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SPE 30775 MS Chan Water - Control PDF
SPE 30775 MS Chan Water - Control PDF
E
SPE 30775
This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Annual Technical Conference & Exhibition held in Dallas, U,S.A., 22·25 October, 1995,
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s), Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented does not necessarily reflect
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acknOWledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Write Librarian, SPE, P. O. Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083·3836, U.S.A., fax 01·214·952.9435,
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
A new technique to determine excessive water and gas Over the last 30 years, technical efforts for water control
production mechanisms as seen in petroleum production were mainly on the development and implementation of
wells has been developed and verified. gels to create flow barriers for suppressing water
production. Various types of gels were applied in
Based on systematic numerical simulation studies on different types of formations and to solve different types
reservoir water coning and channeling, it was discovered of problems. 1,2 Quite often, excessive water production
that log-log plots of WOR (Water/Oil Ratio) vs time or mechanisms were not clearly understood or confirmed.
GOR (Gas/Oil Ratio) vs time show different Although many successful treatments were reported, the
characteristic trends for different mechanisms. The time overall treatment success ratio remains low. 3
derivatives of WOR and GOR were found to be capable
of differentiating whether the well is experiencing water Through these field trials, the art of treatment job
and gas coning, high-permeability layer breakthrough or execution was progressively improved. Good practices in
near wellbore channeling. the process of candidate selection, job design, gel mixing
and pumping and job quality control were recognized and
This technique was applied on wells in several fields in adapted. More effective tools and placement techniques
Texas, California, the Gulf Coast and Alaska. Plots using were also used. The desire to define different types of
the actual production history data determined the excessive water production problems began to surface.
production problem mechanisms. Together with well
tests and logs, the technique was used to select well In general, there were three basic classifications of the
treatment candidates and to optimize treatments to problems. Water coning, multilayer channeling and near
enhance the return of investment. wellbore problems are most noticeable among others.
Field experience showed successful job design would
not be the same for different mechanisms. However,
there are no effective methods to discern these
differences. In reality, the problem could be very
References and illustrations at end of paper. complex, and usually is the combination of several
755
2 WATER CONTROL DIAGNOSTIC PLOTS SPE 30775
756
SPE 30775 K.S. CHAN 3
multilayer formation. This layer may not necessarily be respectively. The WOR' (simple time derivative of the
the layer having the largest permeability. The initial water WOR) shows nearly a constant positive slope for
saturation and its distribution in the layers may become a channeling and a changing negative slope for coning.
very dominant factor, if the permeability contrast among The WOR' trend for channeling behavior in the third
the layers is not large. period of a water coning situation is shown in Fig. 4.
Again, the WOR' vs time plot shows a positive slope.
The second time period shows the WOR increasing with
time. The rate of increase differs for a different problem The WOR derivative plot becomes very helpful to
mechanism. Figure 1 shows a striking difference determine the excessive water production mechanism
between coning and channeling. For coning, the rate of when limited production data are available. Figure 5
the WOR increase is relatively slow and gradually illustrates this advantage. The limited data were obtained
approaches a constant value at the end of this period. from the results of the Second SPE Comparative
During this period, the bottomwater cone not only grows Solution Project which involved a case study for
vertically upward to cover most of the perforation interval bottomwater coning. 1O The apparently increasing WOR
but also expands radially. The oil saturation within the trend shown in Fig. 5 could be easily taken as layer
cone is gradually decreased to the residual oil saturation channeling. However, the WOR' shows a negative slope,
level. characteristic of a coning case.
For channeling, the water production from the For gas coning in an oil well, water coning or channeling
breakthrough layer increases very quickly. Accordingly, in a gas well, or gas and water coning in an oil well, the
the WOR increases relatively fast. The slope of the water GOR (Gas/Oil Ratio) or WGR (Water/Gas Ratio) and
channeling WOR depends on the relative permeability their derivatives can be used. Again, slopes of the GOR'
functions and initial saturation conditions. At the end of and WGR' vs time curves indicate different mechanisms:
this second period, the WOR increase could actually positive slope for channeling and negative slope for
I
slow down entering a transition period. This corresponds coning. An example of the GOR and GOR plot is shown
to the production depletion of the first breakthrough layer. in Fig. 6.
The end of this transition period shows the WOR
increase resumes at about the same rate. This For a strong bottomwater drive, the well spacing
corresponds to the water breakthrough at the next becomes a key factor for the occurrence of the second
highest water conductivity layer. departure point from coning to bottomwater channeling.
Figure 7 shows a series of simulation plots as a function
The transition period could be very short depending on of well spacing (10- to 150-acres) and at a vertical-to-
the layer permeability contrast. Typically, the transition horizontal permeability ratio of 0.1. For 10- to 20-acres
period could become insignificant when the layer spacing, the second departure point becomes
permeability contrast is less than 4. The change of the indiscernible. Bottomwater appeared to be just
WOR in the transition period was found to be also channeling up vertically to the perforations which are
affected by the layer crossflow and capillary pressure located at the top of the production formation. The larger
function. the well spacing, the further the delay of this departure
time. This phenomenon would also depend on several
In the third period and for coning, a pseudosteady-state other factors, such as drawdown rate or pressure, water
cone has been developed. The well mainly produces influx rate, and again the relative permeability functions.
bottomwater. The water cone becomes a high water
conductivity channel. The WOR increase becomes very Immediately after the beginning of the waterflood,
fast resembling that of a channeling case. This second injection water could very rapidly break through very high
departure point can be regarded as the beginning of the conductivity channels or (thief) layers. For instance, a 3-ft
third period. For channeling, the WOR increase resumes layer having a 10-darcy permeability among the 100-md
the same rate after going through the transition period. adjacent layers could become a water recycling conduit.
The second highest water conductivity layer is being Figure 8 shows such a situation in the WOR change.
depleted. All channeling WOR slopes, including the one The WOR rapidly increases after the injection water
in the coning situation, would be very close because they breakthrough at the production well. With a high vertical-
are mainly controlled by relative permeability functions. to-horizontal permeability ratio, the water could cone up
at the wellbore and the water cone could rapidly expand
Further extensive studies repeatedly confirmed that the to cover the entire zone. At this time, the water
time derivatives of the WOR can be used to differentiate production rate starts to approach the total injection rate.
coning from channeling. Figures 2 and 3 show the WOR The WOR' curve in Fig. 8 shows this evolution: a very
I
and WOR derivatives for channeling and coning, steep positive slope within a very short time after water
757
4 WATER CONTROL DIAGNOSTIC PLOTS SPE 30775
breakthrough, followed by a period of a negative slope Texas. The initial WOR was about 4 (80% water cut).
indicative of cone buildup and a late period of gradual The reason could be a high initial water saturation.
positive slope corresponding to the completion of the Waterflood started in this field at about 2000 days. The
water-recycling conductive vertical channel construction. overall WOR trend shows a linear slope indicative of a
normal displacement behavior. For this well, the WOR
slope is about 0.5.
VERIFICATION
Support from the operating companies was In certain parts of the formation, there could be high-
overwhelming during the long process of the diagnostic permeability streaks or fissured layers associated with
plot verifications. The monthly average production rates the wells in a waterflood displacement pattern. Rapid
and, in a few cases, the daily rates were provided water breakthrough can be seen at the producers. Figure
together with the well workover history, logs and recent 12 shows. this drastic WOR increase from a well
well test results. Numerical simulations for an individual producing from a dolomite formation in northeastern New
well or for a group of wells involved in a displacement Mexico. Note that the initial WOR was less than 0.1. The
pattern were also conducted for further confirmation of WOR slope was about 4 and recently shifted very fast to
complex problem mechanisms, which usually entailed a larger than 10. The WOR' drastically changed as well, a
different problem mechanism for a different time period symptom of rapid water breakthrough.
and a superposition of these problems.
For water coning, a good sandstone example from the
Figure 9 shows an excellent example of a good and Gulf Coast area is shown in Fig. 13. At around 1000
normal production process in a linedrive waterflood days, water coning began and the WOR derivative
displacement process in a multilayer sandstone started to decline and show a changing negative slope.
formation in California. Note that the first WOR departure Construction of a pseudosteady-state cone was
point and the slope are clearly defined. In this second completed at about 2000 days (3 years later). Since then
period, the WOR' plot shows a clearly linear and positive the cone became a water channel for producing
slope, characteristics of a water channeling case. The bottomwater, and the WOR showed a linear positive
duration of this period was about 4000 production days slope.
or 11 years. This reflects consequential water
breakthrough at several layers or intervals which have a Quite often, a near wellbore problem could suddenly
small permeability contrast « 4). There occurred two to occur during a normal displacement and production.
three times, near wellbore incidents in the late time Figure 14 shows such a dramatic event taking place
period, as shown by the spiking of the WORand recently in a sandstone Alaskan well. The initial WOR
particUlarly WOR' in the plots. At these points, the WOR' was constant but above 1. The WOR rapidly increased
values exceeded well beyond 1. and followed a linear slope (about 3) after the
implementation of a waterflood. Recently, the WOR
Production changes could affect the appearance of the increase accelerated and the slope turned almost to
diagnostic plots. These changes could be the change in infinity. The WOR' trend and evolution substantiated this
drawdown pressure at the production well, and changes analysis. The peak WOR' was a very high value of 10.
in the injection rate and layer injection distribution at the The well was then treated with a small volume of polymer
associated injection wells. Figure 10 is a good example gel. Posttreatment results showed the water rate was
shOWing the WOR and WOR' deviations from the linear reduced by 50%.
slope in the second period. This well and the well shown
in Fig. 9 are adjacent wells in a linedrive pattern. A nine-
well linedrive model was progressively built to simulate RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
the continuous changes in the producers and the The available production history data base could be very
injectors. The history match results confirmed that the large. There could be a different production mechanism
causes of the deviation were the pressure distribution for a different period of time. The following is a partial list
changes and the disproportional overall .water and oil of possible production changes and workover operations
production corresponding to the changes in the that could trigger a change in the production history:
drawdown pressure in each layer. Note that the WOR
regains the original slope after achieving a pseudostable • reservoir pressure decline
pressure condition. • production decline due to skin damage
• implementation of waterflood or gas displacement
For some reservoirs, the initial WOR could be very high. • addition or alteration of perforations
A good example is shown in Fig. 11. It is for a typical well • choke size adjustment
prodUcing from a limestone/dolomite formation in west • gas lift vs flowing
758
SPE 30775 K.S. CHAN 5
• reservoir and well stimulation although there was no oil rate response until April 1982.
• cement squeeze. A bigger pump was used in July 1982. The oil rate
gradually increased to about 50 SOPD in December
A good practice is to plot (log-log) the entire production 1985. The water rate increased accordingly. The WOR
history to get a big picture, and then discern the periods plots in Fig. 15.4 showed a constant value for this period.
in which the production mechanism changes. Select any
period of interest and plot the WOR or other variations A submersible pump was installed in early 1986. The oil
(such as GOR and WGR) with their time derivatives to rate began to rapidly decrease and the water rate
identify the excessive water production mechanism in accelerated. The WOR plots showed a drastic change in
that period. This should be done not only for the wells slope when the WOR' reached a very high value of 100.
with known water production problems, but also for good The water rate was 3000 SOPD with a WOR of 3000.
wells in the same area producing from the same This is a very clear case of rapid layer breakthrough and
formation. Some suggested procedures include the water recycling.
following:
The well received a gel treatment in 1993. Since then,
• look for the normal production behavior the well has been producing about 600 SWPD and 15
• determine the normal WOR or GOR or WGR slopes SOPD with a normal decline behavior. Recently, the
• check the trend of their derivatives WOR has been around 45 (97.80/0 water cut).
• use expanded plots for the period of interest.
759
6 WATER CONTROL DIAGNOSTIC PLOTS SPE 30775
There should be more production and reservoir Rocky Mountain Regional Meeting, Casper, WY,
engineering opportunities. and benefits by using this May 15-16.
diagnostic technique as one further progresses along
this approach. 7. Mungan, N.: IIA Theoretical and .Experimental
Coning StudY,1I SPEJ (June 1975),247-254.
REFERENCES
1. Sydansk, R.D. 'and·· Moore, P.E.: IIproduction
Responses in Wyoming's Big Horn Basin
Resulting From Application of Acrylamide-
Polymer/Cr(III)..Carboxylate Gels,II paper SPE
21894,1990.
.......~
0 o 0 0 0' 0 0,0 a 0 0 0
..
Symposium, Denver, CO, ,April 12-14. 0.01
6. Higgins, R.V. and Leighton, R.V.: "Matching Figure 2-Multilayer channeling WOR and WOR I
Calculated With Actual Waterllood Performance derivatives.
With Estimation of Some Reservoir Properties,11
paper SPE 4412 presented at the 1973 SPE
760
SPE 30775 K.S. CHAN 7
10 1000 r-------,r-----....,.-----,...------.
a aa D
a~ - WOR
100 +------II------+----.....,..~,c_--____t
GOR
ooo~
D U
D
D
D
D 0000
0
D o 00
D
0.1 U
it D
D
~
D
l'i
a: .. .. . .. .. .. .. .
~ 0.01
.. .. "" 6 ...
....
0.001
I"\ WOR'
0.01 +------1.....- - - - - 1 - - - - - - + - - - - - 0 1
0.0001
10 100 1000
1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (deys)
Time (dEtys)
I
Figure 6--GOR and GOR derivatives for gas coning in
Figure 3-Bottomwater coning WOR and WORI an oW well.
derivatives.
- WOR
~/
waR
0.1
0.1 +--------------------1
11:
(
, ~waR'
a 0.01 0
3:
~
0
it
a:
~
l'i 0.01 +--------------------1 ~ 0.001
i-~
~ 0
0.0001
I..
0.001
1 - - - - - - - -........0;;=:;;;::;;:;::::::::;::=----1 0.00001
i
WOR' 10 100 1000 10000
Time (days)
0.0001 +--------------------1
100 1000
TIme (days)
I
Figure 8-WOR and WOR derivatives for thief layer
Figure 5-WOR and WOR I derivatives from the coning water recycling.
case history of the second SPE comparative solution
project.
761
8 WATER CONTROL DIAGNOSTIC PLOTS SPE 30775
100
1ססoo
1000
0
10 I
...
I
100
8. •
~'IlI a:
.~ r
a: 10 ~ 10WORI
~
a /::. r:WOR1
~
(;
IX
~
""WOR!
ol" 0.1
'f ~~
0
IX
1°.~
to
~ 0 00
0 0 0 III 6lJ-
..:.r"'"
0.1
.
'0
.
0'
00
o 00
"".
0.01
.. . • J~.r 0.01
.
""
0.001
0.0001
. . ...: . ,. 0.001
"" '-
""1~r
10 100 1000 10000 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Time(dB~) Time (days)
Figure 9-Field Example 1: Multilayer Channeling. Figure 12-Field Example 4: Rapid Channeling.
10
100
0
0 o IB
10
~
0
fNf
. ~~
~
D
a: a:
~
0 0 0
,fe. · A
~
.
00
0
10WOAI 10WORI
'"
0 0 ".
0.1
't!t~
• WOO (; 0,1 AWOR'
4.~~
IX tr
a Ooo IX 0
~ ~
.. .. . '"
0.01
~~.~~~ A
.40", A 6.6
A If- ~
. :t·
0.001 0,01
,A- lii>
.~
"" A A
"" ""
A A A AA •
0.0001 AA",,'" A ~ AA""
10 100 1000 1ססoo
0.001
• 6 66
""A
6 tl
Time(dB~) 10 100 1000 1ססoo
Time(da~)
1000
0
, l00,....----~--------~----"T""""'---___.
100 • °
10 +-----+-----+-----+-..__- - - - 1
00 "
°
.Roo~ •
o 0 0000
OO~1- :-"'l
.
10
ci °
"
~Is 00 0° CD t
""t.. 10WORI
..WOO' 1-----1 I::~=,I
IX
~ .. ""
'\ •
AA.~
AD
:AA~ lit
A
A A
A A
0.1
A ,.- : A:\~611
A
A 6a~:'" +-----+-----+-----="---'=t+-----f
.. a 6A~a A ~ 0.001
0.01
a
AAD
a *
A 0.0001 ...... ----01-----4------1=------1
0.001 1 10 100 1000 1ססoo
762
SPE 30775 K.S. CHAN 9
10000
10000
,
1000
1000
:= 100 100
0 0
1! 0
0
.~
~e
Q. 10 10
0.1 +-----+------+------1-------1
0.1 -1-----1-----1-----1------+----4 10 100 1000 10000
10 100 Time (days) 1000 10000 100000 Time (days)
Figure 15.1-Field Example 7: Complete Production Figure 15.3--Field Example 7: Waterflood Production
History. History.
10000
10000
1000
•
III 1000
o~
100 •
~~
100
o ~.
0_
ir: o 0 rP 0 0
10
~ oJN1~
o 0
. . _'lJo~!lA .~
..
II: "':"~ ~
a: ~
0 ~ '
:i: 4." 10WORI ~
.. .
"WOR' r;woRl
~,~ ~
-~
it
.....
0.1
~j . ~!I
~A.A .'. .. ........
~
~ ,,""1\,A~a
0.1
• l/o 410.'
A
" " '.\" " .6...... _
0.001
10 100 1000 10000 100000
0.01
.0
lime (days)
0.001
10 100 1000 10000
Figure 15.2-Field Example 7: Diagnostic Plots for r ... (dayo)
Entire Period.
Figure 15.4-Field Example 7: Waterflood Expended
Diagnostic Plots.
763