TDW3431 Digital Watermarking Trimester 1, 2014/2015

Tutorial 3
(Lecture 3)

1. Identify the TWO standard models of watermarking.

 Models based on a view of watermarking as a method of communications.

 Models based on geometric view of watermarking algorithms.

2. Use your own words to describe the THREE models of watermarking systems based on the
traditional model of communication channels.

 In the basic model, the cover work is considered as noise added during transmission of the
watermark signal.

 In the model of watermarking as communications with side information at the

transmitter, the cover work is still considered noise, but the watermark encoding process is
provided with its value as side information.

 In the model of watermarking as multiplexing, the cover work and the watermark are
considered two messages multiplexed together for reception by two different recipients: a
human, and a watermark detector.

3. Differentiate the following terms: reference pattern, message pattern, and added pattern.

 Reference patterns are predefined patterns, possibly dependent on a key.

 The reference patterns are combined to produce a pattern that encodes the message, which is
referred to as message pattern.

 The message pattern is subsequently rescaled, or otherwise modified to yield the added
pattern.

4. Use a diagram to explain the basic watermarking system with a simple informed detector mapped
into a communications model.

Refer lecture notes/ cheat sheet for diagram.

5. Illustrate the model of watermarking as communications with side information at the transmitter.

Refer lecture notes/ cheat sheet for diagram.

6. Illustrate the model of watermarking as multiplexing.

Refer lecture notes/ cheat sheet for diagram.

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TDW3431 Digital Watermarking Trimester 1, 2014/2015

7. Distinguish media space from marking space.

 A high-dimensional space in which each point corresponds to one work is referred to as media
space.

 A projection or a distortion of media space (such as frequency transform, filtering, block

averaging, geometric or temporal registration, and feature extraction) is referred to as marking
space.

8. Describe the region of acceptable fidelity and the distortion distribution in the media or marking
space of the geometrical watermarking models.

 The region of acceptable fidelity is a region in which all works appear essentially identical to
a given cover work.

 The distortion distribution indicates how works are likely to be distorted during normal
usage.

9. Explain a watermark embedder with an explicit notion of marking space using a diagram.

Refer lecture notes/ cheat sheet for diagram.

10. List and explain the THREE common types of correlation used in watermark detection.

i. Linear correlation between two vectors, c and wr, is the average product of their elements, i.e.,
the inner products between c and wr divided by their dimensionality.
ii. Normalized correlation normalizing the extracted watermark and reference watermark to unit
magnitude before computing their inner product.
iii. Correlation coefficient is obtained by subtracting out the means of two vectors before
computing their normalized correlation.