Relays and Ol SC Calculationsohiou1183141301

LSHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT
..
CALCULATIONS
AND PROTECTIVE RELAY COORDINATION FOR
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL POWER SYSTEMS,
A Thesis Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Technology
Ohio University
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
Houshang C. Mohammadi
s
August, 1986
OHIO UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to offer my appreciation and thanks
to Dr. Albert J.F. Keri my advisor, and Dr. H.W. Hill for
their guidance and encouragement in the preparation of this
thesis.
I owe a great deal to my employer, E.I. Dupont

company who gave me this opportunity to continue my
education while I was working. I would also like to express

my thanks to Mr. R.L. Doughty senior project engineer at
E.I. Dupont company who checked my work through this study.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to the
faculty and all members of staff at Ohio University who have
contributed a great deal towards this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
CHAPTER 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Literature search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
CHAPTER 2. Sources of short circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Synchronous motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Induction motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Electric utility systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Rotating machine reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.6 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents . . . . 15
CHAPTER 3. Short-circuit-current calculation . . . . . . . . 17

3.1 Important assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 Single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Type and location of faults required . . . . . 22

3.5 Symmetrical short-circuit current . . . . . . . . 22
calculation
3.6 Momentary short circuit calculation . . . . . . 25
3.7 Interrupting short circuit calculation . . . 27

CHAPTER 4. General equipment used for protection . ... 31
4.1 Overcurrent relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 32

4.2 Fuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3 Circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.4 Generator protection .................... 40
4.5 Transformer protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
CHAPTER 5. Coordination of protective devices . . . . . . . 47
5.1 Primary considerations for coordination . . 48
5.2 Data required for a coordination . . . . . . . . . 51
5.3 Methods of coordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4 Testing of protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
CHAPTER 6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................
APPENDIX 1 . Impedance data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Al.l ANSI standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . . 77
A1.2 Transmission line impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
A1.3 1 5 K V cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
A1.4 5KV cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
A1.5 Correction factors for non magnetic ducts 81

APPENDIX 2. Belle plant short circuit study . . . . . . . . . 82
A2.1 Description of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
A2.2 12KV air circuit breaker ratings . . . . . . . . 84
A2.3 System assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

A2.4 Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . . 85
A2.5 Belle plant impedance diagrams . . . . . . . . . . 87
A2.6 Belle plant short circuit calculation . . . 93
APPENDIX 3. System generator protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

A3.1 Belle plant generator protection . . . . . . . . 98
A3.2 Belle plant bus protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
APPENDIX 4. Belle plant- transformer protection . . . . . 120

A4.1 ~~~e HU-1 transformer differential relay 120
APPENDIX 5. Belle plant coordination curves . . . . . . . . 126

and detailed diagrams
"A" switch house. BANK No.1 and 12KV BUS 126
ECR No.6. 12KV BUS "A'f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
ECR No.6, 12KV BUS "B" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Cogeneration generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
BANK No.7 feeder No.18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

2.4KV 600HP motor river pump house . . . . . . 136
2.4KV 450HP motor boiler feeder pump No.5 138

A5.8 2.4KV 75HP motor ash pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
A5.9 2.4KV 200HP motor recirculating pump . . . . 142
A5.10 2.4KV 200HP motor F . D . fan boilers . ..... 144
No.6 & 9
A5.11 2.4KV feeders sheet No.1 & BANK No.60 . . . 146
A5.12 2.4KV feeders sheet No.2 & BANK No.59 . .. 148
A5.13 2.4KV feeders ECR No.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
A5.14 2.4KV 150HP motor boiler No.10 mills . . . . 152
A5.15 2.4KV 550HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . . 154
No . 14 & 15
A5.16 2.4KV 400HP motor 1 . D fan boilers . . . . . . . 156
No.6 & 9
A5.17 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 158
A5.18 480V feeders ECR.No.8 sheet 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 160
A5.19 480V feeders ECR No.8 sheet 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 162
A5.20 2.4KV 550HP motors 1 . D fan boiler No.10. 164
APPENDIX 6. Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves . . . 166

A6.1 Type CO-7 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
A6.3 Type CO-11 Over Current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . 168
A6.4 Type COM-5 Over current Relay . . . . . . . . . . . 169
A6.5 Type CV-2 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
A6.6 Type CV-7 Under Voltage Relay . . . . . . . . . . . 171
A6.7 Westinghouse type Amptector 11-A . . . . . . . . 172
A6.8 Westinghouse type DSL-206 Limiters . . . . . . 173
A6.9 Two pole type AA12P Overload Relay ...... 174
APPENDIX 7. Buss fuses curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A7.1 Type LPS-RK Low Peak Dual Element fuse . . 180
A7.2 Type KRP-C HI-CAP Fuses ................ 181
APPENDIX 8. ASA Device numbers and functions . . . . . . . . 182

LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Total short circuit current equals sum of sources 9
2.2 Symmetrical short circuit currents from . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
four surces
5.1 Typical time curves of CO-9 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 Portion of Belle plant relaying detailed diagram . 64
5.3 Portion of Belle plant co-ordination curves . . . . . . 65
A2-1 Block diagram of system setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
A2-2 Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
A2-3 Multiplying factors for three phase & line . . . . . . . 91
to ground faults
A2-4 Belle plant simplified impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . 92
A2-5 Equivalent circuit for fault "A" (momentary) . . . . . 93
A2-6 Simplified equivalent circu'it for fault "A". . . . . . 94
Wye-Delta transformation for fault "A". . . . . . . . . . . 94
Equivalent circuit for fault "A" (interrupting) . . 95
Wye-Delta transformation for fault "A"(interrup.) 96
Typical time curves for the 10% sensitivity . . . . . . 100
type CA generator relay
Limits for application of the CWC time curves . . . . 102
Typical time curves of the type CWC relay . . . . . . . . 103
Generator over voltage curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Generator reactive capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Machine capability curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

A3-7 SDF-1 tripping relay under declining frequency . . . 113
A3-8 Operating time variations with changes in . . . . . . . . 114
time-dial setting
A3-9 KAB relay voltage unit setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

A3-10 KAB relay current unit setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
LIST OF TABLES
Machine reactance and multiplying factors . . . . . . .
Fuse classification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current limiting characteristics of c-s one . . . . .
time fuse
Transformer ANSI data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rating ratios for safe co-ordinations . . . . . . . . . . .
Power air circuit breaker minimum band . . . . . . . . . .
ANSI Standard reactance values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transmission line impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15KV cable impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5KV cable impedances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Correction factors for non magnetic ducts . . . . . . . . 81
Result of Belle plant short circuit study . . . . . . . 97
Limits for application of CWC relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
ABSTRACT
The calculation of ac short-circuit currents,
essential to the selection of adequately rated protective
devices and equipment in industrial and commercial power

systems, is becoming increasingly important to the system
designer. Today, power systems carry larger blocks of

power, are more important to the operation of the plant and
building, and have greater safety and reliability
requirements. Meeting these requirements necessitates the

fulfillment of certain criteria, including the use of
adequately rated equipment.

This report outlines state of-the-art industrial
power system engineering practices which should be
especially valuable to industrial plant engineers and
electricians, industrial power application engineers and
others who are involved with the planning of electrical
facilities for industrial plants or commercial buildings.
The method of short-circuit-current calculation
has been selected, so that adequate ratings of all the air
circuit breakers were obtained. Fault protective devices
were selected to maintain proper relay coordination
throughout the system. These devices has been selected and
set so that only the device nearest a fault opened to clear

the fault without affecting larger devices nearer the source
of power or causing a wider outage than the minimum.
-xii-
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
All power systems, whether they be utility,
industrial, commercial, or residential, have the common
purpose of providing electric energy to the utilization
equipment as safely and as reliably as is economically
feasible. The relative importance of economic, reliability,
and safety considerations may vary somewhat with the type of
system, but all three elements must be taken into
consideration in any good system design, and certain minimum
safety and reliability requirements must be satisfied.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Electric power system in today's industrial plants
and large commercial establishments handle enormous
quantities of energy. A review of the trend in electric

energy usage in such establishments indicates that such
energy usage has been doubling every seven to eight years
and shows little signs of leveling off [ I ] . Many industrial
processes and commercial operations demand a high degree of
continuity of electric power supply because of the great

costs of production downtime. One of the major
considerations in the design of a power system is adequate

2
control of short circuits, or faults, as they are commonly
called. Uncontrolled short circuits can cause service
outage with accompanying production downtime and associated
inconvenience, interruption of essential facilities,
extensive equipment damage, personnel injury or fatality,
and possible fire damage.
Clearly, the fault must be quickly removed from
the power system, and this is the job of the protective
device, the circuit breakers and fusible switches. In order
to accomplish this, the protective device must have the
ability to interrupt the maximum short-circuit current which
can flow for a fault at the device location. The maximum
value of short-circuit current is frequently referred to as
the 'Iavailable'l short-circuit current.
The purpose of this report is to provide the
reader with information and procedures necessary to
calculate short-circuit currents, and also present a new
method of coordination for protective relaying by using the
typical time curves of the relay. Calculation of
short-circuit current and coordination of protective
relaying for the Belle plant, (one of the biochemical sites
of E.I.dupont de Nemours & Company) is shown for the entire
system as an example for this report.
This report defines the function of system
protection as "the detection and prompt isolation of the
affected portion of the system whenever a short circuit or

3
other abnormality occurs which might cause damage to, or
adversely affect, the operation of any portion of the system
or the load which it supplies."
This report will be limited to short-circuit
calculation and coordination of protective relaying for
low-voltage to medium-voltage industrial plants, commercial
and institutional buildings. Westinghouse protective
devices and Bussmann fuses have been used throughout the
report, which limits our selection and information about
other protective devices.
Chapter One introduces an outline of this report
and reviews some of relative methods concerning short-
circuit calculation and coordination of protective relaying.
Chapter Two explains .the major short circuit sources and
their waveforms. Chapter Three explains longhand method of
short- circuit-current calculation, which includes
impedances of all motors less than 50 hp by lumping them
together and treated as a single impedance. Chapter Four
explains different protective devices used for system
protection. Chapter Five explains several method of

coordination which will be compared with the new method
presented in this report. Chapter Six gives the conclusion

on this report. Appendix 1 provides impedance data that is
required for the Belle plant, which is used as an example
for this report. Appendix 2 provides the Belle plant

single-line diagram. Appendix 3 provides system generator
4
protection for the Belle plant. Appendix 4 provides
transformer protection of protective relaying for the Belle
plant. Appendix 5 provides the complete set of coordination
curves and detailed diagrams for the entire system.
Appendix 6 provides Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves
used throughout the study. Appendix 7 provides Bussmann
fuse curves used in this report and finally Appendix 8
provides the American Standard Association devices numbers
and functions (ASA) which are used for an automatic
switching equipment.
1.2 LITERATURE SEARCH
There are several texts available for
short-circuit-current calculation and relaying coordination
of industrial and commercial power system. Most noteworthy
is the book IEEE Recommended Practice For Protection and

Coordination of Industrial and Commertial Power Systems by
D.Dalasta [6]. Other good books are The Art and Science of
Protective Relaying by Russell C. Mason [ 3 ] , and Industrial
Power Systems Handbook by Donald Beeman [ 2 ] . These texts,
especially The Art and Science of Protective Relaying, will
provide an understanding of the function of protective
relaying and their operation for protection of industrial
and commercial power systems.

1. 3 STATE OF THE ART
Protection of power system involves short-circuit
calculation and relay coordination.
At the present there are several methods of short-
circuit-current calculation available throughout the
industries. Longhand calculation, Network Analyzer and

digital computer techniques are the most-used methods. In
general, the presence of closed loops in the impedance
network, such as might be found in a large industrial plant

high-voltage system, will favor using a network analyzer or
digital computer technique from an economic and time-saving
standpoint[l]. Radial systems, such as those used in most
low-voltage and medium-voltage systems, can be easily
resolved by longhand calculations.
There are also several methods available for
coordination of protective relaying for industrial and
commercial power systems against any abnormalities which
could reasonably be expected to occur in the course of
system operation. These methods are as follows:
1) Coordination by tables are used as a simple check for
selectivity assuming that identical or reduced fault
currents flow through the circuits in descending order,
that is, main-feeder-branch. this method is recommended

only for low-voltage branch circuits [6].
2) Coordination by using the device characteristic curve can

6
be used for any size system. The sheet of log-log paper
on which the study is being made is placed on top of the
device characteristic curve. Proper curve then can be
selected and traced. Human error is very high in this
method which makes it undesirable to use.
Coordination by using the typical time curves is a new
method presented in this report. This method is
recommended, since relay curve is drawn by finding
several points from typical time curve. These points are
then ploted and traced on log-log paper. calculation of
these points require knowing the relay type, current
transformer (c.t.) ratio, available taps, ampere range of
the relay, circuit voltage level and available
short-circuit current. These requirements will ensure
correct data point transformation from typical time curve
of the relay to the log-log paper, which practically
eleminates human error.

CHAPTER TWO
SOURCES OF SHORT CIRCUIT
If adequate protection is to be provided for a
plant electric system, the size of the electric power system
must be considered to determine how much short-circuit
current it will deliver. This is done so that circuit
breakers or fuses may be selected with adequate interrupting
capacity. This interrupting capacity should be high enough
to open safely the maximum short-circuit current which the
power system can cause to flow through a circuit breaker if
a short circuit occurs in the feeder or equipment which it
protects.
When determining the magnitude of short-circuit
currents, it is extremely important that all sources of
short circuit be considered and that the impedance
characteristics of these sources be known. There are four
basic sources of short-circuit current:
1. Generators
2. Synchronous motors
3. Induction motors
4. Electric utility systems
All these can feed short-circuit current into a
short circuit as shown in figure 2.1.

2.1 GENERATORS
Generators are driven by turbines, diesel engines,
water wheels, or other types of prime movers. When a short
circuit occurs on the circuit fed by a generator, the
generator continues to produce voltage because the field
excitation is maintained and the prime mover drives the
generator at normal speed. The generated voltage produces a
short circuit current of a large magnitude that flows from
the generator to the short circuit. This flow of short-
circuit current is limited only by the impedance of the
generator and the short circuit. For a .short circuit at the
terminals -of the generator,. the current from the generat0.r
is limited only by its own impedance.
2.2 SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
Synchronous motors are constructed much like
generators; that is, they have a field excited by direct
current and a stator winding in which alternating current
flows. Normally, synchronous motors draw A.C. power from
the line and convert electric energy to mechanical energy.
During a system short circuit, the voltage on the
system is reduced to a very low value. Consequently, the

motor stops delivering energy to the mechanical load and
starts slowing down. However, as the prime mover drives a
generator, the inertia of the load and motor rotor drives
the synchronous motor. The synchronous motor then becomes a
generator and delivers short-circuit current for many cycles
after the short circuit has occurred. The amount of short-
circuit current produced by the motor depends upon the
impedance of the synchronous motor and impedance of the
system to the point of short circuit.

FROM E L ECTRIC
I
UTILITY SYSTEM
SHORT- CIRCUIT
CURRENT FROM
E L E C T R I C UTlUTT
TURBINE GENERATOR
I METAL CLAD
SWITCHGEAR
SYSTEM
CURRENT
FROM
GENERATOR
SYNCHRONOUS
MOTOR
I TOTAL SHORT
CIRCUIT
1 CURRENT
-?OM ALL
I
FGUR
SHORTURCUlT
SYN MOTOR
INDUCTION
SHORT-CIRCUIT /1 "
CURRENT FROM '
lNWCTlCE(
Figure 2.1 Total short-circuit current equals sum of source

contributions [I] .
2.3 INDUCTION MOTORS
The inertia of the load and rotor of an induction
motor have the same effect on an induction motor as on a
synchronous motor; that is, they drive the motor after the
system short circuit occurs. There is one major difference.
The induction motor has no DC field winding, but there is a
flux in the induction motor during normal operation. This
acts like flux produced by the dc field winding in the
synchronous motor.
The field of the induction motor is produced by
induction from the stator rather than from the DC winding.
The rotor flux remains normal as long as voltage is applied
to the stator from an external source. However, if the
external source of voltage were suddenly removed, as it is
when a short circuit occurs on the system, the flux in the
rotor can not change instantly. Because the rotor flux can
not decay instantly and because the inertia of the rotating
parts drives the induction motor, a voltage is generated in
the stator winding. This causes a short-circuit current to
flow to the short circuit until the rotor flux decays to
zero. The short-circuit current vanishes almost completely
in about four cycles, since there is no sustained field
current in the rotor to provide flux, as in the case of a
synchronous machine.
11
The flux does last long enough to produce enough
short-circuit current to affect the momentary duty on
circuit breakers and the interrupting duty on devices that
open within one or two cycles after a short circuit. Hence,
the short circuit produced by induction motors must be
considered in certain calculations. The magnitude of a
short-circuit current produced by the induction, motor
depends upon the impedance of the system to the point of
short circuit. The machine impedance effective at the time
of short circuit corresponds closely to the impedance at
standstill. Consequently, the inertia value of short-
circuit current is approximately equal to the locked rotor
starting current to the motor.
2.4 ELECTRIC UTILITY SYSTEMS
The electric utility system or the supply

transformer from the electric utility system are often
considered sources of short-circuit current. Strictly
speaking, this is not correct because the utility system or

supply transformer merely delivers the short-circuit current
from the utility system generators. Transformers merely

change the system voltage and magnitude of current but
generate neither. The short-circuit current delivered by a
transformer is determined by its secondary voltage rating

and impedance, the impedance of the generators and system to
the terminals of the transformer and the impedance of the
circuit from the transformer to the short circuit.
As illustrated in figure 2.2, the total

symmetrical short circuit current usually has several
sources. The first includes generators either in the plant
or in the utility system or both. The second comprises
synchronous motors. The third source is induction motors,
which are located in every plant and building. Because
these currents decay with time due to reduction of flux in
the machine after short circuit, the total short-circuit
current decays with time. So even though only the
symmetrical part of the short-circuit current is considered,
the magnitude of current-is highest at the first half cycle
after short circuit and is of lower value a few cycle later.
Note that the induction motor component disappears entirely
after one or two cycles [ 2 ] .
2.5 ROTATING MACHINE REACTANCE
The impedance of a rotating machine consists
primarily of reactance and is not one simple value as it is
for a transformer or a piece of cable, but is complex and
variable with time. For example, if a short circuit is
applied to the terminals of a generator, the short-circuit

- T O T A L ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT
OC COMPONENT
AC COMPONEHT
(a) Symmetrical (b) Asymmetrical

Figure 2.2 Symmetrical short-circuit currents from four
sources [ 2 ] .
14
current behaves as shown in figure 2.2a (generator). The
current starts out at a high value and decays to a
steady-state value after some time has elapsed from the
inception of the short circuit. Since the field excitation
voltage and speed have remained relatively constant within
the short interval of time considered, the reactance of the
machine may be assumed-to explain the change in the current
value-to have changed with time after the short circuit was
initiated.
Expression of such a variable reactance at any
instant requires a comlicated formula involving time as one
of the variables. Therefore, for the sake of

simplification, three values of reactance are assigned to
generators and motors for the purpose of calculating
short-circuit current at specified times. These values are
called the subtransient reactance, transient reactance, and
synchronous reactance and are described as follows:
1> Subtransient reactance (XI'd ) is the apparent reactance

of the stator winding at the instant short circuit
occurs, and it determines the current flow during the
first few cycles after short circuit.
2) Transient reactance (X'd) determines the current

following the period when subtransient reactance is the
controlling value. Transient reactance is effective up
to onehalf second or longer, depending upon the design

of the machine.
3) Synchronous reactance (Xd) is the reactance that
determines the current flow when steady state condition
is reached. It is not effective until several seconds

after the short circuit occurs; consequently, it is not
generally used in short-circuit calculations [ 2 ] .
A synchronous motor has the same kind of reactance

as a generator, but it is of a different value. Induction
motors have no field coils, but the rotor bars act like the
amortisseur winding in a generator; therefore, induction
motors are said to have subtransient reactance only. Refer
to Appendix 1 (impedance data) for the multiple value of
reactances used for the momentary and interrupting
short-circuit calculations for this study.
2.6 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Currents
The words "symmetrical" and "asymmetrical"
describe the shape of the ac waves about the zero axis. If

the envelopes of the peaks of the current waves are
symmetrical around the zero axis, they are called
"symmetrical current". Figure 2.2a shows the symmetrical

short-circuit currents from four sources combined into
total. If the envelopes are not symmetrical around the zero

16
axis, they are called "asymmetrical current". Figure 2.2b
shows the asymmetrical short-circuit currents plus the dc
component from all sources.
Most short-circuit currents are nearly always
asymmetrical during the first few cycles after the short
circuit occurs. The asymmetrical current is at a maximum
during the first cycle after the short circuit occurs and in
a few cycles gradully becomes symmetrical as shown on figure
2.2b.
Asymmetrical currents are analyzed in terms of two
components, a symmetrical current and a dc component as
shown on figure 2.2b. As previously discussed the
symmetrical component is at a maximum at the inception of
the short circuit and decays to a steady state value due to
the apparent change in machine reactance. In all practical

circuits, that is, those containing resistance, the dc
component will also decay to zero as the energy represented
by the dc component is dissipated as I2R loss in the
resistance of the circuit. The rate of decay of dc
component is a function of the resistance and reactance of
the circuit. In practical circuits, the dc component decays
to zero in from one to six cycles [ Z ] .

CHAPTER THREE
SHORT-CIRCUIT-CURRENT CALCULATIONS
The maximum magnitude of short-circuit current
must be known in order to coordinate protective devices as
well as to select adequate interrupting ratings. As
mentioned earlier, there are three basic methods of
calculating short-circuit current: network analyzer, digital
computer, and longhand calculation. For a radial medium-
voltage system the longhand method is feasible and fairly
simple to use. Determination of short-circuit current for
the Belle plant, which is used as an example in this report,
is done by this longhand calculation method.. Since the
system contains a three-winding transformer and other loops,
delta-wye network transformations is used to combine
impedances. Method of combining impedances are included in
Appendix 2. The following steps identify the basic
considerations in making short circuit calculations.
1> Make certain assumptions in a way that simplifies the

calculation and also maximum short-circuit current can
be calculated.
2) Prepare system single-line diagram which it should
include all significant equipment and components.

3) Prepare system impedance diagram which should display
18
the interconnected circuit impedances that control the
magnitude of short-circuit currents.
4) Identify Type and location of faults required for the

system.
5 > Calculate symmetrical short-circuit current for the

system.
6 > Calculate interrupting and momentary short-circuit

currents for all identified locations, so that proper
protective devices can be selected for the system.
3.1 IMPORTANT ASSUMPTIONS
Certain simplifying assumptions are made for this
calculation. An important assumption is that the fault is

iibolted". That is, it has zero impedance. This assumption
not only simplifies caculation, but also applies a safety
factor since the calculated values are a maximum, and
equipment selected on this basis is rarely stressed beyond
its full rating. Furthermore a three-phase fault should be
assumed, because maximum short-circuit current is required
for device selection.
3.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
The system one-line diagram is fundamental to

19
short circuit analysis. It should include all significant
equipment and components and show their interconnections.
Refer to Appendix 2 (section 112.4) for the complete Belle

plant single-line diagram.
3.3 IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM
The impedance diagram displays the interconnected
circuit impedances that control the magnitude of
short-circuit currents. Impedance diagrams should be
patterend for momentary and interrupting short-circuit
current calculations. These impedance diagrams are derived
from system single-line diagram, by replacing all elements
of the single-line diagram with their calculated per-unit
reactances. Specified reactances of a motor, generator, or
transformer should be used. The resistance of all
generators, transformers, reactors, motors, and

high-capacity buses (above 1000 A rating) is so low,
compared with their reactance, that their resistance is not
considered in impedance diagram.

Reactance of the cables 600 volts and higher
should be considered in impedance diagram. Appendix 1 shows

the tables used for selecting a reactance of these cables
for the Belle plant impedance diagram.

After it has been decided what elements of the
single-line diagram are to be considered in the impedance
diagram, the mechanics of making the impedance diagram and

of determining the short-circuit current magnitude used in
this report are as follows.

1) The first step is to decide whether to use ohms, per
cent ohms, or per-unit ohms to represent the various
circuit impedances in the impedance diagram. Ohms are
not recommended because of the difficalty of converting
ohms from one voltage base to another without error.
This report is listing the impedance or reactance data
in per-unit.
2) The second step in making an impedance diagram is to

represent every generator and motor and utility supply
by a reactance connected to a zero impedance bus or
so-called "infinit bus" . This bus represents the
internal voltage of the generators and motors. These
reactances can be found as follows:
Utility X= [MVAbaseI / [MVAUtilityI P e l l .

Generator X=(XIfd%)[MVAbase/MVAgenerator1 P.U.
Motor X= (XI1d%)[MVAbase/KvAmo torI P.U.
Since most industrial plants contain many motors
under 50 hp, Unlike other methods available for the short
circuit study, this report recommends that induction motors
smaller than 50 hp should be lumped together and treated as
a single impedance on the secondary side of the supply

21
transformer. This will slightly reduces the equivalent
reactance of the system, which means, the calculated value
for the momentary and interrupting short circuit will be
slightly higher. This will create a safety factor for the
system protection when selecting protective devices.
Table Al-1 in Appendix 1 shows the positive-
sequence reactance of the short-circuit sources with their
multiple factors. These multiple factors are used when
determining momentary and interrupting short-circuit current
for selecting circuit breakers. For example, for a 600 hp
motor in a branch circuit, the positive-sequence reactance
factor is 1.2 for momentary calculation and 3.0 for

interrupting case. The reciprocal of the locked rotor
current factor, which is normally six times full load
current, has to be multiplied by these factors for the
correct Thevinin reactance of the load as shown below.
Xth(momentary)=l.2 (1/6) (base KVA/ KVA load) p . u.

Xth(interrupting) =3.0(1/6) (base KVA/KVA load) p . u .
KVA(1oad) = (power factor) (motor hp)
3) The third step is to add the reactance of cables, buses,
transformers, current transformers and circuit breakers,
in their proper location to complete the impedance
digram. Appendix 2 (section A2.5) shows the calculation
of these reactances for the Belle plant.

3.4 TYPE AND LOCATION OF FAULTS REQUIRED
All buses should be identified. The location

where short circuit studies are required should be selected.
In many studies, all buses are faulted. The type of short-

circuit currents we required is based on the short-circuit
rating of the equipment located at the faulted bus. Figure
A2-1 in Appendix 2 shows the block diagram of system setup
which includes the fault locations calculated for the Belle
plant. Locations were mainly picked on main buses and
feeders .
3.5 SYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT CALCULATION
After completing the impedance diagram and
inserting the values of reactance or impedance for each part
ot the diagram, it is necessary to reduce this network to
one equivalent value. Longhand method of combining
reactances is used in this report. If there are three
reactances in the system, the following shows how to combine
them.
a) Combining series reactances:

X1+%+X3=X =equivalent reactance
e
X1,%,X3=reactances of circuit components
b) Combining parallel reactances:

Xe=equivalent reactance
Some sytems are such that they cannot be reduced
by merely combining series and parallel reactances. For
example, the equivalent impedance diagram of the Belle plant
is shown in Appendix 2 (figure A2-5). In order to reduce
this circuit to a single reactance, wye-delta transformation
is used. By these transformation any commonly encountered
system impedance diagram can be reduced to one equivalent
reactance.
The calculation to derive the symmetrical
short-circuit current is I=E/X where E is the system driving
voltage and X is the equivalent positive impedance.
When calculations are made in per-unit , there are
four base quantities : base KVA, base voltage, base
impedance, and base current. When any two of the four are
assigned values, the other two values can be derived. It is
common practice to assign study base values to KVA and
voltage. Base current and base impedance are then derived
for each of the voltage levels in the system. For example,
the KVA base assigned for the Belle plant is 5 MVA. The
nominal line-to-line system voltages are normally used as
the base voltages. Following formulas apply for short
circuit calculations:
Basic per-unit relationship:
Per-unit voltage=actual voltage/base voltage
Per-unit current=actual current/base current
Per-unit impedance=actual impedance/base impedance
Change from percent on an old base to per unit on a new
base :
XpUNEW= (XpUOLD) (NEW KVABASE/OLD KVABASE)

(OLD KVBASE/NEW KVBASE
Symmetrical 3 phase short-circuit current in per unit (p.u.)
Ip.u.=Ep.u.jZp.u. , symmetrical 3 phase short-circuit
current in amperes, I=I(base) [ZP.U.I

Symmetrical 3 phase short circuit KVA, KVA=KVA(base) /Z (p .u . )
were, I(base) =KVAbase/\/S (KVLL,base 1
When calculations are made in ohms, symmetrical
three-phase short-circuit in amperes will be I=E /Z where

L-n
EL-n =line to neutral voltage and Z is the equivalent network
impedance in ohms per phase.
Calculation for several points at different
voltage level for the Belle plant is done in Appendix 2,
section A2.6. Calculation of fault duties is done for both

momentary and interrupting current for different fault
locations.
3.6 MOMENTARY SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION
The fact that the current changes in magnitude
with time has led to the establishment of two bases of
short-circuit-current ratings on power circuit breakers: (1)
the momentary rating or its ability to withstand mechanical
stresses due to high short-circuit current and (2) the
interrupting rating or its ability to interrupt the flow of

short-circuit current within its interrupting element.
Calculation of the precise rms value of an
asymmetrical current at any time after the inception of a
short circuit may be very involved. Accurate decrument
factors to account for the dc component at any time are
required, as well as accurate factors for the rate of change
of the apparent reactance of the generators. This precise
method may be used if desired, but simplified methods have
been evolved whereby the dc component is accounted for by
simple multiplying factors. The multiplying factor converts
the rms value of the symmetrical (interrupting) ac wave into
rms amperes of the asymmetrical (momentary) wave including a
dc component.
The magnitude of the dc component depends upon the
point on the voltage wave at which the short circuit occurs.
For protective-device application, only the maximum dc
component is considered, since the circuit breaker must be

26
applied to handle the maximum short-circuit current that can
occur in a system.
In the general case for circuits rated above 600
volts, the multiplying factor to account for dc component is
1.6 times the rms value of the ac symmetrical component at
the first cycle. For circuits 600 volts and less, the
multiplying factor to calculate the total current at the
first cycle is 1.25 when the circuit breaker is applied on
the average current in three phases. These factors are
listed in table 3.1 [2] .
Since the short-circuit current is maximum at the
first-cycle, the short-circuit current must be determined at
the first-cycle to determine the maximum momentary duty on a
circuit breaker. To determine the short-circuit current at
the first cycle, it is necessary to consider all sources of
short-circuit current, that is, the generators, synchronous
motors, induction motors, and utility connections. The
subtransient reactances (Xud) of generators, synchronous
motors, and induction motors are used in the impedance
diagram.
Procedure for determining momentary current
consists of calculating E/ZM ' the line to neutral voltage at

the breaker divided by the equivalent momentary system
impedance at that point. Since the dc component is present
at this time, it is necessary to account for it by the use

of a multiplying factor as mentioned/ earlier, to find the
first-cycle total short-circuit-current duty per-unit
current. Breaker application (600 volts or above) will be
proper if E/ZM times a factor of 1.6 does not exceed the
momentary current rating of the breaker.
Where IIC is the first-cycle short-circuit asymmetrical
current. Refer to Appendix 2 (section A2.6) for the Belle
plant momentary short-circuit current calculation.
3.7 INTERRUPTING SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION
To check the interrupting duty on a power circuit
breaker, the short-circuit current should be determined at
the time that the circuit-breaker contacts part. The time
required for the circuit-breaker contacts to part will vary
over a considerable rang, because of variation in relay time
and in circuit-breaker operating speed. The fewer cycles
required for the circuit-breaker contacts to part, the
greater will be the current to interrupt. Therefore, the
maximum interrupting duty is imposed upon the circuit
breaker when tripping relays operate instantaneously. To
account for variation in the circuit-breaker operating
speed, power circuit breakers have been grouped into several
classes, such as eight-cycle, five-cycle, and three-cycle

circuit breakers.
In industrial plants, eight-cycle circuit breakers
are generally used. Normally, the induction-motor
contribution has disappeared, and that of the synchronous
motors has changed from the subtransient to the transient
condition before the contacts of these circuit breakers
part. Therefore, in calculating the interrupting duty on
commonly used power circuit breakers, generator subtransient
reactance and synchronous-motor transient reactance are used
and unlike other methods, which induction motors are
neglected, induction motor transient reactance are used.
This will cause the calculated interrupting short-circuit
current to be higher than the actual value, which creates a
safety factor for selection of circuit breakers for the
entire system.
Instead of specifying a time at which the
short-circuit current is to be calculated, it is determined
by specifying the generator and motors reactances and using
a multiplying factor. These factors are listed in Table 3.1
The procedure for determining interrupting current

consists of calculating E / Z I , the line to neutral voltage at
the breaker divided by the equivalent interrupting system
impedance at that point, and then applying multiplying
factors to determine total current at the time of breaker

29
contact parting. This total current is compared with the
breaker total current interrupting rating.

Reactance values used with ANSI standard C37.5
1969 for motors, transformers, generators, and utility
sources are listed in Appendix 1, table Al-1.

Table 3.1 Machine Reactance and Multiplying Factors
Used in Simplified calculation of Short-circuit
Duty [I1
Machine Reactances to Use Multiplying Focmr
1 1
to be Applied
Equipmwtt Type of Short-circuit to Calculated
Rating Synchronous Synchronous Induction Syrnmehicoi
I e a t o s Motors Motors Value*
L-V Power Circuit Breakers I

L-V Molded-core Circuit
Qr#kers
L-V Motor Controllers (In- Symmetrical Amperes Subtransient Subtransient Subtronsient None
corporaiing Fusesor M o i d d - Available (x7 (x? (x")
rose Circuit Breakers)
L-V Fuses
1-V Buswoy
k s &racing im
L-V Switchgear
1-V Switchboards
L-V Motor-controi Canters
L-V Panelboards
General Sp&l
Power Circuif Ereakors Interrupting--Symmetrical Caset Caret
(above 600 volts) +aperesor MVA Subtransient Transient Noglut
with Rated Interrupting Available (xl) 1x1
Times of 8 cydes 1 .I
(Refer to the Total
Current Rating k r i s -
ASA C37.6-1964) Mocncntary-Asymmetrical Subtmnsient Subtransient Subtmnsient 15$
Amperes Available (x") (xl)
Fuses and fused Interrupting-Asymmetrical Subtransient Subtransient Subtransient 1.27

Cutouts Ampares Available (x? (x?
( o b a e 1500 volts)
CHAPTER FOUR
GENERAL EQUIPMENT USED FOR PROTECTION
We usually think of an electric power system in
terms of its more impressive parts, the big generating
stations, transformers, high voltage lines, etc. While
these are some of the basic elements, there are many other
necessary and fascinating components. Protective relaying
is one of these [ 3 ] .
The function of protective relaying for system
protection and coordination is to minimize damage to the
system and its components and to limit the extent and
duration of service interruption whenever equipment failure,
human error, or "acts of GOD" occur on any portion of the
system. The relaying equipment is aided in this task by

circuit breakers that are capable of disconnecting the
faulty element when they are called upon to do so by the
relaying equipment.
Overcurrent protection device selection and
coordination is an engineering decision that should be made
to protect the system from short-circuit or fault currents.
Protection for electric systems is an art as well
as science and should be designed with the following
objectives in mind:
1) Prevent or minimize damage to equipment.
2) Minimize the effect of the disturbance on the
un-interrupted portion of the system, both in its extent
and duration.
3) Minimize interruption of power.

4) minimize the effect on the utility system [4].
5) prevent injury to personnel.
The isolation of short circuits requires the
application of protective equipment which will sense an
abnormal current flow and remove the affected portion from
the system. The sensing device and interrupting device may
be completely separate, interconnected only through external
control wiring, or they may be the same device or separate
devices mechanically coupled to function as a single device.
Equipments used for protection are overvurrent relays,
fuses, and circuit breakers. The following sections explain
each of these devices in detail.
4.1 OVERCURRENT RELAYS
Overcurrent relays are sensing devices only and
must be used in conjunction with some type of interrupting
device to interrupt a short circuit and isolate the affected
portion of the system. These relays may be either

directional or non directional in their action. They may be
33
instantaneous or time delay in response. Various time
current characteristics, such as inverse time, very inverse
time, extremely inverse time, and definite minimum time are
available over a wide range of current setting. The

overcurrent relays are generally available in the following
current ratings:
Range Taps
0.5-2.5 0.5,0.6,0.8,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.0,2.5
1.5-6.0 1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,6.0
4.0-16.0 4.0,5.0,6.0,7.0,8.0,10,12,16
The relays can be specified to have either single
or double circuit closing contacts for tripping either one
or two circuit breakers.
Directional relay consists of two units, an
overcurrent element and a directional element. The contact
circuits are arranged insuch a way that tripping occurs only
when current has proper relationship to the voltage with
power flow in the tripping direction. The actual tripping
of the circuit is done by. a contact on the overcurrent
element, the overcurrent element does not operate until the
current is flowing in the proper direction and is above the
pickup setting. The overcurrent element cannot operate on a
fault in the nontripping direction. For typical application
refer to Appendix 5 (section A5.3) , device No.67 (CWC type) .
The instantaneous element is set for a current

34
higher than that which should operate the time-delay

element. The contacts ot this element are either connected
in parallel with the contacts of the time-delay element or
they aconnected to seperate terminals. This element is
mainly used when time interval required between two
overcurrent relays can not be made in the short time region.
Refer to Appendix 5 (section A5.12) for instantaneous
setting used in portion of the Belle plant.
The time-current characteristics for a variety of
relays used in this report are shown in Appendix 6. These
characteristics give the contact closing times for the
various time dial settings when the indicated multiples of
tap current are applied to the relay. In Chapter 5 several
method .of coordination for these relays will be discussed.
4.2 FUSES
Fuses are the oldest and simplest of all
protective devices. The fuse is both the sensing and
interrupting device. They are installed in series with the
circuit and operate by the melting of a fusible link in
response to the current flow through them on an inverse time
current basis. They are one-shot devices since their

fusible elements are destroyed in the process of
interrupting the current flow. Fuses may have only the

ability to interrupt short circuit current up to their
maximum rating or the ability to limit the magnitude of
short circuit current by interrupting the current flow
before it reaches its maximum value.
As shown in table 4.1, several types of fuses are
compared. Each fuse has a different characteristic. For

example, code-type fuses are not recommended because of low
interrupting capability and high melting current (70 times
fuse rated current) at 0.01 second. Current limiting Amptrap
fuses have high interrupting capability and very low melting
current (3.3 times fuse rated current) at 0.01 second.
These fuses are mainly recommended for branch circuits and
should not be used for protection of transformers. Since
transformers have an inrush current (sometimes 12 times full
load current). This type of fuses will melt before the
transformer is energized. Chase Shawmut (C-S) one-time fuse
is the best choice for most applications because of their
low cost and ratings.

Table 4 . 1 Fuse Classification
Melting current Interrupting
Average multiples capability
of rating amperes amperes
melt in melt in
0.01 s 10 s
Code fuse (NEC) 70 3 3,000
Semi lag fuse
( Rowan AIR-SEAL 30 3.5 50,000 i

i
I
25 3
i one time
I
,
50)000
I
dual element fuse
C-S new "trionicn 30
20
5
6
1OO)OOO 1
I
45 5.5 10%
;;;
1 Current limiting
"Amptrap 60011 15 2.5 100, 000
I "Limitron"
I 13 2.5 100 ,000
I G.E. "CLF-J"
I 12 3 100 000 )
Solid state
current limitin
3.3 2 100,000
37
COST OF FUSES [51
Approximate costs of fuse types, for given,
amperage, relative to NEC type are.
NEC fuse
C-S one time
Rowan air seal
C-S trionic
Fusetron
Lo-peak
Current Limiting
a Semi lag and dual element fuses of smaller size than NEC
size may be applicable, with proportionaly reduced cost. On
this basis, the Chase-Sha~ut(C-S) one-time fuse appears the
optimum for all uses within its interrupting capability of
50,000 amperes.
CURRENT LIMITING CHARACTERISTICS OF C-S ONE TIME FUSES

Chase-Shawmut (C-S) one-time fuses are current
limiting, but not so much as Amptraps. A 30-ampere one-

time fuse is about as current limiting as a 60-ampere
Amptrap. Table 4.4 shows the comparison of Chase-Shawmut

one-time fuses and Amptrap fuses.
Table 4 . 2 C-S one time fuses vs Amptrap fuses
I
Available current
( RMS amperes )
Let- through current
(thousands of amperes peak AMPTRAP)
(Amptrap fuse rating)
50,000 7.8 11 16 24 35
--- . --- -"- - - - -- -- ---- -
(C-S) ONE-TIME fuse rating:
--
Fuses, and their characteristics which have been
used in this study is shown in Appendix 6.
4.3 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Circuit breakers are interrupting devices only and
must be used in conjunction with sensing devices to fulfill
the detection function. In the case of medium-voltage

39
(1-72.5 KV) circuit breakers, the sensing devices are
separate protective relays or combinations of relays. In
the case of low voltage (under 1000 volts) circuit breakers,
sensing devices may be external protective relays or
combination of relays. In most low voltage application,

either molded-case circuit breakers or other low voltage
circuit breakers having series sensing devices built into
the equipment are used.
The ratings which apply to circuit breakers and
the actual assigned numerical values reflect the mechanical,
electrical, and thermal capabilities of their major
components. Basic ratings are
1) Rared voltage
2) Rated frequency
3) Rated continuous current
4) Rated interrupting current

5) Rated short-time current
The basic overcurrent trip device characteristic
used on molded-case circuit breakers and low voltage circuit
breakers are long-time delay and instantaneous. The
combination of these characteristics provides time delay
tripping for those low-level short circuits or overloads

that persist, and instantaneous tripping for higher level
short circuits.
New molded-case circuit breakers are equipped with
40
a short-time-delay characteristic in place of the
instantaneous characteristic. The resulting combination of
long-time-delay and short-time-delay characteristics
provides delayed tripping for all levels of current up to
maximum allowable available short-circuit-current limit of
the circuit breaker without instantaneous trip element.
These new breakers are used for the Belle plant,
so that better protection can be obtained throughout the
system without using instantaneous trip element. Refer to
Appendix 6 (section A6.7) for the device characteristic
curve, which shows available settings for long-time-delay
and short-time-delay pickup values.
4.4 GENERATOR PROTECTION
The protection of generators involves the
consideration of more possible abnormal operating conditions
than the protection of any other system element. An

unnecessary generator outage is undesirable, but one should
not try to avoid it by the omission of otherwise desirable
automatic protection.
The practice of using centralized control is
increasing, which requires more automatic equipment and less
manual supervision. Such practice requires more automatic
protective relaying equipment to provide the protection that

41
was formerly the responsibility of attendants [ 3 ] .
The following protective relays are used for the
generator protection. Refer to Appendix 3 for the type and
settings of protective relays used for the Belle plant
generator protection.
PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS
These relays are used for generators rated 1000
KVA or higher [ 3 ] . Percentage differential relaying is the
best for the short-circuit protection of stator windings,
because of its high-speed instantaneous capability.
Generally, the practice is to have the
percentage-differential relays trip a hand-reset

multicontact ,auxiliary relay. This auxiliary relay
simultaneously initiates the following: (1) trip main

breaker, (2) trip field breaker, (3) shut down the prime
mover and (4) operate an alarm. These will result in

minimizing damages to the generator.
SOLID STATE UNDER-FREQUENCY RELAYS
These relays are used for automatic load-shedding.
When a system overload occurs, under-frequency relays must
disconnect load to arrest frequency decline. The output of
generating plants may be impaired below 57-57.5 Hz, so

shedding must be completed before this level is reached.
OVER-VOLTAGE RELAYS
This type of relays are used for hydroelectric and
gas-turbine generators. It operates by first causing
additional resistance into the generator or exciter field.
Then if over-voltage persists, the main generator breaker
trips.
OVER-TEMPERATURE RELAYS
Unbalanced three-phase stator currents cause
double-system-frequency currents to be induced in the rotor
iron. These current quickly increase rotor temperature and
cause serious damage to the generator if it continues to
operate with such conditions. These relays will prevent
generators from overheating.
LOSS-OF-EXCITATION
- - RELAYS
When a synchronous generator loses excitation, it
operates as an induction generator, running above
synchronous speed. Round-rotor generators are not suited to
such operation because they do not have amortisseur windings
that can carry the induced rotor currents.
Most systems cannot tolerate the continued
operation of a generator without excitation. In fact, if
the generator is not disconnected immediately when it loses

43
excitation, widespread instability may very quickly develop,
and a major system shutdown may occur. When a generator
loses excitation, it draws reactive power from the system,
amounting to as much as 4 times the generator's rated load.
This will cause extensive instability in the system. The
most selective type of loss of excitation relay is a
directional-distance type operating from the a-c current and
voltage at the main generator terminals [ 3 ] .
REVERSE POWER RELAYS

These relays are used to detect motoring.
Motoring protection is for the benefit of the prime mover or
the system, and not for the generator. However, it is
considered here, because it is closely associated with the
generator.
FIELD GROUND-FAULT PROTECTION RELAYS

Because field circuits are operated ungrounded, a
single ground fault will not cause any damage or affect the
operation of a generator in any way. However, the existence
of a single ground fault increases the stress to ground at
other points in the field winding when voltages are induced
in the field by stator transients. Thus, the probability of
a second ground occuring is increased.

44
Note: refer to Appendix 3 for the types and settings used
for protection of the Belle plant generator.
4.5 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
The function of transformer protection is to
protect the transformer. Transformer protection is required
to automatically disconnect a transformer from the power
system for any of the following reasons.
1) To prevent higher-than-rated temperatures from
developing in the transformer from excessive load
current and, thereby, causing rapid deterioration of
insulation or conductors. Protection provided to.
achieve this is known as overload protection.
2) To prevent mechanical and thermal effects of large
"through" currents from causing permanent deformation or
other damage to the transformer. Such protection is
known as short-circuit protection.
3) To minimize the spread of damage inside a faulted
transformer, and minimize power-system disturbance

resulting from transformer faults.
TRANSFORMER SHORT CIRCUIT CAPABILITIES
The ability of a transformer to withstand through
short-circuit current is defined as its "ANSI point". This

45
point specifies the magnitude and duration of maximum
permissable through current that a transformer can withstand
without sustaining damage.
Values of the ANSI point vary from 25 times the

rated full-load current for 2 seconds, for a transformer
with four percent or less impedance, to 1 4 . 3 times the rated
full load current for 5 seconds, for transformers with seven
percent impedance as shown in table 4.5. To properly
protect the transformer, the primary fuse must actually
clear in the stated time at 87 percent of the current value
of a delta-delta bank, and 58 percent of the value of a
delta-wye bank.
Table 4.3 Transformer ANSI data
% Z Irms (sym) 87% I

rms
SYM. 58% I
rms
SYM. TIME(s)
Fault PH-PH FAULT L-N Allowable
Delta-Delta Delta-Wye
4% or 25 X Rated 22 X Rated 14 X Rated 2
less Current Current Current
5 20 X Rated 17 X Rated 11 X Rated 3
Current Current Current

6 16.6 X Rated 14 X Rated 9 X Rated 4
Current Current Current

7% or 1 4 . 3 X Rated 12 X Rated 8 X Rated 5
more Current Current Current

1
TRANSFORMER INRUSH CURRENT
A power transformer primary power fuse, as well as

any other protective device used in a transformer protection
scheme, must allow the transformer to be energized without
actuating the protective device on the magnetizing inrush
current.
The precise magnitude and duration of inrush
current vary from one transformer to another, and, for any
specific transformer, can only be determined by test.
Commonly used estimates of magnetizing inrush currents for
primary and secondary substation transformers range from an
equivalent of 8 to 12 times full load rms current, with a

duration of 0.1 second. The power or current-limiting fuse
should be selected so to be capable of carrying at least 12
times the full-load rated primary current of the transformer
for 0.1 second, without damaging the fuse, in order to pass
safely the inrush currents which occur during switching
operations.
Refer to Appendix 4 for tranformer protection used
throughout the Belle plant.

CHAPTER FIVE
COORDINATION OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES
The coordination study of an electric power system
consists of an organized time-current study of all devices
in series from the utilization device to the source. This
study is a comparison of the time it takes the individual
devices to operate when certain levels of normal or abnormal
current pass through the protective devices.
A coordination study or revision of a provious
study should be made for an existing plant when new loads
are added to the system or when existing equipment is
replaced with higher rated equipment. A coordination study

should also be made when the available short-circuit current
of the source to a plant is increased. This study
determines settings or ratings necessary to assure
coordination after system changes have been made.
The objective of a coordination study is to
determine the characteristics, ratings, and settings of
overcurrent protective devices which will ensure that the
minimum unfaulted load is interrupted when the protective
devices isolate a fault or overload anywhere in the system.
At the same time, the devices and settings selected must
provide satisfactory protection against overloads on the

48
equipment, and interrupt short circuits as rapidly as
possible.
5.1 PRIMARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR COORDINATION
In order to obtain complete coordination of the
protective equipment applied, it is necessary to obtain all
of the following requirements.
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS
The following information on short-circuit
currents should be provided for every bus on the system.
(1) Maximum and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary) total
rms short-circuit current
(2) Maximum and minimum 3 cycle to 1 s (interrupting duty)
total rms short-circuit current

These short-circuit current values are obtained as
described in Chapter Three.
The maximum and minimum 0 to 3 cycle (momentary)
currents are used to determine the maximum and minimum
currents to which instantaneous and direct-acting trip
devices respond, and to verify the capability of circuit
breakers, fuses, switches, and bus bracings.
The maximum 3 cycle to 1 s (interrupting) current

at maximum generation will verify the ratings of circuit
49
breakers, fuses, and cables. This is also the value of
current at which the circuit protection coordination
interval is established. The maximum 3 cycle to 1 s
(interruptig) current at minimum generation is needed to

determine whether the circuit-protection sensitivity of the
circuits is adequate.
TIME INTERVALS FOR COORDINATION

When plotting coordination curves, certain time
intervals must be maintained between the curves of various
protective devices in order to ensure correct sequential
operation of the devices. These intervals are required
because relays have overtravel, fuses have damage
characteristics, and circuit breakers have certain speeds of
operation. These intervals are often called margins.
When coordihating inverse-time overcurrent relays,
the time interval is usually 0.3-0.4 seconds [ 6 ] . This
interval is considered between relay curves, either at the
instantaneous setting of the load side feeder circuit
breaker relay, or at the maximum short circuit current which
can flow through both devices simultaneously, whichever is
the lower value of current. The interval consists of the
following components:
Circuit breaker opening time (5 cycles) .08 seconds
Overtravel .10 seconds
50
Safety factor .12-.22 seconds
This margin may be decreased if field tests of
relays and circuit breakers indicate that the system still
coordinates with the decreased margins. The overtravel of
very inverse and extremely inverse time overcurrent relays
is somewhat less than for inverse relays, allowing a
decrease in time interval for carefully tested systems to
0.3 seconds. 0.3 Seconds time interval is used for
coordination of the Belle plant overcurrent relays.
When circuit breakers equipped with direct-acting
trip units are coordinated with relayed circuit breakers,
the coordination time interval should be 0.3-.4 s.
HOW TO READ CURVES
A basic understanding of time-current
characteristic is essential to any study. Time 0 is

considered as the time at which the fault occurs, and all
times shown on the curve are the elapsed time from that
point. The curves that are drawn are response times, since,
for a radial system, all the devices between the fault and
the source experience the same current until one of them
interrupts the circuit.

A coordination curve is arranged so that the
region below and to the left of the curve represents an area

of no operation. The curves represent a locus of a family
UJ.
of paired coordinates which indicate how long a period of
time is required for device operation at a selected value of
current.
Reading current along the abscissa, the time or
range of times in which any device is expected to operate
corresponds to the ordinate or ordinates of the curve
plotted. Relay curves begin at a point called "pickup" (the
minimum value of current which will cause the relay to close
its contacts) and end at the maximum short-circuit current
to which the device under consideration can be subjected. A

single curve should be drawn for any device under
consideration.
5.2 DATA REQUIRED FOR A COORDINATION
The first requisite for a coordination study is a
single-line diagram of the system. This diagram should show
the following data.
11 Apparent power and voltage ratings as well as the

impedance and connections of all transformers
2) Nameplate ratings and subtransient reactance of all
major motors and generators
3) Conductor sizes, types, and configurations
4) Current transformer ratios

5) Relay, direct-acting trip, and fuse ratings,
52
characteristics, and ranges of adjustment
Refer to Appendix 2 (section A2.4) for the Belle
plant single-line diagram, which includes the above
information.
The second requirement is a complete short-
circuit-current study as described earlier in this Chapter
and also in Chapter Three.
The third requirement is the time-current
characteristics and typical time curve (this curve is used
for the new method of coordination in this report) of all
the devices under consideration.
The forth requirement is starting currents and
accelerating time of large motors.
. Once this information is .assembled, it is then
necessary to select the protective devices so that they
perform their assigned function of protecting individual
pieces of equipment and operate so that only the minimum
amount of circuitry associated with the fault is isolated.
5.3 METHODS OF COORDINATION
There are several methods of overcurrent relay
coordination available to minimize the effects of such
system abnormalities on the system itself or on the
utilization equipment which it supplies. These methods are

as follows.
1) Coordination by table
2) Use of device characteristic curve
3) Use of typical time curve of device (new method
presented in this report)
The following section will explain these method in
detail with some examples.
METHOD ONE COORDINATION BY TABLE

This method mainly uses fuse as the protective
device for the coordination of the system.
In fuse applications, coordination is achieved
through the use of selectivity ratio tables. Table 5.1
shows a typical selectivity schedule for various
combinations of fuses. This schedule is limited to several
class and type of fuses. This table is used as a simple
check for selectivity assuming that identical or reduced
fault currents flow through the circuits in desending order,
that is, main-feeder-branch. A coordination study may be

desired when the simple check as outlined is not sufficient,
and can be accomplished by plotting fuse time-current
characteristic curves on log-log graph paper.
For example, when the largest branch device is a
100 A current limiting fuse, the main fuse may be a 200 A

Arnptrap or 100 A dual-element or one-time fuse.
54
Table 5.2 shows the coordination between the
branch or load protective device and main or supply
protective device when a power air circuit breaker is used
in main or supply circuit. For example, for a current
limiting fuse used in branch or load circuit, a multiple of
2.5 times the ratio of 80 percent long time pickup to 500
percent short time pickup of power air circuit breaker
should be used for proper coordination. This multiple is
1.25 when the ratio of 160 percent long time pickup over
1000 percent short time pickup is used.
Some of the basic rules of coordination for this
method are [6]:
1) Branch fuse-clearing time must be less than the melt time

of the main fuse. That means under the total maximum
clearing I2 t of the largest fuse on the load side should

not exceed 90 percent of the melting I2 t of the supply
side fuse. I2 t values must be used to check coordination
in the current-limiting range. Below the current-limiting
range the time/current characteristic curves may be
compared as follows: (1) add 10 percent to the curve
current values for the downstream fuse, (2) subtract 10

percent from the curve current values for the upstream
fuse. The resulting curves should allow at least a 10

percent current margin between the two fuses based upon
the downstream fuse. The result is a minimum fuse size

55
s p r e a d w h i c h s h o u l d c o o r d i n a t e w i t h o u t damage t o u p s t r e a m
fuse. More s p r e a d w i l l o f c o u r s e i n c r e a s e a s s u r a n c e o f
coordination.
2) Branch device clearing time m u s t be u n d e r 80% o f t h e
sensing time of a breaker.

Table 5.1 Rating Ratios for Safe Coordination
Branch or Main or supply device
1 load device (minimum multiple of branch device) I

I
current limiting, dual element, semi lag,c-s
Amptrap,limitron, trionic and one-time and

Table 5.2 Power air circuit breaker
Minimum band
Branch or load Main or supply device
device (minimum multiple of branch device)
-
80% long time pickup 160%long time pickup
500% short time pickup 1000% short time pickuq
ratio ratio
- - - -- -- -- -- -" -- -- ---- --.-----
1b2r-
b-
--
-
.
current lim. 2.5

dual element 5.0 I
C-S one time 5.0 2.5 I

NEC 10.0 5.0
f
Molded case
I
air circuit
breaker
50 A 4.0 2.0
100 A 5.0 2.5
100 A 7.0 3.5
(heavy duty)
225 A 4.0 2.0
600 A 3.0 1.5
58
METHOD TWO USING DEVICE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

In order to start drawing curves, a voltage level
and multiple scale current in ampere should be selected and
marked on the bottom of the log-log paper. Then proper
multipliers for the various voltage levels considered in the
study are calculated. protective device characteristic
curves are then placed on a smooth bright surface such as a
window pane, or a glassed-topped box with a lamp in it. The
sheet of log-log paper on which the study is being made is
placed on top of the device characteristic curve, the
current scale of the study lined up with that of the device
characteristic. The curves for all the various setting and
ratings of devices being studied may then be traced or .
examined [4].
METHOD THREE USING DEVICE TYPICAL TIME CURVES

This method present a new way of drawing
co-ordination curves which has been practiced throughout the
Belle plant coordination study. This method is recommended
for more accurate protective relaying coordination. Instead
of device characteristic curve, Typical time curves of
overcurrent relays used in this method. These curves show
time versus multiples of tap value current. Each
overcurrent relay has several tap value and time dial
settings. Knowing the amount of maximum short circuit

59
current and current transformer ratio is essential. By
dividing several values of short circuit currents to c.t.
ratio and the tap value, several multiples of tap values can
be found. Refering to the curve time for these multiples of
tap value can be found depending upon what time dial setting
have been selected. At this time the short circuit current
and the time for several points are known. These points are
then ploted and traced on log-log paper. Now let's assume
that an overcurrent relay at a different voltage level must
be coordinated with this relay. The minimum interval time
of 0.3 seconds must be allowed between the two relays. In
order to illustrate this method of coordination and decision
making, a portion of Belle plant detailed relaying diagram
is shown as an example in figure 4.2 and the related curves
are shown in figure 4.3. Figure 4.1 shows the typical time
curves of CO-9 overcurrent relay. The following example
illustrates this new method.
EXAMPLE :
Figure 4.2 shows a portion of the Belle plant
overcurrent detailed drawing. There are two overcurrent

relays involved in this portion of the system, which will
need coordination with the incoming power company feeder
overcurrent relay. Let's assume that fault A happened on

the syst'em. in order to isolate the fault from spreading to
other portions of the system, unit 2A breaker must operate
first so that only feeder 2A shuts down. If the short
circuit is not cleared yet, then bank No.1 primary must
operate. Finally if the short circuit is still not cleared,
then power company No.2 primary feeder must operate.
Figure 4.3 shows the CO-9 type overcurrent relay

curves that was selected and ploted for maximum protection
of this portion of the system. Following data are required
for the selection of these curves.
No.2 primary feeder overcurrent relay data
Circuit: Bank No.1 primary

Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9
C.T. ratio: 200/5=40/1
Available Taps=1.0,1.2,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5~4.0,5.0,6
7.0,8.0,10.0,12.0
Ampere range of relay=l-12
Circuit voltage: 46 kV level
Maximum available short circuit at 46 kV level: 14,300 A
Unit 2A overcurrent relay data
Circuit: Unit 2A
Relay type: Westinghouse CO-9
C.T. ratio: 800/5=160/1
Available taps= same as relay No.1
Ampere range of relay=l-12
Circuit voltage: 12 kV level

61
Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV level: 19,400 A
Since Bank No.1 is upstream in the system relative
to Unit 2A, its overcurrent relay should be drawn first and
then unit 2A overcurrent curve should be drawn to coordinate
with that.
Relay No.1 settings
C.T.=200/5=40/1
Let's select the following setting to see if proper
coordination can be obtained.
Selected tap=12
Selected time lever=lO
Selected multiple current=lO
Selected voltage level=46kV

Multiple of tap value=(short-circuit
current) / (tap) (C.T.ratio)
Pickup* value= (tap) (C.T. ratio)
*Pickup is the minimum value of the current that can start
the relay to close its contact.

Point No. 1: 14,300 A /(12) (40)=29 off scale on figure 4.1
Point No.2 : 9,000A / (12) (40)=18.75 multiple of tap value
For this value and time lever of 10, time will
be equal to 1.2 seconds from figure 4.1.
Point No.3 : 7,000 A / (12) (40)=14.6 then time=l .3 seconds

Point No.4: 5,000 A / (12) (40)=10.4 then time=l .5 seconds
Pickup value= (12) (40)=480 A
62
These points should be plotted and traced for the
relay curve as shown on figure 4.3 (curve number 1).
Relay No.2 settings
C.T.=800/5=160/1
Let's select the following setting, so that proper
coordination can be obtained with the upstream relay.
Selected tap=7
Selected time lever=7
Selected multiple current=lO
Selected voltage level=12 kV
Maximum available short circuit at 12 kV=19,400 A
(19,400) (12 kV) / (46 kV) =5,060 A at 46 kV level
Point No. 1 : 5060/ (7)(160)=4.5 at 46 kV level
For this value and time lever of 7, time=2.1 s
Point No.2 : 4000/(7)(160) =3.57 then time=3.0 s
Point No.3: 3500/ (7)(160) =3.12 then time=3.9 s
Pickup value=(7) (160) (12 kV) / (46 kV)=292 A at 46 kV level

These points also should be plotted on figure 4.3.
As shown unit 2A overcurrent relay (curve number 7) will
operate first in case of a fault and will clear the fault
before Bank No.1. primary relay operates, since there is
about 0.6 second time interval allowed between the curves.

Both relay were tested and field checked for proper
operation based on the method recommended on section 4.7.

OVER C U R R E Y T R E L A Y
5 0 - 6 0 tiERTZ
V)
a
2
S
W
Y,
MULTIPLES O F TAP VALUE CURREHT
F i g u r e 5 . 1 T y p i c a l t i m e c u r v e s of t y p e CO-9 Relay [7]

I2KV B U S '0"
--
--*-a3;7
--
Figure 5.2 Portion of Belle plant Detailed Relaying Diagram

Figure 5.3 Portion of Belle plant Coordination curves
5.4 TESTING OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES
This requires that the system or protective device
be subjected to abnormal electrical conditions and the
operation of the system or devices compared to
manufacturers' specifications for these conditions.
MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKERS

In testing a molded-case circuit breaker, several
points must be remembered.
1) Nameplate rated voltage must be available at the input

terminals throughout the test.
2) The values of current are high and voltage is low,
therefore it is.advisable to use connections having the
shortest possible length and largest,.cross sectional area
between test unit and circuit breaker.. In some cases,

pieces of bus bar may be used for these connectors.
3) The connection to the circuit breaker must be tight.

4) The circuit breaker tested one pole at a time.
5) Trip devices must be allowed to fully reset before
performing a check test.

Molded-case circuit breaker should be tested for
(1) timing and (2) instantaneous pickup. The recommended

values of test current is three times the circuit breaker
trip unit rating. The tripping time must be measured and
compared to the manufacturer's specified values or curves.

Molded-case circuit breakers may be relatively
precise; however, the published time-delay characteristic
indicates a wide band of operation. The electrical test
will reveal circuit breakers that will not trip, those that
take abnormally long to trip, and those that have no time
delay. If the test reveals that the circuit breaker is
tripping within plus or minus 15 percent of the outside

limits of its published curves and this tolerance does not
affect the electric system coordination or stability, the
circuit breaker should be considered satisfactory otherwise
should be rejected.
An electrical test for pickup of the instantaneous

unit should be run to verify that the circuit breaker is
tripping magnetically. Testing at one of the lower
calibration marks is satisfactory. The adjustment may be
set to the lowest calibration point to verify that the unit
will pick up. If the instantaneous unit picks up at the

minimum calibration point, then pickup will be assumed to be
within manufacturer's tolerances.
LOW-VOLTAGE POWER CIRCUIT BREAKl3R [6]

Most of these circuit breakers are equipped with
one series overcurrent trip device per phase. The
electrical test must be run on each individual trip device.
The operation of any one of these devices will trip all

68
poles of the circuit breaker.

The recommended test for a low-voltage power
circuit breakers are (1) timing (long-and short-time delay
units if the circuit breaker has both type trip units), and
(2) instantaneous pickup.

The recommended values of test current for long
time delay is three times the trip unit setting, and for
short-time delay it is one and one-half times the circuit
breaker short-time delay setting; determine the
instantaneous pickup. If the circuit breaker does not
operate within the tolerances shown by the manufacturers'
time current curves, then suitable adjustment should be made
as recommended by the manufacturer.
PROTECTIVE RELAYS
The protective relay is the brain of the electric
protective circuit. It is the relay that senses an abnormal
condition and then sends the message to other devices on the
system. Therefore it is imperative that any relay work be
done in a very through manner.
A timing check should be made to see that the
relay closes its contacts within a specified time for a
given abnormal value of current. Normally this test is run

with the relay tap in its designated position. It is
suggested that a test current of four times pickup be used.

69
Based on above methods all the protective
equipment used in the Belle plant were field-checked and
tested for proper operation and coordination for the entire

system. The 12 kV molded-case circuit breakers were tested
as follow:
Minimum pickup long time delay (LTD)
Minimum pickup was checked by applying 10 percent

less than pickup current for 10 minutes. The breaker did
not trip.
Time delay (LTD)
100 Percent pickup value was selected and applied

to the relay. The time was measured until the breaker
tripped. The time measured was within the shaded area of
the characteristic curve for the test current used.
Minimum pickup short time delay (STD)

The LTD was blocked to be sure it does not trip
the breaker. The breaker was closed and set to zero. The
operate button was pushed and test current gradually was
increased. The current at which the STD armature starts to
close is the minimum pickup.
All the overcurrent protective relays were tested
for proper operation as follow:

Zero adjust test
This test is to determine that relay contacts
close when the dial is set at zero. With the continuity
light connected across the terminals, time dial was manually
turned until the indicator light on the test set glowed.
The reading was at zero.
Pickup test
This test is to determine the minimum operating
current needed to close the relay contacts for any
particular tap setting. The pickup value selected for this
test, was equal tap value plus or minus 5 percent. By
alternately increase and decrease current, the point where
continuity indicating light flickers was found and recorded.
This flickering indicates that the contacts are "just"
making and breaking. The recorded values in some relays
were higher than tap value, the spiral-spring tension was
too great and was adjusted for the correct tap value.
Time current characteristics
A timing check should be made to see that the
relay closes its contacts within a specified time for given
values of current. Three times tap value was used as the
minimum amount of test current for the timing check. Timer

selector switch was put in "N.O.MOMENTARYtt
position, the
initiate push button was jogged by using the main and
vernier controls and adjust the test unit to pass the test
current through the relay coil. The timer selector switch
was changed to "N.O.MAINTAIN1'and the main ammeter preset
pointer was set to a value just under the test current.

Then the timer was reset to zero and the initiate push
button was pressed. This puts test current on the relay
coil and starts the timer. When relay contacts close, the
timer will stop and current will be removed from relay. The
test current and time were compared with 3 times tap value.
Some relay operating were too fast and the time dial setting
was increased up to 1/2 division.

CHAPTER S I X
CONCLUSIONS
This report has illustrated methods of longhand
short-circuit-current calculations and new method of
coordination by using typical time curves of the protective
relays for quick isolation of the affected portion of

low-voltage and medium-voltage industrial and commercial
power systems. The method of longhand calculation is not
recommended for large power systems, since these plants
contain many closed loops. Network analyzer or digital

computer technique is favorable from an economic and time
saving standpoint for these systems.
As a result of the study done for the Belle plant
electrical short-circuit-current calculation and
coordination of protective devices which was used as an
example for this report; show that , 12-kV, 2.4-kV, and

480-volt feeder breakers have adequate momentary and
interrupting ratings. Short-circuit duties of the air
circuit breakers installed at the purchased-power substation
should be reviewed again for proper operation and adequate
ratings when significant load is to be added, that time,
the 12-kV bus tie breakers could be opened. Then only one
transformer would supply each 12-kV and worst-case

73
symmetrical interrupting duty would be reduced to
approximately 250-MVA. This will minimize potential damage
to the system, its components, and the utilization
equipment it supplies.
Based on the values of the short-circuit-currents
calculated for the Belle plant, proper protective devices
were selected and coordinated for the detection and prompt
isolation of the affected portion of the system whenever a
short-circuit occurs in the system. The recommended relay
settings associated with these devices were field-tested for
proper operation based on the method of testing mentioned in
section 4.7.
This report will be a good reference manual for
industrial plant engineers, electricians, industrial power
application engineers and others who are involved with the
planning of electrical facilities for low-voltage and
medium-voltage industrial plants or commercial buildings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
System engineering apparatus distribution sales
division. "Short circuit current calculations for
industrial and commercial power system^,'^ General
Electric Co., September 1978.
Donald Beeman. "Industrial Power Systems Handbook,"
McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York, N.Y. 1955.
3. Russell C. Mason. "The art and science of protective

relaying," Schenectady, N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
1956.
4. F.A.Leinberger. !!Relay co-ordination procedures for an
imaginary medium size industrial plant," General
Electric Co. Philadelphia, PA. 19102.
5. R.H.Lee. "Methods and materials for co-ordination of

fault Memo 12-43," E.I.Dupont Co. Wilmington, Delaware.
6. D.Dalasta, Norman peach, R.H.Kaufman and W.A.Weddendorf.
It IEEE recommended practice for protection and
co-ordination of industrial and commercial power
system," IEEE John Wiley and Sons, 1975.

- )
7. Relay instrument division. If Type CO (Hi Lo) overcurrent
relay," Westinghouse 1.L.41-100D.Westinghouse Electric
Co., Coral Springs, FL. December 1976.

8. Relay instrument division. "Type CA Percentage
Differential Relay for Generator Protection,If

Westinghouse 1.L.41-331.2D, Westinghouse Electric
Co.,Coral Springs, FL. February 1975.
9. Relay instrument division. "Type CWC and CWP
Directional Ground Relays instruction," Westinghouse
1.L.41-242.4F, Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark, N.J.
Oct. 1975.
10. Relay instrument division. "Type SDF-1 solid state under
frequency relay instruction," Westinghouse 1.L.41-504.1,
Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark , N.J. August 1975.
11. Relay department. "Type DT-3 temperature and micron

relay instruction," Westinghouse 1.L.41-552.1D,
Westinghouse Electric Co., Newark, N.J. 1975.
12. Relay instrument division. "Type CVE-1 and CVE
Synchro-Verifire relays instruction," Westinghouse
1.L.41-681.1N) Westinghouse Electric Co, Coral Springs,
FL .
13. Relay-instrument division. "Type KAB high impedance bus
differential relay," Westinghouse 1.L.41-337.4F.
Westinghouse Electric Co., Coral Springs, FL. May 1981.
14. Relay instrument division. "Type HU and HU-1 transformer
differential relays instruction, Westinghouse
1.L.41-347.1M, Westinghouse Electric Co. , Newark, N.J.
15. Relay instrument division. "Type SC, SC-1, SV and SV-1
relays instruction," Westinghouse Electric Co. Newark,
N.J. July 1978.
16. Relay instrument division. "Type CV voltage relay,"
Westinghouse 1.L.41-201K. Westinghouse Electric Co.
Coral Springs, FL. December 1979.
17. Relay instrument division. 'I Type COM overcurrent
relay," Westinghous 1.L.41-102E.Westinghouse Electric
Co. Coral Springs, FL. June 1979.
18. Relay instrument division. "Characteristic curves for
type DS and DSL circuit breaker,"Westinghouse

Application Data 32-860. Westinghouse Electric Co. East
Pittsburg, Pa. 15112, November 1978.

APPENDIX 1 - IMPEDANCE DATA
Al.l ANSI standard reactance values calculation
Table Al-1 ANSI Standard Reactance Values

--
First-Cycle (Momentary) Positive-Sequence
Calculation for H.V. Breaker Reactance
Utility Supply XS
Plant Generators X"
Synchronous Motors XIf
Induction Motors
(Above 1000 hp >I200 rpm) x1 r

(Above 250 hp >I800 rpm) .I' r
(All other motors 50-1000 hp) 1.2Xlr
(Less than 50 hp) .25X"
Non-rotating equipment X
Interrupting Calculations for H.V. Breakers
Utility supply %
Plant Generators XIf
Synchronous Motors 1 . 5X"
Induction Motors
(Above 1000 hp >I200 rpm) 1.5Xlr

(Above 250 hp >I800 rpm) 1.5Xlr
(All other motors 50 - 1000 hp) 3.OXlr
(Less than 50 hp) Infinity
Non-rotating Equipment X 1
lr = Locked Rotor, %=utility reactance

A1.2 Transmission line impedances
Table A1-2 Transmission Line Impedances
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
/ ~ , 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~
/ I
$ ' N * 6 m W O m N m m * P O r n v N P P W 9
c
V) o
~ l I c om ~n -, o~ e . c ~: ~* m
m q - n e~ ~q o~ w* - no ~
m ~
c *y m~ v m c u @ ~ . m m
u
C
1
......................
i * ~ * ~ ~ m m m m m m q q q q v q o n o o o
X O C O O C O O O O O O O Q O C O O O O O O O
A1.3 15-kV cable impedances
Table A1-3 15-kV Cable Impedances
6 AhG
3 AhO
U O ALtG
3/0 AkG
410 AkG
2 5 0 MC!A
300 MCM
3 5 0 !.CCU
400 YC!I
5 0 0 IACM
6a0 MCM
753 MC!A
1000 A!CN
12>0 ).{C!.i
15CC UCM
1750 MCX
2 0 0 0 MCM
A1.4 5-kV cable impedances
Table A1-4 5-kV Cable Impedances
Approximate Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance of

M00.volt Cables in Magnetic Ducts per 100 H
Throe singlo-conduda cabiu p u duct, Woo-eonductor cablo induding Intor-

ohm p u 100 * locked onnor coblo, ohms p u 100 f l
Coblo ria.
P X z R X I
Ma 14 Awq.. . 0.3135 0.W969 0.313s 0.3133 0.006664 0.3291

WalOAwq.. 0.1240 0.00150 0.1210 0.1240 0.005745 0.1241
No.8Awg ... 0.0779 0.CG781 0.0781 0.0779 0.005308 0.07808
lb. 6 AwQ.. . 0.0491 0.0U741 0.0503 0.0493 0.004941 0.04944

4A . 0.0118 .- 0.00681 0.0325 0.0112 0.004619 0.03154
g . 0.0203 0.00623 0.0212 0.0197 0.004366 0.02017
Mo. 1 A . 0.0163 0.00566 0.0173 0.0157 0.003961 0.01619

Mo. 1/0 Awq. 0.0131 0.00567 0.0143 0.0125 0.003792 0.01304
No.Z/OAwq.. 0.0106 0.00545 0.0119 0.0100 0.003677 0.01061
Wo.l/OAwg.. 0.00860 0.00535 0.0101 0.00800 0.003631 0.008785

4 0A . 0.0070a 0.00529 0.00817 0.00640 0.003313 0.007335
2SO M C M . . .. 0.00609 0.0056 0.00102 0.W7 0.003362 0.006527
100 M C M . ... 0:00520 0.00519 0.00733 0.00460 0.003311 0.003791

350 M C M . . .. 0.00461 0.00314 0.00690 0.00400 0.003U7 0.005299
..
400 M U . . 0.00119 0.00506 0.00657 0.00354 0.a3436 0.001923
so ma.. .. 0.- 0.W95 0.0061 1 0.00292 o.oo3wr 0 . ~ 9

750MCM .... 0.00219 0.W4 0.00U1 0.0010( 0.001018 0.003723
1
A1.5 Correction factors for non-magnetic ducts
Table A1-5 Correction Factors for Non-Magnetle Ducts
s+k.an.lw)cr b b k
1
t 1
fadom Fa wrr.cclng r e d e a r n
foefar kv concctinq
mctoncm, 011 S U ~ S
of cabk No. 6 to No.0010 300 to
No. 8 A r g No. 0 A r g 250 MCM 500 MCM
0.8 0.96 0.93 0.83 0.72
Correction Factors for Nonmagnetic Ducts.

Thr-ductor Cables
Dotormino correct Z from corrected voluu of X and r0. No comedim is required for intedocked
armor.
f o c t m for correcting ruistoncm

f o a a for ronocting
rooctoncm, all rizm
of coblo No. 14 to No. 00 A r g N a 0000 A r g to 750 MCM
0.17 1 .O 0.98
Per Cmt Reactonce of Typical Three-phase Cable Circuits

Per Cont Rooctonc. of 1000 Crcuit F W ~on o
1000-tw lose
System rdtogo I / 1 / / /
230 4 575 2,400 4,160 6,900 1
I
13,100
I Coblo h e , No. 4 to 1 Awg I

throo ringltcamdw9or coblw in
iron conduit................ 91.3 24.6 15-14 1.075 0,351
Thrononducror coblo m iron con-
duit or in#-d 0rolor.d l
cable.. ................... 71.8 18 11.5 0.669 0.222 0.11 0.0276
kao-conductor enblo in m a g -
neticduct.................. 511.5 14.7 9.4 0.581 0.194 0.0955 0.024
I
Cablo siro..No. 1 /0 No. 4/0 Awg
hrw nnglccarc)uctor cobla in

ironconduit ................ 92.5 23.2 14.83 0.953 0.318
n*eo-conducta cublo in imn con-
duit or i n t . r k c t d o-ad
coblo.. ................... 68
ecconductor cable in nommog-
wnetic+& .................. 34.8
17.1
13.72
10.9
1.1
0.6 0.2
I I/0.0943
0.52 ~0.17310.01111 0.0101

I
0.0237
!
Cable Six., 250 lo 750 MCM 1
re* singlrconductu cablu m

.............
$: iron condvtt..
recconductor coblo in irom con-
5 11.3 13-63 0.868 0.219
I dwt or interlocked armored

coblo. .................... 61.4
he.-conductor coble in -mag-
I . 9.85 0.331 0.179 0.0796 0.01
! d c d w .................. 51
For a~nglc-phwcueuru mult~plyvduea by 2-
11.8 1.19 0.477 /
I
0.139 O.W 0.0176
APPENDIX 2
BELLE PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY
A2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK
This work shows the short-circuit study and relay

coordination for the entire power-house electrical
distribution system for the Belle plant, (one of the
biochemical sites of E.I.dupont de Nemours & Company). This
plant is required to modernize power house coal handling and

electrical distribution reliability for the entire system so
that greater load capacity, improved reliability and safety
can be achieved for the entire sytem. Modernization of the
power-house electrical facilities will improve the
electrical reliability of the power house by installation of
a new 46-kV feeder from the existing structure between the
"A1' and "B" switch house to a new 7.5MVA, 46/12-kV
transformer with a primary circuit switcher. A secondary

12-kV feeder will be provided from the transformer to the
power house complete with a new secondary air circuit
breaker in the !'A" switch house and a new incoming air
circuit breaker located in the turbine area switchgear room.

The new incoming circuit breaker in the turbine area
switchgear room will be connected to, and become a part of,

the 12-kV switchgear. Figure A2.1 shows the system setup as
83
a block diagram.
T h i s s t u d y w i l l i n s u r e a d e q u a t e r a t i n g s of a l l t h e
air circuit breakers and proper relay coordination
throughout t h e system.
Utility
. W 9 9/1
, t N t '0" 46Kv
n
Bus
B n k tb.7, IWcl
F i g u r e A2-1 Block d i a g r a m of s y s t e m s e t u p
A2.2 12-kV AIR CIRCUIT BREAKER RATING
Westinghouse electric magnetic blast eight cycles

air circuit breakers are installed at the purchased power
substation as 12-kV incoming supply and feeder breakers.
Breaker specifications are as follows:
1. Symmetrical three-phase rating = 500MVA
2. Continuous current rating = 1200 amperes

3. Maximum voltage = 12-kV rms
4. Momentary rating = 37-kA rms asymmetrical,

momentary 2 s.
5. Minimum contact-parting time = 3 cycles

5. Rated interrupting time = 5 cycles
A2.3 SYSTEM ASSUMPTIONS
ANSI Standard C 37.5-1969 contains a guide for
calculation of fault currents for application of AC high-

voltage circuit breakers rated on a total current basis.
The procedures used in this study are the same as those
suggested in ANSI standard by using jX impedance only.

Certain simplifying assumptions were made for this
calculation which are as follows.
1. Base MVA is 5MVA
2. Three-phase symmetrical fault

3. Line resistance is neglected
4. Fault is "bolted", that is, it has zero impedance
5. Tie breaker in 2.4kV switchgear is open,
Refer to figure A2-2 in section A2.4 for the system single-
line diagram.
A2.4 BELLE PLANT SINGLE LINE DIAGRAU
The electrical distribution switching diagram was
used as a starting point in developing the system single-
line diagram. This diagram shows the normal distribution
and represents the best available definition of the system
for fault studies.
For purposes of this study, the system was defined
to start at the 46-kV bus at the purchased power substation
and continue through the 12-kV overhead distribution system
to transformers supplying secondary loads at 12-kV,2.4-kV or
480 volt. Motors smaller than 50 hP were lumped together
and treated as a single impedance on the secondary side of
the supply transformer.
Data on transformer impedances, transmission line
conductor sizes and lengths and bus duct capacity at the
purchased power substation were obtained from drawings.
The single-line diagram used for this study is
shown in its final form in figure A2-2.

Figure A2-2 Belle Plant Single Line Diagram
A2.5 BELLE PLANT IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS
A few impedance diagrams are patterned after the
one line diagram. The arrangement of elements should aid in
easy identification of any given component in the two types
of diagrams (one-line vs impedance) even though
identification of components and significant points in the
circuits may become impossible as the network is reduced
into a single-value impedance. The per-unit system lends
itself to analysis of this system because of the several
voltage levels. A base MVA of 5MVA is assigned. The base
voltage will be 46-kV, 12-kV, 2.4-kV, and 480 volt. Base
current and base impedance for each of the voltage levels
can then be derived as shown in Appendix 3. Impedance
diagrams for the one-line diagram shown in figure A2-2 in
Appendix 2, which contains the subtransient reactance of the
system generator, the utility system reactance, and the per-
unit value of all the transformers, feeder cables and the
motor loads is shown in figure A2-4, Appendix 2.
The per-unit values for all components on
impedance diagram (figure A2-4) are derived and listed as

follows.
Utility: X=5MVA/1020MVA=.0049 P.U.
Transformer (TI) : X= (6.46%)(5MVA/lOMVA) = .0323 P .U.

Transformer(T2): three winding transformer
Zp=1/2(ZpS+ZpT-ZST)
=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+7.91%-18.83%)
=
.0146 P.U.
Zs=1/2(2PS+ Z ST-Z PT)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (19.66%+18.83%-7.91%)
=
.0509 P.U.
ZT=1/2 (ZPT+ZST-ZPS)=1/2 (5MVA/15MVA) (7.91%+18.83%-19.66%)
=
,0118 P.U.
Transformer (T3) : X= (5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P . U.
Transformer (T4) : X= (5.32%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= . 0709 P.U.
Transformer (T5) : X= (5.39%)(5MVA/3.75MVA)= .0719 P .U.
Transformer(T6) : X=(5.09%)(5MVA/2.8MVA)= .0909 P .U.
Transformer(T7): X=(5.55%) (5MVA/2.OMVA)=.139 P.U.
049 P . U.
Generator : X1'=5MVA/102MVA=.
Motors :
Typical calculation for Xth momentary short circuit is as
follows. Appendix 1 will show the multiple factors for
different size of motors.
I. Xth(momentary)=l .2(1/6) (base kVA/load kVA)
1/6 is the lock rotor current.
2. Induction motors 50-1000 hp,

3X1r
Xth (interrupting) =3 (1/6) (base kva/load kVA)
3. Full load current=largest motor (~vA)
/fl(kVLL)
Lock rotor current=5(full load current)+-total load
Cables :
The per-unit values of all the cable impedances can be
determined by referring to Appendix 1 , which will show the
approximate reactances of cables for various voltage levels
These values will be the actual impedance (ohm) values of
the feeders. The per-unit values then can be calculated by
using the following equations.

2
Base impedance=(base voltage,kVLL) /base MVA3phase
Per unit impedance=actual impedance/base impedance
Examples :
1. 12-kV feeder, 1-3/C-500MCM (50ft)

2
Base impedance= (kVLL ' base) /baseMVA3phase
2
Base impedance=(12kV) /5MVA=28.8 ohms
Appendix 1 section A1.3 shows the ohmic values of
15-kV copper and aluminum cables in magnetic and non-
magnetic conduit per 1000ft. For 1-3/C-500MCM copper cable
non-magnetic conduit, R=.0279ohms/1000ft and
X=.0317ohms/1000ft therefore:
Z=( R ~ + x ~'I2=
) [ ( .0279)2+ ( .0317)2] I/'=. 0422ohms/1000f t
For 50ft cable;
50ft(.0422/1000ft)=.0021ohms/50ft
Per-unit impedance=.0021/28.8=.0001 P.U.
2. 2.4-kV feeder, 3-3/C-750MCM/phase, 130ft long

2
Base impedance= (2.4kV) /5MVA=1.152
Appendix 1 Section A1.4, shows the ohmic values of
5-kV cables in magnetic ducts per 100ft. Section A1.5 shows
the correction factors for non-magnetic ducts. For
1-3/C-750MCM copper cable magnetic duct, R=.00208ohms/100ft
and X=.003088ohms/100ft then Z=.003723ohms/100ft
For 3-3/C-750MCM, Z=1/3(.003723ohms/10Oft)=.0013/100ft
For 130ft, Z=130ft(.0013ohms/10Oft)=.0017 ohms
From section A1.5 correction factor for 750MCM cable in non-

magnetic ducts is 0.72, so 2=.0017(.72)=.0012 ohms
Per unit impedance=.0012/1.152=.0011 P.U.

Table A2-1 in Appendix 2 shows the results of the
short-circuit calculations for momentary and interrupting
case at different locations of the system. This information
will be used for specifying the 12-kV switchgear, 2.4-kV
switchgear and 480-volt switchgear.

91
Multiplying factors for three-phase and line-to-
ground faults.
,MULTIPLYINGFACTORS FOR E / X AMPERES
Figure A 2 - 3 multiplying factors [2]

Figure A2-4 Belle P . l a n t Simplified Impedance Diagram
A2.6 BELLE PLANT SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATION
CASE 1: Momentary short-circuit calculation for fault "A"at

12-kV bus as shown in figure A2-1 and A2-5.
The simplified impedance diagram for the entire

system is shown on figure A2-4. The equivalent circuit for
the impedance diagram is shown on figure A2-5 and A2-6.
Figure A2-5 The equivalent circuit for the impedance diagram
The Wye-Delta transformation for fault "A" is

shown on figure A2-7.
MVASC=BASE MVA/XthP.U.=5MVA/.0188=416MVA
IBASE--BASE MVA/ (kVLL BASE) 103=5 (lo6) /12 (lo3) ~ = 2 4 A

0
ISC'IBASE /XthP.U.=240/.0188=20,000.00A
'Tp,u,
1
Infinite Bus
0 P*u*
D.il7*i/Zb+iizcrJ82.e C
,85337
mgQTA
Infinite Ru
,kw
C
P.u.
Za&DZ~W(,W9)(.OiG)=,8216p,u.
&DZbfc=382(.81G)(.83397)=. 1487 p.u. B
Z;lcrDZdc=W(.W9)(.83397)=.8583 p.u.
Inf initr Bus Infinite Bus
I L I
Figure A2-6 Simplified equivalent circuit
By siylifing thr &ow circuit w get:

Infinite Bus
ee49.P.U.
5263 ,8146
P.U. p*u.
8123 *em
A p.u. P*U.
I "
"
Fault 'A'
To s i y l i Q this portin of t h c i r r i t . W-DELTA trrrrfmtim
is brar wrd.
Figure A2-7 The WYE-DELTA transformation

95
CASE 2: Interrupting short-circuit calculation for fault

I 1 All .
The simplified impedance diagram for the entire
system is shown on figure A2-4. The equivalent circuit for
the impedance diagram is shown on figure A2-8.
Infinitr RJS
Figure A2-8 The equivalent circuit (interrupting case)

The Wye-Delta transformation for fault "A" is
shown on figure A2-9.
-BASE M V A / (kYLL
~ BASE) 103=5 ( l o 6 ) / 1 2 (103)\/T = 2 4 0 A
IBASE-
IS C=IBASE /XthP . U . = 2 4 0 / . 0 1 3 2 = 1 8 , 2 0 0 . 0 0 A
The same method of short circuit calculation is
used for other locations of the system. Result of
calculations for other points in the system is shown in
table A2-1.
Infinite Bus Infinite Bus
-> DELTA
*
UYE
Infinite Bus Infinite Wu

IT
Figure A2-9 The WYE-DELTA transformation

T a b l e A2-1 R e s u l t of B e l l e P l a n t S h o r t - C i r c u i t S t u d y
/--
F a u l t Location
---.
Momentary S h o r t C i r c u i t C u r r e n t ;i
B a s e 5 MVA Amperes
..----- .-- .----- MVP.s~
-- I
F a u l t "B" 46 KV 1140
I
I Fault l f ~ l l 46 KV 1 14,326 i
I 1140 I
F a u l t "A" 1 2 KV 19,400
F a u l t "D" 2 . 4 KV 17,480
F a u l t "El1 2 . 4 KV 27,097
F a u l t "F" 2 . 4 KV 1 17,660
I
L
F a u l t "MIf 2 . 4 KV 10,400
F a u l t " N " 2 . 4 KV Ii 40,880
F a u l t "I" 4 8 0 V 63,123
I
F a u l t "K" 480 V 64,317 53
.. --- - -.....-..
F a u l t Location Interrupting Short Circuit
B a s e 5 MVA Amperes
MvAsc
F a u l t "B" 4 6 KV
F a u l t "C" 46 KV
14,036
14,036
I 1121
1121
F a u l t "A" 1 2 KV 18,178 378
F a u l t "Dlf 2 . 4 KV 13,136 52
F a u l t "Elf 2 . 4 KV 22,396 89
F a u l t "F" 2 . 4 KV 12,923 51
F a u l t "MI1 2 . 4 KV 8,010 32
F a u l t "N" 2 . 4 KV 37,240 148
F a u l t "1"480 V 48,440 40
1 F a u l t "K" 480 V 48,600 40
APPENDIX 3
BELLE PLANT GENERATOR AND BUS PROTECTION
A3.1 BELLE PLANT GENERATOR PROTECTION

TYPE CA PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 10% (WESTINGHOUSE) [8]
The type CA generator relay is available in two
designs: one for 10 percent sensitivity and the other for 25
percent sensitivity. Figure A3-1 shows the operating curves
for 10 percent sensitivity. That means 10 percent of the
smaller restraint current must flow in the operating coil to
cause tripping when the restraining currents are in phase.
One setting is required for this relay, that is,
the setting of the time dial. This setting should be on the
number one position as manufacturer recommended .
The only setting required on the indicating
contactor switch (ICS) unit is the selection of the 0.2 A or
2.0 A tap setting. Since this relay is energizing a 125
volt d-c relay switch in this system, the 0.2 A tap is used
instead of 2.0 A tap.
set time dial 1, figure A3-1.
ICS (indicating contactor switch) . 2 amps
CWC GENERATOR GROUND A-C DIRECTIONAL OV3RCURRENT RELAY [9]
The following information is required to set this
relay:
1) The maximum and minimum ground fault current for
fualts at the relay and at the remote bus. These
values should be residual current which is three times
the zero sequence current.

2) The maximum and minimum polarizing current (IU) or
voltage values for the faults above. These values
should be residual current which is three times the
zero sequence values.
Cuur 5.rr- H; La t . #&.A

rc%v e u i
ZOO/*
SFF occa3Sq , -
YRCT
Ull.Z,'l4 uua-
3) The current transformer ratios (C.T.) of the main and
polarizing current transformer.
CASE 1: Tie breaker is closed and generator is down.

Since generator is down, either fault F1 or F2 can see
current I1
R=M (I1/IU),for the 0.25 to 4.0 product range

Iprimary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1
Isecondary (polarizing)=50 A, C.T. ratio=50/5=10/1
Secondary current (Iu)=Iprimary /C.T. ratio=50/10=5
Secondary current (I1)=Isecondary/C.T. ratio=50/10=5
Product of (IUXT1)
=25 and IU/I1=l.0
With tap product=25, R limit constant should be 4.0or 5.0.
OCCRATINO C O K A Y C C R C S
Figure A3-1 Typical time curves for the 10% sensitivity type
CA generator relay [8]

R=M ( 1 I u ) select upper tap=l.O and lower tap=0.25 from
table A3-1, then M=4.0 from the table A3-1.
Multiple of tap product=I1.Iu/(upper tap)(lower tap)
=25/1( .25)=I00
from figure A3-3 at multiples of tap product=100 and time
dial=2 , then operating time=.09 s .

Note :
The typical time curves for the type CWC relay
apply i f the values of (R) falls within the shaded area of
the curve shown on figure A3-3, and if neither relay
current is greater than (K) in amperes.
Figure A.3-2 limits for application of the CWC time curve[9]

WLTlPLU OC TAP CIOOYCT
- - -
Figure A3-3 typical time curves of the type CWC relay
current coils in series [ 9 ] .

Total time = operating time + relay time + breaker time
Total time = 0.09 s + 2(0.0167) + S(0.0167) = .21 s
The ground relay 50/GN has 0.5 s delay, this allows 0.29 s
for resetting of the 50/GN relay.
CASE 2: Tie breaker is closed and the generator is on.

IU(polarizing) = 50amps.
Since generator is on, fault F1 and F2 see 11+12=100 A, so
By using figure A3-2 and table A3-1, for the 0.25 to 4.0
product range M=4.0
I,=lOO A I1/IU=lOO A/50 A=2, R=M(I1/IU) R=4 (100/50) =8

Multiple of tap product = (10) (5) /1( .25)=200
from figure A3-3 at multiple of tap product= 200, and time
dial=2, operating time will be .065 s .
Total time= .065 + 2(.0167) + 5(.0167)=. 18 s

Time to reset 50/GN relay=.5-.18=.32 s
Since the calculated value of delay time for this
relay is proper for coordination with the ground relay on
delta wye ground transformer, then relay setting will be as
follows:
Set: Upper tap=l
Lower tap=.25
Time dial=2
ITH generator ground relay (westinghouse)
This relay is factory set for minimum pickup of
0.25 amperes, no setting was required for this relay.
Set: All ITH relays on minimum pickup .25amps.
Device 59G generator over voltage relay
The relay is energized from a potential
transformer, P.T.= 12000/120=100 volts, maximum voltage
permitted on generator continuously is about 105 percent or
1.05(120)=126 volts. 120 volts relay set at tap=5 designed
to operate at 122 volts, then 122/120 = 1.016 percent, Relay
is factory set for tap = 5 and lever = 10, field to adjust
per curve shown on figure A3-4. 104 percent continuous over
voltage limit is desired.
Device 53G volts per hertz relay
Type SVF form 2E1, hitachi, maximum permissable
volt/hertz for generator is 1 . 2 per-unit. Relay setable
.lvolt/hertz increment. Relay setting of 1.9 volt/hertz is
maximum. This relay was set at factory for 1.2 volt/hertz.
Device 60G voltage balance relay
Type SDV3 form W-3E2, hitachi, these voltages will

normally be balanced. Therefore most sensitive setting will
be selected. This relay was set at factory for 1 0 volts.

Device 64F field ground relay
Relay type SG form C-Dl, hitachi, this relay is
used, because field circuits are operated ungrounded. A

single ground fault will not damage or affect the operation
of a generator in any way. However, the existence of a
single ground fault increases the stress to ground at other
points in the field winding when voltages are induced in the
field by stator transients [ 4 ] . This relay is factory set,
therefore no setting is required for this relay.
Device 27G high speed under-voltage relay
Type W3-UT21-21 E2, this relay functions on

agiven value of under-voltage, The dropout is normally set
at approximately 80 to 90 percent of normal voltage. This
relay is factory set for maximum value of voltage 95 volt.
KLF loss of excitation relay (Westinghouse)

Refer to figure A3-5 to see generator reactive
capability curve. The machine capability curve on figure
A3-6, was generated from figure A3-5. A reactive circle has

been drawn on an R-X diagram. The equivalent generator
impedance traces a path from first quadrant into a region of
the fourth quadrant that is entered only when excitation is
severely reduced or lost. By encompassing this region

107
within the relay characteristic, the relay will operate when
the generator first starts to slip poles and will trip the
field breaker and disconnect the generator from the system
before either the generator or the system can be harmed. As
shown on figure A3-6 ZA-
-1.98 and R=1.03.
'base
= [ (KV)2 / ~ [ ~ ~ ] ]=12'/14.564
(RC/RV) (200/100) =19.776 ohms
ZA=l.98(19.776)=39.16 ohms.
Zc=.08(19.776)=1.58 ohms.
(SA) must be greater than or equal Z
'base A' therefore:
19.7(SA)> 39.16, then SA must be atleast 3.0, so set S
A
TA=ZA/SA=39.16/3=13.05, set TA on tap=11.5

9 ), set MA =-0.12
MA= [TA SA/ZA] -I= [ll.5 (3)/39.16] - ( -
This requires: L, lead on .03 and R, lead on upper .06
Actual Z=TA SA/(1-MA)=11.5(3)/(1-.12)=39.2
39.16/39.2=99.88% of setting required. Set ZC=1,58, set
SC for 6(Sc)>1.58. SC=l minimum tap so set S C = l Set TC
tap closest to Zc/Sc=1.58/1=1.58. Set TC tap=1.84
Mc= [(TCXSC) /ZC]-I= [I.84(1) /I.581 -I=.165
Set MC for 0.15, L(1ead upper)=.06 and R(lead)=O.O
ZC=1.84(1)/(1+.15)=1.6
1.58/1.6=98.75% of required setting.
Set under voltage unit at 77% (factory set check).
Figure A3-4 Generator Overvoltage Curve.
Figure A3-5 Generator .Reactive Capability Curve.
Figure A 3 - 6 Generator Capability Curve,
CRN-1 Reverse power relay (Westinghouse)
Set relay to detect monitoring in approximate 6
seconds. Using time dial of 2 for 120 volts. Set timing
relay at 30 seconds (Agastat) to trip the generator.
COQ Generator negative sequence relay (westinghouse)
From hitachi generator data C.T.ratio = 1000/5 or
200/1 and -701

Ifullload-- amperes. 701/200 = 3.505
Set relay: Tap=3.5 A
Time dial = 4.0 and ICS = .2 A
SDF-1 Under frequency relay (westinghouse) r101
Figure A3-7 shows the effect of time delay on the
actual frequency at which tripping takes placeunder
declining frequency conditions. The curves show how the
frequency continues to drop in the time interval required
for the relay to operate after its frequency set point is
crossed.
For example, suppose that for a system of inertia
constant H=2, it is required that the frequency not dip
below 57.5Hz for any overload upto 46 percent. Assume the
relay is set to trip at 59.2Hz. The scale at the bottom of
figure A3-7 indicates that a 46 % overload will cause a
6Hz/s rate of decline. The SDF-1 relay with 15 cycles of
delay setting will close its trip contact when the frequency
112
has dropped 1.7Hz below the set point, or 57.5Hz, for this
overload condition. Thus 15 cycles is the maximum
acceptable time delay setting to obtain the desired
protection.
In this system the relay is set to trip at 57.5Hz,
30 cycles delay provided. Breaker No.1 and No.10 under
frequency relay are set to trip at 58.5 Hz(3 cycle delay).
Refer to figure A3-7.
DT-3 Generator temperature relay (westinghouse) rll]

Normal setting for this type of relay is 120
degree centigrade. Since this relay alarms high temperature
only, set relay at 115 degrees C to provide operator a

pre-warning to increase cooling water supply.
RATE OF FREQUENCY D E C L I N E . HZ / SEC.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
H-2 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 1
H=4 1 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140
APPROX. PERCENT SYSTEM OVERLOAD
(ASSUME LOAD CONSTANT WITH FREQUENCY AND PF . x .as)
H = SYSTEM INERTIA CONSTANT, KW-SECMVA
Fig k3-7 SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining

Fig A3-7 SDF-1 Relay Tripping Delay Under Declining
Frequency Conditions [lo]

CVE-1 Syncheck relays (Westinghouse) [ I 2 1
For breaker No.10 (in unit No.4) CVE-1 setting is
as follows: The time dial should be set so that the relay
will not operate when the system are swinging too fast. From
figure A3-8 (Westinghouse) for a 20 degree circle as the
relay calibrated from factory, set the time dial setting =1,
then the operating time will be about 2.8 seconds.
It is recommended by the manufacturer to set the
time dial equal 11, when 60 degree circle setting is used
and time dial of 4 when 40 degree circle is used.
Figure 113-8 Operating time variations with changes in
time-dial settings. Rated in phase voltage on
both circuits, 20, 40 and 60 degrees circle
setting [I21
Automatic synchronizer W U (Westinghouse)
The following are suggested settings and may have
to be altered in field due to various voltage differences
that occur.
Voltage acceptor: Lower limit 110 volts
Upper limit 120 volts
Difference limit 5 volts
Voltage matcher 2 volts times 3 second
Pulse duration time .25 second
Field check closing times of all synchronizing breaker and
set EQ breaker closing equalizer.
A3.2 BUS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION [13]
KAB bus differential relay is an instantaneous
relay of the high impedance type used for bus protection.
The following points should be considered on any proposed
type KAB relay application.

1) All ct's in the bus differential circuit should have the
same ratio and should be operated on their full tap.
2) The leakage impedance of the ct's should be low.

3) To insure a substantial margin of operation on internal
faults, the voltage unit should not be set any higher
than knee voltage Vk, value of poorest ct which is
connected to the relay.
4) To insure a substantial margin for preventing the relay

from operation on external faults, the knee voltage value
of the best ct which is connected to the relay should be
used to determine value of (RS+RL)IF/NVK in figure A3-9.
The knee voltage is defined as the intersection of the
extention of the two straight line portions of the
saturation curve, ordinate and abscissa must be same
scale for each decade.
5) The maximum number of circuits which can be connected to
the relay or the minimum internal fault current required
to operate the relay can be estimated from the following
equation
Imin=(XI,+IR+IV)N ,where Imin=minimum internal fault
current, RMS. Ie=ct secondary excitation current at a
voltage. equal to ,the setting value of V-unit.
IR--Current in V-unit at setting voltage VR. I ~ C u r r e n t

in varistor circuit at a voltage equal to the setting
value of V-unit. N=ct turn's ratio and X=Number of
circuits connected to the bus.
Device maximum ground fault is the sum of
transformer ground and the generator ground.
Maximum ground fault=50A+50A=100 Amps
Switchgear short circuit available=500 MVA

3 Phase symmetrical f ault=500 M V A / (~1 2 ~ =24
~ ) KA
1200/5 CT, VK, voltage Knee=160 volt, N=1200/5=240

Current Transformer resistance= R =.471 ohms
S
One way lead resistance 80ft of #14 wire=RL=.156
Voltage unit setting (3 phase fault)
C.T. Saturation Factor=(RS+RL)IF/N.VK=.392
Margin Factor, K=1.32, found from figure A 3 - 9 .
Relay voltage, VR=K(R S+RL)IF/N, then VR=82 volt,
so pick the relay voltage, VR=90 volts.
Current unit setting
~ L)IF/N=63 From figure A3-10

( R +R
Unit setting=3 A (rms)
2.4KV Bus differential type KAB relay, Westinghouse style
NO. 6668D37A12 87 device.
Switchgear rating = 200 MVA
Maximum fault = 48,000 A
Minimum fault = 24,000 A
Maximum ground fault = 340 A
C.T. 2000/5 = 400/1 = N

Knee voltage = 240 volts = VK
C.T. DC Resistance = .858ohms = RS
One way lead resistance = .032 (50ft of # 8) = RL
R S+RL-
- . 8 9 ohms
Current unit setting (instantaneous 3-48 amps)
~ L) IF/N= ( .89) (48,000amps/400) =106.8

( R +R
From figure A3-10 setting is 3 amperes.
Figure A3-9 KAB Relay Voltage Unit Setting[l3].

Voltage unit setting (75-300 VAC)
C .T . Saturation Factor = (RS+RL) I F / N . VK
C . T. Saturation Factor = .89(48,000amps) /400(240)= .445
From figure A3-9, margin factor, K> .95
VR=K (RS+RL) IF/N=.95 ( .89 ohms) (48,000amps) /400 = 101.5
Pick relay voltage, VR = 120 volts

Check minimum fault current required to operate the relay.
X = 6 circuits VR=120 volts
IE = .015 A 1 . 0A
Figure A3-10 KAB Relay Current Unit Setting[l3]

APPENDIX 4
BELLE PLANT TRAiiSFORMER PROTECTION
A4.1 TYPE HU-1 TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY r14]

(Westinghouse)
In order to calculate the required tap settings
and check current transformer performance the following
information is required.
1) Maximum transformer power rating (KVA)M

2) Maximum external fault currents
3) Voltage ratings of power transformer (VH,VI,VL)

4) One way current transformer lead resistance at 25 degree
5) Current tr-ansf
ormer copnections (wye or delta)
6) ct secondary winding resistance, RS
Definition of terms
-Primary current at (KVA)M
IP-
IR=Relay input current at (KVA)M
IRH IRL IRI are

) )
same as IR except for high, low and
intermediate voltage sides respectively.
IS=CT secondary current at (KVA)

T=Relay tap setting.
TH ,TL ,TI-
-T except for high, low and intermediate voltage
winding, respectively.
N=Number of current transformer turns that are in use.
NP-
-N/N T (Proportion of turns in use)
NT=Current transformer ratio, full tap
ZA-
-Burden impedance of any devices other than HU-1 relay
=Maximum symmetrical external fault current in

Iext .
secondary RMS amperes.
ZT=Total secondary burden in ohms (excluding current
transformer winding resistance.)
Calculation procedure
Three-winding transformer bank N0.7
High Intermediate Low
(KVA)M= 15MVA (KVA)M= 15MVA (KVA)M= 15MVA

1) Selection of C.T. ratio
I, (high)=15,OOOKYA/: 5' (46KV)=I88 A 300/5 C . T. ratio
1 ~ ( i n t e r m . ) = 1 5 , 0 0 0 ~ ~ (12KV)=721
~/'~~ A 1200/5 C .T. ratio
I (low) =l5,OOOKVA/'F
(2.4KV)=3600 A 5000/5 C.T. ratio
P
2) Selection of relay taps

Is(high) =Ip/N=188/60=3. 13 A
IS(interm.) =Ip/N=721/240=3.0 A
IS(low)=I,/N=3600/1121=3.22 A
IR(high) =Is(high) =3.13 A
IR(interm.)=IS (interm.)=3.0 A
IR(low) =IS(low)=3.22 A
TAPhigh=TH=3.
2 (3.13/3.22)=3.11
TAPinterm.=TI-
-3.2 (3.0/3.22)=2.98
TAPlOw=TL=3.2
3) Mismatch calculation
High side
%Mismatch=100 [(IRhigh/IRinterm. ) - (TH/TI) ] /S
S=The smaller of IRhigh/IRinterm. or TH/TI
TH/TI=3.2/2.9=1.10 and IRhigh/IRinterm.=3.13/3.0=1.043
Then S=1.043
%Mismatch=100(1.043-1.103)/1.043=-5.79 %
Intermediate side
%M=lOO [ (1,intex-m. /IRlow) - (TI/TL) 1 / S
T /T -2.9/3.2=.906 and I interm./I low=3.0/3.22=.932
I L- R R
Then S=.906
%M=100(.932-.906)/.906=2.87%
Low side
%M=lOO [ (IRlow/IRhigh) - (TL/TH) ] /S

IR low/IRhigh=3.22/3.13=1.0288 and TL/TH=3.2/3.2=1.0
Then S=1.0
%M=lOO(l.O288-l.O)/l.O=2.88 %
4) Check C.T. performance for WYE connection
High side
ZT=1.13RL+0.15/T +Z ohms, where R =.I63 Q 75 degree
H A L
ZT=1.13(.5)+0.15/3.2=.61 ohms
Np=N/NT=60/60=1
NP(VCL/lOO)>ZT, since 1(100/100)>.61, then it is 0.k.
Intermediate side
C.T.=1200/5
RL=.471 Q 75 degree=.396 Q 25 degree
ZT=1.13RL+.15/TI=1.13(.396)+.15/2.9
ZT-
-.499 ohms, Np=N/NT=240/240=1, VCL=200
Np(VCL/lOO)>ZT, since 1(200/100)>.499, then it is 0.k.

Low side
HU-1 style 290B346A10 setting are as follows.

Instantaneous = 3 times of tap setting
Pickup = . 3 times of tap setting
Taps available = 2.9, 3.2, 3.5, 3.8, 4.2, 4.6, 5.0, 8.7
Setting used, (Thigh'3.2, Tintermz3 ' T ~ o=3.2)

w
Type SC circuit switcher relay (Westinghouse) r151
The type SC current relay is adjustable over a
Wide range of voltage or current and can be calibrated for
the proper pickup setting. The type that is used here is a
d-c, 25 to 60hz frequency with a current adjustable range of
40 to 160 A, with a maximum continuous current equal 40 A.
Dropout ratio for a-c is between 90-98% and for d-c would be
65-80%.
The proper adjustments to insure correct operation
of this relay have been made at the factory.
Range=40-160 amps.
Circuit switcher interrupting rating =8,000A
for primary faults. Primary C.T. ratio=200/5=40/1

125
160(40/1)=6400 amps, maximum current which will operate
the relay. Since circuit switcher has to clear the fault

before No.2 primary feeder and coordinate with overcurrent
relay on bank No.1 then, the instantaneous setting =I60 A as
shown in Appendix 5 section A5.1.

126
APPENDIX 5 - BELLE PLANT OVERCURRENT PROTECTION DETAILED
DRAWINGS
A 5 . 1 "A" s w i t c h h o u s e , Bank N o . 1 and 1 2 k V B u s " D M
A5.1 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
A 5 . 2 ECR No.6, 12kV Bus "A"
FROM IZKV SWGR

UNIT 2
A5.2 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 sections A 6 . 1 and A 6 . 2 for selection of
type CO-7 and CO-9 relay curves respectively.
r u 4 i~L
clALn/Fz43n
c m ~ mrm
r Ln
A 5 . 3 ECR No.6 , 12kV Bus "B"
A5.3 continued
relay curves.
A5.4 Co-generation generator
ZEPO SEQUENCE
!' , NOTE: REFER TO W615413 FOR hE TAl LED

G E N E R A T O R RELAY SINGLE LINE
DIAGRAM.
A 5 . 4 continued
A 5 . 5 Bank No.7 feeder No.18
A5.5 continued
relay curves.
A 5 . 6 2.4kV 600hp motor river pump house
A 5 . 6 continued
A 5 . 7 2.4kV 4 5 0 h p motor boiler feeder pump No.5
CuQRErJT
RELAY
# 5 B ~ I C E RFEEDWATER -
PUMP
A5.7 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P
overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.
-----
-----I--
.---
--..--.-. - - -,,*-
------.
--:
-----.-A
--
- -.-- .-,--..-
.-.----
, . . L
- -
. --- - .
... .
.. - . -..-.. - - -- - . -
. .
1
. .,.*- . - - - ----,
U v L r m r ruu cunxrwr IN A n s x a X & A T ~xv.
A
A 5 . 8 2.4kV 7 5 h p m o t o r a s h pump
Z 4 K V UNIT 3 A
p;RuADa
(3
50/5 L.R.
OVER
CURREUT
RELAY
A5.8 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.9 for selection of type AA12P
overload relay curves. Fuse curves are shown in Appendix 7.
N A I L -
CI --/%-A
mmarrcrIS_n
a l m H
cr & - A
m rm r r r rn
nnmnro-H
1 U I L -
Cf -,%-A
cmlr miu
Imr mu *
-
u
n
l
m u R - X
A5.9 2.4kV 200hp motor recirculating pump
A 5 . 9 continued
A5.10 2.4kV 200hp motor F . D . fan boilers No.6 & 9
I UNIT 68
F.D. FACJ
A5.10 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.4 for selection of type CON-5
overcurrent relay curves. Type AA12P overload relay curves
are shown in section A6.9.

A 5 . 1 1 2.4kV f e e d e r s , s h e e t No.1 & Bank No.60
.AN< '60 &,

5250 KVA
I2KV /2.4KV
A5.11 continued
relay curves.
MULTIPLY $CALL C U R R E N T IN A M P E R E S X =AT-?& KV

A5.12 2.4kV f e e d e r s , s h e e t No.2 & Bank No.59
SECIPC,
PUMP
A 5 . 1 2 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A 6 . 2 for selection of type CO-9
relay curves.
A5.13 2.4kV f e e d e r s , ECR No.5
A.f? CO. %KV
BANK *7
4GKV 4CKY 1 5M V A
IZKV
IZKY
i
A 5 . 1 3 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 sections A 6 . 1 , A 6 . 2 and A 6 . 3 for the
selection of type CO-7, CO-9 and CO-11 relay curves
respectively.
A5.14 2.4kV 15Ohp motor boiler No.10 mills
A5.14 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of
type COM-5 overcurrent relay curves and type AA12P overload

relay curves.
A 5 . 1 5 2.4kV 550hp motor I . D . f a n boilers No.14 & 15
UNIT 4 A
I UNIT 4 6
A 5 . 1 5 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 sections A6.4 and A 6 . 9 for selection of
relay curves.
er -+-n-
TY__ IL
nanmrrcr> n
al mlDAsl
mr-m-I2
1
U
-1
1
CT
-
-- ' 5 - n
c w n mrrcr n
.n ma-um 1
ur-m-x
'
CI
U IL -,
L-/I
I n n/
mm3us-
MUL'flPLT Sa2AI.X CU8EXNT IN A Y P I I C I X 'OAT=
KV.
A 5 . 1 6 2.4kV 4 0 0 h p motor I . D . f a n boilers No.6 & 9
UNIT 4A
-
I UNIT 4 8
A5.16 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 section A6.4 and A6.9 for selection of
relay curves.
(n roowe 4- a
W T L -
cr. -R--n
NLllRUM&#V
mr m m w R
cr. a ,%>/I
m ~ mrm
r Ll LV
N%TLL_!
Lr-,%
c:m11 YalW 0
NI-;anvrunr
m1'mb
an
BLLI rm-
T Y i L I
cm
i 11Y a r m -<'
A5.17 4 8 0 V feeders, ECR No.8 sheet 1
A5.17 continued
type Amptector 11-A and type DSL-206 Limiters. Appendix 7

shows the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.
A 5 . 1 8 4 8 0 V f e e d e r s , ECR No.8 s h e e t 2
BLR* 9 MCC
=Rat4 MCC BLR'ISUCC

AS.18 continued
type Amptector 11-A and type DSL-206 Limiters. Appendix 7

shows the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.
A 5 . 1 9 480V feeders, ECR No.8 sheet 3
AS.19 continued
Refer to Appendix 6 sections A6.7 and A 6 . 8 for selection of
type Arnptector 11-A and DSL-206 limiters. Appendix 7 shows
the selection of type LPS-RK Buss fuses.

A 5 . 2 0 2.4kV 5 5 0 h p motors I.D. f a n boiler No.10
A5.20 continued

relay curves.
APPENDIX 6 - WESTINGHOUSE OVERCURRENT, OVER VOLTAGE AND
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY CURVES [ 7 ] , [16]

A 6 . 1 T y p e CO-7 Over C u r r e n t R e l a y [ 7 ]
V)
Q
2
0
U
W
m
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20
M U L T I P L E S OF TAP VALUE CURRENT
Typical Time C u r v e o i t h e T y p e C O - 7 Relay
A6.2 Type CO-9 Over Current Relay[7]
'TYP T C:V,'T Ty1E C U R V E S

'1,Y 1' 1: LO- $1
OVER CURRENT RELAY
M U L T i P L E S OF T A P V A L U E C U R R E H T
T,r cul T - P C , r v e q i thr T v o e CO 9 RCIO~

A 6 . 3 Type
TIME D I A L
SETTING
HULTIPLES OF TAP VALUE CURRENT
T y p , c o l Trme C u r v e o i the T y p e C O -l i Relay

A6.4 Type COM-5 Over Current R e l a y [ l ? ]
I
I
,
,
I
i
l
'
/ [ ,
I
I
J I
1
/ , ,
I , ,
I ,
,.*
I
1
. .
TYPICAL T I M E CURVES j
OVER CURRENT R E L A Y
2 3 5 6 7 8 910
M U L T I P L E S OF TAP VALUE CURRENT
AB.5 T y p e CV-2 U n d e r Voltage Relay[lG]
32
TYPICAL T I M E CURVES
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY 30
28
26
24
22
20
18
v)
16
0
U
W
v)
14
12
10
1)
0
u 1C 2C 30 40 50 60 7G 80 90 1OC
P E A C E N T TAP V A L U E V O L T A G E
TIP,cal60-crcle T ~ , ~ W C U ~ O S t y p o C V 2 S h o e T ; m * Undorvoltope R e l o r .
or* tho
A 6 . 6 Type CV-7 Over a n d Under V o l t a g e R e l a y [ l G ]
T r P . < a l Y 1 - c y c ~ +t ~ m rc v r e x o f t h e t y p e C V 7 I h r r T . 0 . Ow.. o l d Umd.rroltap* R.iey,

A6.7 Type Amptector II-A Time-Current Characteristics[l8]
CURRENT IN MULTIPLES OF SENSOR RATING
CURRENT IN MULTIPLES OF SENSOR R l T l N G

A 6 . 8 Type DSL-206 L i m i t e r s [ 1 8 ]
A 6 . 9 Two p o l e t y p e AA12P Overload Relay
TRIP nME IN SECONDS

- " . - n - - - -
- Y
I.
,#
I
L.
G.
.
" "
" "
c,
.
U
) ..--;
-.
"- -
-3
2
.(
--
- - - . ..
M
-
,.__,
I '
- - A--L, L+--J--&+
. . . - .- .. .
---&i
&--
-.+-,-_LJ--.
LIW' ---.--. . .--
" - - " ---"I
- I----
-
D
I
.-.-.-
II
- --..-,.z
_ . . - ' . n . . o
i..---Lm - T f --I7
3 f $ 'i~bl'tj
TRIP T \ M E 'N .(SFCONDS
A 6 . 9 Continued
TRIP TlPAE IN SECONDS

- - - - - - - o
- ." . . . . . ... . . .
I. - . - - I .
-
S
...........
'"
- 0
0
-
-- - -- ., ,.o - .-
0 ' +:-
. I ,
,_ _. . "
---, --
. . . . . . . .
-- ----- ---. . .......... '.-. . . . . . . . . - . . . < . .
a
I
. , - - - 'r)
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . -. .,. . .,.
i --+
...? 4 4 . ! * I
, ,
. . .
., & , , . .
. .
, > - . . . . . . . . . . .
1,. . .I ; 7 . y - 1 , 8 I ...
-,..-..-+-- ---- -- . .' - r I ,
..........,..................
,. +Ail). .-----.
I ,
L l n O i - . - & - -
uo---
- --.--..
8 -c 1 I--; ---i-.-
--,-.----
-.-- ....
I.:
;-., : - , . --,
_ . _ _ - - .. . . . . . . . . -
1.-
.,A.
.
-0
- - - ------ -_-A
3
3-t
K t 2 Zd:6i 3 5 f IIS6,jf
b:
TRtP T I H E SECO&JDf
A 6 . 9 Continued
f R I P TIME IN SECONDS
4hl, ----
.
. .
b
6.--
. 4
-.. . - ",
"
4.- d m
.- .
...
. -
.l -. .-
I . . .
- - --.I . . .
- I:
. I . -.
. ! :... .--r.-. : .. 3m
. . . . . . . -.. . . . . . ...
. . -. . . . . . . . . . .
., - 4 -.-
.
.- ........
xw
.m .-. - - - i d .
.- + ~ --,.- + - k. t f "-----
- l.--. -
- ----
i+*
i-C
-- r .
.-----.
-T7
. .
w- -
,i-.- - .
- .. a
L.-.
-----..
--I
- L I-
: ::
. 7:-=-
r r g r z x i "
2 -
; 522i!?f
1rZa
T R I P TIWE IN S E C O N D S .
A 6 . 9 Continued
TRlP TtME IN SECONDS
, i--1--7- ta
LX:, - -----------
...
. . a , i . ? .
------
i
--..
.-..
-.-
,
-. ,
-.---.
. , #
, ,. .
- -. - -..--
. . I
.
..
.
.
-.-,
,
-.
, I
.-
- l . . r ..-.--.---...A- L... L.. i . --*
<,.*.
. . -
rur .----
,-
----.-,--.-..
-,- '
-r*+-,l-
: .,- --.--.--- -: -..-. :--!A_
---.-
--* __;
--
--;..-____ ._A _ _ #
, . --
- . . --.. ...-..-- --. . - .
-----.. 8 ,
'
-0
-..-1 . L - I -1 1-
M
: . - ..
- L
* 8
. -.--..
" - - - a - - L
U . ..-----
a O d . O O
. 8
o
I .-.
2 f 5 3 $
-
8Z.i:
. \..-
TRlP T I W E IN S E C O N D S
A 6 . 9 Continued
T R I P TIME IN SECONDS
A 6 . 9 Continued.
APPENDIX 7 - BUSS FUSES CURVES
- PEAK Dual-Element Fuses (600v) [I91
LOW
A7.1 Type LPS-RK(R.Kl) -
Minimum Melting Tlme-Current Characteristic Curves

L47.2 Type KRP-C H I - C A P F u s e s ( 6 0 0 ~[I91
)
Total Clearing Tlme-Current Characteristic Curves

APPENDIX 8 - ASA DEVICE NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS
A8.1 ASA DEVICE NUMBERS AND FUNCTIONS

Each device in an automatic switching equipment has
a device function number which is placed adjacent to or
within the device symbol on all wiring diagrams and
arrangement drawings so that its function and operation may
be readily identified. These numbers are based on a system
which was adopted as standard for Automatic Switchgear by
the American Standards Association and appear in ASA
The following is a list of device numbers and
functions as taken from this standard.
DEVICE No. FUNCTION AND DEFINITION

.1 Master Element
2 Time delay Starting or Closing Relay
3 Checking or Interlocking relay
Master Contactor
Stopping Device
Starting Circuit Breaker
Anode Circuit Breaker
Control Power Disconnecting Device
Reversing Device
Unit Sequence Device
Reversed for future application

Overspeed Device
Synchronous speed Device
Underspeed Device
Speed or Frequency Matching Device
Shunting or Discharge Switch
Accelarating or Decelerating Device

Starting to Run Transition Contactor
Electrically Operated Valve
Distance Relay
Equalizer Circuit Breaker
Temperature Control Device
Synchronizing or synchronism Check Device
Apparatus Thermal Device
Undervoltage Relay
Reserved for future application
Isolating Contactor
Annunciator Relay
Separate Excitation Device
Direction power Relay
Position Switch
Motor Operated Sequence Switch
Brush operating or Slip ring Short cir. Device
Polarity Device
Undercurrent or Under power Relay
Bearing Protective Device
Field Relay
Field Circuit Breaker
Running Circuit Breaker
Manual Transfer or Selector Device
Unit Sequence Starting Relay
Reversed Phase or Phase Balanced Relay
Phase Sequence Voltage Relay
Incomplete Sequence Relay
Machine or Transformer Thermal Relay
Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rate of rise
A-C Time Overcurrent Relay
A-C Circuit Breaker
Exciter or DC Generator
High speed D-C Circuit Breaker
Power Factor Relay

Field Application Relay
Short Circuit or Grounding Device

Power Rectifier Misfire Relay
Overvoltage Relay
Voltage Balance Relay

Current Balance Relay
185
Time delay Stopping or Opening Relay
Liquid or Gas Pressure, Level, or Flow Relay
Ground Protection Relay
Governor
Notching or Jogging Device
A-C Directional Overcurrent Relay
Blocking Relay
Permissive Control Device

Electrically Operated Rheostat
D-C Circuit Breaker
Load Resistor Contactor
Alarm Relay
Position Changing Mechanism
D-C Overcurrent Relay
Pulse Transmitter
Phase Angle Measuring
A-C Reclosing Relay
Frequency Relay
D-C Reclosing Relay
Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
Operating Mechanism
Carrier or pilot wire Receiver Relay
Locking out Relay

Differential Protective Relay
Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
Line Switch
Regulating Device
Voltage Directional Relay
Voltage and Power Directional Relay
Field Changing Contactor
Tripping or Trip Free Relay

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LSHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT

I would like to offer my appreciation and thanks

I owe a great deal to my employer, E.I. Dupont

education while I was working. I would also like to express

contributed a great deal towards this work.

1.1 Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Literature search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3 State of the art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CHAPTER 2. Sources of short circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.2 Synchronous motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3 Induction motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.4 Electric utility systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.5 Rotating machine reactance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.6 Symmetrical and asymmetrical currents . . . . 15

CHAPTER 3. Short-circuit-current calculation . . . . . . . . 17

3.3 Impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.4 Type and location of faults required . . . . . 22

3.6 Momentary short circuit calculation . . . . . . 25

3.7 Interrupting short circuit calculation . . . 27

4.1 Overcurrent relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 32

4.3 Circuit breakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

4.4 Generator protection .................... 40

4.5 Transformer protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

CHAPTER 5. Coordination of protective devices . . . . . . . 47

5.1 Primary considerations for coordination . . 48

5.2 Data required for a coordination . . . . . . . . . 51

5.3 Methods of coordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

5.4 Testing of protective devices . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

APPENDIX 1 . Impedance data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

A1.4 5KV cable impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

A1.5 Correction factors for non magnetic ducts 81

A2.2 12KV air circuit breaker ratings . . . . . . . . 84

A2.3 System assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

APPENDIX 3. System generator protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

A3.2 Belle plant bus protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

APPENDIX 4. Belle plant- transformer protection . . . . . 120

APPENDIX 5. Belle plant coordination curves . . . . . . . . 126

"A" switch house. BANK No.1 and 12KV BUS 126

ECR No.6. 12KV BUS "A'f. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

ECR No.6, 12KV BUS "B" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

BANK No.7 feeder No.18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

2.4KV 450HP motor boiler feeder pump No.5 138

APPENDIX 6. Westinghouse overcurrent relay curves . . . 166

A6.9 Two pole type AA12P Overload Relay ...... 174

APPENDIX 7. Buss fuses curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

A7.1 Type LPS-RK Low Peak Dual Element fuse . . 180

A7.2 Type KRP-C HI-CAP Fuses ................ 181

APPENDIX 8. ASA Device numbers and functions . . . . . . . . 182

2.1 Total short circuit current equals sum of sources 9

2.2 Symmetrical short circuit currents from . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

5.1 Typical time curves of CO-9 Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

5.2 Portion of Belle plant relaying detailed diagram . 64

5.3 Portion of Belle plant co-ordination curves . . . . . . 65

A2-1 Block diagram of system setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

A2-2 Belle plant single line diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

A2-3 Multiplying factors for three phase & line . . . . . . . 91

A2-4 Belle plant simplified impedance diagram . . . . . . . . . 92

A2-5 Equivalent circuit for fault "A" (momentary) . . . . . 93