Convention Centre

for Dallas, TX

by

Paul Fung

A THESIS

IN

ARCHITECTURE

Submitted to the Architecture Faculty

of the College of Architecture
of Texas Tech University in
Partial Fulfilment for
the Degree of

I BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

^ Date
 T5
)0o. "^

o
o

o
o
CT>

O
o

CONVENTION CENTER
FOR DALLAS, TEXAS
 Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

Thesis Statement
Context Statement
Facility Statement

ARCHITECTURAL THEORY ISSUE 3

Statement of Issue

CONTEXT ISSUES 13

Built Context (Potential design response & Architectural precedent) 14

Natural Context (Potential design response & Architectural precedent) 17
Psychological Context (Potential design response & Architectural precedent) 19
Cultural Context (Potential design response & Architectural precedent) 21

FACILITY ISSUES 23

Facility Issues (Potential design responses & Architectural precedents) 24

Activity Analysis 28
Primary Activity
 Table of Contents

Secondary Activity
Spatial Analysis 37
Public Space
Private Space
Support/Service Space
Spatial Adjacency/Separation 45
Spaces and Activities Relationship 46
Public Space
Private Space
Support/Service Space

SPACE SUMMARY 48

APPENDIX 51

III
ABSTRACT
THESIS STATEMENT
CONTEXT STATEMENT
FACILITY STATEMENT
 Abstract

ABSTRACT
Thesis Statement
Architecture should be flexible to suit people's needs. The issue of Flexibility should be
supported by sub-issues such as Adaptability, ChoiceA'^ariety, Expansion/Contraction, and
Multi-use. Flexibility is largely dependent on technology. Technology provides alternatives
for architecture; it then becomes an important tool for architecture.

Context Statement
Dallas is the second-largest city in Texas and the seat of Dallas County. The Dallas skyline
rises abruptly from the surrounding prairie. A network of freeways radiates out from and
loops the central business district, linking the city with its suburbs.

Facility Statement
The facility that I intend to design as my thesis vehicle is a convention center. It will be
sited in the existing Dallas Convention Center in downtown Dallas. The specific address is
650 S. GrifFm St., Dallas TX 75202. The facility will provide spaces for exhibition,
meeting, and conferencing. It acts as a communication medium among people. The size of
the facility will be about 250,000 sq.ft.
 ARCHITECTURAL THEORY
: ISSUR'"''''''•'•''"'''''•'''T'T''"'''^^
STATEMENT OF ISSUE
 Architectural Theory Issue

ARCHITECTURAL THEORY ISSUE

Flexibility

" We are in pursuit of a new idea, a new

vernacular, something to stand alongside
the space capsules, computers and
throwaway packages of an atomic electronic
age... "
Warren Chalk

The development of technology enables the architect to have more alternatives in

architecture. The expectations of people about building has reached a point where no
single solution can fiilfils everyone's needs. Among all architectural issues, "Flexibility" is
the only one that comes closest to be an universal solution on architecture. It answers
questions such as adaptability, choice/variety, expansion/contraction, and
multi-use^

Durek. Donna P.. Architectural Programming (New York: Van Noslrand Reinhold, 199.1): 24.
 Architectural Theory Issue

Adaptability

" We aim to create a clear organic

architecture whose inner logic will be
radiant and naked, unencumbered by lying,
tracings and trickery; we want an
architecture adapted to our world of
machines, radios andfast cars... "
Walter Gropius

Adaptability is the power to make suitable for a new use, need, and situation. With
the power of adaptability, architecture can respond to the environment in any
circumstance. It then makes people happy without creating conflict and chaos.

Potential Design Response

The facility should demonstrate its ability by adapting to the surrounding
environment and climate conditions. To achieve this criterion, the facility should enable
spaces to have individual temperature control, which react to changing room temperature
and make adjustments automatically. In addition, the facility can use some sort of
 Architectural Theory Issue

reflective device to reflect sunlight into the facility. This results in a reduction of energy
costs, and merges the outdoor and indoor atmosphere together.

Architectural Precedent
Building: Georges Pompidou National Arts and Cultural Centre
Architect: Piano + Rogers
Client: Centre National d'Art et de Culture
Location: Paris, France
The prime character of this building is the capability to change. Not only in plan
but in section and elevation as well. It is basically aframeworkthat allows change. The
framework allows people to perform freely inside and out, to change and adapt, in answer
to technical and/or client needs. This free and changing performance becomes an
expression of the architecture of the building."

Centre Pompidou (New York: Rizzoli. 1977): 4.

 Architectural Theory Issue

Choice/Variety

" Let us conceive, consider and create

together the new building of the future that
will bring all into one single integrated
creation; architecture, painting and sculpture
rising to heaven out of the hands of a million
craftsmen, the crystal symbol of the new faith
of the future. "
Walter Gropius

Choice/Variety is the quality of not being the same, or not being the same at all
times. Architecture provides options for people to select what is the most suitable for
them. The interior layout of the building, for example, should be free to change at all times
to meet the needs of occupants.

Potential Design Response

The exhibition hall of the facility is separated by movable partitions, which can be
removed if necessary. The space then becomes flexible in size, capacity, and dimension to
accommodate various sizes of events.
 Architectural Theory Issue

Architectural Precedent
Building: Hong Kong Bank
Architect: Foster & Associates
Client: HSBC
Location: Central, Hong Kong
The idea of a "service module"^^ makes it possible to change the interior space
completely. The floors are capable of complete disassembly to create an empty space or
even a different atrium at a different level.

Daniel Treiber, Norman Foster (London: E & FN Spon, 1995), 78.

 Architectural Theory Issue

Expansion/Contraction

" Technology will offer us more control

rather than less. The building of the future
will be more like robots than temples. Like
chameleons, they will adapt to their
environment."
Richard Rogers

Expansion and contraction are completely opposite in meaning, but share the same
characteristic: the capability to change the size and shape of the building to meet the
client's requirements. Theflexibilityof the structural system is the key to making the
expansion/contraction operation possible.

Potential Design Response

The industrial style can be introduced to the facility especially on the structural
system. Flexibility of structure provides the facility with the potential for future expansion.
On the other hand, a strong and expressive exposed structure establish as an image for the
facility to the general public.
 Architectural Theory Issue

Architectural Precedent
Building: Renault Distribution center
Architect: Norman Foster
Client: Renault UK Limited
Location: Swindon, U.K.
The skeleton of the building is supported by an exposed structural system, and the
interior is basically an open space that is divided by partition. It would minimize the
influence on the rest of the building if the building requires expansion.

10
 Architectural Theory Issue

Multi-use

" We make the building, then the buildings

make us. "
Francis Duffy

A multi-use building can achieve various purposes at the same time under the same
roof It can satisfy the different needs of people. Moreover, it attracts more users.

Potential Design Response

The spatial activity of the facility should put similar activity groups together; the
users of the facility therefore can clearly identify their designated locations. Zoning of
various activities is preferred, but the facility should provide at least one linkage to tie all
different zones together. This enables users to change their preference on activities at
anytime.

ILINKAGE I
IZONE A I IZONE B I IZONE C I

II
 Architectural Theory Issue

Architectural Precedent
Building: Millennium Tower
Architect: Norman Foster
Location: Tokyo Bay, Tokyo
The Millennium Tower is a mega-structure that consists of all the essential
elements of a city. It exists as an individual city that can be self-supported. It divides into
several zones for different activities. A vertical linkage serves as a main conveying system
to transport occupants to different zones.

• •-•'5T7):m
CONTEXTUAL ISSUES
BUILT CONTEXT
NATURAL CONTEXT
PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT
CULTURAL CONTEXT
 Contextual Issue

BUILT CONTEXT

Site Location
Dallas is the second largest city in Texas and the seat of Dallas county. Situated on
the Trinty river on the rolling prairie of the state's north central plan, it is approximately
225 miles (360km) northwest of Houston, Texas.' It is crossed by Interstate highways 20.
The Dallas Skvline 35, 30, and 45. The Dallas skyline rises abruptly from the surrounding prairie. Among the
dominant features is downtown skyscrapers, including the 72-story NCNB Plaza building
and the 50-story Reunion Tower; and high-rise apartments. A network of freeways
radiates out from and loops the central business district, linking the city with its suburbs.^

Site Specifics
The site is located in the southern part of the downtown Dallas. The site is
currently occupied by the Dallas Convention Center at the intersection between the
Ceremonial Dr. and Griffin St. The proposed site is adjacent to the Pioneer Park
separating by the Ceremonial Dr.

' The New han(ibook of Texas. 1996 ed., s.v "Dallas. Texas.'"
" The Encyclopedia American. 1995 ed., s.v. "Dallas."

14
 Contextual Issue

kn^M^y^^^

View of the site from Lamar St.

The existing structures to the north of the site

 Contextual Issue

Potential Design Response

Since the site is separated by the Griffin St from the intersection of Ceremonial Dr.
to the Memorial Dr., the convention center should provide a linkage: skywalk, to tie the
site back together. Or it should take advantage of the isolation by the Griffin St. to create
a symbolic gateway. Although the skyline of the downtown is dominated by high-rise
buildings, the immediate surrounding of the site is rather flat. The proposed convention
center should develop proportional to its immediate surrounding-low-rise/flat, or creates
a visual linkage with the downtown high-rise buildings.

Architectural Precedent
Architect: Kohn Pedersen Fox/Sikes Hennings Kelly & Brewer Architects.
Building: The Federal Reserve Bank
Location: Dallas, Texas
The Federal Reserve Bank is located next to thefreeways,and it dominates an
anonymous sprawl of warehouses, small factories, and used-car lots next to a stretch of
depressed freeway. Despite of wrong proportion to its immediate surrounding, it creates a
visual connection to the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony (at the lower part of the picture)
by imitating the forms and materials.

16
 Contextual Issue

NATURAL CONTEXT
^ A O A S - F 6 R T KORta. tEXAS
i.«Tnuoi: 3?'s4"<t lohciiuor: 17 "b?- U El rv*Tior<: f i . i;;wo ^ 51 BARO !?) itllC fONC C;Nt»Ai l(t4K, «i«37
•if\N F^B MAfi ApR HftY JUf^E •JU^Y NOV DEC
m. SCP
1.
oct YEAft
TEMHBHURE "f:
Geography
- D a l l y Ita. U u o
.. ~ P » i l y
-Honlhly
Cjtti'vvies
Ht'\la»in

-Record Hi^hiiBl 37
M O
J3.5
n «.i
^fc,9
55.0
i!,1
tt.t

^;1 if:l
^3 2 17,8
74,7
86.3
97 3 84;
67.5
11 5
56.3
S7 1
66.2
44,1
55.6
18,1
37,4
47.8
76.1

Ui
The Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex is located in North
as aa Ills
103 113 I JO 102 89
-Immr
- R e c o r d (.Bxttst 37
l%4
4
i4a| iisB
•*110
21
1181
1185
1178
1180
61
11M
iiSo
1972 ,f
1167
'.m
A\
1171

nil
1181
111;
115!
lltl
.Ut

etc i m
1160

NOmtAL M O R t E DA^S: J
6»l
M 313 81 0 0 0 0 0 16 300 533 2407
Central Texas, approximately 250 miles north of the Gulf of
C»ll'<g lbu« (t'^rt 0 7 37 112 275 510 6i0 636 408 146 18 0 2801

« OF f > ( ) t e ( M . e
KM S K I COVCR
SuteMINC
lUitlhil
tJ 57 55 bO &4 (.3 70 77 7« 71 62 51 56 64
Mexico. It is near the headwaters of the Trinity River, which lie
17 t.l 3 e 5.i 5/1 5.9 4.9 4.3 4,i 4.7 4,7 5.2 5.6 5 3
M M ' S S i i ^ OF g R ? '
SvnM«« to SttrtMit
in the upper margins of the Coastal Plain. The rolling hills in the
;r?
1,7 a.1 8.7 H,i 14.1 I4.« 13.6 12.1 11.4 13* 2
1.1 10.8 11.5 1.6 19.2 <l'! 7,3
ill ,1:?
,(11 l i ^ c h * 9 o r < | o r *
SooM,1c» p « l l « t «
27

37 &.S e 5
t3.6
T.2
13.1
8,0
12,1
8,7
7 5

6.4
6.5

4.1
6.0

4.6 1 :1
^.4
1 9

6 6 5.8
s\:\
6.4 ix
7».1
area range from 500 to 800 feet in elevation."*
1 , 0 i n c h » » « * ^or9 37 01 0 t 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.4
0,6 o.o 0.0 0,0 0,0 0.1 1.2
1hund*r'«,lom« 37 1.1 1 7 < 1 ^.0 7.5 i.2 4.1 4.6 3,6 2.9 1.8 1,0 41 5

1 /^ ll«il« br U « 4 37 ? « I d 1,0 0.6 o.< 0.1 0.0 0." 0.1 D « 1,5 2.4 It.J
l««d(irBtO<-» °F

•so? . A d ifco'v*
33° i r d SiloM
^7
77
0.0
1.7 §1 o.i 8:3
4.0
0.0
11 7
0.0
27 5
CO 1;§ 'll! 2.7
0 0
0.0
0.0
n \\
J7 3«
?i fe.^ 0,0 0 X 40 4
Climate
H
0.0 0,0 0.0 2 5 10,3
0 a'-d b « ' 0 » * ^7
o.o 0.0 0,0 0.0 0.0 8:3 0 0 0.0 o.«
«1<,0 114.7 «
AVS. S T / l t l O H CRESS li^i 19
««.» 917.1 11*3.3 111.7 112.8 114.3 194 , d 916 7 917,0 118,» 115.4

ACLAIIVC HUNIOITT
^9"*- 0 0
l »
17
27
72
71
n
IS
73
83
71
67
74 66 74
85
73 74
SI
73
^ 7 1
72 Dallas is humid subtropical with hot summers. It is also
!;3r ?5 'i«'-" "''•' i7 i1
57,
'#'^54 51
(.0
57
P ^i
44
1?
44
51 II
55
57
58 56
('4U'- >e n 50 53 ' • %

' i
'. , continental, characterized by a wide annual temperature range.
3.«9 2,6o 1.76
-KriKlfku^ n^tMi^ty )7
l.W
<.5«
1 .'1)
6.20 ^'31 "t'f
i.11 1,76
6 85 l | 1 1 8 1 61164
,23 6.11
1,67 21,46
14,18
-Vaar 1190 11»f 1157 1182 1173 1170 1171 OCI 1 1 8 1
37 t a. If
%Tr
0 01 I O.20
^ ^ 1 9 7 5 1 1 7 0 ?ij; Precipitation also varies considerably, ranging from less than 20
-fmmf
S7
11B6
J. It
1110 l%5 ?Iii ul
M ia? ?a3
iiH
l^p
1165

?i?l
1160
1176 1411 T i l l ?«li ?*}?
.'AM l 9 8 b

OCI l i s i
intern.tvm tl«>F^U
•Max (rfium H o r t t h l y
-T#»r
« 1J.1
11M
i j ^ ;, r
rtip
T
mo
o> 0 0 H.o 00 0 0 1 0
1176
2.6
1163 ftB
'i^
1176
to more than 50 inches.'* July and August are typically the city's
- f l « k irruln I n ?•< h r *
~r,.r
37 l*.l
I1M tl
Ill9 . i^g
T
iiip
I
IMP
0,0 0.0 0 0
o.o 0,6 4,8
1176
2,5
1163 JAN l464
.
P r f f v ^ I I I n g Ol<*«Clltfn
37 11.2 i M 13,1 12.b 11.2 I0.» 9,6 1,0l 9.4 9.8 10,9 M.O lO.S driest months. The winter weather is normally mild with only a
8 . 5. 5 S 5 S S S
Ihrdoflti 1 % 3
f n t m Oba, 1 H i n .
S s S- s s
- d l C W C t »O0 ( ' ' 1 IT
37
Jt 3b J1
55
32
55
14
55 52
M 36 36
73
11
53
27 34 32
53
36
73 short period of extreme cold. Snowfall is rarely occured. The
P««h Gu«t
111! .^^i 1154 1170 1155 I1S5 nt? 1159 1961
.s „i? 1168 AM 1151

7 N Hi

0»ir
7 11||
,i 1187 lltl nil
SI
1195
5?
1186
41
1986
56
1188 1188 AUG ll85 average snowfall for this city is just 3,3 inches a year.

^ Weather of US Cities. 4th ed. ed. Frank E, Bair (Detroit: Gale Research International Ltd.. 1992), 9^>
'* Weather of US Cities, 4th ed.. ed. Frank E, Bair (Detroit: Gale Research International Ltd.. 1992). 9\V

17
 Contextual Issue

Potential Design Response

Because of Dallas' pleasant climate, the proposed convention center can
incorporate outdoor areas such as outdoor cafe or plaza into the facility. The occupants of
the building may retreat themselves from the interior, and expose themselves to the natural
environment. In addition, an outdoor exhibition area may be necessary for special activities
such as sculptural displayed. On the other hand, the convention facility can take advantage
of the pleasant climate of Dallas by applying indirect sunlight into somefrictionrooms to
cut down the energy consume.

Architectural Precedent
Building: Hong Kong Bank
Architect: Foster & Associates
Owner: HSBC
Location: Central, Hong Kong
The architect of the Hong Kong Bank demonstrates the effectiveness of the
indirect sunlight by using a giant heliostatic mirror captures and bounces sunlight into the
top of the atrium.^ Since the internal of the Hong Kong Bank is hollow out, and creates a
kind of atrium space, it is in turn reflected into the building's inner reaches.

Michael McCoy. "Attidus Toward Technology: Between Nature and Culture" ProRressi\c Architecture
(Apr 1991): 107.

18
 Contextual Issue

PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTEXT

Since the McKinney Avenue acts as the front porch of downtown Dallas and it is
the place where the public gather around the most, the relationship between a building in
downtown Dallas and the residential and restaurant locate along the McKinney Avenue is
a subject to be aware. It is as important as the image of the building itself The coherent, at
least not disturbance, with the John F Kennedy Memorial which locates on the south side
of the Main Street from the Plaza is preferable. North to the site, the Pioneer Plaza has the
worid's largest monument and one of Dallas' most popular tourist sites. The 4,2 acre
plaza also includes native plants, a waterfall and aflowingstream.^

Cit>A iew, Dallas Virtual Tour. http://cit>Aiew com/dallas/tour6,html

19
 Contextual Issue

Potential Design Response

Architecture should fit into the community by adopting the indifferent
characteristics and experiences of that community/area in order to create coherence.
Architecture, for example, can express as afishingboat on its shape to reflect the
characteristics of afishingvillage. In return, it can arouse the conscious of people. On the
other hand, architecture should express its emotions through its building form. Moreover,
the interior atmosphere can imitate the attitude of the community to bridging the gap
between building and human.

Architectural Precedent
Building: Okinawa Convention Center
Architects: Sachio Otani and Otani kenkyushitsu
Location: Ginowan, Okinawa Prefecture
The architects of the Okinawa Convention Center try to express their sympathy to
i,J^^ the people of Okinawa due to the tragic experience happen there at the end of WWII, The
building possesses its own history, traditions and cuhure that different from the main land
of Japan,^ The charater of this building is shaped by the environment. It answers the
people by shielding them from the subtropic climate.

^ Sachio Otani. 'Okinawa Convention Center" JA (Mar 1988): 27,

20
 Contextual Issue

CULTURAL CONTEXT

In the eariy 1980s Dallas had six churches among the nation's 100 largest: First
Baptist, Lovers Lane United Methodist, Cliff Temple Baptist, Beverly Hills Baptist, First
United Methodist, and East Grand Baptist, As the population has diversified, so have the
religious faiths, Buddhists, Eastern Orthodox, Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs are now found
in Dallas, Southern Baptists have the largest representation in the Dallas area, followed by
Catholics, black Baptists, and United Methodists.^
In the heart of Dallas, there is a lively, dynamic neighborhood: the McKinney
Avenue area. It offers outdoor dining, posh hotels, and fascinating shops and galleries, A
revived trolley line ties the avenue to downtown. In the cool of an early-autumn evening,
people gather around outdoor tables at restaurants up and down the street. It is a place
where shops and art galleries located in the houses of this turn-of-century-neighborhood,'

Potential Design Response

The proposed facility should be able to represent the diversified culture of Dallas
on its envelope and all major public spaces. The facility should be developed an universal

The New handbook of Texas. 1996 ed,. s,\ "Dallas, Texas "
^ Les Thomas. "Mckinney Avenue: Great Street in the Heart of Dallas." Southern Li\ing 24 (10) (OCT
1989): 62-63,
 Contextual Issue

language. Therefore, advanced technolgy should be incorporated with the building to

create an international style. The facility, on the other hand, should be interesting and
symbolic on its appearance that represent the uniqueness of Dallas.

Architectural Precedent
Building: Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Arch
Architect: Eero Saarinen
Location: St. Louis, Missouri
The St. Louis arch serves as an Enlightenment monument on the landscape, an
entrance to a new land and new life,'*^ The arch was built in 1950s; it was structurally,
symbolically, and technologically extreme at that time.

'° Michael McCoy, "Attidus Toward Technology: Between Nature and Culture" Progressi\c Arclm.auK
(Apr 1991): 106,

11
FACILITY ISSUES
FACILITY ISSUE
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
SPATIAL ANALYSIS
SPATIAL ADJACENCY/SEPARATION
SPACES AND ACTIVITIES RELATIONSHIP
 Facility Issues

FACILITY ISSUES

Communication
A convention center is a place that conveys ideas and knowledge. It is more like
the expansion of the town hall, "It is also an outgrowth of the need for people of common
goal, thought, religion, event, persuasion, or profession to gather, communicate, learn,
eat, forlick, socialize, and jointly decide items of importance to those people,"' A
convention center is a strong communication medium where 16,000 meeting and
exhibition activities occur nationally every year.

Potential Design Response

Since a convention center acts as a medium for communication, its first priority is
to attract people. The site of the convention facility should be easily accessible to the
public, and provide enough parking spaces for visitors. The convention facility itself
should also be welcoming and interesting on its building envelope and interior to attract
public attention. The circulation within the convention facility should be convenient to the
public.

' James P, Montero & David L, Fleck. Mock E.xamination Package lV-con\cntion center (LA ;
Archinform. 1978). 19,

24
 Facility Issues

Architectural Precedent
Building: Columbus Convention Center
Architects: Richard Trott & Partners and Eisenman Architects
Location: Columbus, Ohio
The winning scheme of Trott/Eisenman for the Columbus convention center
demonstrates "sensitivity to the neighborhood" and for producing the most functional
design,^ The scheme is also a breakthrough from that building type's "dumb box"
syndrome.

/'•'.'! y:<-'-!t'>if)n'i :\ •ritiiir.^, «','. ii<'- jvr ihr Columbus <.-.v.^t vfi''" <'< "'•'

' "Eisenman Wins Convention Center," Progressive Architecture (Jun 1989): 21,
 Facility Issues

Division
A Convention center is the 800-pound gorilla of the architecture worid,' It is
difficult to hide and get around with its surrounding neighborhood. The solution is to
break it down into components instead of letting it exist as a whole. Due to the fact that
these components can interact with each other or stand independently, the facility then
becomes more flexible.

Potential Design Response

The convention facility can be divided into three parts: exhibition, conference,
theater. Although these three parts stand alone, they can be virtually pulled together by a
plaza between them. This option provides a plaza/outdoor area where visitors can gather
and appreciate the environment before they enter the facility. On the other hand, a skywalk
can be introduced to strengthen the bond of the facility if the site is cut by a street into two
pieces.

' Clifford A, Pearson, "Divide and Conquer," Architectural Record (Mar 1992) 116,

2(1
 Facility Issues

Architectural Precedent
Building: Minneapolis Convention Center
Architect: Setter, Leach & Lindstorm
Owner: City of Minneapolis
Location: Minneapolis, Minnesota
The Minneapolis Convention Center is a gentle presence in the cityscape and an
easy place to get into and around. It responds to the site where two street grids collide by
rotating its wing at a corresponding angle. A plaza, on the other side of the street, sits on
top of an underground garage and helps open up views to the city. The facility takes
advantage of the plaza as an outdoor lobby, which provides a place for the public to
prevent congestion within the facility.

^<<2"i

27
 Facility Issues

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS

PRIMARY ACTIVITY ENTERING ASSEMBLYING EXHIBITING PERFORMING

Information Desk Assemblv Hall Storage area Stage

Main Lobby Function Hall Pre-fiinction Lobb> Backstage
Ticketing Booth Conference Room Storage area
Security checkpoint

SECONDARY ACTIVITY COOKING WORKING PARKING CLEANING

Kitchen Staff Outdoor parking Housekeeping

Loading Dock Securing Reserved parking
Cafe Maintenance Loading
Banquet Hall Indoor parking
 Facility Issues

Primary Activity

Entering
• a welcoming atmosphere
• transition area from exterior to interior
Information desk
• provides information for visitors to learn where they are heading to
• provides information of exhibits, lectures, and special events
Main lobby
• spa atmosphere
• appropriate interior decoration is preferable
• provides visual hint of the upcoming events
• seating places and phone booth should be provided but sparsely
Ticketing booth
• selling admission tickets to visitors
Security checkpoint
• to prevent visitors from bringing any hazardous substances into the facility

29
 Facility Issues

Assemblying

a gathering place for group visitors

attending lectures/sessions

annual dinner^anquet

supporters of political party

Assembly/Lecture hall

provides seating for visitors

a stage/platform for lecturer

provides audio and visual equipment

acoustics control
Function room

storage area for temporary structure and equipment

non-public access to the food preparation area

Conference room

provides audio and visual equipment

satellite services for video conferencing

sound barrier to maintain privacy

.•^0
 Facility Issues

Exhibiting
• most exhibition spaces are grand in scale and column-free
• adjacent or close to loading dock
• place for displaying
• heavy circulation flow
• provides adequate ventilation system
• provides adequate lighting system
• raised floor system for cabling
• a space that will promote interaction and efficient communication
Storage area
• equipment for temporary structure and kiosk
Pre-function lobby
• place for people waiting to enter the exhibition hall
 Facility Issues

Performing

• acoustics control is desirable

• seating for audience

• a place to convey ideas and messages

Stage

• the focal point of the entire room

• artists perform on the stage

• requires special lighting system
Backstage
• a place for artists preparing to perform

• a place that includes dressing room and equipment

• a place to control the mechanical system for the stage

Storage area
• storing tools for set design

• miscellaneous equipment

^>2
 Facility Issues

Secondary Activity

Cooking

• food preparation

• exhaust system to control the air quality

• sanitize

• conveying food to banquet/dining hall

Kitchen
• provides different choices of food for visitors

• able to handle massive production of food for group visitors

Loading dock

• shipping and receiving

Cafe

• a place for visitors to retreat from crowd

• bar provides some refreshments and drinks

• a place for conversation

Banquet hall

• for company's annual dinner

 Facility Issues

Working

• administration office

• building management

• promoting the facility

Staff"

• handle daily administration work

• keep files, records, accounts, and handling correspondence

• arrange exhibits, lectures, and other events
Securing

• against theft and vandalism

• response to emergency situations

Maintenance

• maintenance of building systems

• repair
 Facility Issues

Parking

outdoor parking for visitors

reserved parking area for staff

loading area for truck

indoor parking

drop-off area

Outdoor parking
well-lit during night time

patrolling by security guard

Reserved parking

non-public access

security gate
Loading

hidden from public

service drive to enter the loading area

Indoor parking

• provided for V I P , s
 Facility Issues

Cleaning
• perform in a way that will not conflict with the visitors
• keep the facility clean and unimpaired
• maintain both the interior and exterior of the facility in good condition
Housekeeping
• janitors
• perform cleaning after the operating hours of the facility
• storage for equipment

06
 Facility Issues

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Public Space

Entrance lobby
• a space for public reception and orientation
• a space for visitors to communicate
• at least two doors, entrances, and exit doors
• easy access to exhibition hall

Floor area 4,000 s,f

* source: Time Saver Standard For Building Type

The Pasadena Center 5,000 s f

Information desk
• near to main entrance
• easy access and visible from entrance lobby

Floor area 100 s,f

^source: personal judgment

 Facility Issues

Ticketing booth
• located within the entrance lobby
• on the right-hand side of the entrance

Floor area 100 s,f

*source: personal judgment

Mock examination package IV

Main exhibition hall

• highly flexible
• column-free space
• high ceiling for large exhibition display
• minimum decoration
• adjacent to loading dock
• next to pre-function exhibition hall
• easy access to supporting storage area

Floor area 30,000 s,f

*source: Santa Clara Convention Center 25,000 s,f

Jakarta Convention Center 33,000 s,f

^S
 Facility Issues

The Pasadena Center 30,000 s,f

Assembly hall
• adjacent to pre-function hall
• highly flexible
• provided with audio and visual equipment
• high ceiling
• close to entrance lobby
• movable seating and partitions
• close to storage area for equipment

Floor area 12.000 s,f

*source: The Pasadena Center 12,000 s,f

Jakarta Convention Center 14,000 s,f
Santa Clara Convention Center 5,000 s,f

Lecture hall/ Meeting room

• separate circulation/entrance from main exhibition hall

y)
 Facility Issues

• communication system for conference

• sound insulation
• comfortable environment
• audio and visual system
• permanent stage

Floor area 2,000 s.f

*source: The Pasadena Center 2,500 s,f

Jakarta Convention Center 1,700 s,f

Lounge
• relaxing environment
• part of the lounge area can be outdoor
• well-decorated if compared with exhibition spaces, and assembly hall in order to make
a contrast
• away from exhibition area

Floor area 4,000 s,f

* source: The Pasadena Center 2,600 s,f

Jakarta Convention Center 8,000 s,f

40
 Facility Issues

Public restrooms
• easy access from the entrance lobby
• hidden from public view

Floor area 200 s,f

'source: Time Saver Standards for Building Types

41
 Facility Issues

Private Space

Office
• storage space for files and office equipment
• separate from public area
• accessible by public

Floor area 3,300 s,f

* source: The Pasadena Center 3,300 s,f

Staff locker room

• close to office area
• not accessible by public
• washroom included

Floor area 800 s,f

* source: Personal Judgment

42
 Facility Issues

Support/Service Space

Loading/Unloading dock
• close to exhibition area and storage area
• parking space for service vehicle
• 3-foot high platform
• hidden from public area
• independent driveway from street

Floor area 100 s.f

* source: Mock Examination Package IV

Mechanical room
• the most isolated space in the facility
• acoustically insulated
• driveway accessible

• away from public

Floor area N.A.

4'<
 Facility Issues

Janitor room
• preferably next to washroom area
• not accessible by public
• storage for cleaning equipment

Floor area 30 s.f

* source: Personal Judgment

Kitchen
• close to banquet hall
• close to lounge
• not accessible by public
• adjacent to loading dock
• adjacent to storage area

Floor area N.A.

44
 Facility Issues

SPATIAL ADJACENCY/SEPARATION

E n "t r 0. n c e I o b
J Vk

Recepti on
.^
Ti cketi ng booth
Parki ng I o"t
'fi^
Exhibition hall
Prefunction area
Assenbly hall
Meet! ng noons
Theaten
Lounge
Tennace/PlazQ
-•©
Restnoons ( )
Adni ni s t n a t i o n o f f i c e ^
S t a f t locl<en n o o n ('^ -
Building nanagenent
Ki t c h e n ml
L o a d i ng d':tck
Storage % Stnong nelati onshi p
Jani t o n ^ Modena e nelati onshi p
Mechani c a l n o o n O Seoana on

4.^
 Facility Issues

SPACES AND ACTIVITIES RELATIONSHIP

Public Space
Entrance lobby Entering
Information desk Selling
Ticketing booth Assemblying
Main exhibition hall Attending lecture
Pre-function exhibition hall Exhibiting
Lecture hall/Meeting room Waiting
Assembly hall Performing
Lounge Storing
Public restroom Eating/drinking
Banquet hall Meeting
Informing

Private Space
Office Working

Staff locker room Storing

Conferencing

46
 Facility Issues

Support/Service Space
Loading dock Loading/Unloading
Mechanical room Storing
Janitor room Cleaning
Kitchen Cooking
Storage maintaining

47
 Space Summary

SPACE SUMMARY

PRIMARY ACTIVITY
] ISECONDARY ACTIVTTY
Public spaces

Spaces # of Users Net Sq. Footage sq. ft/ per person

• Entrance lobby 200 4,000 20

Information desk — 100 —

Ticketing booth — 100 —

n Main exhibition hall 9,000 90,000 (^3x30,000 10

Assembly hall 6,000 36,000 @3xl2,000 6
Meeting room 1,000 10,000 @5x2,000 10

n Lounge 400 4,000 10

Public restrooms 24 800 33,33

16,624 145,000

4M
 Space Summary

Private spaces

I I Administration office 10 2,000 200

Q Staff locker room 700

10 2,700

Support/Service spaces

H Loading/Unloading dock 100

[ I Mechanical room
I I Janitor room 120 30

• Kitchen
220

TOTAL NET SQUARE FOOTAGE 147,920

CIRCULATION X 1,3
TOTAL USABLE FOOTAGE 192,296
CIRCULATION X 1,2
GROSS SQUARE FOOTAGE 230,755

•^(1
APPENDIX
 Appendix

APPENDIX

Treiber, Daniel, Norman Foster, London: E & FN Spon, 1995,

Bayley, Stephen, Philippe Gamer, and Deyan Sudjic, 20th Century Style & Design, New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co,, 1986,
Durek, Donna P, Architectural Programming, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993,
Centre Pompidou, New York: Rizzoli, 1977,
Kerr, Philip, Gridiron. London: Vintage, 1995,

Thomas, Les, "McKinney Avenue: Great Street in the Heart of Dallas," Southern Living
24 (Oct 1989): 62-67
Dillon, David, "Downtown Gateway.^" Architecture-The AIA Journal 82(2) (Feb 1993):
60-67,
The USA Today Weather Almanac, USA: Vintage [1994],
Robert, R, Rafferty, The Texas Monthly Guidebooks. 2d ed, Houston: Gulf Publishing
Co,, 1991,
Texas State Historical Association, The New Handbook of Texas v,2, 1996,
Frank, E, Bair, Weather of US Cities, 4d ed, Detroit: Gale Research International Ltd,,
1992,
The Encyclopedia American, 1995 ed,, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated,

S7
 Appendix

McCoy, Michael. "Attitudes Toward Technology: Between Nature and Culture"

Progressive Architecture (Apr 1991): 106-107.
Otani, Sachio. "Okinawa Convention Center"iA (Mar 1988): 18-27.

Montero, James P., and David L, Fleck, Mock Examination Package IV-Convention
Center. Los Angeles: Archinform, 1978,
Laventhol & Horwath, Convention Centers. Stadiums, and Arenas, Washington, D C :
Urban Land Institute, 1989.
Jewell, Don, Public Assembly Facilities, Miami: Krieger Publishing Co,, 1992,
BPI Communication, 1995 Audarena Stadium Guide & Facility Buyers Guide, U S : BPI
Communication, 1995,
De Chiara, Joseph, and John Callender, Time Saver Standards for Building Types New
York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Co,, 1990,
Santa Clara Convention Center, http://santaclara.org/meeting,html
Technical information, Jakarta Convention Center, http://www.jcc,co id/JCCtechinfo,
html
Floor plan, dimension and capaciries, Jakarta Convention Center, http://www,jcc,co id/
flincroom/

De Chiara, Joseph, ed. Time Saver Standards for Building Types, New York: McGravs-
Hill, 1990,
 .Appendix

Hoke, John Ray Jr., ed, Ramsey/Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards, New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1994,
Montero, James P , and David L. Fleck, Mock Examination Package IV-Convention
Center, Los Angeles: Archinform, 1978,
Jewell, Don, Public Assembly Facilities, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, 1992.

.S4
 4

.11

ii vz>
I.A
 o
—^
<
(t
. • )

c
a
.oip a

^»'-

X
 > o o
11.
• r
• I

J
-<'7
» « «
• 4 • • •

•WF'T
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
5cole l"-4d)'-6" t
 FIRST FLOOR PLAN
•?;cole i"=^46'-6"
->

' y^

. t-\ !
«.> «3 \

C'
IIIIII
_r-L.

IP-
m
<
>

O • r- i? r '
4
I i • I - (

-«-j—n-
in—>-r-cnr

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

ELEVA
il
 Hon Center

n
i
/

LV-i

\ vb
/

I -^^m^^^^^.
 / ^n ~s\

<><i
^%

% % ^ % t^ %l

^^BTW'

\ !
t -4_ ^
,, i,.),.,r.;.I•.:,'- :,|,-,rtt;J^^pniiiii.
liid ••?i

[ ELEVATION 4

I muiig
^^•1 ***• ***] ***1 **I *f*I * **
• m^
 i r-
£.
' ^
'^ k ^y/^c^^
4.:

t't

- /
/
y

/C^'

)
/ ^
TRIG
-i
^ • , *
 Y

^ •^^r^^•
^ 1 ^
^ i^piS^

^/^ 4
^/^J'A

r
 V^'
Vji^'\
^ • ^ - 1 1

'ii4
B

fW4*5.*
 ' ' 'il?.-^