kT ~ mparticle c2

neutrinos (ν)
kT > mparticle c2
• ν + proton e+ + neutron!
} ν energy ~ 10 10 K

“Freeze-out” temperatures
• e + proton
- neutron + ν
!
particle /!
T (K)
antiparticle
time since BB
• n, p, in equilibrium when T > 10 K!
10

6x10
1.2x10
e
μ
20 sec
1 sec
• ν + n ➙ p + e favored for T < 10 K!
+ - 10

kT < mparticle c2 1x10 p 10 • neutrinos “decouple”!

• T < 10 K - p preferred over n
10

NOTE: after freeze-out, must have been an excess of

matter over antimatter
• still hot enough for p + n deuterium
 The First Three Minutes Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
time
Temp Z
[K] (redshift)
Radius Density
(?) [g/cc]
Stuff • final result as T ~ 3x10 K: 87% p, 13% n
9

1011 3x1010 4x109

e+ , e-
photons, neutrinos
• 10 seconds after BB!
• 2 out of 16 baryons are neutrons
0:00:00.01 10 ly
protons(p+) = neutrons(n) (1)

e+ , e-
photons, neutrinos !
0:00:00.1 3x1010 1010 30 ly 3x107

• make 1 Helium for every 12 Hydrogens!

62% p+ , 38% n

e+ , e-

0:00:01 1010 3x109 100 ly 4x105

photons
neutrinos -- decoupled! • mass fraction of Helium = 4/16 = 25%!
76% p+ , 24% n
• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis should produce a
e- frozen out universe that is 25% helium, by mass
photons, neutrinos
0:00:13.8 3x109 109 3x103
• predicted by G. Gamow in the 1940s - verified by
300 ly
83% p+, 17% n

photons, neutrinos observations of 1st stars

86% p+, 14% n
0:03:02 109 3x108 1000 ly 40
deuterium bottleneck (2)

The First Three Minutes

photons, neutrinos a complication -
0:03:42 9x108 ~3x108 ~1000 ly
87% p+ , 13% n (in He)
26 deuterium now stable
the “deuterium bottleneck”
• deuterium (d) = H = n+p!
Temp Z Radius Density -> 26% Helium
time Stuff (3) 2
[K] (redshift) (?) [g/cc]

• essential step to go from H → He:!

e+ , e-
photons, neutrinos 4
0:00:00.01 1011 3x10810 10 ly 4x109
0:34:40 3x108 10 3000 ly 0.10 protons(p+)
87% p+ , 13% = neutrons(n)
n (in He) (1)
trace 3 He, 7 Li, deuterium
e+ , e- • p+p→d+e +γ +

• p + d → He + p → He
0:00:00.1 3x1010 photons, neutrinos
1010 30 ly 3x107 62% p+ , 38% n 3 4
Adapted from The First Three Minutes, by Steven Weinberg

e+ , e-
1) antineutrino + proton <--> e+ + neutron
photons
e- + proton <--> neutron + neutrino
• BUT: d + γ p + n easily destroys when T > 10 K! 9

0:00:01 1010 3x109 100 ly 4x105 neutrinos -- decoupled!

2) proton + neutron <--> deuterium +76%
photon
p+ , 24% n • can’t finish the chain to He!4

3) deuterium + proton --> 3 He • deuterium doesn’t hang around long enough!

• T < 10 K:!
e- frozen out
photons, neutrinos 9
0:00:13.8 3x109 109 300 ly 3x103
83% p+, 17% n
• d is stable, d+p → He (+ p → He) can proceed!
3 4

0:03:02 109 3x108 1000 ly 40

photons, neutrinos
86% p+, 14% n • 3 minutes 52 seconds after Big Bang
deuterium bottleneck (2)
 0:00:01 1010 3x109 100 ly 4x105 neutrinos -- decoupled!
76% p+ , 24% n

e- frozen out
0:00:13.8 3x109 109 300 ly 3x103
photons, neutrinos
83% p+, 17% n more nucleosynthesis
• residual d, He sensitive to baryon density
photons, neutrinos
86% p+, 14% n 3
0:03:02 109 3x108 1000 ly 40
deuterium bottleneck (2)

photons, neutrinos
87% p+ , 13% n (in He)
• d ↑, He↓ in high density Universe!
3

9x108 ~3x108
• d and He probe baryonic density of early Universe!
0:03:42 ~1000 ly 26 deuterium now stable
-> 26% Helium (3)
3

e+ , e-
photons, neutrinos • measure cosmic d, He to determine Universe
3
0:34:40 3x108 108 3000 ly 0.10 87% p+ , 13% n (in He)
trace 3 He, 7 Li, deuterium
density independent of other “local” measures!

Adapted from The First Three Minutes, by Steven Weinberg

• 7Li is another probe
1) antineutrino + proton <--> e+ + neutron
e- + proton <--> neutron + neutrino
2) proton + neutron <--> deuterium + photon

3) deuterium + proton --> 3 He

revisiting the critical density

2GM M 3
BBN Result: 2
vesc = = c2 and =
R R 4 R2
Baryonic (ordinary) matter
makes up at most a few 4 R2
so we can write: c = 2G 2
percent 3
of the critical density of
the Universe Hubble Law: v = Ho x R = c - so - R = c/Ho

4 X
c2 3Ho2
X
c2 = 2G c rearrange: crit,today =
3Ho2 8 G

ρcrit= 3H2/8πG ~ 9.1x10-30 g/cc x (Ho/70)2

 Is the Universe a black hole? Three possible geometries
• define ‘horizon’ using age of Universe from Ho!
• critical density:
! ! ! ρcrit= 3H2/8πG ~ 9.1x10 -30
g/cc x (Ho/70)2 ! • Flat: ! ! Ω = 1!
• measured density: ρ
• recast as Ωo ρ/ρcrit

• if Ω < 1: expansion continues forever: universe is “open”!

• if Ω > 1: expansion reverses: universe is “closed”! • Closed:! Ω > 1!
•Open (infinite) Universe:!
• infinite volume no true edge!
•Closed (finite) Universe:!
• finite volume no true edge! • Open:!! Ω<1
•Flat Universe: density = critical density Ω=1

Probing matter via dynamics

The need for dark matter
• Kepler’s 3rd law gives orbital period in terms of orbital distance
• Big Bang Nucleosynthesis:! and mass within the orbit:!
d3
• constrained by He and deuterium!
3
• 2
P!orb
Mwithin
• Ω < 0.1 baryon • the orbital speed is simply !
!
•v orb = 2πd / Porb -so-!
• There MUST be some gravitating stuff
•v orb ∝ Mwithin /d
made of exotic, NON-BARYONIC matter!
• see the web links...
Probing matter via dynamics Probing matter via dynamics
vorb Mwithin /d
• what if... solar system was filled with invisible
dust?

• can put ~ 1M of dust within the Earth’s orbit at

o
very low density (10-4 x air)!
• if evenly distributed!
• M within orbits would increase as d increases!
• expect higher V than Keplerian!
• faster orbital speed than without dust:
from ‘Qunitessence’ by Lawrence Krauss

Probing matter via dynamics Dark Matter (within galaxies)

vorb Mwithin /d

• “Rotation curve” gives rotation speed

via spectroscopy!

• Rotation rate of stars/clouds gives mass

within the orbit!

• Spiral Galaxies - matter extends

well beyond visible disks!

• Elliptical Galaxies
- big M/L ratio!

from ‘Qunitessence’ by Lawrence Krauss • 90% of mass in galaxies is dark

 mass-density of the Universe
(in galaxies)

• measure "average" mass of a galaxy via rotation curve!

• count the number of galaxies!

• determine mass (in galaxies) of the universe!

• divide by volume of the galaxy sample to get Ω

the flatness problem

so what if Ωo < 1?
• if not exactly 1.000... at the Big
• if Ωo > 0.1, then the dark matter in galaxies must be Bang, then Ω diverges very Ω = 1-10-25
non-baryonic (?!)! rapidly away from it as the
universe expands.
• the “flatness problem” looms: Ω=1

• If Ω was only slightly smaller

• if Ωo =1.0 now, then Ω has always been 1.0 than 1.000... at the Big Bang,
then Ωo should be nearly zero Ω = 1-10-25
• if Ωo <1.0 now, it was much closer to 1.0 in the distant
today.
past, but still less than 1.0
• If Ω was only slightly bigger
• if Ωo >1.0 now, it was much closer to 1.0 in the distant
than 1.000... at the Big Bang,
past, but still greater than 1.0 Today
the Universe should have
(From Ned Wright’s cosmology tutorial)
collapsed long ago.