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Heat Student
Heat Student
Chapter 4: Heat
CHAPTER 4: HEAT
4.1 : UNDERSTANDING THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
By the end of this subtopic, you will be able to
Explain thermal equilibrium Thermal equilibrium
:Keseimbangan terma
Explain how a liquid-in glass thermometer works
A B
Equivalent to Equivalent to
Hot Cold
object object
1. The net heat will flow from A to B until the temperature of A is the ( same, zero as the
temperature of B. In this situation, the two bodies are said to have reached thermal
equilibrium.
2. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the net rate of heat flow between the two bodies is
(zero, equal)
3. There is no net flow of heat between two objects that are in thermal equilibrium. Two
objects in thermal equilibrium have the ……………… temperature.
4. The liquid used in glass thermometer should
……………………………………………………………………………..
(a) Be easily seen
……………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Expand and contract rapidly over a wide range of temperature
……………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Not stick to the glass wall of the capillary tube
5. List the characteristic of mercury
(a) ……………………………………………………………………………………..
Opaque liquid
(b) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Does not stick to the glass
(c) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Expands uniformly when heated
(d) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Freezing point -390C
(e) …………………………………………………………………………………….
Boiling point 3570C
…………………………………………………………………………………….
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
6. ( Heat, Temperature ) is a form of energy. It flows from a hot body to a cold body.
7. The SI unit for ( heat , temperature) is Joule, J.
8. ( Heat , Temperature ) is the degree of hotness of a body
9. The SI unit for (heat , temperature) is Kelvin, K.
10. ……………………………..…
Lower fixed point (l 0 )/ ice point : the temperature of pure melting ice/00C
…………………………………
11. Upper fixed point( l 100)/steam point: the temperature of steam from water that is boiling
under standard atmospheric pressure /1000C
l - l
Temperature, θ = θ 0 x 1000C
l100 - l0
l0 : length of mercury at ice point
l100 : length of mercury at steam point
lθ : length of mercury at θ point
Exercise 4.1
Section A: Choose the best answer
1. The figure shows two metal blocks. A. It warms the surroundings
Which the following statement is B. It warms the water of the tea
false? C. It turns into heat energy and
disappears.
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
2. The length of the mercury column at the steam point and ice point and are 65.0
cm and 5.0cm respectively. When the thermometer is immersed in the liquid Q, the length
of the mercury column is 27.0 cm. What is the temperature of the liquid Q?
Temperature, θ = lθ – l0 x 1000C
l100 – l0
θ = 27 – 5 x 1000C
65 - 5
θ = 36.670C
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
3. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 28.0 cm. When the thermometer is put into a
beaker of water, the length of mercury column is 24.5cm above the lower fixed point. What
is the temperature of the water?
4. The distance between 00C and 1000C is 25 cm. When the thermometer is put into a beaker
of water, the length of mercury column is 16cm above the lower fixed point. What is the
temperature of the water? What is the length of mercury column from the bulb at
temperatures i) 300C
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) If the measurement length of the liquid inside the straw at the temperature of the lower
fixed point and the upper fixed point are 5cm and 16 cm respectively, find the length of
the liquid at 82.50C.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) What kind of action should he take if he wants to increase the sensitivity of his
thermometer?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
6. Conversion of energy
Heater
Electrical energy
…………energy Heat energy
Power = P Pt = mcθ
………. …………….
increase in increase in
temperature temperature
Equal rate of
heat supplied
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
Exercise 4.2
SECTION A : Choose the best answer
1. The change in the temperature of 3. Heat energy is supplied at the
an object does not depend on same rate to 250g of water and 250g of
A. the mass of the object ethanol. The temperature of the ethanol
B. the type of substance the object is rises faster. This is because the ethanol..
made of A. is denser than water
C. the shape of the object B. is less dense than water
D. the quantity of heat received C. has a larger specific heat capacity
than water
D. has a smaller specific heat capacity
than water
2. Which of the following defines
the specific heat capacity of a substance 4. In the experiment to determine
correctly? the specific heat capacity of a metal
A. The amount of heat energy required block, some oil is poured into the hole
to raise the temperature of 1kg of the containing thermometer. Why is this
substance done?
B. The amount of heat energy required A. To ensure a better conduction of heat
to raise 1kg of the substance by 10C. B. To reduce the consumption of
C. The amount of heat energy required electrical energy
to change 1kg of the substance from C. To ensure the thermometer is in an
the solid state to the liquid state. upright position.
D. To reduce the friction between the
thermometer and the wall of the
block.
1. How much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of a 4kg iron bar from
320C to 520C? (Specific heat capacity of iron = 452 Jkg-1 0C-1).
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
4. 750g block of a aluminium at 1200C is cooled until 450C. Find the amount of
heat is released. . (Specific heat capacity of aluminium = 900 J kg-1 C-1).
5. 0.2 kg of water at 700C is mixed with 0.6 kg of water at 30 0C. Assuming that
no heat is lost, find the final temperature of the mixture. (Specific heat capacity of water
= 4200 J kg-1 C-1)
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
5kg
2.25kg
A
B
1000C 200C
(c) Suggest one method to reduce the energy loss to the surroundings.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
Gas
Boiling
Latent heat …………. Condensation
Latent heat …………
Solidification
Solid Latent heat ………… Liquid
2. The heat absorbed or the heat released at constant temperature during a change of
phase is known as latent heat. Q= ml
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time 97
MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
(b) Boiling
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time
(c) Solidification
Temperature ………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
Time ……………………………………….
(d) Condensation
………………………………………
Temperature
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
………………………………………
……………………………………….
Time
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
ice water
gas
water
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
EXERCISE 4.3
Section A:
1. The graph in figure below shows
how the temperature of some wax
changes as it cools from liquid to solid. 3. It is possible to cook food much
Which section of the graph would the faster with a pressure cooker as shown
wax be a mixture of solid and liquid? above. Why is it easier to cook food
using a pressure cooker?
A. PQ
B. QR
C. RS A. More heat energy can be supplied to
D. ST the pressure cooker
B. Heat loss from the pressure cooker
2. Figure show a joulemeter used for can be reduced.
measuring the electrical energy to melt C. Boiling point of water in the pressure
some ice in an experiment. To find the cooker is raised
specific latent heat of fusion of ice, what D. Food absorbs more heat energy from
must be measured? the high pressure steam
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
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Chapter 4: Heat
6. Find the amount of heat needed to convert 0.5 kg of ice at —15 0C into steam
at 1000C
7. Calculate the amount of heat needed to convert 100 g of ice at 0 0C into steam
at 1000C.
8. The specific latent heat of vaporization of water is 2300 kJ kg-1. How much
heat will be absorbed when 3.2 kg of water is boiled off at its boiling point.
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
Temperature,T
K (Kelvin)
Pressure,P
Pa(Pascal)
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................
Pα1
V
That is PV = constant Small volume
molecules hit wall
Or P V = P V more often, greater
1 1 2 2
pressure
0 V 0 1/V
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
3. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 m deep is 250cm 3. If the
atmospheric pressure is 10m of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches
the surface of the sea.
P2= 10m
PI=50m + 10m
V1=250cm3
VαT
that is V = constant
T
Higher temperature,
Relationship between faster molecules,
volume and temperature larger volume to keep
the pressure constant
Lower temperature
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
Pα T
That is P = constant
T
Higher temperature
molecules move
faster, greater
pressure
Relationship between pressure
and temperature
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
2. The volume of an air bubble at the base of a sea of 50 in deep is 200 cm3. If the
atmospheric pressure is 10 in of water, find the volume of the air bubble when it reaches the
surface of the sea.
3. The volume of an air bubble is 5 mm3 when it is at a depth of h in below the water
surface. Given that its volume is 15 mm3 when it is at a depth of 2 in, find the value of h.
(Atmospheric pressure = 10 m of water)
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
4. An air bubble has a volume of V cm3 when it is released at a depth of 45m from the
water surface. Find its volume (V) when it reaches the water surface. (Atmospheric pressure
= 10 m of water)
5. A gas of volume 20m3 at 370C is heated until its temperature becomes 870C at
constant pressure. What is the increase in volume?
6. The air pressure in a container at 330C is 1.4 X 1O5 N m2. The container is heated
until the temperature is 550C. What is the final air pressure if the volume of the container is
fixed?
7. The volume of a gas is 1 cm 3 at 150C. The gas is heated at fixed pressure until the
volume becomes triple the initial volume. Calculate the final temperature of the gas.
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
9. The pressure of a gas decreases from 1.2 x 10 5 Pa to 9 x 105 Pa at 400C. If the volume
of the gas is constant, find the initial temperature of the gas.
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
PART A: CHAPTER 4
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
PART B;
1. A research student wishes to carry out an investigation on the temperature change of the
substance in the temperature range -500C to 500C. The instrument used to measure the
temperature is a liquid in glass thermometer.
Thermometer A B C D
Liquid Mercury Mercury Alcohol Alcohol
Freezing point of liquid (0C) -39 -39 -112 -112
Boiling point of liquid (0C) 360 360 360 360
Diameter of capillary tube Large Small Large Small
Cross section
Table 1
(a) (i) State the principle used in a liquid- in –glass thermometer.(1m)
........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Briefly explain the principle stated in (a)(i) (3m)
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Table 1 shows the characteristic of 4 types of thermometer: A,B C and D. On the basis
of the information given in Table 1, explain the characteristics of, and suggest a suitable
thermometer for the experiment.(5 m)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
(c) The length of the mercury column in uncalibrated thermometer is 6.0cm and 18.5 cm at
00C and 1000C. respectively. When the thermometer is placed in a liquid, the length of
the mercury column is 14.0cm
(i) Calculate the temperature of the liquid
(ii) State two thermometric properties which can be used to calibrate a thermometer. (6m)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Figure 2
Assuming that the heat absorbed by the polystyrene cup and heat loss to the
surroundings are negligible.{Specific heat capacity of water 4 200 j kg-1 C-1)
Calculate
(a) the quantity of heat gained by water the polystyrene cup
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
(a) State the energy change each time the tube is inverted.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) What is the average distance taken by the lead shot each time the tube is
inverted?
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
(c) Calculate the time taken by the lead shot to fall from the top to the
bottom of the tube.
(d) After inverting the tube 100 times, the temperature of the lead shot is
found to have increased by 30C.
i. Calculate the work done on the lead shot.
PART C: EXPERIMENT
1. Before travelling on a long journey, Luqman measured the air pressure the tyre of
his car as shown in Figure (a) He found that the air pressure of the tyre was 200 kPa.
After the journey, Luqman measured again the air pressure of the tyre as shown in Figure
(b) He found that the air pressure had increase to 245 kPa. Luqman also found that the
tyre was hotter after the journey although the size of the tyre did not change.
Using the information provided by Luqman and his observations on air pressure in the
tyre of his car:
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Choose suitable apparatus such as pressure gauge, a round-bottomed flask and any other
apparatus that may he necessary. In your description, state clearly the following:
i. Aim of the experiment,
ii. Variables in the experiment,
iii. List of apparatus and materials,
iv. Arrangement of the apparatus,
v. The procedure of the experiment including the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable,
vi. The way you would tabulate the data,
vii. The way you would analyse the data. [10 marks]
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MBSSKL Physics Module Form 4
Chapter 4: Heat
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