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Tasheel Al-Nahw Version 2.2
Tasheel Al-Nahw Version 2.2
TASHEEL AL-NAHW
Version 2.2
َتَسَهَيَلََالنَحَو
TASHEEL AL-NAHW
Version 2.2
based on
‘Ilm al-Nahw of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali
Prepared by
Aamir Bashir
Copyright © Dār al-Sa‘ādah Publications 2011
First Online Edition Jul 2011
Second Online Edition Jul 2012
Version 2.1 Jan 2014
Version 2.2 Nov 2016
ilmresources.wordpress.com
Table of Contents i
List of Tables vii
Acknowledgments ix
Foreword xi
ُص ِط َل ََحتُ اْا َََََِّة ِ
– اَاْل اArabic Terms xiii
CHAPTER 1 1
1.1. حو
– اَْنة اArabic Grammar 1
1.2 ُ – اَْا َكلِ َمThe word 2
– اِ اسمNoun 2
– فِ اَلVerb 3
– ََح اَفParticle 3
1.3 4
ِ – أَقاستمTypes of ism
اْل اس ِم َ 4
– أَقا َستم اْا ِف اَ ِلTypes of fiʿl 4
فِ َال
– أَقا َستم اَاTypes of particle 4
1.4 ُ – اَ اْل َمل َواْامََةكبَتSentences and phrases 6
1.4.1 َُِبية ََِاْل املَ ُِ ا اْل
أَقا َستم ا 6
ُ – جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبيةNominal sentence 6
ُ – جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةVerbal sentence 7
1.4.2 ُِ شتئَِّة َ اْل املَ َُِا ِلنا
أَقا َستم ا 8
1.4.3 ص ِ ِب اْنةتق ِ – أَقاستم اْامَةكTypes of phrases
َ 9
َ
1. صاَّ ِفي ِ – اَْامَةكب اْتةوDescriptive phrase
ا 9
َ
2. تف ِضَ الِ – اَْامَةكب اPossessive phrase 9
َ
3. شت ِري َ الِ – اَْامَةكب اDemonstrative phrase 10
َ
ِ ِ
4. اْا ََ َددي/كب اْابِنَتئي – اَْامَةNumerical phrase 10
َ
i
ِ َص
ف – اَْامََةكب َمانع اْ ة اIndeclinable phrase
5. 11
1.4.4 Additional notes about ُسَّة ِجلَُ اِ ا
ا 14
Summary 15
1.5 16
– َع َل َمتُ ااِْل اس ِمSigns of an ism 16
– َع َل َمتُ اْا ِف اَ ِلSigns of a fiʿl 16
فِ َال
– َع َل َمُ اَاSign of a particle 16
1.5.1 General notes 17
1.6 َِض َمتئ
– اَْ ةPersonal pronouns 19
1.7 اْلَت ةرة
– اَ ال اَوف اPrepositions 20
1.8 شبة َهُ ِبْا ِف اَ ِل
َ – اَ الَوف اْامParticles that resemble a fiʿl 22
1.9 ُص ِ
َ – اَالَفا ََتل اْنةتقAuxiliary (defective) fiʿls 25
CHAPTER 2 27
َن
– اَلَمَعََربََ َو َالمَبَ يDeclinable and indeclinable words
2.1 27
ِ َال اع
اب ِ
َ – َع َل َمتُ اSigns of i‘raab 27
ِ ََ – َح َتْلُ اْام اConditions of mu‘rab
ب َ َ 27
The difference between ُض ةم
َ – ُ َك اسََة – فَ ات َحand ضم
َ – َك اسَ – فَ اتح 28
2.2 – اَْا َماب ِنThe indeclinable word 29
اَاِل اعََاب اْا َم َحلِ اي 30
2.3 – اَْام اَََبThe declinable word 31
ِ – أَقاستم االَ اسTypes of indeclinable isms
2.4 ُِ تء اْا َمابنَِّةَ َ 32
2.4.1 َِض َمتئ – اَْ ةPersonal pronouns 33
2.4.2 َُْ اَالَ اسَتء اْا َموصو- Relative pronouns 39
2.4.3 ِترة ِ
َ – أَ اسَتء اال َشDemonstrative isms 42
ِ َ – أَ اسَتء االَفاIsms that have the meaning of fiʿls
2.4.4 تل َ 45
ِ – أَ استء االَصوIsms that denote a sound
2.4.5 ُاَا َ 46
ii
2.4.6 – اَْظَوفAdverbs 47
ِ – ظَوف اْةزمAdverbs of time
تن َ ا 47
ِ – ظَوف اْام َكAdverbs of place
تن َ ا 49
2.4.7 ُتَي ِ
َ َ– اَْاكنIsms that indicate an unspecified quantity 52
2.4.8 – اَْامَةكب اْابِنَتئِيNumerical phrase 52
َ
ِ ِ
2.5 ََََُِستم اَالَ اسَتء اْام اَ – أَقاTypes of declinable isms 53
ص َِف َ مان 53
ص َِف َ َغ اْي مان 53
فِ َص
أَ اسبَتب َمان ِع اْ ة ا 53
ِ َس
2.6 ََََُِِتء اْام اَ – إِ اعََاب أَقا َس ِتم اال اI‘raab of the various types of mu‘rab isms 58
CHAPTER 3 61
Further Discussion of Isms
3.1 – اَاِْل اسم اْا َمانس اوبRelative adjective 61
3.2 صغِْي ِ
– اَاْل اسم اْاتَ اDiminutive ism 63
3.3 – اَْا َم اَ َِفَُ َواْنةكََِةDefinite and indefinite isms 64
3.4 – اَاِْل اسم اْام َذ ةكَ َواْام َؤنةثMasculine and feminine isms 65
3.5 اَحد َوتَثانََُِّ َوجَاع
ِ – وSingular, dual and plural
َ 67
3.6 ستم ا اْلَ ام ِع
َ – أَقاTypes of plural 68
3.7 ُوعت
َ اَْا َم اَف- Words that are always marfoo‘ 73
ِ َ – فSubject/Doer
3.7.1 تعل 73
3.7.2 ََنئِب اْا َفتعِ ِل/ تعله
ِ َ – م افَول مت ََل يس ةم فSubstitute of تعل
َ َ ا َ ا
ِ َف 75
ِ َ – اِ اسم َمت وَْل اَْام َشبة َهتThe ism of those َمتand َْلwhich are
3.7.3 ي ِ َْاَّس
َ َ 76
similar to َْاَّس
َ
3.7.4 س – َخ ََب َْل اَْةِ اْى ِْنَ اف ِي اThe َخ ََبof that َْلwhich negates an entire ِجانس
ِ اْلِان 77
(Class)
3.8 ُ – اَْا َمانص اوَبWords that are always mansoob 79
3.8.1 – َم افَ اول ِِهObject 79
iii
3.8.2 َم افَ اول مطالَق 81
3.8.3 َم افَول َْه/ َجلِ ِه ِ
َم افَول ل ا 81
3.8.4 َم افَ اول َم ََه 81
ِ ِ م افَول ف/ ظََف
3.8.5 َّه َ ا ا 82
3.8.6 َحتل
َ – State/Condition 84
3.8.7 ََتِاَّ ز/ َتَاَِّاَّ ز 87
Rules for ( أَ اسَتء اْا ََ َد ِدnumerals) 88
3.8.8 ستَ ثا ٰن
ما 92
3.9 ُجَاوَرا
– اَْا َم اWords that are always majroor 95
3.10 اَْتة َوا ِع 96
ِ – اَْنةَت أَ ِوAdjective
3.10.1 ُاْص َف ا 96
3.10.2 – اَْتةأاكِاَّدEmphasis 100
3.10.3 – اَْابَ َدلSubstitute 103
3.10.4 س ِق ِ
َ عطاف اْنة/
َ – اَْا ََطاف بَاَفConjunction 105
فِ َحَوف اْاَطا
َ ا 105
ِ َّ عطاف اْاب
3.10.5 تنََ َ 108
CHAPTER 4 109
َ – الَعَ َوامَلGoverning Words
4.1 َُتمل ِ َ – اَ الَوف اْاGoverning particles
َ ا 110
Particles that govern isms 110
Particles that govern ضت ِرع ِ
َ ف اَل م 110
ِ – اَ الَوف اْنةParticles that cause nasb
4.1.1 َُتصب ا 111
4.1.2 ُاْلَت ِمَم
– اَ الَاوف اParticles that cause jazm 114
ِ َ – اَالَفا َتل اْاGoverning fiʿls
4.2 َُتمل َ َ 116
4.2.1 – اَْا ِف اَل اْا َم اََاوفActive fiʿl 116
4.2.2 جه اول ِ
– اَْاف اَل اْا َم اPassive fiʿl 116
4.2.3 – اَْا ِف اَل اْ ةل ِممIntransitive fiʿl 116
iv
صُ ِ
4.2.4 اَالَفا ََتل اْنةتق َ 116
ي 4.2.5 ِ ِ
– Transitive fiʿlاَْاف اَل اْامتَ ََد ا 117
تء َواْشَاوِع 4.2.6أَفا َتل اْامقترِ َُِواْةَج ِ
َ ََ َ َ َ 119
– Fiʿls of praise and blameأَفا ََتل اْا َم اد ِح َواْ ةذم 4.2.7 121
ةَج ِ
ب 4.2.8 – Fiʿls of wonderأَفا ََتل اْت َ 123
– Governing ismsاَالَ استء اْاَ ِ
تملَُ 4.3 َ َ 124
ةَ ِطَّةُ 4.3.1
– Conditional ismsاَالَ اسَتء اْش ا 124
اِسم اْا َف ِ
تع ِل 4.3.2 ا 126
اِ اسم اْامبَتَْغَ ُِ 4.3.2.1 127
اِ اسم اْا َم افَ اوِل 4.3.3 129
اِسم اْا َفتعِ ِل – An adjective similar toاَ ِ
ْص َفُ اْام َشبةهُ ِبس ِم اْا َف ِ
تع ِل 4.3.4 َ ا ا 130
اِسم اْتة اف ِ
ضاَّ ِل 4.3.5 ا 132
ص َدر 4.3.6
اَْا َم ا 134
ضتف 4.3.7
اَْام َ 135
اَاِْل اسم اْتةتم 4.3.8 135
تَيُ 4.3.9 ِ
اَْاكنَ َ 136
تملَ ُِ 4.4
– Non-governing particlesاَ الَوف اْاغَْي اْاَ ِ
ا َ ا 137
َ – Particles of notificationحَاوف اْتة انبِاَّ ِه 1. 137
ال اْيَ ِ
تب 2. َ – Particles of affirmationحَاوف اِ 137
ََ – Particles of clarificationحَفَت اْتة اف ِس اِ
ْي 3. ا 138
ص َد ِريةُ 4.
اَ الَاوف اْا َم ا 138
َ – Particles of exhortationحَوف اْتةح ِ
ضاَّ ِ
ض 5. ا ا 138
ةوق ِع 6.
ََ – Particle of anticipationح اَف اْت َ 139
اْل استِ اف َه ِتم 7.
َ – Particles of interrogationحَفَت اِ
َا 139
َح اَف اْ ةَاد ِع 8.
َ – Particle of rebuke 140
اَْتة ان ِويان 9. 140
ن اون اْتةأاكِاَّ ِد 10. 140
v
11. َح اَف َل
َ 140
12. – اَ الَاوف اْ ةزائِ َدةExtra particles 141
– َحَاوف اْش اةَ ِط اْةِِت َْل َاConditional particles that do not cause jazm
13. َت ِزم
ا 142
14. )ام
َ َمت ( َمت َد 143
ِ َحَوف اْاَطا
15. ف َ ا 143
Appendix 145
Bibliography 149
vi
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 ض َمتئَِ
– Personal pronounsاَْ ة 19
1.3 – Particles that resemble a fiʿlاَ الَاوف اْام َشبة َهُ ِبْا ِف اَ ِل 22
صُ ِ
1.4 – Auxiliary (defective) fiʿlsاَالَفا ََتل اْنةتق َ 25
صل َب ِرم صل( َحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع inض ِمْي مان َف ِ )ض ِمْي مَف وع مان َف ِ
2.1 َ ا َ َ ا َا ا 34
ةصل ةصل( َحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع inض ِمْي مت ِ )ض ِمْي مَف وع مت ِ
2.2 َ ا َ َ ا َا ا 35
صل ةصل andض ِمْي مان َف ِ ب inض ِمْي مت ِ صِ صل و ِ
ِ ِ
2.3 َ ا َ ا ضم اْي ( ََحتَُْ اْنة ا
ضم اْي َمانص اوب مان َف َ ََ 36
صل )مانصوب متة ِ
َ ا
ةصل َب ِرم اْل َِ inض ِمْي مت ِ ِ ) ِ
2.4 َ ا ضم اْي َاَمَاور متةصل( ََحتَُْ اَ َ 37
2.11 َسَ ِتء اْام اََََُِِإِ اعََاب أَقا َس ِتم اال ا 59
3.6 َْ and its i‘raabل Different forms of the isms of 77
vii
3.8 إِ اعََاب اْام استَ ثا ٰن 93
اَ الَوف اْنة ِ
تصبَُ
4.1 ا 111
viii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The people who have helped to make this project a success cannot all be mentioned by name.
However, I must single out Sr. A. Naviwala who typed up the old Tasheel al-Nahw, and thus
helped to kick-start the project; the students and instructors at Darul Uloom al-Madania’s
eAlim program; First year students at Darul Uloom al-Madania (academic years 2010–2011
and 2011–2012); and Mawlana Omar Salejee of Madrasa In‘amiyya South Africa. I have
greatly benefitted from their valuable feedback and suggesstions and help with proof-reading.
May Allah reward them, and all others for their contributions and help.
ix
ِسم هللا اَْمحن اََْحَّم
حنمده و نصلي على رسوْه اْكَمي
FOREWORD
This is version 2.2 of the revised Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn is an expanded translation of
the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, ‘Ilm al-Nahw by Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad
Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawali’s primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar) and Sarf (Arabic
Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original English translation of
‘Ilm al-Nahw titled Tasheel al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah,
Benoni, South Africa. As great as that effort was, it suffered from several issues especially with
regards to language and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. In 2010, I decided to bring out
a revised edition of this translation to address these issues. During the course of this revision, I
consulted various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, Mu‘jam al-
Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar. I completely revised some sections,
as well as a number of definitions. I also changed the organization in a way that I felt would
make it easier for students to understand how each section fits in the overall picture.
Since then, I have had a chance to teach this book many times and every such occasion has led
to further revisions and improvements. This latest version is vastly different from the original
edition that I published online in 2011. Many sections have been modified, some have been
completely revised, confusing sentences have been elaborated, more examples and exercises
have been added, including many from al-Nahw al-Wadih and Mu‘allim al-Insha’, and where
needed, the relevant al-Nahw al-Wadih section has been pointed out in the footnotes. These
footnotes are for the benefit of the teachers. The students can choose to ignore them. Lastly,
an appendix has been attached at the end, identifying Tasheel al-Nahw’s place in Nahw texts,
as well as suggesting a possible curriculum of classical Arabic studies.
This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, I have not transliterated Arabic words
exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with Arabic
transliteration schemes. Rather, I have used approximate equivalents that are easier to read for
the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized to reflect their non-
English origin. The documentation in the foot-notes does not follow any particular academic
standard; rather, it has been kept simple for ease of students. It should also be noted that the
English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere approximations. In some cases, they
convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not. The student is, therefore, urged to
focus on the original term in Arabic.
I would also like to point out that this is not a do-it-yourself text. First of all, it assumes some
prior knowledge of Arabic such as that acquired through studying Ten Lessons of Arabic and/or
Durus al-Lughah al-‘Arabiyyah vol. 1. Moreover, it needs to be studied with a teacher.
xi
However, it can be used as a revision text by those who have already studied Nahw using other
texts. It is respectfully suggested to the teachers of this text to also use al-Nahw al-Wadih (all
six volumes) as reference and for additional examples and exercises, as and when needed.
Moreover, it should also be pointed out that this is not an exhaustive text. It does not cover
every issue of Nahw, in brief or in detail. It is assumed that the student will be studying
relatively advanced Nahw texts (such as Hidayat al-Nahw or al-Nahw al-Wadih) after this to
round off his/her training of Nahw. The sample curriculum given in the appendix can be used
for that purpose.
To the best of my ability, I have tried to remove all errors. However, as is the case with all
human endeavors, there are bound to be some mistakes in it, and definitely, room for
improvement. Your comments, constructive criticism, and suggestions are all welcome. You
can contact me with your feedback at the email address given at the end.
I hope and pray that this latest version will be of benefit to the students. I also pray that Allah
Most High accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to it in any way,
and gives us the power to continue with more. I also request the readers and all those who
benefit from it in any way to remember me in their prayers.
ي ِ وصلةى هللا تََ ٰتٰل ع ٰلى خ ِْي خلا ِق ِه سَِّ ِد ََن وموَْل ََن ُم ةمد ةوع ٰلى أِِْٰه وأَصحت ِِه أ ا
َ َجََ ا ََ ا َ َ َ َ َا َ َ ََا ََ
Aamir Bashir
Chicago, IL
26th Safar, 1438 (26th November, 2016)
E-mail: ainbay97@gmail.com
xii
َاْلصطَلحاتَالعربية
ARABIC TERMS
َ
إِ اعََاب
These are the variations at the end of the word which
i‘raab
take place in accordance with the governing word.
تَان ِويان tanween two fathahs ()ﹱ, two dammahs ( ) ﹲ, two kasrahs ( ) ﹴ
سك اون sukoon ﹿ
َستكِن saakin A letter with sukoon
تَ اش ِدياد tashdeed ﹽ
م َشدةد mushaddad A letter with tashdeed
ِ َف
تعل faa‘il Subject i.e. the doer
Object i.e. the person or thing upon whom or which
َم افَ اول maf‘ool
the work is done.
َع ِتمل
Governing word i.e. a word which causes i‘raab
‘aamil
change in the word(s) following it.
xiii
Approximate Equivalent English Term /
Arabic Term
Transliteration Description of the meaning
The governed word i.e. a word in which the i‘raab
َم اَم اول ma‘mool
change occurred.
فِ اَل َم اََاوف
The active verb i.e. a verb whose doer is
fi‘l ma‘roof
known/mentioned.
فِ اَل َاَمه اول
The passive verb i.e. a verb whose doer is not
fi‘l majhool
known/mentioned.
The intransitive verb i.e. a verb which can be
فِ اَل َْل ِمم fi‘l laazim
understood without a َم افَ اول.
The transitive verb i.e. a verb which cannot be fully
اَْا ِف اَل اْامتَ ََ ِد اي fi‘l muta‘addi
understood without a َم افَ اول.
Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an ال. For
َم اَ َِفَه ma‘rifah
example, اَْابَ اَّتthe house (a particular/specific house).
Indefinite noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween.
نَ ِكََة nakirah
e.g. َِاَّتa house (any house).
It is a word which is in the state of َرفاع. It is generally
َم اَف اوع marfoo‘
represented by a dammah on the last letter.
It is a word which is in the state of صب
نَ ا. It is generally
َمانص اوب mansoob
represented by a fathah on the last letter.
It is a word which is in the state of َجَ . It is generally
َاَمَاور majroor
represented by a kasrah on the last letter.
xiv
CHAPTER 1
Section 1.1
َ – اَلنَحَوArabic Grammar
Definition:
Nahw is a science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb or particle to form a correct
sentence, as well as what the ( إِ اعََابcondition) of the last letter of a word should be.
Subject Matter:
Its subject matter is ُ( َكلِ َمword) and ( َك َلمsentence).
Objective:
The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak Arabic correctly, and
to avoid making mistakes in this. For example, َمياد, َدار, ل ِ
َ َد َخ, and فare four words. The
science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence.
The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Qur’an, Hadeeth,
Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them.
The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah Most High.
1
Section 1.2
َ – اَلَكَلَمَةThe word
Any word uttered by humans is called a َْ افظ. If it has a meaning, it is called َم اوض اوع
(meaningful); and if it does not have any meaning, it is called ( م اه َملmeaningless).
Types of َكلمة
There are three types of ُ َكلِ َم:
1. ( اِ اسمnoun)
2. ( فِ اَلverb)
3. َح اَف
َ (particle)
َ – اسمNoun:
Classical definition: It is a ُ َكلِ َمwhose meaning can be understood without the need to
combine it with another word, and it does not have a tense.1
Sharh ibn ‘Aqil ‘ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik (Cairo: Dar al-Turath, 1980), vol. 1, 15.
2
This is the definition given in al-Nahw al-Wadih. The Arabic reads: كل َْ افظ ي َس ٰمى ِِه إِنا َستن أ اَو ََحََّ َوان أ اَو نَبَتُ أ اَو:اَاِْل اسم
ََآخ
َ َجَتد أ اَو أَي َش اىء. See ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtida’iyyah (Cairo:
Dar al-Ma‘arif, n.d.), vol. 1, 16.
2
َ – فعلVerb:
Classical definition: It is a ُ َكلِ َمwhose meaning can be understood without the need to
combine it with another word, and it has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.3
Examples: ب
َ ََض
َ He hit. ََص
َ َن He helped.
Notes:
Since this textbook is designed for classical Arabic; therefore, throughout the rest of the
book, فِ اَلwill be used in the sense of its classical definition.
َ – حرفParticle:
It is a ُ َكلِ َمwhose meaning cannot be understood without joining an اِ اسمor a فِ اَلor both to it.
e.g. ( ِم انfrom)
( َع ٰلىon top)
EXERCISES
1. State with reason whether the following words are اِ اسم، فِ اَلor َح اَف
َ.
i. سَ ََجل (He sat.) iii. ِانت (girl)
ii. َو (and) iv. َََك َس (He broke.)
3
See Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, vol. 1, 15.
4
See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 16.
3
Section 1.3
َ – أقسامَاْلَسَمTypes of ism
اِ اسمis of three types:
1. تمد ِ – جPrimary ism: It is an اِسمwhich is neither derived from another word nor is any
َ ا
word derived from it.
e.g. فَ ََس horse ِانت girl
2. ص َدر ِ
– َم اRoot ism: It is an ا اسمfrom which many words are derived.
e.g. ض اَب
َ to hit َص نَ اto help
3. شتَق ِ
– م اDerived ism: It is an ا اسمwhich is derived from a ص َدر
َم ا.
e.g. ضت ِرب
َ hitter َمانص اورone who is helped
َ – أقسامَالَرَفTypes of particle
ََح اَفis of two types:
1. تمل ِ – عCausative Particle: It is a َحَفwhich causes إِعَابchange in the word after it.
َ َا َا
e.g. ِ ِ
َمياد ِف اْا َم اسجدZayd is in the mosque.
2. تم ِل ِ َ – َغْي اْاNon-Causative: It is a َحَفwhich does not cause إِعَابchange in the word after
َ ا َا َا
it.
e.g. ثة then َو and
4
EXERCISES
1. Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give their meanings.
2. Find the meanings and the plurals of the following isms using a dictionary.
3. Translate the following sentences, and identify the different types of fiʿls in them.
5
Section 1.4
َ – اْلملَوَالمركباتSentences and phrases
Types of sentences
There are two types of sentences:
َِ جالَُ َخ: It is a sentence which has the possibility of being true or false.
A. َُبية
B. ُشتئَِّة
َ جالَُ إِنا: It is a sentence which does not have the possibility of being true or false.
Section 1.4.1
َأقسامَاْلملةَاْلبَية
Sentence Analysis
6
Note: A sentence may have more than one خ ََب.
َ
Sentence Analysisَ
2. َ – جَلَةََفعليةَخَبَيَةVerbal sentence:
Sentence Analysis
َالسماء َ
للا َخلق Allah created the sky.
ُ= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية َم افَ اول ِ َف
+ تعل + فِ اَل
EXERCISES5
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences.
5
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 11-19 & 36-46.
7
Section 1.4.2
َ جَلَةََإَنَشَائَيَةis of ten types:
Sentence Analysis:
زيد؟ َضرب َهل Did Zayd hit?
ُتعل = جالَُ إِنا َشتئَِّة
ِ َف + فِ اَل+ اْل استِ اف َه ِتم
َِحَف ا
َا
EXERCISE
1. State what type of ُشتئَِّة
َ جالَُ إِناare the following sentences.
ِ َ َِِي إ
i. !اهاَّم iii. ك؟
ََ ا َ ْف ََحت َ ََّكا
ِ
ii. اسَ اع iv. َْل تَ ادخ ال
8
Section 1.4.3
َ أقسامَالَمَرَكَبََالنَاقَص- Types of phrases
For example,
َصالح َرجل a righteous man
ُِص َف َم اوص اوف
َالعاقلة َ ا لبن
ت the intelligent/wise girl
ُِص َف َم اوص اوف
2. ََاف
– الَمَرَكَبَ َالَض يPossessive phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word (ضتف َ )مis
attributed to the second one (ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه
َ )م. In some cases, this means that the second word
owns or possesses the first.
The ضتف َ مnever gets an الor a تَان ِويان.
The ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه
َ مis always َاَمَاور.
e.g.
زي َد َ كت
اب Zayd’s book
ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َم ضتف
َم
The إِ اعََابof the ضتف ِ
َ مwill be according to the َعتملgoverning it. For example,
َزيد َكتاب َوجدتي I found Zayd’s book.
ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه
َم ضتف
َم
6
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 82-86.
9
Notes:
ِ
َ مand ضتف إَِْاَّه
1. Sometimes many ضتف َ مare found in a single phrase. For example,
الرج َل َب يت ََبب the door of the man’s house
ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه
ضتف ِ
َ ضتف إَِْاَّه َوم
َم َم ضتف َم
ِ ِ
َ مhas a ُص َف, then it should come immediately after the ضتف إَِْاَّه
2. If the ضتف َ مwith an ال
and should have the same إِ اعََابas that of the ضتف
َ م. For example,
َاْلديد َ الب ي
ت ََبب the new door of the house
ِ ِص َفُ اْامضت
ف ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه
َ َم ضتف
َم
3. If the ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه ِ ِ
َ مhas a ُص َف, then it should come immediately after the ضتف إَِْاَّه
َ م, and
should correspond to it (ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه َ )مin the four aspects mentioned earlier. For example,
َاْلديد َالب يت ََبب the door of the new house
4. ي
ََالَمَرَكَبََالَعَدَدَ ي/ََي
– َالَمَرَكَبََالَبَنَائ يNumerical phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are
joined to form a single word (number).
A َح اَف
َ originally linked the two.
e.g. ََ( أَ ََح َد َع َشeleven) It was originally َش
أَ ََحد َو َع ا.
This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19.
e.g. ََ( أَ ََح َد َع َش11), ََ( اِثانَت َع َش12), ََث َع َش
َ ( ثََل13), … ََ( تِ اس َع َع َش19).
10
Both parts of this phrase will always be َم افت اوحexcept the number 12 (ََش ِ
َ )اثانَت َع.
e.g. َجتءَ أَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل (َحتَُْ اْ ةَفا ِع
َ) َرأَيات أَ ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل ِص
(ب ) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا
Eleven men came. I saw eleven men.
As for number 12, its second part is always َم افت اوحwhile the first part changes. Thus, in
ََحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع, it is written as ََاِثانَت َع َش, with an اat the end of the first part. However, in َََُْحت
ِص
ب ََحتَُْ ا, the first part is given a يin place of the )اِثا َ ان َع َشََ( ا.
اْنة اand ََِاْل
e.g. َجتءَ اِثانَت َع َشََ َرج ًل (َحتَُْ اْ ةَفا ِع
َ) َرأَيات اِثا َ ان َع َشََ َرج ًل ِص
(ب ) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا
Twelve men came. I saw twelve men.
5. ََكَبَ َمَنَعََالصَرَف
– الَمَرIndeclinable phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to
form a single word.
The first part of this phrase is always َم افت اوح.
ِ ع.
The second part changes according to the تمل َ
Examples:
1. ُضَََم او
َ ََحis the name of a region in Yemen. It is composed of two words ََض
َ ََحand ُ َم او.
ََض ِ ِ
َ ََحis a ف اَل, which means “he/it was present” and ُ َم اوis an ا اسم, which means “death.”
Thus, literally, ُضَََم اوَ ََحmeans “[a place where] death was present.”
2. َِ اَلَبَكis a city in Lebanon. It is composed of two words َِ اَلand ك
َِ ة. َِ اَلwas the name
of an idol and ك َِ ةwas the name of a king.
Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a
complete sentence.
11
Example 2 مرف وعَ فاعلَ ك يلَ ‘Every faa‘il is marfoo
and every maf‘ool is
منصوبَ مفعولَ ك يلَ َو
mansoob.
ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه
ضتف +م َ
مَ
12
EXERCISES
i. َوَْد اْقبَّح ِ
iii. ُاملدرس املَلم
ii. اَْجلن اْطويل iv. َِ مثتنَُّ َع َش
13
Section 1.4.4
Additional notes about َجَلَةََاَسَيَة
1. Sometimes, the خ ََب
َ is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden ()م َقدةر.
7
َالمسجد َ
ف ]َ[حَاضَر َالَمام
َاَمَاور + َََح اَف َج
ُ= جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ َخ ََِبية متَ ََلِق ِب اْلَاَِب + َخ ََب م َق ةدر + ماب تَ َدأ
2. The خ ََب
َ can be a complete sentence.
Example 1: َمياد أَِ اوه َع ِتَل Zayd’s father is knowledgeable.
EXERCISE
7
However, generally, to simplify matters, the متَ ََلِقis taken to be the َخ ََب. See Mawlana Hasan Dockrat, A
Simplified Arabic Grammar (Azaadvillle: Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 2003 ), 37.
14
Summary
َْافظ
م افََد مََةكب
اِ اسم فِ اَل ََحاَف جالَُ م ِفاَّ َدة جالَُ َغ اْي م ِفاَّ َدة
ص َدر
َم ا ضت ِرع
مَ َغ اْي اْا ََ ِتم ِل مََةكب إِ َ
ض ِتف
صَ ِ
ف مََةكب َمانع اْ ة ا
تَ ََجب َعاَض تَ ََِج اي اِ استِ اف َهتم أ اَمَ
عق اود قَ َسم نِ َداء َتََِ ان ََناي
15
Section 1.5
َ – عََلَمَاتََاْلَسَمSigns of an ism:َ
1. It is preceded by an ال. e.g. اَْ ةَجل the man
2. It accepts َج
َ. e.g. اْلَ ِديا ِد
ت َميا ِد ِن ا
ِ َّ ِ ِفin Zayd’s new house
ا َا
3. There is تَ ان ِوينon the last letter. e.g. َرجل a man
4. It ends with a round ة. e.g. َُكلِ َم a word
5. It is a dual )ََُِّ(تَثان.8 e.g. َرج َل ِن two men
6. It is a plural )(جَاع. e.g. جتلَ ِر men
7. It is a سنَد إَِْاَّ ِه ِ
ماب تَ َدأ) م اor (فَتعل. e.g. اَْ ةَجل قَ ِوي The man is strong.
e.g. جلَس َمياد
َ Zayd sat.
َ
8. It is ضتف
َ م. e.g. كِتَتب مياد
ِ book of Zayd
9. It is َم اوص اوف. e.g. َرجل طَ ِويال tall man
10. It is منَتدٰى. e.g. ََي َرجل O man!
11. It is َصغة
َ م. e.g. ر َجاَّل a little man
12. It is َمانس اوب. e.g. َم ِكي a Makkan
َ – عََلَمَاتََالَفَعَلSigns of a fiʿl:
1. It is preceded by قَ اد. e.g. ج
َ ََقَ اد َخ He has gone out.
2. It is preceded by س
َ. e.g. خَج َسََّ ا He will soon go out.
3. It is preceded by ف
َ َس او. e.g. ف ََياَج
َ َس او He will go out after a while.
4. It is preceded by ج ازم
َ ََح اَف. e.g. ج
ََلا ََياَ ا He did not go out.
5. It is preceded by صب
ََح اَف نَ ا. e.g. ج
َ ََْ ان ََيا He will never go out.
6. It has a hidden ض ِم اْي
َ. e.g. ج
َ َََخ He went out.
7. It is an imperative )َ( اأم. e.g. ج
ا اخَ ا Go out.
8. It is a prohibitive )( ََناي. e.g. ج
َْل ََتاَ ا Do not go out.
9. It has taa saakin (ُ
) اat the end. e.g. ت
أَ َكلَ ا She ate.
َ – عََلَمَةََالَرَفSign of a particle:
That word which has no sign of an اِ اسمor a فِ اَلis a particle (a particle has no sign of its own).
8
A فِ اَلis said to be dual or plural with respect to its doer )تعل
ِ َ(ف. The action is one. Thus, duality and plurality are
signs of an اِ اسمand not a فِ اَل.
16
Section 1.5.1
General notes
1. The indefiniteness of an اِ اسمis indicated by a تَ ان ِوين. Such an اِ اسمis called كََة
ِ َن.
e.g. َِاَّت a house (any house)
2. The definiteness of an اِ اسمis indicated by an ال. Such an اِ اسمis called َُ َم اَ َِف.
e.g. اَْابَ اَّت the house (a specific house)
4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have )ﹿ( سكون, it is
called يِ ( اِ اجتِمتع اْ ةستكِنَ اthe meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon is generally
َ
changed to a kasrah.
e.g. ت اْابِانت ِ . The َهازة اْاوص ِلbefore the لis not pronounced.
َ will become ضَََِت اْابِانت
ضَََِ ا َ َ َا
In some cases, the first sukoon is changed to a fathah.
e.g. تب ِن ِ ِ ِ
َ ََّ( م ان اْاfrom Japan) becomes م َن اْاََّ َتبن.
In some cases, the first sukoon is changed to dammah.
e.g. س ِ ِ
َ ( فَه امت ام اْد اةرyou understood the lesson) becomes س
َ فَه امتم اْد اةر.
5. When an الappears before an اِ اسمwhich begins with a letter from ُش ام ِسَّة
( اَ الَوف اْ ةsun
letters) then the لof الmust not be pronounced. The لof الdoes not receive a sukoon.
Instead the َح اَف َشا ِسي
َ receives a tashdeed.
e.g. ةجََة
َ اَْشthe tree ةمس
اَْش اthe sun
ُُ ث د ذ ر م س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن = اَ الَوف اْ ةش ام ِسَّة
6. The remaining letters are known as ُ( اَ الَوف اْا َق َم َِيةmoon letters). In these, the لof ال
receives a sukoon and is pronounced. The َح اَف قَ َم َِي
َ does not receive a tashdeed.
e.g. اَْا َقلَم the pen َاَْا َق َم the moon
7. Generally, an اِ اسمending with a round (اَْتةتء اْا َم اَِوطَُ) ةis a feminine )اِ اسم (م َؤنةث.
e.g. َسب اوَرة blackboard
17
ِ ِ
ِ – ِال َشترة ِ ِ ِ
8. The ُص َف َ َخ ََب – اَاْل اسم اْا َم اوصول – ف اَل – ا اسم اetc. of a ( َغ اْي اْا ََتق ِلnon-human) plural is
ِ و.
generally اَحد م َؤنةث َ
e.g. صنَتم َكثِ ا َْية
أَ ا many idols صنَتم َْل تَان َفع
اَالَ ا The idols do not benefit.
صنَتم ِِ ُالَت ِر َسُ َجتِْ َس
اَْا ِك َلب ا
ٰهذه االَ اthese idols The guard dogs are sitting.
ًت اْاب َّ اوُ َكثِ ا َْية
ِ ََكتن The houses were many.
9. When writing an اِ اسمending with two fathahs ()ﹱ, an alif ) ( اmust be added at the end.
18
Section 1.6
َ – الضَمَائَرPersonal pronouns
Definition: َِض َمتئ ِ ) are those words which are used in place of names and refer to
َ (singular: ضمْي
َ
the speaker )كلِم ِ (َحor the third person )( َغتئِب.
َ َ (متor the second person )َتض َ
Table 1.1
َ – الضَمَائَرPersonal pronouns
Masculine
3rd Person
هَت They (two males) هَت their, them ِ ِ
( تَثانََُّ م َذ ةكَ َغتئبDual)
ه ام They (many males) ه ام their, them ( جَاع م َذ ةكَ َغتئِبPlural)
ِه َي She (one female), it َهت her, its اَحد م َؤنةث َغتئِب ِ ( وSingular)
َ
ِ ِ
3rd Person
Feminine
هَت They (two females) هَت their, them ( تَثانََُّ م َؤنةث َغتئبDual)
( جَاع م َؤنةث َغتئِبPlural)
They (many
ه ةن ه ةن their, them
females)
ت ِ اَحد م َذ ةكَ َح ِ ( وSingular)
َ أَنا You (one male) َك your َتض َ َ
2nd Person
Masculine
أَنات َمت You (two males) ك َمت your ِ ِ
َ( تَثانََُّ م َذ ةكَ ََحتضDual)
أَنات ام ك ام ِ ( جَاع م َذ ةكَ َحPlural)
َتض
You (many males) your َ
ت ِ أَنا ِك ِ
َاَحد م َؤنةث ََحتض ِ ( وSingular)
You (one female) your َ
2nd Person
Feminine
أَنات َمتYou (two females) ك َمت ِ ( تَثانَُِّ مؤنةث َحDual)
َتض
your َ َ َ
ت
أَنا ة You (many females) ك ةن your ِ
َ( جَاع م َؤنةث ََحتضPlural)
I (one male or 9 ِ
)اَحد متَ َكلِم (م َذ ةكَ َوم َؤنةث ِو
َ
أَ ََن ن ، ﹻي
Masc. & Fem.
ا ا my, mine, me
1st Person
female) (Singular)
َاحنن We (many males or ََن our (م َذ ةكَ َوم َؤنةث) تَثانََُِّ َوجَاع متَ َكلِم
females) (Dual & Plural)
In the unattached form, these dameers can appear as mubtada, faa‘il, etc. In the attached form, they can
appear as maf‘ool or mudaaf ilayhi. For more details, see section 2.4.1.
e.g. ه َو َمياد He is Zayd. كَ قَلَم your pen
أَ ََن طَتِْب I am a student. ص اَُتَت
َ َن I helped her.
9
Sometimes, a (نون اْا ِوقَتيَُِ) نis added before the ض ِم اْي َ ََيءto protect an i‘raab such as in ضَََِِ ان َ , which would
ِ ِ ِ ِ
otherwise be incorrectly read as ب َ (the ُ َْلم اْا َكل َمof اَْاف اَل اْا َمتضىis ) َماب ِن َعلَى اْا َفات ِح.
ضََِ ا
19
Section 1.710
َ – اَلَ َروفََاْلَ َارةPrepositions
Effect: A َج ِ
َ ََح اَفgives a َ َجto the ا اسمit acts upon which is then known as َاَمَور.
Table 1.2
َ – اَلََروفََاْلَ َارةPrepositions
Example 1: اَْنة احو ِف اْا َك َلِم َكتْا ِم ال ِح ِف اْطة ََ ِتم Grammar in speech is like salt in food.
10
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 76-81.
20
Example 2 with sentence analysis:
َََََبلقلم َكت بت I wrote with the pen.
َاَمَور+ َََح اَف َج
ُ= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية متَ ََلِق ِبْا ِف اَ ِل + فَت ِعل+ فِ اَل
Note: Together, the َج ِ ِِ
َ ََح اَفand َاَمَورare known as ( متَ ََلقconnected) of the َخ ََبin ُجالَُ ا اسَّة
(there is more detail to this, and will be discussed later), and of the فِ اَلin ُجالَُ فِ اَلَِّة.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
i. املسجد قَيب من َِّت ميد iii. اْكتب على املنضدة
ii. نزل املطَ من اْسمتء iv. مينب جتْسُ على اْكَسي ف الجَة
21
Section 1.811
َ( اَلَ َرَوفََ َالمَشَبَهَةَََبَلَفَعَلalso called – )إَنََوأخواُتاParticles that resemble a fiʿl
Table 1.3
َ – اَلََروفََالَمَشَبَهَةَََبََلفَعَلParticles that resemble a fiʿl
Meaning Example
1. إِ ةن certainly, verily, indeed إِ ةن هللاَ َعلِاَّم Verily Allah is All-Knowing.
2. أَ ةن that اْل امتِ َحت َن قَ َِياب
ِأَع َِف أَ ةن ا
ا I know that the examination is
near.
3. َكأَ ةنas if ت َج ِدياد َ ََّكأَ ةن اْابَ ا It is as if the house is new.
4. ك ةنِ ْٰ but, however ث قَ ِد امي ِ
َ اَْابَ اَّت َجدياد ْٰكِ ةن االَ ََثThe house is new but the
furniture is old.
5. تَ َّ َْاif only, I wish تب َعتئِد
َ َت اْشةب َ ََّْا I wish youth would return.
6. ل
َْ ََ ةmaybe, hopefully, اْل امتِ َحت َن َس اهل
ََِْ ةل ا
َ
Hopefully, the examination
perhaps will be easy.
Sentence Analysis:
علي َم َ
للا َإَن Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing.
َخ ََب إِ ةن اِ اسم إِ ةن اَ الَاَف اْام َشبةه ِبْا ِف اَ ِل
Notes:
1. Difference between إِ ةنand أَ ةن:
a. إِ ةنis generally used at the beginning of a sentence.
أَ ةنis generally used in the middle of a sentence.
11
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 69-75.
22
b. Sometimes, إِ ةنappears in the middle of a sentence. This happens in the following
two cases:
i. When it is used after a word with root letters ق – و – ل.
e.g. َ يَق اول إِ ةَنَت َِ َقََة
ص افََاء He says, indeed, it is a yellow cow.
ii. ِ .12
When it is at the beginning of a َُصل
ََح َِتمه
نأا ِِ ِ ة
e.g. مارُ اْذ اي إ ا I visited the one whom I respect.
2. The خ ََب
َ can be a complete sentence.
ِ إِ ةن ميدا أمه ص
َُتل
Example 1: َ ً َا Indeed, Zayd’s mother is pious.
َخ ََب إِ ةن اِ اسم إِ ةن اَ الَاَف اْام َشبةه ِبْا ِف اَ ِل
Example 2: إِ ةن َميا ًدا أَ َك َل اْطة ََ َتم Indeed, Zayd ate the food.
َخ ََب إِ ةن اِ اسم إِ ةن اَ الَاَف اْام َشبةه ِبْا ِف اَ ِل
3. If the خ ََب ِ
َ is () َجتر َوَاَمَور, then the َخ ََبwill appear first and the ا اسمsecond.
e.g. إِ ةن إََِّْنَت إِ ََي ََب ام Indeed, to us is their return.
)َاِ اسم إِ ةن (م َؤ ةخ )َخ ََب إِ ةن (م َق ةدم اَ الَاَف اْام َشبةه ِبْا ِف اَ ِل
12
َُ ِصلwill be discussed in Section 2.4.2.
23
4. When ُ َمت اْا َكتفةis joined to any of these َحَوف, their effect is cancelled.
ِ إِةِنَت إِ ٰلكم إِْٰه ةو
اَحد
e.g. ا Your god is only one god.
5. إِ ةنby itself conveys emphasis. Sometimes, َْلم اْتةأاكِاَّ ِدcan be added before the خ ََب
َ to convey
even more emphasis.
ِإِنةك ََْسول هللا
e.g. َ َ ا Indeed, you are the messenger of Allah.
EXCERISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences.
24
Section 1.913
َ( اَلَفَعَالََالنَاقَصَةalso called – )كانََوأخواُتاAuxiliary (defective) fiʿls
فِ اَل ََنقِصis called ( ََنقِصincomplete/defective) because even though it is a فِ اَل َْل ِمم, it needs
two ma‘mools (ي ِ ) َم اَموَْ ا. The sentence remains incomplete with one َم اَمول.
e.g. َكت َن َمياد Zayd was (the sentence remains incomplete).
These أَفا ََتلenter upon a ماب تَ َدأand a خ ََب َ.
Effect: They give َرفاعto the ماب تَ َدأwhich is then known as ( اِ اسم َكت َنor ترَص
ِ
َ ا اسمand so on) and صب
نَ ا
to the خ ََب
َ which is then known as ( َخ ََب َكت َنor ص َتر َ َخ ََبand so on).
Table 1.4
13
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 62-68 & vol. 2, 151-
155.
25
Sentence Analysis:
نظي افَا َالب يت َ ك
ان The house was clean.
َخ ََب َكت َن اِ اسم َكت َن فِ اَل ََنقِص
Notes:
1. When َكت َنis used with ضت ِرع
َ م, it gives the meaning of past continuous or past habitual.
e.g. َكت َن َمياد يَكاتب Zayd was writing/Zayd used to write.
Note: Here, the خ ََب ِِ
َ of َكت َنis a ُجالَُ ف اَلَّة. Also, note the two ways it is translated above.
4.
َ َّ َْاhave a past tense only (no ضت ِرع
َمت َد َامand س َ مor َ)أَام.
6. The خ ََب ِ
َ of س
َ َّ َْاis sometimes prefixed with a ب.
ي ِ ِ أَََّْس هللا ِبََح َك ِم اIs Allah not the greatest of rulers/best of judges?
e.g. َ الَتكم ا ا اَ
7. If the خ ََب
َ is () َجتر َوَاَمَور, then the َخ ََبwill appear first and the ماب تَ َدأsecond.
e.g. َسحَاب َفََالسماء َ ك
ان There were clouds in the sky.
اِ اسم َكت َن (م َؤ ة
)َخ )خ ََب َكت َن (م َقدةم
َ فِ اَل ََنقِص
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences.
26
CHAPTER 2
َن
– اََلمَعََربََ َو َالمَبَ يDeclinable and indeclinable words
Words are of two types with respect to changes that occur at their ends. If the end remains the
same in all conditions, the word is called ; َماب ِنand if it does change, the word is called م اَََب.
Section 2.114
َأن واعَالبناء: The conditions or states (ََح َوال )أ اwhich remain unchanged at the end of َماب ِنwords are
ِ
four: ضم َ , فَ اتح, َ َك اسand سك اون. These are called أَنا َواع اْابِنَتء.
َأن واع َالعرَاب: Those conditions or states (ََح َوال )أ اwhich occur at the end of م اَََبwords are four:
َرفاع, صب ِ َ اَاِل اعَاب( أَناواع ا ِل اعfor short). These changes are brought
نَ ا, َ َج, and َج ازم. These are called ابَ َ َ
about at the end of a م اَََبword in accordance with the requirement of the تمل ِ ( عgoverning
َ
word).
َ – عَلماتَالَعَرَابSigns of i‘raab
ِ َال اع
The i‘raab shows in various ways. These are called اب ِ
َ ( َع َل َمتُ اsigns of i‘raab). The two
common ones are as follows:
1. ُِ اَاِل اعََاب ِب الَََك: These are the basic signs and are the most common. I‘raab is shown by means
َ
of a َُحََك
َ i.e. ُض ةم
َ or ُ فَ ات َحor َك اسََةor ( سك اونwhich is the absence of a ُ) ََحََك.
َ َ
e.g. َرجل َرج ًل َرجل ض َِ ا
ب ََلا يَ ا
ِ َاَاِلعَاب ِب ال: Sometimes, the i‘raab is shown by means of any of the ُ َحَوف ِعلةi.e. وor اor
2. وف َا
ي.
e.g. أَِ او َك أََب َك َ َّأَِا
ك
14
This section is based upon the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 7-
18.
27
َ – حَاْلَتََالمعربStates of mu‘rab
As mentioned above, the conditions or states that occur at the end of م اَََبwords are four.
Below, we look at them in more detail.
ِ
1. َالرفَع َ or its substitute such as ُ (و) ََح اَف علةappears at the
َ ََ حَالَةis the condition in which a ُض ةم
end of a word. Such a word is said to be َم اَفوع.
ِ
َ فَ اتor its substitute such as ُ (ا) ََح اَف علةappears at
2. َ حَالَةَ َالنَصَبis the condition in which a ُح
the end of a word. Such a word is said to be َمانصوب.
e.g. أَ ًخت تك
َ أَ َخ أ ََب َختِْد
ِ
َك اor its substitute such as ُ (ي) ََح اَف علةappears at the
3. َ حَالَةََاْلَرis the condition in which a سََة
end of a word. Such a word is said to be َمَور َا.
e.g. أَخ َ َّأَ ِخا
ك َب َختِْد
أِ ا
4. َ حَالَةَ َاْلََزمis the condition in which a سك اونappears at the end of a word or its substitute (ن
in the case of ضت ِرع ِ
َ )ف اَل مis dropped from the end. Such a word is said to be َاَمزوم.
e.g. ض َِ ا
ب ََلا يَ ا ض َِِ اوا
ََلا يَ ا
Note: It should be remembered that fiʿls can only be in the state of َرفاع, صب
نَ اor َج ازم, while isms
can only be in a state of َرفاع, صب
نَ ا, or َ َج.
َ – َك اسَ – فَ اتحare used to describe the states at the end of a َماب ِن, e.g. ب
The words ضم َ ََض
َ has
a فَ اتحat the end. It is َماب ِن عَلَى اْا َفات ِح.
28
Section 2.2
َن
– اَلَمَبَ يThe indeclinable word
As mentioned earlier, a َماب ِنis a word whose end remains unchanged in all conditions i.e.
ِ عgoverning it.
irrespective of the requirement of the تمل َ
e.g. َجتءَ ٰهذا َرأَيات ٰهذا َمََارُ َبٰذا
This came. I saw this. I passed by this.
Types of َمَبَن:
1. All Particles )* (َحَوف
ِ * اَْا ِفَل اَْام
تض اي
2. َ ا
ِ * اَالَمَ اَ ال
تضَ اَْا َم اََاوف
3. َ ا
ِ ِ ِ ِِ ِ
4. َ ف اَل مthat are َغتئب( جَاع م َؤنةثand َ ) ََحتضor have ثَقاَّ لَُ( ن اون اْتةأاكاَّدand
Those seeghahs of ضت ِرع
c. Resemblance in having less than three letters. For example, the ism َم ان, which is less
than three letters, resembles َح اَف
َ (e.g. ) َو, which is also generally less than three
letters.
29
d. Resemblance in having had a َح اَف َ originally. For example, the ism ََأَ ََح َد َع َش
resembles a َح اَف
َ in the sense that originally it contained a (أَ ََحد َو َع اشَ) ََح اَف.
َالعرابَالمحلي:15
When a َماب ِنword appears in a sentence in a place where it is supposed to be in the state of َرفاع,
صبنَ ا, َ َج, or َج ازم, its end does not change because it is َماب ِن. However, it is said that it is in the
place of َرفاع, صب )ِ اف َُمَ ِل َرفاع أ اَو نَ ا, in accordance with its place in the
نَ ا, َ َج, or صب أ اَو َجَ أ اَو َج ازم( َج ازم
sentence.
For example,
ص اَََنه
َ َن We helped him.
Keeping in mind that all pronouns are َماب ِن, this sentence will be analyzed as follows:
ِ ِ
َ َ نis ف اَل َمتضand is َماب ِن َعلَى اْسك اون.
َص ا
ََنis تعلِ َف, is مب ِن علَى اْسكو ِنand ِف َُم ِل رفاع.
ا َ َا َ َ ا
ِ
هis َم افَ اول ِه, is َماب ِن َعلَى اْض ِةمand صبِ اف َُمَ ِل نَ ا.
EXERCISE
1. Analyze the following sentences like in the example given above.
15
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 35-38.
30
Section 2.3
َ – اَلَمَعََربThe declinable word
As mentioned above, a م اَََبis a word whose end accepts any of the i‘raab according to the
ِ عgoverning it.
requirement of the تمل َ
e.g. ََجتءَ رجل ََرأَيات رج اَل ََمََارُ برجل
A man came. I saw a man. I passed by a man.
ِ ع.
Note: Here, the i‘raab of رجلhas changed according to the requirement of the تمل َ
Types of َمَعَرَب:
ِ ِ ِ
َ ف اَل مbesides those of َغتئب( جَاع م َؤنةثand َ ) ََحتضand
1. Amongst fiʿls, all of the seeghahs of ضت ِرع
those with ثَِقاَّ لَُ( ن اون اْتةأكِاَّ ِدand ُخ ِفاَّ َف
َ ) are م اَََب.
ِ متم
2. Amongst isms, those isms which accept i‘raab changes are م اَََب. They are known as كن ََ
i.e. isms which give place to i‘raab changes.
Note: Such an ism is م اَََبonly when it is used in a sentence. If not used in a sentence, it is
َماب ِن. For example, َِاَّتon its own, when not part of a sentence, is َماب ِن َعلَى اْض ِةم.
EXERCISES
1. State with reason whether the following words are َماب ِنor م اَََب.
2. Translate the following sentences and identify the َماب ِنand م اَََبwords in them.
i. ِنَظََُ إِ َٰل اْةزاهَة
َ ا v. َم ْٰى ي َستفَِ َعلِي؟
ِ
ii. صدياق ِ ِ
تب م َن اْ ة ِ vi. اَالَب ِف اْدةا ِر
َ ََخ اذُ اْاكت
َأ
iii. ُِ ج ِ ِ ِ
َ َِّح اْطةتْب بْنةتا َ ََف vii. اَْا َوَْد م َؤ ةدب
iv. ختِْد؟ َ َف َجتء َ ََّكا viii. ي ِِ ِ
َ اَلل حيب اْام احسن ا
31
Section 2.4
َ – أقسامَالَسَاءََالَمَبَنَيَةTypes of indeclinable isms
The types of ُ اَالَ اسَتء اْا َمابنَِّةare as follows:
1. َِض َمتئ
( اَْ ةpersonal pronouns)
2. َُْ( اَالَ اسَتء اْا َم اوص اوrelative pronouns)
3. ِترة ِ
َ ( أَ اسَتء اال َشdemonstrative pronouns)
ِ َ ( أَ اسَتء االَفاisms that have the meaning of fiʿls)
4. تل َ
ِ ( أَ استء االَصوisms that denote a sound)
5. ُاَا َ
6. ( اَْظَاوفadverbs)
7. ُتَي ِ
َ َ( اَْاكنisms that indicate an unspecified quantity)
8. ( اَْامَةكب اْابِنَتئِيnumerical phrase)
َ
32
Section 2.4.116
َ – الضَمَائَرPersonal pronouns
Below are tables showing different forms that the َِض َمتئ
َ will assume in the various
conditions/states (haalaat).
16
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 120-135.
33
Table 2.1
ضميََمن فصلَََبََرزََفََملَرفعََ(ضميََمرفوعَمن فصلَ)
34
Table 2.2
ضميََمتصلََفََملَرفعََ(ضَميََمرفوعَمتصلَ)
َبََرزَ مَسَتََتَ
35
Table 2.3
ضميََمتصلََ َوضميََمن فصلََفََملَنصبََ(ضميََمنصوبَمتصلََ َوضميََمَنصوبَمن فصلَ)
ض ِمْي مانصوب مت ِ
ةصل َب ِرم
ض ِمْي مانصوب مان َف ِ
صل َب ِرم َ َ
َ َ Dameer Example
إِ ةَيه ه ضَََِه َ اَحد م َذ ةكَ َغتئِبوِ
َ
إِ ةَيهَت هت ضََََب َمت ِ ِ
تَثانََُّ م َذ ةكَ َغتئب
َ
إِ ةَيه ام هم ضََََب امَ جَاع م َذ ةكَ َغتئِب
إِ ةَي َهت هت ضََََبَت
َ اَحد م َؤنةث َغتئِب وِ
َ
إِ ةَيهَت هت ضََََب َمت ِ ِ
تَثانََُّ م َؤنةث َغتئب
َ
إِ ةَيه ةن هن ضََََب ةن
َ جَاع م َؤنةث َغتئِب
إِ ةَي َك ك كضَََِ َ اَحد م َذ ةكَ َح ِ
تضَ وِ
َ َ َ
إِ ةَيك َمت كمت ضَََِك َمت ِ ِ
تَثانََُّ م َذ ةكَ ََحتضَ
َ
إِ ةَيك ام كم ضَََِك ام تضَجَاع م َذ ةكَ َح ِ
َ َ
إِ ةَي ِك ك كضَِ ِ ِ
اَحد م َؤنةث ََحتضَ وِ
َ ََ َ
إِ ةَيك َمت كمت ضَََِك َمت ِ ِ
تَثانََُّ م َؤنةث ََحتضَ
َ
إِ ةَيك ةن كن ضَََِك ةن جَاع مؤنةث َح ِ
تضَ
َ َ َ
ي
إ ةَي َ
ِ ي ِ 17
ضَََِ انَ اَحد متَ َكلِم (م َذ ةكَ َوم َؤنةث) وِ
َ
إِ ةَي ََن َن ضَََِنَت ِ
تَثانََُِّ َوجَاع متَ َكلم (م َذ ةكَ َوم َؤنةث)
َ
17
ن Sometimes, a ض ِم اْي ( is added before theنون اْا ِوقَتيَُِ) ضَََِِ ان ََ to protect an i‘raab as inيء َ
َ , which would otherwise be
ِ ِ ِ
ضََِ ا
ب incorrectly read as َ ).مبا ِن َعلَى اْا َفتا ِح isاَْاف اَل اْا َمتض اي َْ ofلم َكل َمُ َ (the
36
ةصل َب ِرم There are two ways in which َُ . One is when it is preceded by aم ِل جَ appears inض ِمْي مت ِ
َ ا َ َ
ضتف ََ , and the other is when some other word isح اَف َجَ to it.م َ
Table 2.4
ضميََمتصلَََبرزََفََملَجرََ(ضميَََمرورَمتصلَ)
بََرفََاْلَرَ َبَلَضَافَةَ
َْه َداره اَحد م َذ ةكَ َغتئِبوِ
َ
َل َمت َدارهَت ِ ِ
تَثانََُّ م َذ ةكَ َغتئب
َل ام َداره ام جَاع م َذ ةكَ َغتئِب
َلَت َدارَهت اَحد م َؤنةث َغتئِب وِ
َ
َل َمت َدارهَت ِ ِ
تَثانََُّ م َؤنةث َغتئب
َل ةن َداره ةن جَاع م َؤنةث َغتئِب
كَْ َ َدارَك اَحد م َذ ةكَ َح ِ
تضَ وِ
َ َ
َْك َمت َدارك َمت ِ ِ
تَثانََُّ م َذ ةكَ ََحتضَ
َْك ام َدارك ام تضَجَاع م َذ ةكَ َح ِ
َ
كَْ ِ َدار ِك ِ
اَحد م َؤنةث ََحتضَ وِ
َ
َْك َمت َدارك َمت تضَتَثانَُِّ مؤنةث َح ِ
َ َ َ
َْك ةن َدارك ةن جَاع مؤنةث َح ِ
تضَ َ َ
ِ ال َدا ِر اي اَحد متَ َكلِم (م َذ ةكَ َوم َؤنةث)وِ
َ
َْنَت َدارََن ة ِ
تَثانََُِّ َوجَاع متَ َكلم (م َذكَ َوم َؤنث)
ة
37
َضميَالشَأَن:
It is a singular َض ِم اْي َغتئِب م َذ ةك
َ which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without
a جع ِ .
َ َ( َم اan earlier word that it could refer to). The sentence after it clarifies such a ضم اْي
َ
e.g. إِنةه َمياد قَتئِم Indeed, the matter is that Zayd is standing.
َضميَالقصة:
It is a singular ض ِم اْي َغتئِب م َؤنةث
َ which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without
a جع ِ .
َ َ( َم اan earlier word that it could refer to). The sentence after it clarifies such a ضم اْي
َ
e.g. ُتط َمُ قَتئِ َم
ِ َإِ ةَنَت ف Indeed, the matter is that Fatimah is standing.
َضميَالفصل:
It is a ض ِم اْي
َ which appears between a ماب تَ َدأand a َخ ََبfor emphasis and separation.
e.g. ك هم اْام افلِح او َن
َ ِأوْٰئ It is they who are successful.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences, pointing out all the َِض َمتئ
َ,
as well as their types and َُح َتْل
َ.
i. اْقطتر قدم ف وقته iii. صََََن ِ
َ َاَْش اَطي ن
ii. حنن نَمقك iv. هللا يَمقهت وإَيكم
38
Section 2.4.218
َ اَلَسَاءََالَمَوَصَوَلَة- Relative pronouns
Definition: An اِ اسم َم اوص اولis an َُ اِ اسم َم اَ َِفwhose meaning/purpose is understood through the
sentence, which comes after it, which is called َُصل ِ.
An اِ اسم َموص اولcannot form a complete part of a sentence on its own. It must have a َُصل ِ
ِ which is generally a ُ جالَُ خ َِبيةmust have a ض ِمْي
which relates (refers back) to it. The َُصل ََ َ ا
(visible or hidden) referring to the اِ اسم َموص اول. This ض ِم اْي ِ
َ is called َعتئد.
Table 2.5
َاَلَسَاءََالَمَ َوصَ َولَةََللَمَذكر
اَحدِو
َ اَْة ِذ اي who, that, which
ِ
ََُّتَثان اَْلة َذ ِان those two who, that, which ِ اف َُمَ ِل َرفاع
ََُِّتَثان اَْلة َذيا ِن those two who, that, which َصب َو َج ِ اف َُمَ ِل نَ ا
جَاع اَْة ِذيا َن those who, that, which
Table 2.6
َاَلَسَاءََالَمَ َوصَ َولَةََللمؤنث
اَحدِو اَْةِ اِت who, that, which
َ
ِ
ََُّتَثان ِ َاَْلةت
تن those two who, that, which ِ اف َُمَ ِل َرفاع
ََُِّتَثان يِ اَْلةتَ ا those two who, that, which َصب َو َج ِ اف َُمَ ِل نَ ا
ِ
جَاع اَ ةْل ا
ت those who, that, which
جَاع اتِة
اَْل َو ا
those who, that, which
Examples
1. صَََكَ ََجتءَ الذَيَ ن The one (masculine) who helped you, came.
2. َ ََجتءَ الذَانَ ن
صََا َك The two (masculine) who helped you, came.
3. صََ َاكَ ََرأَيات اللَذينَ ن I saw the two (masculine) who helped you.
ن ِ َ ََِْقاَّت الذينَ ن
4. صَاو ا I met those (masculine) who helped me.
ِ
5. كَ صََتاَ ََجتءَُ الَتَ ن The one (feminine) who helped you, came.
ِ
6. َ ََجتءَُ اللَتانَ ن
صََََت َك The two (feminine) who helped you, came.
18
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 136-140.
39
7. َ ََرأَيات اللَتَيَ ن
صََََت َك I saw the two (feminine) who helped you.
ِ
8. ك َ ََجتءَُ الَلَتَ ن
َ َص اَن Those (feminine) who helped you, came.
2. َ أَيand َأَية
َ ِإ.
They are generally م اَََبand used in َُضتف
أَيhas the meaning of اَْة ِذ اي.
e.g. ِم ان أَ ِي كِتَتب from which book…
4. َذَو
According to the dialect of the tribe َِن او طَي, it is an اِ اسم َم اوص اول.
It is used for all genders and all numbers, without its form changing.
ِ
e.g. صَََكَ ََجتءَ ذ او ن equals صَََكَ ََجتءَ اْةذ اي ن The one who helped you, came.
ِ
صَََكَ ََرأَيات ذ او ن equals صَََكَ ََرأَيات اْةذ اي ن I saw the one who helped you.
ِ ِ I passed by the one who helped
صَََك
َ ََمََارُ ذ او ن equals َ ََمََارُ ِبْةذ اي ن
صَََك
you.
40
Sentence Analysis:
َ The person whose father is knowledgeable, came.جتءَ اْة ِذ اي أَِ اوه َع ِتَل
عالَ أَب وهَ الذَيَ جاءَ
ضتف إَِْ َِّه
ضتف +م َ
مَ
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences.
41
Section 2.4.319
َ – أَسَاءََالَشارةDemonstrative isms
Definition: An ِترة ِ ِ ِ ِ
َ ا اسم اال َشis an ا اسمwhich is used to point at something. This ا اسمis of two types.
i. بِ ِْال َق َِيا: It is used for pointing at something near.
Table 2.7
َأَسَاءََالَشارةََللمذكر
َلَلَقََريَب َلَلَبَعَيَد
ِو ِ
اَحد َ ٰه َذا this َ ْ ٰذthat
ك
ََُِّتَثان ٰه َذ ِان َ ِٰذان
these those
ََحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع ك ََحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع
two… two…
ََُِّتَثان َ َِذيان
these ِص those ِص
ٰه َذيا ِن ََِاْل
ب َو ا ََحتَُْ اْنة ا ك ََِاْل
ب َو ا ََحتَُْ اْنة ا
two… two…
جَاع ٰهؤَْل ِء these َ ِ أوْٰئthose
ك
Table 2.8
َأَسَاءََالَشارةََللمؤنث
َلَلَقََريَب َلَلَبَعَيَد
ِو ِٰه ِذه
اَحد َ this َ تِال
ك that
ََُِّتَثان َ ِتَاَّن
ِ َهتتَ ا these ِص those ِص
ي ََِاْل
ب َو ا ََحتَُْ اْنة ا ك ََِاْل
ب َو ا ََحتَُْ اْنة ا
two… two…
جَاع ٰهؤَْل ِء these َ ِ أوْٰئthose
ك
ك اْا ِكتَتب ِ
e.g. َ ْٰذ that book
ٰهؤَْل ِء اْنِ َستء these women
َ ِأوْٰئ
ك اْ َِ َجتل those men
19
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 141-145.
42
Notes:
ِ ال َشترةِ ِْلا َق َِيا
1. In the case of ب ِ
َ أَ اسَتء ا, for both masculine and feminine, the ٰهin the beginning is
not part of the actual ِترة ِ ِ ِ
َ ا اسم اال َش. It is, in fact, a ََح اَف تَانباَّه. However, it is so often used with
ِ ال َشترةِ ِْال َق َِيا
the ب ِ
َ أَ اسَتء اthat it is normally considered a part of them.
2. The كof ِترة ِ ِ ِ
َ (اَْابََاَّد) ا اسم اال َشis sometimes changed according to the gender or the number of
persons being addressed. The meaning is not affected.
e.g. ٰذِْك َمت َرِك َمت He is the Lord of both of you.
3. If the َّه ِ ِ
ِ َِْ م َشتر إis a مضتف, then the ِال َشترة ِِ
َ َ ا اسم اcomes after the ضتف إََّْه
َ م.
e.g. َ ِكِتَت
ك ٰه َذا this book of yours
4. If the ِترة ِ ِ ِ
َ ا اسم اال َشoccurs as a ماب تَ َدأ, then the َخ ََبis generally a نَكََة.
e.g. ٰه َذا كِتَتب This is a book.
ِ should be added between the مب تَ َدأ,
However, if the خ ََب َ is also َُ َم اَ َِف, then a suitable ضم اْي
َ ا
which is an ِترة ِ ِ
َ ا اسم اال َش, and the َخ ََبfor it to remain a complete sentence.
e.g. ٰه َذا ه َو اْا ِكتَتبThis is the book.
If no ض ِمْي
َ is added, it would be an incomplete sentence.
e.g. ٰه َذا اْا ِكتَتب this book
Sentence Analysis:
43
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab, and analyze the following sentences.
44
Section 2.4.420
َ– أَسَاءََالَف عالIsms that have the meaning of fiʿls
Definition: These are isms that have the meaning of fiʿls but do not accept their signs.
Some of them have the meaning of تضي ِ ِ ِ
اَْاف اَل اْا َم اand give the ا اسمafter it a raf‘; and the
ِ ال
one which has the meaning of َتض ِ
َاَال اَمَ ا, gives the ا اسمafter it a nasb.
Table 2.9
Isms in the Meaning of الفَعلَالماضي
Table 2.10
Isms in the Meaning of َالمرَالاضر
ََِاله َد اع Leave!; Give up! َِالهَ اْتة َفكََ فِاَّ َمت َْل Give up thinking about
َ َّيَ اَنِا
that which does not
ك concern you.
ك – َهت َ َد اون خ اذ Take! ََ ك اْلة
ب َ َد اون Take the milk.
ك
َ ََّعلَا اِْاَزام Hold on to (it)!; ِ ِ َ ََّعلَا
ةِت
ك سن ا
Hold on to my
(It is) incumbent on Sunnah.
you
ََحَّة َه ال – ََح ةي ت – َع ِج ال ِ اِئا Come!; Hasten! ِص َلة
ََح ةي َعلَى اْ ة Come to salah.
ت – َهل ةمَ ََّها أَقابِ ال
20
For more examples and exercises, please refer to ‘Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-
Madaris al-Thanawiyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif, n.d.), vol. 1, 40-43.
45
Notes:
1. There are some other isms which have the meaning of fiʿls. These are as follows:
تلَ ََ َت ِ – اِئاcome)
(ت ي ِ ٰ – اِست ِجaccept)
َ ب( أ م ا اَ ا
ص اه (ت
– ا اسك اkeep quite) ف( فَ َق اط ِ َ – اِ اكتsuffice)
َ
ُِهت
َ ( – اِ اع ِطbring, give) ك َع ِ ان َ َّ – تَبَ ةَ اد َع ِ ان( إَِْاaway from me)
َعلَ ةى ِِه (ي ِ ِ ِِ ِ
– ج ائ ه عاند اbring him/it to me)
ii. تل
َ ََ َت تَ ََتَََّْت تَ ََتَْاوا تل
تَ ََ َ ا
ي تَ ََتَََّْت
َ تَ ََتَْ ا
21ُاآلي...ُب ت َتْوا إِ ٰٰل كلِم
ِ ِ
e.g. َ َ ق ال ٰيَ اه َل اْاكٰت َ َ َا
Say: O people of the book! Come to a word…
َِ فَتَ َتَْي أمتَِك ةن وأس ََِحك ةن سَاَحت
)جاَّ ًل (اْقَآن
e.g. ً ََ َ ا َ َ ا َ َ ا
Then, come, I will make provision for you and release you with
kindness.
Section 2.4.5
َ – أَسَاءََالَصواتIsms that denote a sound
21
ُ اآليis an abbreviation for َُِآخ َِ ااآلي
ِ ( إِ ٰٰلuntil the end of the ayah).
46
Section 2.4.622
َ – اَلظيَروفAdverbs
Definition: An اِ اسم ظَاَفis an اِ اسمwhich gives us an idea of the place or time when (or where)
some work is done. It is also called َم افَ اول فِاَّ ِه.
َ – ظَرَوَفََالزَمَانAdverbs of time:
1. إِ اذ (when)
ِ اَْامeven when it appears before فَِل مضت ِرع.
It gives the meaning of تضي َ ا َ ا
ِ جلَُ اِ اor a ُجلَُ فَِلَِّة.
The sentence after إِ اذcould be a ُسَّة ا ا ا
e.g. َواذاكَاوا إِ اذ أَنات ام قَلِاَّل Remember when you were less.
ِ َّ اع َد ِمن اْاب
ت ِ وإِ اذ ي َفَع إِِ َِٰهَّم اْا َقوAnd when Ibrahim (Allah give him peace) was
e.g. َ َا َ َ َا ا ا
raising the foundation of the House (Ka‘ba).
Sometimes, it gives the meaning of because ()ِلَ ةن. This is called ُةَلِاَّلَِّة
إِ اذ اَْات ا.
ِ َْن يةان َفَكم اْاَّ وم إِ اذ ظَلَمتم أَنةكم ِف اْاَ َذ
)اب م اش َِتك او َن (اْقَآن
e.g. َ اا ا َ ا َ َا
That you are together in punishment will never benefit you today because
you oppressed.
[This is according to one translation.]
22
The list of ظَوفgiven in this section is by no means exhaustive. There are many more that should be studied in
advanced books of Nahw.
47
e.g. استَ اغ ِف اَه
ك َو ا
ِ ِ ِ ِ إِ َذا جتء نَصَ هللاِ واْا َفاتح ورأَيت اْنةتس ي ادخلو َن
َ ِف ديا ِن هللا أَفا َواجتً فَ َسبِ اح ِبَ امد َر
ََ ا َ َ َ ا ا َ ََ ا
When the victory of Allah comes and the conquest, and you see people
entering into the religion of Allah in multitudes, then celebrate the praise of
your Lord and seek forgiveness from Him.
Note: أَةَي َنis used only to enquire of great events of the future as compared to َم ْٰى.
ِ ( أَامyesterday)
6. س
ِ ن َمياد أَام
س ِ
e.g. َجتءَ ا Zayd came to me yesterday.
48
These can be used as َج ِ
َ ( ََح اَفfollowed by a ) َاَمَورor as ا اسمwhich is regarded as a
ماب تَ َدأfollowed by a َم اَفوع.
e.g. م اذ يَ اوِم ا/َمت َرأَياته مانذ
ُِ ََ اْلم I have not seen him since Friday.
ُِ ََ اْلم
م اذ يَ اوم ا/َمت َرأَياته مانذ
9. ( َع اوضnever)
It is used to emphasize ضت ِرع اْا َمان ِفي
َ اَْام.
e.g. ض َِِه َع اوض
َْل أَ ا I will never hit him.
)َي َِ اَ َد ٰه َذا ِ
e.g. َم ْٰى ََتَّئ نَت َِ اَد؟ (أ ا
When will you come after (i.e. after this)?
َ – ظَرَوَفََالَمكانAdverbs of place:
1. َحاَّث
َ (where)
It is generally ضتف
َ مto a sentence.
س ََحاَّث َمياد َجتِْس ِ ِ
e.g. ا اجل اSit where Zayd is sitting.
49
2. قدةام (in front of) & َخ الف (behind)
It has the same rules as those for قَ ابلand َِ اَد.
e.g. )ةامه َو َخ ال َفه
َ َي قد
قَ َتم اْنةتس قدةام َو َخ الف (أ ا
The people stood in front and behind.
(i.e. in front of him and behind him).
3. َتت
( َاunder) & ( فَ اوقon top, above)
It has the same rules as those for قَ ابلand َِ اَد.
e.g. )ِةجََة
َ ةجََةِ َوفَ او َق اْش
َ ت اْش
َ َي َاَت
س َمياد َاَتت َو َع امَو فَ اوق (أ ا
َ ََجل
Zayd sat under and ‘Amr above. (i.e. under the tree and above the tree.)
50
َماب ِن َعلَى اْا َفات ِح , could beإِ اذ to a sentence or the wordم َ
ضتف and isم اَََب Note: That adverb which is
.ع ِ
تمل or it could get the i‘raab according to the َ
e.g. ضتف which isيوم the adverb
in the following ayahs:م َ
ي ِص ادق ه ام اْص ِدقِي ِص ادق هم ٰ andه َذا ي وم ي ان َفع ٰ ِ ِ
اْصدق ا َ َا َ َ ا ٰه َذا يَ اوم يَان َفع ٰ ا َ
This is the day when the truth of the truthful will benefit them.
EXERCISE
in them. Also identifyظَوف 1. Translate the follows ayahs of the Qur’an and identify the
.ظَوف اْام َكت ِن orظَوف اْةزم ِ
تن whether they are from among َ ا ا َ
اش اْامب ث و ِ
i. ث يَ اوَم يَك اون اْنةتس َكتْا َفََ ِ َ ا ا
ِ ِ
ii. اْل ال َد
ك ا َوَمت َج ََ النَت ْبَ َشَ ِم ان قَ ابل َ
صبِح او َن ِ ِ ِ
iii. يت ا ي َتاس او َن َوَح ا َ فَساب َحت َن هللا َح ا َ
iv. ك ِم ان َِ اَ ِد َك تل فَإِ ةَن قَ اد فَتَ نةت قَ اوَم َ
قَ َ
v. إِ اذ َجتء اوك ام ِم ان فَ اوقِك ام
vi. َمت ِعان ِد اي َمت تَ استَ اَ ِجل او َن ِِه
vii. َو َعلة امنَته ِم ان ْةد ةَن ِع المتً
viii. ي أَيا ِديا ِه ام َوَمت َخ ال َفه اميَ اَلَم َمت َِا َ
إِ اذ ي قول ِْص ِ
تَحبِ ِه َْل َاَتَز ان إِ ةن هللاَ َم ََنَت
ix. َا َ
x. ِ ِ
أ ََع ةد هللا َل ام َجٰنت َاَت َِي من َاَتت َهت اال اََنَٰ
51
Section 2.4.7
َ – اَلَكناَيتIsms that indicate an unspecified quantity
2. ت
َ َذيا،ت
َ َّ( َكاso and so, such and such)
e.g. ت
َ ت ذَيا
َ َّ ق الت َكاor ت َ ت َو َذيا
َ َّق الت َكا I said such and such.
e.g. ت
َ ت ذَيا
َ َّ فَ ََ الت َكاor ت
َ ت َوذَياَ َّفَ ََ الت َكا I did such and such.
Section 2.4.8
َ – اَلمركبَالبنائ ييNumerical phrase
52
Section 2.5
َ – أقسامَاَلَسَاءََالَمَعَربَةTypes of declinable isms
These are of two types:
1. َمنَصرف
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich does not have two causes from amongst the nine causes that
ِ َص
prevent declension (ف )أَ اسبَتب َمان ِع اْ ة اor one such cause, which is equivalent to two.
It accepts all harakaat as well as tanween.
2. َغيَمنصرف
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich has two causes from amongst the nine causes that prevent
ِ َص
declension (ف )أَ اسبَتب َمان ِع اْ ة اor one such cause which is equivalent to two.
Such an ism does not accept a kasrah and never gets a tanween. In َََِحتَُْ ا اْل
َ , it gets a
fathah in place of a kasrah.
َ أَسبابَمنعَالصرف23
There are nine reasons/causes which prevent i‘raab changes. Each one of these has its own
conditions, which must exist for it to be a cause. The nine causes are as follows:
1. َع ادل 2. صف َو ا 3. َعلَم 4. َتانِاَّث 5. ُج َم
عا
6. تَ اَكِاَّب 7. أَِْف َون اون َمائِ َد ََت ِن 8. َوامن فِ اَل 9. اْلم اوِع
جَاع مان تَ َهى ا
1. ع ادل: ِ
َ It refers to the case when an ا اسمgives up its original form to assume a new form.
َع ادلis of two types:
i. َّقي ِ ع ادل ََت ِق: It refers to the case when an اِسمhas an original.
َ ا ا
e.g. In the case of ث َ ( ث َلthree and three together), the original is َُثََلثَُ َوثََلث.
23
This discussion is based upon Hidayat al-Nahw. It is presented in an entirely different manner in al-Nahw al-
Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibdtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 125-133.
53
2. صف ِ ِ ِ
و ا/
َ ُص َف: There can be two cases when an ا اسمwhich is a ُ ص َفwould be ghayr munsarif.
24
3. َعلَم: It refers to the case when an اِ اسمis a proper noun (name of a person, place or thing).
e.g. ِ َف
ُتط َم female name
ُضَََم او
َ ََح name of a region in Yemen
4. َتانِاَّث: It refers to the case when an اِ اسمis a feminine proper noun ) ( َعلَمwith one of the
following characteristics:
i. It ends with a round ة. For example, ُطَال َح25 َُم ةك
ii. It does not end with a round ةand has more then three letters. For example, َميانَب.
iii. It is a non-Arabic three-letter word and the middle letter is ستكِن
َ . For example, َص
ِ
م ا.
Note:
All isms ending in ورة ِ ِ
َ ( ٰى) اَالَْف اْا َم اقصor ودة
َ (اء) اَالَْف اْا َم امدare feminine.
e.g. َحاب ٰلى pregnant
محَاََاء red
Presence of ورة ِ ِ
َ ( ٰى) اَالَْف اْا َم اقصor ودة
َ (اء) اَالَْف اْا َم امدis equivalent to two reasons.
5. ُج َم
ع ا: It refers to the case when a word which is a proper noun ) ( َعلَمin a non-Arabic
language, has either
more than three letters e.g. إِِا ََ ِاهاَّم
or
has three letters and the middle letter is ح َِك
َ َمت. e.g. ( َش َتname of a fort)
˗ Thus, ن اوحis munsarif because its middle letter is not ح َِك
َ َمت.
24
Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, vol. 3, 322-324.
25
Even though ُ طَلا َحis a masculine proper noun, it is considered a feminine noun because of the presence of a
round ة. For more discussion on the subject, see Section 3.4.
54
Note: The difference between ن اوحand َص ِ ِ
م اis that َص
م اis a feminine ism because of it
being the name of a country, while ن اوحis not a feminine ism. Thus, َص ِ
م اis ghayr
munsarif because of َتانِاَّثand َعلَم, while ن اوحis munsarif because it only has َعلَم. ُج َم
عا
does not apply to either.
6. تَ اَكِاَّب: It refers to the case when a word is a combination of two words. This word must be
a proper noun )( َعلَم.
e.g. َِ اَلَبَك name of a city in Lebanon
ُضَََم اوَ ََح name of a region in Yemen
7. أَِْف َون اون َمائِ َد ََت ِن: It refers to the case when an اِ اسمends with an أَِْفand ﹷان) ن اون
ِ ( and one of
the following is true:
i. The أَِْفand ن اونappear at the end of a proper noun )( َعلَم.
e.g. عثا َمتن ِع امََان
Note: Thus, the word س اَ َدان
َ (grass) is not ghayr munsarif because it is not a proper
noun.
ii. The أَِْفand ن اونappear at the end of such a ُص َف
ِ whose feminine is not on the وامن
َ
of َُفَ اَ َلن.
e.g. اَان
َ َسكintoxicated
26
َعطا َشتن27 thirsty
Their feminines are not on the َوامنof َُفَ اَ َلن.
Note: Thus, the word نَ اد َمتنis not ghayr munsarif because its feminine )َُ (نَ اد َمتنis on
the wazn of َُفَ اَ َلن.
If the أَِْفand ن اونare not extra or added (i.e. not ) َمائِ َد ََت ِنbut are part of the original letters
of the word, then it will not be ghayr munsarif. For example, شاَّطَتن.
َ
َسكَاَانis mainly used as ghayr munsarif (without tanween), and is sometimes used as munsarif (with tanween).
26
The reason is that it has two feminines. The main feminine is سك ٰاَى َ , which requires that the masculine be ghayr
munsarif (اَان
َ) َسك. However, in the dialect of Banu Asad, the feminine is َُ َسكَاَان. This requires that the masculine be
munsarif (اَانَ) َسك. See E. W. Lane, An Arabic-English Lexicon, (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1968), book I, part 4,
1391.
27
َعطا َشتنis interchangeably used as munsarif (with tanween) and ghayr munsarif (without tanween). The reason is
that it has two feminines. One is َعطا ٰشى, and the other is َُشتن
َ َعطا. Considering the first, it becomes ghayr munsarif
(شتن
َ ;) َعطاand considering the second, it becomes munsarif () َعطا َشتن. See Lane, book I, part 5, 2079.
55
8. َوامن فِ اَل: It refers to the case when a proper noun ) ( َعلَمis on the wazn of a فِ اَلor when a ُص َف
ِ
is on the wazn of أَفا ََل.
e.g. َسبَ َق ِم ان أَ امحَ َد
ت ِب ا
َ َْ اسYou are not more advanced/ahead than Ahmad.
Here, أَ امحَ َدis an َعلَمand is on the wazn of the fi‘l أَفا ََل, and َسبَ َق ِ
أ اis a ُ ص َفand
is on the wazn of the verb أَفا ََل. Therefore, these two are ghayr munsarif.
General Note: A ghayr munsarif ism will get a kasrah in َََِحتَُْ ا اْل
َ in the following cases:
when it is ضتف
َ م. e.g. تج ِد ِه ام
ِ صلةَّت ِف مسI prayed in their mosques.
ََ َا ا
when it has الbefore it. e.g. َِ ِ َذ َهابت إِ َٰل اْا َم َقت I went to the graves.
EXERCISES
1. Mention with reason why the following words are munsarif or ghayr munsarif.
i. َمف 28
v. صحَاء
ii. شَّطتن vi. مصتَِّح
iii. أسود vii. يزيد
iv. أستتذة viii. غضبتن29
28
This is the name of a major Hanafi Imam. It is non-Arabic in origin and is pronounced with a dammah on the
first letter and a fathah on the second letter.
29
Its main feminine is ض ٰب
َغ ا. In the dialect of Banu Asad, its feminine is َُضبَتن
َغ ا. See Lane, book I, part 6, 2265.
56
2. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out with reason the words which are ghayr munsarif.
مَرُ َِمَ i.
ذهب أمحد مع مينب إٰل مكُ ii.
ْل تسئلوا عن أشَّتء...اآليُ iii.
سقَّت وْدا عطشتن iv.
َي أهل يثَب...اآليُ v.
مَرُ مبستجد vi.
شهَ رمضتن اْذى أنزل فَّه اْقَآن...اآليُ vii.
إن هللا اصطفى أٰدم ونوَحت وأٰل إ َِٰهَّم وأٰل عمَان على اْ َٰلمي (اْقَآن) viii.
57
Section 2.6
َ – إعرابَأقسامَالساءَالَمَعَربَةI‘raab of the various types of mu‘rab isms
We begin this section by defining some terms. Then, we will outline the i‘raab of each of the
various types of mu‘rab isms.
َاَْلسمَالصحيح: It is an اِ اسمwhich does not end with any of the ُِ (ي – ا – و) َحَاوف اْاَِلة.
e.g. َرجلman
َاَْلسمََالقائمَمقامََالصحيح: It is an اِ اسمwhich ends with a وor يpreceded by a سك اون.
e.g. َدْاو bucket ظَ اب deer
َالَساء َالستة َالمكبة: These are six isms which are not in their diminutive form )َصغة
َ (م. These are
as follows:
أَب father فَم mouth
أَخ brother َهن something insignificant
ََحم brother-in-law ( ذ اوplural: )أوْ او someone who possesses something
َالرفَع
َ ََحالَة َحَالَةََالنَصَب َحَالَةََاْلَر
َجتءَ مياد َرأَيات َميا ًدا َمََارُ َِزياد
Zayd came. I saw Zayd. I passed by Zayd.
In these three sentences, the word َميادis displaying the different i‘raab according to the
changing state (ََُْحت ِص
َ ). Thus, it has a dammah in ََحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع, and a fathah in ب ََحتَُْ اْنة ا, and a
kasrah in ََِاْل
ََحتَُْ ا.
58
Table 2.11
إعرابَأقسامَالساءَالَمَعربَةَ
30
I said to some men.
31
ضتف is dropped when it isفَم ofم
The dameer. For example, it is dropped in theي to any noun besides theم َ
كfollowng hadith: ... )…َ (Whatever you put in the mouth of your wifeمت َاَت ََل ِ اف ِف اامََأَتِ َ
32
Both of them.
59
Table 2.11 – Continued
جَاع اْام َذ ةك َِ اْ ةس ِتَل ﹹ او َن ﹻيا َن ﹻيا َن َجتءَ م اسلِم او َن
ي ِِ
َ ي َرأَيات م اسلم ا
ِِ ِ
َ َمََارُ مب اسلم ا
– ِع اشَاو َن إِ َٰل تِ اسَ او َن َجتءَ ِع اشَاو َن َمََارُ َِِ اش َِيا َن َرأَيات ِع اش َِيا َن
ﹹ او َن ﹻيا َن ﹻيا َن
ِسن او َن ًَرجل ًَرجل ًَرجل
ِ
أوْ او
ﹹ او ﹻ اي ﹻ اي َجتءَ أوْ او َمتل َرأَيات أ ِ ا
ول َمََارُ ب ِ ا
ول
(plural of )ذ او َمتل َمتل
ِ ٰهؤْٰل ِء
َ جَاع اْام َذ ةك َِ اْ ةستَل (م
ضتف
ي ي
َرأَيات
َمََارُ ِمب اسلِ ِم ةي
hidden ة ة
)إِ َٰل ََي ِء اْامتَ ةكلِِم 33 ِ ِ
م اسلم ةي 34 ِ ِ
م اسلم ةي
EXERCISE35
1. Translate, fill in the iʻraab and identify which rule from among those given in Table
2.11, is applicable.
i. جنى اْفْى من اْغَق
ii. اْلقتصتد سبَّل اْغن
iii. حنتم اْقتضي
iv. َنديت اَْتملي
v. كتن اْتلمَّذ منتبهي
vi. ُهجم اْثَلب على اْدجتجت
vii. اغسل فتك َِد كل طَتم
33
م اسلِ ِم ةيwas originally َم اسلِم او َن. First, the نwas dropped because of َُضتفَ ِإ. It became ي
ِ
َ م اسلم او. Then, the وwas
changed to a يand the two were joined according to the following morphological )ص اَِف َ ( rule: “when a وand a ي
appear together and the first is ستكِن ِ
َ , then the وis changed to a ي, and the two يare joined (this is called )إ اد َغتم,
and the dammah before the وis changed into a kasrah.” Thus, it became سلِ ِم ةي م ا.
34
م اسلِ ِم ةيwas originally ن ِِ َ ِإ. It became ي
ََ م اسلمَّا. First, the نwas dropped because of َُضتف
ِِ
َ م اسلم اي. Then, the two ي
were joined ()إِ اد َغتم. Thus, it became سلِ ِم ةي م ا.
35
For more exercises, refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 13-51 & 83-94.
60
CHAPTER 3
Further discussion of isms
Section 3.1
َ – اَْلَسَمََالَمَنسوبRelative adjective
َ ( ََيء اْنِ اسبَ ُِ اْامpreceded by a kasrah is added at the end of the ism
To show this relation, a ش ةد َدة) ي
after affecting the following changes, if needed:
61
6. In case of the اِ اسمwhich appears on the َوامنof فََِاَّلand ends with a ي, the first يshould be
changed to a وpreceded by a fathah, and the second يshould be dropped.
e.g. ( َعلِاَّي) َعلِي becomes َعلَ ِوي
7. If the fourth letter of an اِ اسمis a يpreceded by a kasrah, then the يcan be dropped or it
can be changed to a و.
e.g. ِد اهلِ اي becomes ِد اهلِي or ِد اهلَ ِوي
8. If an original letter from the end of an اِ اسمwas dropped, it should first be brought back,
and then, the اِ اسم َمانس اوبshould be made.
e.g. ( أَبoriginally )أََِو becomes أََِ ِوي
( أَخoriginally )أَ َخو becomes أَ َخ ِوي
( َدمoriginally ) َد َمو becomes َد َم ِوي
9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage.
e.g. ن اور becomes ن اوَرِان ََحق becomes ِ ََحق
ةتن
EXERCISE
iii. َِّضتء
62
Section 3.2
َ – اَْلَسَمََالَتصغيDiminutive ism
Definition: It is an ism which is used to express the diminutive form of an ism. Sometimes, the
purpose is to show affection or contempt.
Rules:
1. A three-letter ism would come on the wazn of ( ف ََاَّلor َُ ف ََاَّ لfor feminine).
e.g. َرجل becomes ( ر َجاَّلa little man)
َعابد becomes ( عبَ اَّدa little slave)
3. A five-letter ism without a و, اor يas the fourth, would also come on the wazn of ف ََاََِّل.
The fifth letter would be dropped.
e.g. ( َس َف اَ َجلname of a plant) becomes س َف اِْيج
A five-letter ism having a و, اor يas the fourth letter, would come on the scale of ف ََاََِّاَّل.
e.g. ( قِاَطَتسpaper) becomes ق ََيا ِطاَّس
Notes:
1. In the diminutive form, the hidden ةof a م َؤنةث َسَتعِيbecomes apparent.
e.g. َشاس becomes ُشَاَّ َس
2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of an ism which has been dropped becomes
apparent.
e.g. اِِان (originally )َِان و becomes ِ َن
( ِ َنwas originally ِ نَ اَّ و, and underwent a morphological process to become )ِ َن
EXERCISE
1. Form the diminutive ism from the following words.
63
Section 3.3
َ – اََلمعرفةَوالنكرةDefinite and indefinite isms
3. ِترة ِ ِ ِ
َ ا اسم اال َش: It is the demonstrative ا اسم. It has been discussed earlier in section 2.4.3.
4. اَاِْل اسم اْا َم اوص اول: It is the relative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.2.
7. اَْامنَت ٰدى: It is the vocative اِ اسم, i.e. an اِ اسمwhich appears after a َح اَف نِ َداء
َ.
e.g. ََي َرجل
EXERCISE
1. Which of the following words are ma‘rifah (state what type) and which are nakirah.
i. اْفَس v. ُمك
ii. حنن vi. ذْك
iii. سَّترة اْذي vii. سك
iv. َي وْد viii. سَّف اَْجل
64
Section 3.4
َ – اَْلَسَمََالمذكرَوالمؤنثMasculine and feminine ism
َ اْلسمَالمذكر- Masculine im: It is an اِ اسمwhich does not have any sign from amongst the signs of
femininity )ث ِ َِّ(ع َلمتُ اْتةأان.
ا َ َ
َ اْلسمَالمؤنث- Feminine ism: It is an اِ اسمwhich has a sign from amongst the signs of femininity.
This sign could be apparent or hidden.
Based on the signs of femininity being َْ اف ِظيor تَ اق ِدي َِي, اَاِْل اسم اْام َؤنةثis of two types:
ِ َّ( اَْامؤنةث اْا ِقaccording to rule): It is a feminine اِسمwhich has a َْ اف ِظيsign of femininity.
تسي
1. َ َ ا
ِ ( اَْامؤنةث اْ ةسمaccording to usage): It is a feminine اِسمwhich has a تَ اق ِدي َِيsign of
تعي
2. َ َ ا
femininity.
65
Notes:
1. The following are used as feminine )(م َؤنةث:
a. Name of females.
e.g. َم اََمي َميانَب
b. Words denoting the feminine gender.
e.g. أم أ اخت
c. Names of countries, cities, towns and tribes.
َص ِ
e.g. ما ق ََياش
d. Parts of the body found in pairs.
e.g. أذن يَد
Note: There are exceptions to the rule. خد ِ
َ (cheek), ( ََحتجبeyebrow) etc. are
masculine.
e. Names of various types of winds.
e.g. ِرياح َص
َ َص ا
َ
f. Various names of Jahannam (hell).
e.g. ج َهنةم
َ ََس َق
Letters of the alphabet )ُجتئَِّة ِ
g. َ (اَ الَاوف ا الare generally used as م َؤنةث. They can also be used
as masculine.
e.g. ا ب ُ ……..
2. There are some words that Arabs use as feminine without regard to the presence or absence
of signs of femininity. Examples include the following:
َدْاو (bucket) ( ََح اَثtillage/field) َ ِائ (well)
نَ افس (self) ََنر (fire) َدار (house)
66
Section 3.5
َ – واحدَوت ثنيةَوجعSingular, dual and plural
َ – ت ثنيةDual: It is an ism which denotes two of something. It is formed by placing at the end of
a singular )اَحدِ (وone of the following:
َ
ِ ِ [ﹷfor َحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع.
An أَْفpreceded by a fathah and followed by a ن اونwith a kasrah i.e. ]ان َ
)ورة ِ
َ (أَْف َمت قَ اب لَ َهت َم افتوح َوَِ اَ َد َهت ن اون َم اكس
e.g. َرج َل ِن two men
ِص
A ََيءpreceded by a fathah and followed by a ن اونwith a kasrah i.e. ] [ﹷيا ِنfor ب ََحتَُْ اْنة ا
ََِاْل
َو ا. )( ََيء َمت قَ اب لَ َهت َم افتوح َوَِ اَ َد َهت ن اون َم اكس َورة
ِ رجلَ ا
ي
e.g. َ two men
EXERCISE
1. Translate the following into Arabic.
i. The boy’s two bicycles.
ii. The farmer’s two servants.
iii. Your parents came.
iv. I saw your parents.
v. The servants of deen.
vi. The teachers of the school.
67
Section 3.6
َ – أقسامَاْلمعTypes of plural
ِ وdoes not
َ – اْلمع َالسالSound plural: It is a plural whose َُ( ِصَّغletter sequence/form) of اَحد َ
change when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does not break.
e.g. م اسلِم او َن (singular – سلِم
)م ا
2. – جَاع م َؤنةث َس ِتَلFeminine sound plural: It is formed by discarding the round ةand adding
at the end of a singular one of the following:
An أَِْفpreceded by a fathah and followed by a madmoom long ُ i.e. ]ُ [ﹷاfor
ََحتَُْ اْةَفا ِع. )ُضم اوَم ِ
(أَْف َمت قَ اب لَ َهت َم افت اوح َوَِ اَ َد َهت ََتء َم ا
e.g. ُم اسلِ َمت
An أَِْفpreceded by a fathah and followed by a maksoor long ُ i.e. ]ُ [ﹷاfor
ََِاْل
ب َو ا ِص ِ
ََحتَُْ اْنة ا. )(أَْف َمت قَ اب لَ َهت َم افت اوح َوَِ اَ َد َهت ََتء َمكاسوَرة
e.g. ُم اسلِ َمت
َ – اْلمع َالمكسرBroken plural: It is a plural whose َُ( ِصَّغthe singular letter sequence/form) of
ِ وchanges when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks.
اَحد َ
e.g. ِر َجتل (singular – ) َرجل
68
َ – جعَقلةRestricted Plural: It is a plural which denotes a number from three to ten. It has four
common أ اَوَمان.
Table 3.1
َأ َوزانَجعَقلة
Examples
Wazn
Singular Meaning Plural
أَفا َل نَ افس self أَنافس
أَفا ََتل قَ اول statement أَقا َوال
َُأَفاَِل طَ ََتم food ُأَطاَِ َم
َُفِ اَل غ َلم boy ُِغ ال َم
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an الis also
considered ُجَاع قِلة.
e.g. َُعتقِ َل intelligent females َعتقِل او َنintelligent males
َ – جعَكث رةUnrestricted Plural: It is a plural which denotes a number from three upwards. Some
of the common أ اَوَمانare given below.
Table 3.2
َأ َوزانَجعََكث رة
Examples
Wazn
Singular Meaning Plural
فِ ََتل َعابد slave ِعبَتد
ف ََ َلء َعلِاَّم knowledgeable علَ َمتء
أَفاَِ َلء نَِب prophet أَنابََِّتء
ف َل َرس اول messenger رسل
ف َ اول َاجنم star جن اوم
ف َةتل َخ ِتدم servant خدةام
فَ اَ ٰلى َم َِياض patient َم اَضٰى
َُفَ ََل طَتِْب student َُطَلَب
فِ ََل َُفِاَق group/sect فََِق
فِ اَ َلن غ َلم boy ِغ ال َمتن
69
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an الis also
considered as جَاع َكثا ََة.
e.g. ُاَْام اسلِ َمت اَْام اسلِم او َن
Table 3.3
َأمثالَجعَاْلمع
Singular Meaning Plural Plural of plural
ُنِ اَ َم blessing أَناَم أ َََن ِعم
َظ اف nail َِأَظَتف أَظَتفِ اْي
َِاَّت house ُِ َّ او ُِ َّ او ََت
ِ َف
تضل well-qualified ِ َأَف
تضل ِ َأَف
تضل او َن
َمن ت هىَاْلموع: It is a plural which has after the ( أَِْف ا اْلَ ام ِعalif of plural), one of the following:
two ح َِك ِ مس
َ َ متletters. e.g. تجد ََ
one ش ةدد
َ مletter. e.g. ( َد َوابthe original being ) َد َوا ِب
three letters, the middle one being ستكِن
َ. e.g. َم َفتتِاَّح
Some of the common wazns of اْلم اوِع
مان تَ َهى اare given below:
Table 3.4
َأ َوزانَمن ت هىَاْلموع
Examples
Wazn
Singular Meaning Plural
تعل ِ م َف
َ َم اس ِجد mosque ِ مس
تجد ََ
ِ
َم َفتعاَّل ِم افتَتح key ِ
َم َفتتاَّح
فَ َوا ِعل ِ َق
تع َدة rule/maxim ِ قَو
اعد َ
فَ ََتئِل َُِْر َست message/letter ِ
َر َستئل
تعل ِ َأَف أَ اك ََب elder َِ أَ َكت
70
َ – اسم َاْلمعCollective ism:36 It is a singular اِ اسمwhich conveys a plural meaning. Generally, it
does not have a singular from the same word.
e.g. قَ اوم nation
َراهط group
Note:
1. These words have plurals.
e.g. قَ اوم أَقا َوام َراهط أ اَرَهتط
2. In usage, if the word is considered, it will be used as a singular اِ اسم.
ِ اَْا َقوم َح
َتض
e.g. َ ا The people are present.
If its meaning is considered (as is commonly done), it will be used as a plural اِ اسم.
ِ قَوم ص
تل او َن
e.g. َ ا righteous people
Notes:
1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as their singulars.
e.g. اِ امََأَة (woman) نِ َستء
ذ او (the one who possesses something) أوْ او
36
For more details, please refer to ‘Abd al-Ghaniyy al-Daqr, Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah fi al-Nahw wa al-
Tasreef (Damascus: Dar al-Qalam, 1986), 36.
37
For more details, please refer to Muʻjam al-Qawaʻid al-‘Arabiyyah, 36.
71
EXERCISE
1. What type of plurals are the following?
72
Section 3.7
َ الَمََرفَوعَات- Words that are always marfoo‘
There are eight words that are always in the state of َرفاع. These are as follows:
ِ َف
1. تعل 2. ِ ََنئِب اْا َف
تع ِل 3. ماب تَ َدأ 4. َخ ََب 5. َخ َو ِاُتَت
َ َخ ََب إِ ةن َوأ
6. َخ َو ِاُتَت ِ ِِ ِ ِ اْلِان َخ ََب َْل اَْةِ اِت ِْنَ اف ِي ا
َ ا اسم َكت َن َوأ 7. س
َ َّا اسم َمت َوَْل اَْام َشبة َهتَ اي لَا 8. س
Some of these have been discussed before. ( ماب تَ َدأsubject) and خ ََب َ (predicate) were
discussed in Section 1.4.1, َخ َو ِاُتَت ِ اِسم َكت َن وأwas
َ َخ ََب إِ ةن َوأwas discussed in Section 1.8, and َخ َواُتَت
َ َ ا
discussed in Section 1.9. We discuss the rest below.
Section 3.7.1
َ – فاعلSubject/Doer
Definition: It is the doer of the action or of the meaning contained in the فِ اَل.
The تعل ِ َ( اِسم ظi.e. visible in words after the
ِ َ فcan either be a personal pronoun or an َته
ا
ِ
)ف اَل. We have discussed personal pronouns before in Section 2.4.1. Now, we will discuss
what the فِ اَلshould be for various types of تعل
ِ َف.
Table 3.5
َاستعمالَالفعلَحسبَالفاعل
If the َ فاعلis Then the َ فَعَلwill be Example
1. تهَ م َؤنةث ََح ِقاَّ ِقيِ َ ظand there is اَحد مؤنةث
َ
ِو
َ ُت َعتئِ َش
قَ َتم ا
no word between the فِ اَل
and the تعل ِ َف.
2. ض ِم اْي م َؤنةث م َؤنةثand its singularity, صََََت ِ ِ ِ
َ َ َ اَْام ََل َمتَتن ن- ُ صََ ا َ َاَْام ََل َمُ ن
ص اَ َن ِ
َ َ اَْام ََل َمتُ ن-
duality, or plurality will
be according to the
preceding ism that it
refers to.
3. تهَ م َؤنةث ََح ِقاَّ ِقي
ِ َ ظand there is َاَحد م َذ ةك
ِ وor اَحد مؤنةث
َ َ
ِو
َ ُقَ ََأَ اْاََّ اوَم َعتئِ َش
a word between the ف اَلand ِ or
ِ َف. ِ قََأ
َُُ اْاََّ اوَم َعتئِ َش
the تعل َ
4. َح ِقاَّ ِقي ِ
َ ظَتهَ م َؤنةث َغْي
ِ وor اَحد مؤنةث
َاَحد م َذ ةك َ َ
ِو
َ ةمس
طَلَ َع اْش اor ةمس
ِ
طَلَ ََت اْش ا
5. َس
ظَتهَ جَاع م َك ة ِ ة ِ ة ِ
َ َواَحد م َذكor َواَحد م َؤنث تل اْ َِ َجتل ِ َْقَت
َ َ قor ت اْ َِ َجتل
73
Table 3.5 – Continued
EXERCISE
74
Section 3.7.2
فاعلَ – Substitute ofمفعولََماَلَيسمَفاعلهَ /نئبَالَفاعلَ
تعل which is theاِ اسم Definition: It is an تعل (passive voice). The originalفَِل َاَمهول of aفَ ِ
ا ا
isفَ ِ
تع ِل َ subsitutes it. This is why, it is calledم افَ اول ِِه dropped and the
تعل ََ (substitute ofنئِب اْا َف ِ
) orفَ ِ
تعل whoseفِ اَل َ of such aم افَ اول َ (theم افَ اول َمت ََلا ي َس ةم فَتعِله
is not mentioned).فَ ِ
e.g. نِ
صََ َمياد )Zayd was helped. (The doer is not known/mentioned.
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
ِ ََ .نئِب اْا َف ِ
تع ِل with itsف اَل َا
َمه اول 1. Convert the following to
سَق اْلص املتل i. نَبد هللا iii.
فتح ميد الِواب ii. ذِح اَْجل اْشتة iv.
75
Section 3.7.338
َ – اسمَماَوْلَالمشب هتَيََبليسIsm of those ماand َ ْلwhich are similar to َليس
It means that َمتand َْلhave the same meaning and effect ( ) َع َملas َْاَّس.
َ
e.g. َمت َمياد قَتئِ ًمت Zayd is not standing.
كَ ض َل ِمان َ َْل َرجل أَفا No man is more virtuous than you.
Like َْاَّس, sometimes, an extra baa’ ( ) َبء َمائِ َدةis added before the خ ََب
َ.
َ
e.g. َمت أ َََن َِقت ِرئ I am not a reader/I cannot read.
38
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 95-102.
76
Section 3.7.439
َ – خبََْلَالْىَلن فَيََاْلنسThe َ خبof that َ ْلwhich negates an entire َ( جَنَسcategory/class)
َْلgives its اِ اسمa single fathah and its خ ََب ِ ِ
َ a dammah when the ا اسمand the َخ ََبare نَكََة.
e.g. َْل َرج َل قَتئِم No man is standing.
Table 3.6
Different forms of the ism of َ ْلand its i‘raab
If the َ اَسَمof َ ْلis Then it will be Explanation Example
1. ضتف ِ ِشبه اْام40 مانصوب
َ مor ضتف
َ ا َ ا َْل َخ ِتد َم َرجل ِف اْ ةدا ِر
There is no servant of
a man in the house.
ِ َْل س
تعًَّت َخ ًْيا َم اذموم َ
No one who attempts
to do good is
blameworthy.
2. نَ ِكََة م افَََدة َماب ِن َعلَى اْا َفات ِح َْل َرج َل ِف اْ ةدا ِر
There is no man in
the house.
3. ََُم اَ َِف َم اَف اوع - The َْلhas to be َْل َمياد ِف اْ ةدا ِر َوَْل َع امَو
repeated with Neither is Zayd in the
another َُ َم اَ َِف. house nor ‘Amr.
- The effect of َْل
is cancelled.
4. نَ ِكََةwith a word َم اَف اوع - The َْلhas to be َْل فِ ََّهت َرجل َوَْل اِ امََأَة
between it and َْل repeated. Neither is there a
- The effect of َْل man in it nor a
is cancelled. woman.
5. َْلand نَ ِكََةrepeated فَاتحه َمت 41
ول َوَْل ق ةوَة
َ َْل ََح
with no word َرفا َه َمت َْل ََحول َوَْل ق ةوة
between them صب اْثة ِتن ِ
فَ اتح االَةول َونَ ا ول َوَْل ق ةوًة
َ َْل ََح
فَ اتح االَةوِل َوَرفاع اْثة ِتن ول َوَْل ق ةوة
َ َْل ََح
َرفاع االَةوِل َوفَ اتح اْثة ِتن َْل ََحول َوَْل ق ةوَة
39
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 118-122.
40
It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way
that mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi are connected to one another.
41
There is no power (to do good) and there is no power (to stay away from evil)[except with Allah’s help].
77
Note: The خ ََب
َ of َْلmay be omitted when the meaning is understood.
e.g. َ َْل َبا
س i.e. ك َ َْل َبا
َ َّس َعلَا There is no harm upon you. / No
problem.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the rule which applies.
i. ْل خْي ف متل اْبخَّل ْنفسه v. ْل ِكَ ف اْفصل وْل َحسن
ii. ْل طتْب علم ف اْفصل vi. ْل ف اْفصل مَلم وْل طتْب
iii. ْل صتَحب جود مذموم vii. ُْل دار كتب ف املدين
iv. ْل اَْجل كَمي وْل اِنه viii. ُْل ف الديقُ صبَّتن وْل ِنت
78
Section 3.8
َ – الَمَنَصَوََبَتWords which are always mansoob42
Of these, 8, 9, 10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining.
Section 3.8.1
َ – مفعولََبهObject
ِ َ فtakes place.
Definition: It is that word on which the action of the تعل
e.g. اءا
َم َخالد َشرب Khalid drank water.
َم افَ اول ِِه ِ َف
تعل فِ اَل
Sometimes, the فِ اَلgoverning the َم افَ اول ِِهis dropped as in the following:
a. ( منَتدٰىthe one being called):43
e.g. َابنََزيد ََي O son of Zayd!
)منَتدٰى ( َم افَ اول ِِه ََح اَف اْنِ َد ِاء
It was originally )(أ اَدع او اِِا َن َمياد. The fi‘l أ اَدع اوwas dropped.
Note:
The َح اَف اْنِ َد ِاء ِ
َ (vocative particle) substitutes the omitted ف اَل.
Some of the vocative particles are as follows:
َ أand أَ اي These are used when the منَتدٰىis near.
أ َََي and َهََّت These are used when the منَتدٰىis far.
ََي This is used for both (near and far).
42
There are exceptions to the rule. Mustathnaa, for example, is not always mansoob. It is still mentioned under
this category because most of the time, it is mansoob.
43
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 120-124.
79
Table 3.7
Rules governing the i‘raab of the منادٰى
Then it will
If the منادٰىis Example
be
1. ضتف َم َمانص اوب ََي اِا َن َمياد O son of Zayd!
ِ شبَِّه ِبْامض44
2. تف َمانص اوب ََي قت ِرءًا كِتَ ًتب O reader of a book!
َ َ
َ
ِ
3. َُكَة َغْي مََّة ن
َ َن َمانص اوب ََي َرج ًل! خ اذ ََِّ ِد ايO man! Take my hand. (call
(Unspecified nakirah) of a blind man to any person
for assisstance)
4. َُنَ ِكََة م َََّةن َم اَف اوع ََي َرجل O man!
(Specified nakirah)
5. َم اَ َِفَُ م افَََدة َم اَف اوع ََي َمياد O Zayd!
(Singular ma‘rifah)
6. م ََةَف ِ ال َم اَف اوع ( أَي َهتmasculine) or ( أَيةت َهتfeminine) has to be
added between the َح اَف اْنِ َد ِاء َ and منَتدٰى.
ََي أَي َهت اْةَجلO man! ََي أَيةت َهت اْا َم اَأَةO woman!
b. س اه ًل
َ أ اَه ًل َو: This is said to one’s guest for welcoming him/her.
Its original is س اه ًل َ ت َ َّت أ اَه ًل َوَوطَا
َ َّأَتَا, which means “You have come to your own people
and have trampled comfortable ground.” In other words, “you are welcome.” Here
two fi‘ls, ت
َ َّ أَتَاand تَ َّ َوطَاhave been dropped.
c. Sometimes, when warning someone, the فِ اَلgoverning the َم افَ اول ِِهis dropped due to
context. Examples include the following:
ِ اِتto give the same meaning, which is
اَْطة َِيا َق اَْطة َِيا َقis used instead of ةق اْطة َِيا َق
ِ اِتhas been dropped.
“Beware of the road!” Here, the fi‘l ةق
َس َد ِ ِ اِت ِةق نَ افسك ِمن االto give the same meaning, which
َ إ ةَي َك َو االis used instead of َسد
َ َ َ َ
is “Save yourself from the lion.”
ِ اْامض
This is another term for تف ِشابه.
44
َ As mentioned earlier, it is similar to mudaaf in meaning.
80
Section 3.8.245
َمفعولََمطلق
Note: Sometimes, the فِ اَلgoverning َم افَ اول مطالَقis dropped because of context. For example,
َخ ا َْي َم اق َدم. Originally, it was ت قد اوًمت َخ ا َْي َم اق َدم ِ
َ قَد ام, which means “You came a good coming.” Here,
the fi‘l ت ِ
َ قَد ام, and قد اوًمت, which is the َم افَ اول مطالَق, have been dropped because of context. Only
ِ of the م افَول مطالَق, which is خْي م اق َدم, remains.
the ُص َف َ ا َ ََ ا
Section 3.8.346
ََمَفَعَولََلَه/ََمَفَعَوَلََلجله
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, it is a
ص َدر
َم ا.
e.g. ضََِاته َتا ِديابًت
َ I beat/hit him to teach (him) manners.
Section 3.8.447
َمفعولََمعه
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich appears after such a َواوwhich has the meaning of ( َم َعwith). This
َواوis known as ُِ َواو اْا َمََِّة.
تب ِ
e.g. َ ََجتءَ َمياد َواْاكت Zayd came with the book.
ِجائت َوَميا ًدا I came with Zayd.
45
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 156-160. For
additional types of َم افَ اول مطالَق, with accompanying examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih,
Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 127-130.
46
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 161-164.
47
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 157-162.
81
Section 3.8.5
ََمفعَولََفيه/ََظرف
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich denotes the time ) ( َمَمتنor place ) ( َم َكتنin which an action took
place.
e.g. َستفَ اَُ َش اهًَا I travelled for a month.
Both types of ظَاوفnamely, َمَمتنand َم َكتن, are of two types: ُمد اود
( َاlimited, restricted)
and ( ماب َهمunlimited, unrestricted).
ِ ظَوف اْةزم
Types of تن َ ا
i. ( َاُمد اودlimited, restricted): for example,
يَ اوم day e.g. ص امت يَ اوًمت I fasted for one day.
َْاَّل night e.g. َع ِم الت َْاَّ ًل I worked for one night.
ََشه month e.g. ص امت َش اهًَا I fasted for a month.
ََُسن year e.g. ًََُستفَ اَُ َسن I travelled for a year.
82
The above-mentioned five maf‘ools have been combined in a couplet, which is as
follows:
Sentence Analysis:
ده اراَمديَ ادا رعايةَشكَرهَ وَحيَ ادَا حام ادا َح ادا َحدتَ
| | |
َم افَ اول فِاَّ ِه = جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ َم افَ اول َْه َم افَ اول َم ََه َم افَ اول ِِه )فِ اَل +فَت ِعل( َم افَ اول مطالَق
EXERCISE
َ in the following sentences.م افَ اول 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and identify the type of
83
Section 3.8.648
َ – حَالState / Condition
If the َحتل ِِ ِ ِ ِ ِ
َ is a ُ جالَُ ف اَلَّةand the ف اَلis اَْاف اَل اْا َمتض اي, قَ ادhas to appear before the اَْاف اَل
ِ اْام.
تضي
ا َ
e.g. َجتءَ َمياد َوقَ اد َخََ َج َخ ِتدمه Zayd came while his servant had left.
48
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 101-109.
84
Sentence Analysis:
ِجائت َع امًَا ََنئِ ًمت 2. I came to ‘Amr while he was asleep.
= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبيةُ َم افَ اول ِِه + فَِل +فَ ِ
تعل ا
سَا
جال ا أكلَ زيدَ
ض ِم اْي م استََت (ه َو) ِِ
فاَّه َ
|
ََحتل + الَ ِتل
ذو ا
85
EXERCISE
َحتل 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the in the following sentences.ذو ا ِ
الَتل َ and
i. أَحب اْتلمَّذ َمتهدا vi. ْل تكلوا اْطَتم َحترا
ii. ْقَّت ميدا راكبي vii. نصَُ ميدا مشدودا
iii. ْل تكلوا اْفتكهُ وهي فجُ viii. غتب أخوك وقد َحضَ جَّع أصدقتءه
iv. رجع اْقتئد منصورا ix. دخل اْلص املنزل وأهله َنئمون
v. قطف اْتتجَ اَْنب َنضجت x. ِنت الشجتر وملت يثمَ
86
Section 3.8.749
َ َتي ز/ ََتَيَي ز
ُ= جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية َم افَ اول ِِه + ِ َ ف+ فَِل
تعل ا
Notes:
The ambiguous اِ اسمis called مََّةزand the اِ اسمwhich clarifies it is called ََتِاَّ زor َتَاَِّاَّ ز.
The ََتِاَّ زis mansoob and gets two fathahs.
Sometimes, the مََّة زis not mentioned in words but is understood from the
meaning of the sentence )( َم الح اوظ.
e.g. ََحس َن اْا َوَْد َك َل ًمت The boy is good in terms of (his) speech.
If the مََّة زis a number, the rules with regards to the usage of numerals (on the
next page) must be kept in mind.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the مََّة زand ََتِاَّ زin the following sentences.
49
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 110-119.
87
Rules for َ( أَسَاءََالَعَدَدnumerals)
50
For feminine, the form َ َع َشََةis also used. See W. Wright, Arabic Grammar, (Mineola, NY: Dover
Publications, 2005), Part 1, 256. Also see Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, vol. 4, 71.
88
Thirteen through nineteen (13-19)
ِ و.
The َم اَد اودis اَحد َمانص اوب َ
The gender of the first part of the َع َددshould be opposite of the gender of the َم اَد اود.
e.g. أَارَِ َََُ َع َشََ َرج ًلfourteen men
تِ اس َع َع اشََةَ ِان تًتnineteen girls
The “ten” َ( عشmasc.)/( عشَةfem.) agrees with the َم اَد اودin terms of gender.
89
Hundred (100)
The َم اَد اودis َمَاور ِ و.
اَحد َا َ
َُ ِمتئremains the same irrespective of whether the َم اَد اودis masculine or feminine.
e.g. ِمتئَُ َرجل hundred men ِمتئَُ ِانت hundred girls
For 200, ِمتئَتَتis used. ( ِمتئَ َِتin ََِاْل ِص
ب َو ا ) ََحتَُْ اْنة ا
e.g. ِمتئَتَت ِانت two hundred girls
ِمتئَ َِت ِانتtwo hundred girls
Since َُ ِمتئis feminine, the number before َُ ِمتئis masculine.
e.g. أَارََِ ِمتئَُِ َرجل four hundred men
أَارََِ ِمتئَُِ ِانت four hundred women
If there are units and tens with the 100’s as well, their respective gender rules apply.
e.g. ِمتئَُ َو َع َشََة كتب hundred and ten books
ًُاس ِ
َ َمتئَُ َوخَاس َوأَارََِ او َن كة hundred and forty-five note-books
Thousand (1,000)
The َم اَد اودis َمَاور ِ و.
اَحد َا َ
أَْافremains the same, irrespective of whether the َم اَد اودis masculine or feminine.
e.g. أَْاف َرجل thousand men أَْاف ِانت thousand girls
Since أَْافis masculine, the number before أَْافis feminine.
ف َرجلِ أَرِ َُ أَْٰل
e.g. َ َا four thousand men
ف ِانتِ أَرِ َُ أَْٰل
َ َا four thousand women
Note: The plural for أَْافis ف ِ أَْٰل.
Million (1,000,000)
The َم اَد اودis َمَاور ِ و.
اَحد َا َ
ِم الَّ اونremains the same irrespective of whether the َم اَد اودis masculine or feminine.
e.g. ِم الَّ اون َرجل million men
ِم الَّ اون ِانت million girls
Since ِم الَّ اونis masculine, the number before ِم الَّ اونis feminine.
e.g. ي َرجل َ أَارَِ ََُ َم َليِ ا four million men
ي اِامََأَة
َ أَارَِ ََُ َم َليِ ا four million women
Note: The plural for ِم الَّ اونis َم َليِ اي.
90
EXERCISES
1. Write the following in Arabic.
i. 2 schools vii. 11 books
ii. 12 women viii. 14 chairs
iii. 17 doors ix. 26 boys
iv. 21 cars x. 111 elephants
v. 150 houses xi. 195 keys
vi. 444 miles xii. 3,333 roses
i. ُف اْبستتن تسع وتسَون َنل v. ُف اْكتتب أرِع وعشَون صفح
ii. مستَحُ اْدار أْفت ذراع vi. ف اْسنُ اثنت عشَ شهَا
iii. ْلحجَة ثلثُ شبتَِّك vii. ُعمَ أخَّك اآلن خس وثلثون سن
iv. بع اْتتجَ أرَُِ عشَ قنطترا قطنت viii. ُبضت اْدجتجُ ثلث َِّضت
91
Section 3.8.851
َمستَث ٰن
اِ استِثا نَتءmeans to exclude.
م استَ ثا ٰنis an اِ اسمwhich has been excluded and appears after the اْل استِثا نَ ِتء َِحَف ا.
َا
م استَ ثا ٰن ِمانهis an اِ اسمfrom which the م استَ ثا ٰنhas been excluded. It appears before اْل استِثانَ ِتء َِحَف ا.
َا
اْل استِثا نَ ِتء
ِ َحَوف اare as follows:
ا
َمت َع َدا َمت َخ َل َع َدا َخ َل تشت
َ ََح ِس ٰوى َغ ا َْي إِةْل
e.g. َجتءَ اْا َق اوم إِةْل َميا ًدا The people came except Zayd.
زي ادا َإَْل َالقوم َجاء
م استَ ثا ٰن+ اْل استِثا نَ ِتء
ِ َحَف ا+ مست ثا ٰن ِمانه
َا َا
Related terminology
ِ مستَ ثا ٰن مت
ةصل refers to the case when the ستَ ثا ٰن ِ ِ ِ
ا م اwas included in the م استَ ثا ٰن مانهbefore the ا استثا نَتء.
e.g. َجتءَ اْا َق اوم إِةْل َميا ًدا The people came except Zayd.
(Zayd was one of the people before the exclusion.)
م استَ ثا ٰن مان َق ِطع refers to the case when the ستَ ثا ٰن ِ
م اwas not included in the م استَ ثا ٰن مانهbefore the
اِ استِثا نَتء.
َّسِ ِ ٰ ِ ِة
e.g.
َ َس َج َد اْا َملئ َكُ إْل إِال The angels prostrated except Iblees.
(Iblees was never one of the angels.)
َجتءَ اْا َق اوم إِةْل ِمحَ ًترا The people came except a donkey.
(Donkey was never included among the people.)
َك َلم م او َجب/( َك َلم مثابَتpositive statement) refers to a sentence which does not have a نَ افي, ََنايor
اِ استِ اف َهتم.
e.g. َجتءَ اْا َق اوم إِةْل َميا ًدا The people came except Zayd.
َك َلم َغ اْي م او َجب/( َك َلم َمنا ِفيnegative sentence) refers to a sentence which does have a نَ افي, ََنايor
اِ استِ اف َهتم.
e.g. َمت َجتءَ اْا َق اوم إِةْل َميا ًدا The people did not come except Zayd.
51
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 88-100.
92
م استَ ثا ٰن م َفةَغ refers to a sentence in which the ستَ ثا ٰن ِمانه
م اis not mentioned.
e.g. َمت َجتءَ إِةْل َمياد No one came except Zayd.
Table 3.8
َإعرابَالمستَث ٰن
93
Table 3.8 – Continued
Note: The i‘raab of the word َغ اْيis the same as that of ستَ ثا ٰن ِ إِةْل
م ا. Thus, the simple way to
determine the i‘raab of َغ اْيis to replace َغ اْيwith إِةْل. Now, whatever i‘raab ستَ ثا ٰن
م اwas supposed
to get, should be given to َغ اْي.
For example, we have two sentences, 1) جتءَ اْا َق اوم َغ اْي َمياد
َ and 2) َمت َجتءَ َغ اْي َمياد.
To determine the i‘raab of َغ اْي, follow the following two steps for each of these
sentences.
a. Replace غْيwith إِةْلand see what the i‘raab of the ستَ ثا ٰن
م اwould be.
1) جتءَ اْا َق اوم إِةْل َميا ًدا
َ 2) جتءَ إِةْل َمياد
َ َمت
The first sentence is جب َ م او, so the م استَ ثا ٰنwill be mansoob. The second sentence
is جب
َ َغ اْي م اوand م َفةَغ, so the م استَ ثا ٰنis according to the ‘aamil. Thus, it will be
marfoo‘.
ِ
( م اwith )إةْلwill be given to َغ اْي.
b. The i‘raab of the ستَ ثا ٰن
1) ْي َمياد
َ َجتءَ اْا َق اوم َغ ا 2) جتءَ َغ اْي َمياد
َ َمت
EXERCISES
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and explain the i‘raab of the mustathnaa.
94
Section 3.952
َ – الَمَجَ َرَوَراتWords which are always majroor
There are two types of words that are always majroor. These are as follows:
1. An اِ اسمpreceded by a َج
َ ََح اَف.
e.g. ِ َِف اْاكِت
تب in the book
2. ضتف إَِْاَّ ِه
َم
e.g. كِتَتب َمياد book of Zayd
52
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 76-81.
95
Section 3.10
َاَلتَ َوابَع
Definition: A ََت ِعis an اِ اسمwhich follows the اِ اسمbefore it in terms of i‘raab (and some other
things which vary from ََت ِعto ) ََت ِع. The preceding اِ اسمis called the َمات ب اوع.
ِ عwhich governs the مات ب وعalso governs the ََت ِع.
The تمل َ َ ا
There are five تَ َوا ِع:
ِ َا/اَْنةَت
1) ُْص َف ا 2) ةوكِاَّد ِ
اَْت ا/اَْتةأاكاَّد 3) اَْابَ َدل
4) ةس ِق ِ ِ َّ عطاف اْاب
َ عطاف اْن/
َ اَْا ََطاف بَاَف 5) تنََ َ
Section 3.10.153
َ – الن عتََأَوََالصفةAdjective54
ِ َا/ اَْنةَتis of two types:
ُْص َف ا 1) َح ِقاَّ ِقي
َ نَ اَت 2) سبَِب
َ نَ اَت
1. َح ِقاَّ ِقي
َ نَ اَت: It is a word which describes the actual َمات ب اوع.
As mentioned in section 1.4.3, the نَ اَتfollows the ُ َمان َ او, which is the َمات ب اوعin this
case, in the following:
a. I‘raab b. Gender
c. Being ma‘rifah or nakirah d. Being singular, dual or plural
The نَ اَتcan be a complete sentence, in which case the ُ َمان َ اوmust be كََة ِ َن.
The نَ اَتwhich is a sentence must have a ض ِم اْي ِ
َ which refers to the ُنَكََة َمان َ او.
َ ن َوَْد يَاََكب اْ ةد ةر
َُاج ِ
e.g. َجتءَ ا A boy who was riding the bicycle came to me.
53
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 134-142.
54
نَ اَتis another name for ُ ; ِص َفand ُ َمان َ اوis another name for َم اوص اوف.
96
Note:
If a َُ َم اَ َِفis followed by a sentence, it will be a خ ََب
َ or ََحتل.
Example 1 َ اَْا َوَْد يَاََكب اْ ةد ةر
َُاج The boy is riding the bicycle.
2. سبَِب
َ نَ اَت: It is a word which does not describe the َمات ب اوع, but describes that which is
connected to the َمات ب اوع.
e.g. ن َوَْد َع ِتَل أَِ اوه ِ
َجتءَ ا A boy whose father is learned, came to me.
Here, َع ِتَلis describing أَِ اوه, which is connected to the ) َوَْد( َمات ب اوع. In
other words, it is describing the َمات ب اوعindirectly.
Notes:
1. In سبَِب
َ نَ اَت, the ُ َمان َ اوand نَ اَتmust correspond in only two aspects:
a. I‘raab
b. Being ma‘rifah or nakirah
97
2. The نَ اَتwill always be singular, irrespective of whether the ُ َمان َ اوis singular, dual
or plural.
َِ تَت ِن صورََت ِن
جاَّل إِطَ َتراهَت
e.g. َ َه َ ا These are two pictures whose frames are beautiful.
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the َح ِقاَّ ِقي
َ نَ اَتand the نَ اَت َسبَِبin the following
sentences.
i. ركبت الصتن اْلمَّل سَجه v. أوقدُ مصبتَحت نوره قوي
ii. هو رجل عتملُ اِنته vi. هذا عمل ينفع
iii. ُهؤْلء ِنتُ عتقل vii. هذا منزل ضَّق
iv. شتهدَن قطترا سْيه سَيع viii. جتء اَْجل املهذب أخوه
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There seems to be a contradiction between the sentence analysis and the note given above for نَ اَت َسبَِب. All the
books of Nahw that I referred to, including ‘Ilm al-Nahw, al-Nahw al-Wadih, and Sharh ibn ‘Aqil, agree that in
this example, only َع ِتَلis the نَ اَت َسبَِب. Yet, in ‘Ilm al-Nahw, the author, Mawlana Charthawali, after explaining
the rules for سبَِب ِ ِ ِ
َ نَ اَت, has given this example of sentence analysis, in which he makes َعتَل اِان َهتthe نَ اَتof ا امََأَة.
This suggests that there can be two ways of looking at this.
98
2. Analyze the following sentences and and point out the difference between them.
99
Section 3.10.256
ََاَلتَأَكَيَد/ َ – الت وكيدEmphasis
Definition: It is a ََت ِعwhich emphasizes the َمات ب اوعin the matter related to it or emphasizes the
inclusion of all members of the َمات ب اوعin the matter related to it.
ن َمياد َمياد ِ
e.g. َجتءَ ا (The second ‘Zayd’ emphasized Zayd’s coming.)
َجتءَ اْا َق اوم كله ام ( كله امemphasized that all came, no one remained.)
The ََت ِعis called َتاكِاَّدand the َمات ب اوعis called م َؤةكد.
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For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 143-152
100
نَ افس َهت/ُ اْام ََلِ َمُ َعاَّ ن َهت ِ جتء
ََ The female teacher herself came.
ِ ِ
أَنافسه َمت/ُ اْام ََل َمتَتن أ اَعَّ ن ه َمت ِ جتء
ََ The two female teachers themselves came.
ِ ِ
أَنافسه ةن/َجتءَُ اْام ََل َمتُ أ اَعَّ ن ه ةن The (many) female teachers themselves
came.
b. كِ َل،( كِالتَتboth)
These are used for dual only.
كِ َلis masculine and كِالتَتis feminine.
It must be ضتف ِ .
َ مto a dual ضم اْي
َ
e.g. تم اْ ةَج َل ِن كِ َلهَت َ َق Both of the men stood up.
ِ َت اْامَلِمت
تن كِلاتَتهَت ِ قَتم
ََ َ Both of the female teachers stood up.
c. كل،َجَع َِ (all)
أ ا،جاَّع
They are used for singular and plural.
َِ should be مضتفto a ض ِمْيwhich must correspond to the م َؤةكد.
كلand جاَّع َ َ ا
أ اis used with its َُ ِصاَّ غchanging to correspond to the م َؤةكد.
َجَع
e.g. تب كلةه ِ
َ َقَ ََأاُ اْاكت I read the whole book.
َجتءَ اْا َِ َجتل كله ام All the men came.
جاَّ َه امَِ جتء اْا َِجتل
َ ََ All the men came.
َجََ او َن
َجتءَ اْنةتس أ ا All the people came.
َِ and َجع
Note: كل, جاَّع َ أ اcan only be used for emphasis in those things which have
parts or can be divided. Thus, ( أَ اكََامت َميا ًدا كلةهI treated all of Zayd
hospitably) would be incorrect.
d. أَ اكتَع،صع
َ أَِا،أَِاتَع
These are used for greater emphasis.
They appear after َجَع
أ ا. They are not used without َجَع
أ اnor can they appear
before َجَع
أ ا.
e.g. صَ او َن
َ أَِا/أَِاتَ َ او َن/َجََ او َن أَ اكتََ او َن
َجتءَ اْا َق اوم أ ا All of the people came.
صع ِ ِ
َ ِ/ِ تَع/قَ َتمت اْن َستء جَع كتَع All of the women stood up.
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Sentence Analysis
َجََ او َن
َجتءَ اْا َق اوم كله ام أ ا All the people came.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
102
Section 3.10.357
َ – اَلَبَدَلSubstitute
Definition: A َِ َدلis a ََت ِعwhich is actually intended in the sentence and not its َمات ب اوع. The َمات ب اوع
merely serves as an introduction to the ََت ِع.
The ََت ِعis called ( َِ َدلsubstitute) and the َمات ب اوعis called ماب َدل ِمانهor ( مبَ ةدل ِمانهthe
substituted).
e.g. َجتءَ َمياد أَخ او َك Zayd, your brother, came.
57
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 163-167.
103
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
104
Section 3.10.4
َعَطَفََالنَسَق/َ – الَعَطَفََبَرَفConjunction
َحروفَالعطف:
The various َحَاوف َعطافare as follows:
َو ف
َ ثة ََح ْٰى إِ ةمت أَاو أَ ام َْل َِ ال ْٰ ِك ان
Their details are as follows:
َ( ح ْٰىupto, till, even): It conveys the meaning of end point (َُ) َغتي.
e.g. قَ ََأاُ اْاق اَآ َن ََح ْٰى أٰ ِخََه I read the Qur’an until the end.
ال ةجتج ََح ْٰى اْام َشتة قَ ِد َم ا The pilgrims came, even those on foot.
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( إماeither…or):
e.g. َاَْث َةمَ إِ ةمت َح الو َوإِ ةمت م The fruit is either sweet or bitter.
َ( أوor):
e.g. َ ََْبِثانَت يَ اوًمت أ اَو َِ ا
ض يَ اوم We stayed for a day or a part of a day.
َ( ْلnot): This negates from the َم اَط اوفthat which has been established for the َم اَط اوف َعلَاَّ ِه.
َن َمياد َْل َِكا ِ
e.g. َجتءَ ا Zayd came to me and not Bakr.
If it appears after a ( )نَ افيor a () ََناي, it confirms this ruling (of negation) for the one
before it, and affirms its opposite (i.e. opposite of negation) for the one after it.
ِ
e.g. َ َتب كلةه َِ ال َِ ا
ضه َ َ َمت قَ ََأاُ اْاكتI did not read the whole book; rather, [I read]
some of it.
َ( َٰلكنbut, however): It is generally used with a نَ افيand serves the purpose of اِ استِ اد َراكi.e. to
rectify.
ِٰ ِ
e.g. َن َمياد ْك ان َِكاَ َجتء
َمت َجتءَ ا Zayd did not come to me but Bakr came.
Notes:
1. If the َم اَط اوف َعلَاَّ ِهis a صل
ِ ض ِمْي مَف وع متة, then its صل
َ ا َا ا
ِ ض ِمْي مان َفhas to be mentioned after it.
َ ا
e.g. ضََِات أ َََن َوَمياد
َ Zayd and I hit.
2. However, if after the صل ِ ض ِمْي مَف وع متة, another word appears before the مَطوف, then the
َ ا َا ا َا ا
ِ ِ
ضم اْي مان َفصلَ need not be mentioned.
e.g. ضََِات اْاََّ اوَم َوَمياد َ Zayd and I hit, today.
َمت أَ اشََاكنَت َوَْل أٰ َبء ََن Neither us nor our forefathers associated partners.
3. If the َم اَط اوف َعلَاَّ ِهis a ض ِم اْي َ preceded by a َ ََح اَف َج, then the َم اَط اوفshould also be preceded by
the same َج َ ََح اَف.
e.g. ك َوَِزياد َ ِ َُمََار I passed by you and Zayd.
106
EXERCISE
107
Section 3.10.5
َعَطَفََالَبَيَان
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
i. قتم علي مين اَْتِدين ii. جَل هللا اْكَبُ اْبَّت الَام قَّتمت ْلنتس
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CHAPTER 4
َ – الَعَ َوامَلGoverning words
2. تمل َْ اف ِظي
ِ ع: It is an ع ِتملwhich is in word form.
َ َ
There are three types of تمل َْ اف ِظي
ِ ع.
َ
i. اَ الَاوف
ii. اَالَفا ََتل
iii. َسَتء
اَال ا
109
Section 4.1
َ – اَلَ َرَوفََالَعَامَلَةGoverning particles
110
Section 4.1.158
َ – اَلَرَوَفََالنَاصَبَةParticles that cause nasb
Table 4.1
َاَلََرَوفََالنَاصَبَة
َحََرفََنَصَب Meaning Example
أَ ان that, to َُأ ِرياد أَ ان أَ ادخ َل ا اْلَنة I want to enter Paradise.
َْ ان will not, never َْ ان يَ ادخ َل اْا َكتفَِ ا
َُاْلَنة The disbeliever will never enter Paradise.
َك اي so that ِجائت َك اي أَ اس َِتيا َح I came so I could rest.
إِذَ ان ِ
then, in that ك َ إِذَ ان تَف اوَم ِف َع َمل In that case, you will be successful in your
case work. [This is said in response to the one
who may have said: َجتَ ِهد( أ اI will work
hard).]
Notes:
1. Sometimes أَ ان, together with its فِ اَل, gives the meaning of a ص َدر َ In this case, أَ انis called أَ ان
م ا.
ُص َد ِرية
اَْا َم ا.
e.g. أَ ان تَص اوم اوا َخ اْي ْةك ام i.e. ص اومك ام َخ اْي ْةك ام
َ
Your fasting is better for you.
2. أَ انis hidden after the following six َحَاوفand causes ضت ِرع ِ
َ ف اَل مto be mansoob.
59
58
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 47-52.
59
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 52-62.
111
b. After َْلم ا اْلح اوِدor َْلم اْنة اف ِي: i.e. that َْلمwhich appears after ُ َكت َن اَْا َمان ِفَّة.
e.g. َمت َكت َن هللا َِّْ ََ ِذ ََب ام )(ِلَ ان ي ََ ِذ ََب ام
Allah was not going to punish them.
c. After أَاوwhich has the meaning of ( إِ ٰٰل أَ انuntil) or ( إِةْل أَ انbut that/unless).
e.g. ةك أ اَو ت اَ ِطََِّ ان ََح ِق اي
َ َلَْاَزَمن ()إِ ٰٰل أَ ان ت اَ ِطََِّن
ا
I will not leave you until you give me my right.
e. After َْلم اْتة اَلِاَّ ِل: i.e., a َْلمthat has the meaning of ( َكيit is also called )َْلم َكي.
ا ا
e.g. ِجائت ِلَ اس َِتيا َح )ح ِ ِ
َ (لَ ان أَ اس َتيا
I came so I could rest.
112
5. اَْتة َم ِن
ا e.g. ت ِ ال َم ًتْل فَأنا ِف َقه
َ ََّْا
I wish I had wealth, so I would have spent it.
3. أَ انhas to be written after a َْلم اْتة اَلِاَّ ِلif the َْلم اْتة اَلِاَّ ِلis joined to a َََُِّْلء ََنف.
e.g. ِْئَ ةل يَ اَلَ َم )(ِلَ ان َْل So that he does not know.
4. أَ انwhich appears after a فِ اَلwith the root letters ع – ل – مis not a صب ََح اَف نَ ا. Therefore, it
ِ ِ ِ
َ ف اَل مto be mansoob. Such an أَ انis known as َُ أً ان اَْام َخ ةف َفُ م َن اْامثَ ةقلi.e., that
does not cause ضت ِرع
أَ انwhich was أَ ةن.
e.g. َعلِ امت أَ ان َسََّ ق اوم I knew that he will stand up.
e.g. َعلِ َم أَ ان َسََّك اون ِمانك ام َم اَ ٰضى He knew that some of you will be sick.
EXERCISE
113
Section 4.1.260
َ – اَلَرَوَفََاْلَازمَةParticles that cause jazm
These are as follows: إِ ان ََلا َْ ةمت َِ َْلم اال اَم َْلء اْن اةه ِي
These appear before ضت ِرع ِ
َ ف اَل مand cause the following changes at the end:
˗ They give the last letter a sukoon if it is not a ن اونof ََُِّ تَثانor جَاع.
˗ If the last letter is a ن اونof ََُِّ تَثانor جَاع, it will be dropped. The exception is the
ن اونof the two جَاع م َؤنةث.
Table 4.2
َاَلََرَوفََاْلَازمَة
Notes:
1. إِ انappears before two verbal sentences. The first one is called ش اَط
َ (condition) and the
second جَزاءَ (answer/result).
2. If إِ انappears before إِةْل, it should be translated negatively.
e.g. إِ ان ٰه َذا إِةْل َملَك َك َِامي He is not but an honorable angel.
Note: This negation could also be expressed as “He is only an honorable angel.”
3. ََلاcan also be used to give the meaning of َْ ةمت. For this, َِ اَدor إِ َٰل اآل َنis added after the فِ اَل
ضت ِرع
َ مwhich was given َج ازمby ََلا.
e.g. ب َِ اَد
ََلا يَ اذ َه ا He has not gone yet.
4. ف
َ should be brought before the َجَزاءof a َش اَطwhen the َجَزاءis one of the following:
ِجلَُ اِ ا ِ
a. ُسَّة ا e.g. َ إِ ان َتات ِ ان فَأَنا
ت م اكََم
If you come to me you will be treated hospitably.
60
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 1, 52-57 & vol. 2, 63-66.
114
b. َأَام e.g. َ إِ ان َرأَيا
ت َميا ًدا فَأَ اك َِامه
If you see Zayd, treat him hospitably.
EXERCISE
115
Section 4.2
َ – اَلَفَعالََالَعَامَلَةGoverning fiʿls
Section 4.2.1
َ – الفعلَالمعروفActive fiʿl: It is a فِ اَلwhose doer is known/mentioned.
فِ اَل َم اََاوف, whether transitive or intransitive, governs the following isms, as and when
applicable:
ِ َف.
˗ it gives َرفاعto the تعل
˗ it gives صب
نَ اto the following, as and when applicable:
i. َم افَ اول ِِه( َم افَ اول ِِهcan only be governed by a ي ِ ِ
)اَْاف اَل اْامتَ ََد ا
ii. َم افَ اول مطالَق
iii. َم افَ اول َم ََه
iv. َم افَ اول َْه
v. َم افَ اول فِاَّ ِه
vi. َحتل َ
ِ
vii. ََتاَّ ز
Section 4.2.2
َ – الفعلَالمجهولPassive fiʿl: It is a فِ اَلwhose doer is not known/mentioned.
َمه اول ِ ِ َ( فَِل مت ََل يس ةم فa فَِلwhose تعل ِ َ فis not named).
ف اَل َاis also known as تعله َ ا َ ا ا
It gives َرفاعto the تعل ِ َ( ََنئِب فoriginally the )م افَول ِِه.
َ ا
It gives صب نَ اto all the remaining ُ َمانص اوَب.
e.g. ف َدا ِرهِ َتا ِديابًتِ ِ َ تضي
ض اًَب َشديا ًدا ا
ِ ِ ض َِب ميد ي وم ا
اْلم ََُ أ ََم َتم اْا َق ا َ َ َا َ ا
Zayd was beaten severely on Friday, in front of the Judge, in his office/house,
to teach him manners.
Section 4.2.3
َ – اَلَفَعَلََالَلَزَمIntransitive fiʿl: It is a فِ اَلwhose meaning can be understood without a َم افَ اول ِِه.
e.g. س َمياد
َ ََجل Zayd sat.
Section 4.2.4
َالَف عالَالناقصة: These were discussed earlier in section 1.9.
116
Section 4.2.561
َ – الفعلَالَمَتَعَدَيTransitive fiʿl
3. Those fi‘ls which must be given two اَْا َم افَ اول ِِه.
These fi‘ls are known as َ( أَف عالَالقلوبfi‘ls which relate to the heart/feelings).
They enter upon a ماب تَ َدأand خ ََب
َ unlike the fi‘ls above (number 2).
Table 4.3
َأَف عالَالقلوب
Fi‘l Usage Example
َرأٰى used for certainty )(يَِق اي َرأَيات َسَِاَّ ًدا َذ ِاهبًت I was sure Sa‘eed was going.
َو َج َد used for certainty )(يَِق اي َو َج ادُ َرِشاَّ ًدا َعتِْ ًمت I was sure Rasheed was knowledgeable.
َعلِ َم used for certainty )(يَِق اي َعلِ امت َميا ًدا أَِماَّ نًت I was sure Zayd was trustworthy.
used for certainty )(يَِق اي
َم َع َم ِ معمت مي ًدا َح
تضًَا
I was sure Zayd was present. /
or doubt )شك َ َ َ ا َا
َ( I thought Zayd was present.
61
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 69-71.
117
Note: Other fi‘ls which also require two َم افَ اول ِِهinclude the following:
ص ةَْي
َ to make something something else
e.g. اق كِتَ ًتب
َ ص ةاْيُ اال اَوَر
َ I made the pages a book.
اِ ةَتَ َذ to take someone/something as someone/something
e.g. َوا ةَتَ َذ هللا إِِا َِٰهاَّ َم َخلِاَّ ًل Allah took Ibraheem (peace be upon him) as a
friend.
4. Those fi‘ls which require three َم افَ اول ِِه. Each of these has the meaning of “informing” or
“showing.” These are as follows:
Table 4.4
Fi‘l Example
أ َٰرى أََريات َميا ًدا َختِْ ًدا ََنئِ ًمت I informed Zayd that Khalid is sleeping.
أَ اعلَ َم تض ًلِ َأَ اعلَمت مي ًدا ِ اكَا ف
ً َ ا َا I informed Zayd that Bakr is well-educated.
َأَنابَأ أَنابَأَِن اْةَس اول االَِم ا َْي قَ ِتد ًمت The messenger informed me that the chief is
coming.
َنَبةأ نَبةأاُت ام اَْا ِك ا ََب مَاق او ًَت I informed them that arrogance is hated.
َخ َََب
أا ب م ِفاَّ ًدا ة ِ
َ َأَ اخ َاَبُ اْاغ ال َمت َن اْل ا I informed the boys that sport is beneficial.
َخ ةََب َخ ةاَبُ اْام َستفِ َِيا َن اْا ِقطَ َتر متَأَ ِخًَا I informed the travellers that the train is late.
ةث
َ ََحد ًََُ ِتَحَُ ََنف ِ
َ َََح ةدثات االَاوَْل َد اْسب
I informed the children that swimming is
beneficial.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
118
Section 4.2.662
أَف عالَالمقارَبَةََوالرجاءَوال ي
َشروع
Table 4.5
أَف عالَالمق َاربَةََوالرجاءَوال ي
َشروع
62
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 103-108.
119
Sentence Analysis: َع ٰسى َمياد أَ ان ََياَ َج Hopefully Zayd will come out.
َخ اَب َع ٰسى اِ اسم َع ٰسى فِ اَل اْةَ َج ِتء
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
120
Section 4.2.763
َ – أف عالَالمدحَوالذمFiʿls of praise and blame
Fiʿls of praise: نِ اَ َم e.g. نِ اَ َم اْةَجل َمياد What a wonderful man Zayd is!
ََحبة َذا e.g. ََحبة َذا َمياد What a wonderful man Zayd is!
س ِ ِ
Fiʿls of blame:
َ ائ e.g. س اْةَجل َمياد َ ائ What an evil man Zayd is!
ََستء e.g. َستءَ اْةَجل َمياد What an evil man Zayd is!
Notes:
1. These fi‘ls are used in the past tense in their singular form (masculine or feminine).
63
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 57-59.
121
Sentence Analysis:
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
122
Section 4.2.864
َ – أف عالَالت ع يجبFiʿls of wonder
ُ= جالَُ اِ اِسَّةُ إِنا َشتئَِّة )َُخ ََب (جالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ َخ ََِبية + ماب تَ َدأ
2. أَفاَِ ال ِِه: (فِ اَل أَامَ) أَفاَِ الhas the meaning of past tense and the بis extra )( َمائِ َدة.
e.g. ََح ِس ان َِزياد
أا )س َن َمياد
َ ََح
(أ ا How wonderful Zayd is!
ُجالَُ فِ اَلَِّةُ إِنا َشتئَِّة
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and analyze the following sentences.
i. أطول ِزيد
ii. مت أشد َِّتض شََه
iii. مت أطول اَْجلي
64
For more details, examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 1, 60-63.
123
Section 4.3
َ – اَلَسَاءََالَعَامَلَةGoverning isms
ِ َ َسَتء االَفا
Amongst these, تل أ اwere discussed in section 2.4.4. Here, we will discuss the rest.
َ
Section 4.3.165
َ – الَساءَالشرطيةConditional isms
They govern two ضت ِرع ِ
َ ف اَل مgiving both a َج ازم.
They appear before two sentences. The first is called ش اَط
َ (condition) and the second
( َجَزاءresult).
Table 4.6
َاَلَسَاءََالشرطية
Ism Meaning Usage Example
1. َم ان who, ِْال ََتقِ ِل َم ان ي اك َِام ِ ان أ اك َِامه Whoever treats me hospitably, I
whoever will treat him hospitably.
2. َمت what, ِْغَ اِْي اْا ََتقِ ِل َمت َتاك ال أٰك ال Whatever you eat, I will eat.
whatever
3. َم اه َمت however ِْغَ اِْي اْا ََتقِ ِل ك َم اه َمت ت ان ِف اق ِف ا
َ َاْلَاِْي يَان َف ا Whatever you spend in the way
much of good, will benefit you.
4. َم ْٰى ِ ِْلةزم
تن بب أَ اذ َه اَم ْٰى تَ اذ َه ا
Whenever you go, I will go.
when َ
5. ََي َن
أة ِِْلةزمتن َأ ةََي َن ت َستفِاَ أ َستفِا Whenever you travel, I will
when َ
travel.
6. أَيا َن ِ ِْالم َك
تن ب
where َ ب أَ اذ َه ا أَيا َن تَ اذ َه ا Wherever you go, I will go.
ٰأ
7. َن ِِْالم َكتن أ َٰن تَان ِزال أَنا ِزال Wherever you stay, I will stay.
where َ
8. َحاَّ ث َمت ِِْالم َكتن َََحاَّ ث َمت ت َستفِاَ أ َستفِا Wherever you travel, I will
َ where َ
travel.
9. َكاَّ َف َمت how, ِْال َح ِتل َكاَّ َف َمت تَ اقَ اد أَقا َ اد Whichever way you sit, I will sit.
manner
10. أَي any of any of the ب
ب أَ اذ َه ا
أَي َم َكتن تَ اذ َه ا
Whichever place you go, I will
the above above go.
Notes:
1. إِ انand إِ اذ َمتhave the same function as ُةَ ِطَّة ِ
اَالَ اسَتء اْش اi.e. giving jazm to two ضت ِرع
َ ف اَل مexcept
that they are particles )ش اَ ِط ( ََح اَفَت اْ ةand not isms. Collectively they (isms and particles) are all
أ ََد َواُ اْش اةَ ِط ا.
called ُاْلَت ِمَم
65
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 2, 66-71.
124
إِ ان if e.g. ب ب أَ اذ َه ا
ِ
إ ان تَ اذ َه ا If you go, I will go.
إِ اذ َمت if e.g. إِ اذ َمت تَ اف ََ ال َشًَّا تَان َد ام If you do evil, you will be regretful.
ii. ( إِ َذاwhen)
This is also a ظَاَف, and is used to give the meaning of ضت ِرع ِ
َ ف اَل م. It also entails
the meaning of condition (ةَ ِط ِ َ)مت.
ضمن َم اَ َن اْش ا
َ
e.g. إِ َذا َْ ِقاَّ تَه فَ َسلِ ام َعلَاَّ ِه When you meet him, greet him.
3. When the following isms are used for ( اِ استِ اف َهتمinterrogative), they appear before one
sentence.
أَي أ َٰن أَيا َن أ ةََي َن َم ْٰى َمت َم ان
e.g. ََِم ْٰى ت َستف أَيا َن تَ اذ َهب تَ َم ان أَنا َمت ٰه َذا
EXERCISE
125
Section 4.3.266
َ – اسمَالفاعلActive participle
Effect:
It has the same effect as that of its active fi‘l ( )فِ اَل َم اََاوفi.e. if its فِ اَلis َْل ِمم, it gives َرفاعto
ِ َ ;فand if it is مت َد, it gives رفاعto the تعل
the تعل ِ َ فand نَصبto the م افَول ِِه.
ََ َ ا َ ا
ِ اِسم اْا َفacts only in either of the following two situations:
تع ِل ا
1. When it is prefixed with ال.
e.g. َ َأ َََن اْشةتكَِ نِ اَ َمت
ك I am grateful for your favor.
2. When it indicates present or future tense and is preceded by ماب تَ َدأor َم اوص اوفor اِ استِ اف َهتم
or نَ افي. For example,
d. نَ افي e.g. َمت قَتئِم َمياد Zayd is not standing/will not stand.
Sentence Analysis:
66
This section and the following sub-section are based on the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-
Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 71-76.
126
Section 4.3.2.1
َاسمَالمبالغة
ِ اِسم اْا َفis turned into the seeghahs of َُ مبتَْغwhen exaggeration in meaning is intended.
تع ِل ا َ
Some of the wazns of َُ مبَتَْغare as follows:
Table 4.7
َأوزانَاسمَالمبالغة
Examples
Wazns
Arabic Meaning
فََِاَّل َعلِاَّم most learned
فَتع اول فَتراوق great distinguisher
فََةتل ض ةحتك
َ someone who laughs a lot
فََ اول صب اور
َ very patient
فََ اول قََّ اوم careful maintainer/sustainer
ِم افَِاَّل ِمان ِطاَّق very eloquent
ِم اف ََتل ِم اَ َوان someone who helps frequently
ُِ َ اِ اسم اْامبَتَْغdoes the َع َملof تع ِل ِ اِسم اْا َفwith the same conditions.
ا
e.g. ِ ِ
ي اَجب ِ ان اْشةك اور اْامانَ َم
The one who is very grateful to the one who does good (to him), pleases me.
1. The round ةat the end of some wazns is for َُ مبَتَْغand not for gender.
e.g. َُْفَ ةَت َُع ةل َم well-learned
اَّدأ
ُ اٌد blacksmith ََح ةلق barber
127
EXERCISES
in theاِ اسم اْا َفتعِ ِل 1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the effect and tense of the
following sentences.
128
Section 4.3.367
َ – اسمََالمفعولPassive participle
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich indicates the one upon whom an action described by the root
letters is done. This is irrespective of its position in a sentence.
It is created from ث َلثِي َمَةَدfi‘ls on the pattern of َم افَ اول. For other than ث َلثِي َمَةَد, it is
created on the pattern of its ضت ِرع
َ مby changing the ضت ِرع
َ ََح اَف مinto a meem with a
dammah, and giving a fathah to the letter before the last.
Effect:
ِ ِ ََنئِب اْا َف.
)ف اَل َا, i.e. it gives َرفاعto the تع ِل
It has the same effect as that of its passive fi‘l (َمه اول
ِ اِسم اْا َفalso apply here.
The rules mentioned above regarding the تع ِل ا
Examples:
i. prefixed with e.g. اَْام َس ٰمى ِه َش ًتمت أ َِخ اي The one named Hisham is my
alif-laam brother.
ii. ماب تَ َدأ e.g. ضَاوب اِِانه
َمياد َم ا Zayd’s son is being beaten/will be
beaten.
iii. َم اوص اوف e.g. ضَاوب اِِانه
َمََارُ ََِجل َم ا I passed by a man whose son is being
beaten/will be beaten.
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and point out the effect and tense of the اِ اسم اْا َم افَ اوِلin the
following sentences.
67
This section is based on the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol 2, 77-
82.
129
Section 4.3.468
َ – الصفةَالمشب هةَََبسمَالفاعلAn adjective that is similar to َاَسَمََالَفَاعَل
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich is created from the ص َدر ( اَْث َلثِي ةthree-letter intransitive
َم اof a اْل ِمم
fi‘l) to indicate permanent existence of the meaning in the doer.
Like its فِ اَل َْل ِمم, it generally gives the تعل
ِ َ فa رفاع.
َ
e.g. ََح َسن َو اجهه His face is beautiful.
Table 4.8
َأوزانَالصفةَالمشب هة
Examples
Wazns
Arabic Meaning
فََِل فََِح happy
فَ ََل ََح َسن beautiful
فََِاَّل َش َِياف noble/honorable
فَ ََتل َجبَتن coward
ف ََتل ش َجتع brave
68
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 83-91.
130
ِ onاِسم اْا َف ِ
تع ِل َ ( is on the wazn of itsغ اْي اْث َلثِ ِي اْام َجةَد) ِ of non-three letter fi‘lsص َفُ م َ
شبة َهُ The ا
the condition that permanency of meaning is intended.
e.g. م استَ ِقاَّم straight
EXERCISE
شبة َهُ 1. Translate, fill in the iʻraab, and identify all the ِ in the following passage.
ص َفُ م َ
كتن هترون اَْشَّد فصَّحتً كَميتً ،هتمتً وِرعتً ،حيج سنُ ويغزو سنُ وكتن أديبتً فطنتًَ ،حتفظتً ْلقَآن ،سلَّم
اْذوق ،صحَّح اْتمََّّز ،جَيئتً ف الق ،مهَّبتً عند اْلتصُ واَْتمُ ،وكتن طلق احملَّت ،حيب اْشََاء ويَطَّهم
اَْطتء اْلزيل ويدن منه أهل الدب واْدين ،ويتواضع ْلَلمتء.
.اِسم اْا َف ِ
تع ِل andمبَتَْغَُ 2. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and identify the seeghahs of ا
قتل َحكَّم :املؤمن صبور شكور ْل ِنتم وْل َحسود وْل َحقود وْل ُمتتل .يطلب من اْلْياُ أعلهت ومن
الخلق أسنتهتْ .ل يَد ستئل وْل يبخل مبتل ،متواصل المم ،متادف الَحستن ،ومان ْكلمه ،خزان ْلستنه،
ُمسن عمله ،مكثَ ف الق أملهَّْ ،س َبَّتب عند اْفزع وْل وَثب عند اْطمع ،مواس ْلفقَاء ،رَحَّم بْضَفتء.
131
Section 4.3.569
َ – اسمَالت فضيلComparative and superlative isms
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich indicates that a quality described by the root letters is found to a
greater extent in one person/thing when compared to another.
e.g. َختِْد أَ اك ََب ِم ان َع امَو Khalid is older/bigger than ‘Amr.
It can also refer to the highest degree (superlative) of the quality described by the root letters.
e.g. اَلل أَ اك ََب Allah is the greatest.
Note: This is the case when it is used without ِم ان, i.e. without comparison.
Table 4.9
َأوزانَاَسمَالت فضيل
Usage:
ِ اِسم اْتة افis used in three ways.
ضاَّ ِل ا
1. With ِم ان: the ضاَّ ِل ِ اِسم اْتة افwill always be a singular masculine )َ(و ِاَحد م َذ ةك.
ا َ
e.g. ََمياد أَ اعلَم ِم ان َِكا Zayd is more knowledgeable than Bakr.
ب ِ ِ
َ ََعتئ َشُ أَ اك ََب م ان َميان ‘Aishah is older than Zaynab.
ِ اِسم اْتة افmust correspond with the word before it in gender and number.
2. With ال: the ضاَّ ِل ا
ِ تن َغتئِب
تن ِ اَْةزي َد ِان االَ اعلَم
e.g. َ َ ا The two more knowledgeable Zayds are absent.
ِ ِ
َعتئ َشُ اْاك ا َٰبى ََحتضََة The older ‘Aishah is present.
ِ ِ ِ
َ ِإ: the ا اسم اْتة افضاَّ ِلmay be َ َواَحد م َذ ةكor it may correspond with the word before it.
3. With َُضتف
e.g. اَْةزياد او َن أَ اعلَم اْا َق اوِم اَْةزياد او َن أَ اعلَمو اْا َق اوِم
The Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.
69
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 92-100.
132
اَْةزيا َد ِان أَ اعلَم اْا َق اوِم اَْةزيا َد ِان أَ اعلَ َمت اْا َق اوِم
The two Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.
ِ َعتئِ َشُ أَ اك ََب اْن
ةتس ِ َعتئِ َشُ ك ا َٰبى اْن
ةتس
‘Aishah is the oldest of people.
Notes:
ِ اِسم اْتة افof words which indicate color, physical defects and of َغْي اْث َلثِ ِي اْامجةَِدfi‘ls is
1. ضاَّ ِل ا َ ا
made by placing the words َشد َ أ, ََأَ اكث, etc. before the ص َدر
َم اof that word. The ص َدر
َم اwill be
the ََتِاَّ ز, and therefore, will be َمناص اوب.
EXERCISE
ِ اِسم اْتة افin the following sentences.
1. Translate, fill in the i‘raab and explain the usage of ضاَّ ِل ا
i. َِض الَّواَنُ أقوى من النستن v. ُاْنستء اْفضلَّت
ii. النبَّتء أفضل اْنتس vi. النبَّتء أفتضل اْنتس
iii. مَمي فضلى اْنستء vii. اَْجلن الفضلن
iv. ُأوْئك هم خْي اَْبي viii. ثوِك أشد سوادا من ثوب
133
Section 4.3.670
َ – المصدرInfinitive/verbal ism
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich refers to the action indicated by the corresponding fi‘l without
any reference to time. It is the root of all derived words (ُشتَ قةت
)م ا.
Effect: It has the same effect as that of its فِ اَلi.e. it gives َرفاعto the تعل
ِ َ فand نَصبto the م افَول ِِه.
ا َ ا
e.g. ض اَبً اْاََّ اوَم َمياد َِكًاَا
َ َرأَيات Today, I saw Zayd’s beating of Bakr.
Usage:
Masdar is generally used in one of the following two ways:
as a ضتف ِ
َ مto its فَتعل.
e.g. ب َمياد َِكًاَا َ َك َِاهت
َ َض ا i.e. )اَا َ َِ ض
ًب َمياد َِك (أَ ان يَ ا I disliked Zayd’s beating
of Bakr.
ِ
َ مto its َم افَ اول ِه.
as a ضتف
e.g. ب َِكاَ َمياد َ َك َِاهت
َ َض ا i.e. )اَا َمياد َ َِ ض
ًب َِك (أَ ان يَ ا I disliked Zayd’s beating
of Bakr.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the i‘raab and explain the usage of the masdar in the following sentences.
70
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 52-70.
134
Section 4.3.771
َالمضاف
In the case of ضتف
َ م, it is assumed that one of the following prepositions )َ (َحَاوف َجis hidden
ِ
between the ضتفَ مand ضتف إَِْاَّه
َ م.
ِم ان ِ ِ
َ مis a part/type ) (جانسof the ضتف إَِْاَّه
when the ضتف َ م.
e.g. َُخ َتت فِضة i.e. َُخ َتت ِم ان فِضة silver ring
Section 4.3.8
َاْلَسمَالتامي
Definition: It is an اِ اسمwhich gives the ism ) (ََتِاَّ زafter it a nasb.
An اِ اسمwill be considered as ََتمwhen it has one of the following:
a. tanween.
ِ
e.g. َ َمت ِف اْ ةس َمتء قَ ادر َر
اَحُ َس َح ًتب )ُاَح
َ ( َر
There is not even a palm’s measure of clouds in the sky.
b. hidden tanween.
ََح َد َع َشََ َرج ًل ِ
e.g. َ َمَ اي أ (ََش
َ ََح َد َع
َ أwas originally َََحد َو َع اش
َ )أ
There are eleven men with me.
d. نwhich resembles the نof a sound masculine plural )(جَاع م َذ ةكَ َس ِتَل.
e.g. ِعان ِد اي ِع اشَاو َن ِد ارَهًت ( ِع ا
)شَاو َن
I have twenty dirhams.
135
Section 4.3.973
َاَلكناَيَت
ك َم: can be used in two ways: as an interrogative ) (اِ استِ اف َهتمor as an informative exclamation
َِ ( َخ.
)َُبية
EXERCISE
1. What is the difference between the following sentences.
i. ُكم كتتب قَأ ii. ُكم كتتب قَأ
73
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 170-173.
136
Section 4.4
َ – اَلَرَوَفََالَغَيََالَعَامَلَةNon-governing particles
2. َ – حروفَالَْيابParticles of affirmation:74
These are used for affirmation of a statement made earlier. These are as follows:
74
For more examples and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 168-174.
137
َ أجل/ََجَي/ َ( – َإَنyes)
These have the same meaning as نَ ََ ام.
ِ
e.g. َ َ( أDid Zayd come?), the reply will be إ ةنor َج اِْيor
If someone says جتءَ َمياد؟
َج ال
َ ( أyes) meaning ( َجتءَ َميادZayd came.).
Note: إِ ةنis very rarely used for this purpose.
4. َالَروفَالمصدرية: These are used to give a masdari meaning. These are as follows:
َمت أَ ان أَ ةن
َمتand أَ انcome before a ُجالَُ فِ اَلَِّة.
أَ ةنcomes before a ُجالَُ اِ اِسَّة.
َ ) َِ اَحبِ َهت( ََح ْٰى إِذَا
ِ
e.g. تت َعلَاَّ ِهم اال اَرض مبَت َرَحبَ ا
ضتقَ ا
Until when the earth became straitened for them despite its vastness.
صد َق ن أَ ان تَ ا ِ
يَسَ ا َ ) ِص ادق
(ك Your truthfulness pleases me.
َِلَغَِ ان أَ ةن َميا ًدا ََنئِم ()نَ اوم َمياد (News of) Zayd’s sleeping reached me.
5. َ – حروفَالتحضيضParticles of exhortation:
These are used to encourage someone to do something when they appear before ضت ِرع ِ
َ ف اَل م.
These are as follows:
أََْل َه ةل َْ اوَْل َْ اوَمت
e.g. صلِ اي؟
َ َه ةل ت Do you not pray salah?
These particles are also used to create regret and sorrow in the listener when they
appear before فِ اَل َمتض. Therefore, they are also called َحَاوف اْتة ان ِد اِمي.
e.g. صََ؟
ت اْا ََ اَ َّصلةا
َ َه ةل Have you not prayed ‘Asr salah?
e.g. ...اْوا َألَْل إِ اذ َِس اَتم اوه ق الت ام When you heard it, why did you not say…
138
6. َ – حَرفَالت وقيعParticle of anticipation:75
This is قَ اد. An example of its usage for تَ َوقعis as follows.
قَ اد يَ اقدم اْاغَتئِب اْاََّ اوَم Probably, the absent person will return today.
Besides تَ َوقع, قَ ادcan also be used for one or more of the following. These are all more
common than its usage for تَ َوقع.
تَ اق َِياب: In this case, it gives فِ اَل َمتضthe meaning of near past. This usage is specific to
فِ اَل َمتض.
e.g. قَ اد َجتءَ َمياد Zayd has arrived (recently).
قَ ادcan also be used simultaneously for more than one of the above-mentioned
purposes. An example of قَ ادbeing simultaneously used for تَ َوقع, تَ اق َِياب, and َت ِقاَّق َا, is as
follows:
ص َلة ِ قَ اد قَتمIndeed, salah has been established/is about to be established.
ت اْ ة َ
Note: ل
َْ ََ ةcan also be used for تَ َوقع.
7. َ – حرفاَاْلستفهامParticles of interrogation:76
These are َ أand ه ال.
َ
e.g. أ ََمياد قَتئِم؟ Is Zayd standing?
َه ال قَ َتم َمياد؟ Did Zayd stand up?
75
This is based on Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah. See Mu‘jam al-Qawa‘id al-‘Arabiyyah, 338-339.
76
For more examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Ibtida’iyyah, vol. 3, 168-171.
139
8. َ – حرفَالردعParticle of rebuke:
This is َك ةل, which means “Never!”
It can be used to rebuke or reprimand.
ِ
e.g. َك ةل ض َِ ا
said in response to someone who says ب َميا ًدا ( ا اHit Zayd.).
It can also be used to convey the meaning of certainty.
e.g. َ َك ةل َس او
ف تَ اَلَم او َن Indeed, soon you will know.
Note: This is according to one translation. According to another, it is in the
meaning of “never.”
140
12. َ – الَروف َالزَائدَةExtra particles: These are not translated. However, they add beauty and
ِ ع. These are:
emphasis to the meaning. They may also stop the effect ( ) َع َملof an تمل َ
إِ ان أَ ان َمت َْل َل ِم ان َك ِ ( ِمن، َك،ب
ب ا
ِ are governing particles – َُ) َعت ِمل
Usage:
إِ ان: It appears after ََُِّ َمت اَْنةتف.
e.g. َمت إِ ان َمياد قَتئِم Zayd is not standing.
َم ْٰى e.g. ََم ْٰى َمت ت َستفَِ أ َستفِا When you travel, I will travel.
أَى e.g. أَميَت اْةَجل َجتءَ َك فَأَ اك َِامه Whoever comes to you, treat him
hospitably.
Here, َمتblocked the َع َملof أَي.
إِ ان e.g. فَِإ ةمت َياتََِّ نةك ام ِم ِن ه ًدى Then, should some guidance come to
you from Me.
ِِ ِ
َََح اَف َج e.g. َ فَبِ َمت َر امحَُ م َن هللا ْان
ت َل ام So, it is through mercy from Allah that
you are gentle to them.
Here, َمتdid not block the َع َملof َج
َ ََح اَف.
َْل e.g. َْل أقا ِسم َِبٰ َذا اْابَ لَ ِد I swear by this city.
َل e.g. إِ ةَن ام َََّْأاكل او َن اْطة ََ َتم Indeed, they eat food.
ِم ان e.g. َه ال ِم ان َختِْق َغ اْي هللاِ؟ Is there a creator besides Allah?
ِ
ب e.g. س َمياد ِ َك ِتذب َ ََّْا Zayd is not a liar.
141
13. َ – حَرَوَفََالشرطََالتَْلََتزمConditional particles that do not cause jazm:77
( لَماwhen)
This is a ظَاَفin the meaning of ي ِ ِ
َ َح ا. It enters upon ف اَل َمتض.
e.g. َْ ةمت َسلة امت َعلَاَّ ِه َرةد َعلَ ةي اْ ةس َل َم When I greeted him, he returned my
greeting.
77
For more details, examples, and exercises, please refer to al-Nahw al-Wadih, Thanawiyyah, vol. 2, 43-48.
142
14. )ماَ(ماَدام: It is a َمتwhich has the meaning of ام
َ ( َمت َدas long as).
e.g. س اال َِم اْي
َ َأَق اوم َمت َجل i.e. ًأَق اوم َمت َد َام اال َِم اْي َجتِْست
I will stand as long as the leader is sitting.
FINAL EXERCISE
Q: Go through the whole book and identify the various meanings and uses of the
following:
َْل َمت َمن َْ ةمت َم ْٰى أَيا َن أ ةََي َن أي ل إِ ان أَ ان
أَ ةن و ف ََح ْٰى
ُتلَت ِص
تلَ امد ِِٰلِ اْة ِذ اي ِنِ اَ َمتِ ِه تَتِم اْ ة
فَ ا
ِ
ِ ته َِين وعلَى أَصحت ِِه أ ا ِِ ِِ
ي
َ َجََ ا َ ي اْطة ا َ َ َ ا َ ص َلة َواْ ةس َلم َع ٰلى َرس اوْه اْا َك َِاِمي َو َعلَى آْه اْطةَِّبِ ا
َواْ ة
143
APPENDIX
Nahw
Level Texts
Tasheel al-Nahw
ِ ) َشَح ِمتئَُِ ع
Sharh Mi’at ‘Amil (تمل َ ا
OR
‘Awamil al-Nahw (ح ِو ِ
) َع َوامل اْنة ا
Beginner to Hidayat al-Nahw (ح ِو ِ
Intermediate )ه َدايَُ اْنة ا
OR
Al-Ajurrumiyyah (ُ )اَاآلجَاوِمَّةwith commentary
al-Tuhfah al-Saniyyah (ُسنَِّة
)اَْت اح َفُ اْ ة
Al-Kafiyah (ََُِّ)اَْا َكتف
Sharh ibn ‘Aqil (ش اَح اِا ِن َع ِقاَّل
َ ) OR
ِ اْل
Sharh Jami (تميَ ) َش اَح اOR
ا
Advanced ) َش اَح قَطا َِ اْنة ٰدى َوَِل اْ ة
Sharh Qatr al-Nada wa Ball al-Sada (ص ٰدى
OR
ِ ) َشَح شذ اوِر اْ ةذ َه
Sharh Shudhur al-Dhahab (ب ا
145
ِاضح ِْالم َدا ِر ِس ا
The texts al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtida’iyyah vols. 1-3 (ُِ اْلِاتِ َدائَِّة ِ اْاو )اَْنة احو
َ َ
and al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Thanawiyyah vols. 1-3 (ُِس اْثةتنَ ِوية ِ اضح ِْال َم َدا ِر
ِ اْاو
َ ةحو
)اَْن ا
belong to the intermediate to advanced level. The six volumes in general, and the three al-
Ibtida’iyyah volumes in particular, can be used in place of, or in conjunction with Tasheel al-
Nahw. The six could also be used in conjunction with Hidayat al-Nahw. Almost always, one
of these texts has something that the other does not.
Sarf
Level Texts
Beginner Fundamentals of Classical Arabic vol. 1
From the Treasures of Arabic Morphology
Intermediate ‘Ilm al-Seeghah (ُِ َاْصاَّ غ
ِ ) ِع المOR
ِ َص ِ ِ
Shadha al-‘Arf fi Fann al-Sarf (ف ) َش َذا اْا ََ اَف اف فَ ِن اْ ة ا
Arabic Reading/Literature
Level Texts
ِ صص اْنةبَِِّ ا
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 1 (ي َ َ)ق
Al-Qira’ah al-Rashidah vol. 1
Beginner ِ َ)اَْا ِقَاءة اْة ِ صص اْنةبَِِّ ا
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 2 (ي َ َ)ق
(اش َدة ََ ِ صص اْنةبَِِّ ا
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 3 (ي َ َ)ق
Al-Qira’ah al-Rashidah vol. 2 ِ صص اْنةبَِِّ ا
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 4 (ي َ َ)ق
ِ َ)اَْا ِقَاءة اْة
(اش َدة
Intermediate ََ
Nafhat al-‘Arab ِ صص اْنةبَِِّ ا
Qasas al-Nabiyyin vol. 5 (ي َ َ)ق
(بِ ََ)نَ افحُ اْا
ََ َ
Mukhtarat min Adab al-‘Arab vol. 1
ِ ََب اْا
(ب ِ ِ
Advanced ََ )ُماتَ َتراُ م ان أََد Al-Maqamat al-Haririyyah
Mukhtarat min Adab al-‘Arab vol. 2 (ُالََِيا َِية
)اَْا َم َق َتمتُ ا
(بِ ََب اْا
ِ ِ
ََ )ُماتَ َتراُ م ان أََد
146
Suggested Curriculum
Below, we have provided a suggested curriculum based upon some of the texts given above
that could be followed as part of an overall traditional Arabic & Islamic Studies curriculum.
This curriculum is based on a two-semester academic year.
Durus al-
Lughah vol.
Tasheel al-Nahw
1 1 Qasas al-
(using Al-Nahw al- Treasures of Arabic
(continued if Nabiyyin
2 Wadih Ibtida’iyyah Arabic Tutor
not vols. 1 &
& Thanawiyyah for Morphology vol. 1
completed, 2
reference/examples)
followed by
vol. 2)
Tasheel al-Nahw Arabic
(continued, if not Tutor
yet completed) Treasures of vol. 1 Qasas al-
followed by selected Arabic (continued Nabiyyin
1 Durus al-
readings & exercises Morphology if not yet vols. 3 &
Lughah vol.
from al-Nahw al- (continued) completed, 4
2 (continued
Wadih Ibtida’iyyah followed by
2 if not yet
& Thanawiyyah vol. 2)
completed,
‘Awaamil
followed by
al-Nahw
vol. 3) Qasas al-
Hidayat OR ‘Ilm al- Nafhat al-
2 Nabiyyin
al-Nahw Sharh Seeghah ‘Arab
vol. 5
Mi’at
‘Aamil
1 Durus al-Balaghah
Durus al-Balaghah (continued, if
Sharh ibn ‘Aqil not yet completed) followed by
3 Mukhtarat vol. 1
2 vol. 1 selected readings from Talkhees al-
Miftah OR its commentary
Mukhtasar al-Ma‘ani
147
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