
1
2 = (cos θ2 − i sin θ2 ), we
r2
z1 1
= z1 z−1
2 = r1 · [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )]
z2 r2
z1 r1
= [cos(θ1 − θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 − θ2 )]
z2 r2
Thus, dividing two complex numbers in polar form, we divide
their moduli and subtract their arguments.
Polar Form of a Quotient
EXAMPLE
Example
z1
Let z1 = 5 cos 3π 3π

4 + i sin 4 and z2 = 2i. Evaluate z2 .
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
If z2 = 2i,
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
π
If z2 = 2i, then its polar form is z2 = 2(cos π2 + i sin ).
2
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
π
If z2 = 2i, then its polar form is z2 = 2(cos π2 + i sin ). Hence
2
z1
z2
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
π
2

z1 5 3π π 3π π
= cos − + i sin −
z2 2 4 2 4 2
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
π
2

z1 5 3π π 3π π
z2 2 4 2 4 2
5 π π
= cos + i sin
2 4 4
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
π
2

z1 5 3π π 3π π
z2 2 4 2 4 2
5 π π
= cos + i sin
2 4 4
√ √ !
5 2 2
= +i
2 2 2
EXAMPLE
Example
z1

Solutions:
π
2

z1 5 3π π 3π π
z2 2 4 2 4 2
5 π π
= cos + i sin
2 4 4
√ √ !
5 2 2
= +i
2 2 2
√
5 2
= (1 + i)
4

Polar Form

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POLAR REPRESENTATION

Math 533 - Complex Analysis

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

We represented complex numbers as points in the complex plane

x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ, wherer ≥ 0

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number.

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

The argument of z is not defined when z = 0;

Given a complex number z = x + iy, we think of z as a point

Let z = x + iy be a complex number. We have the polar form

The argument of z is not defined when z = 0; equivalently, when

From the representation above, we have

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

From the representation above, we have

Re z = r cos θ and Im z = r sin θ

|z| = 1 ⇔ r = 1 ⇔ z = cos θ + i sin θ