INTRODUCTION:

The word hygiene derives from the name of the ancient Greek
goddess of healthful living, Hygeia. Initially worshipped in her own
right, by the fifth century BCE in Athens Hygeia was instead depicted as
a demi-god, the daughter or wife of the god of healing, Asclepius.
While worship of Asclepius aimed at curing disease through divine
intercession, worship of Hygeia emphasized obtaining health by living
wisely in accordance with her laws. In contemporary Western society
the concept of hygiene has become associated with standards of
personal grooming which often have little effect on individual health.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Hygiene in the earliest sense was not connected to cleanliness or
personal grooming. Indeed popular attitudes in Western Europe and
the US held that frequent bathing was dangerous to individual health.
It upset the physical system, robbed the body of precious natural oils,
and led to debilitating illness. Though individuals such as Benjamin
Franklin urged cleanliness as a necessary component of healthful
living, the plumbing technology required to make this easy was
underdeveloped and expensive. Travellers in Europe and the US during
the early nineteenth century frequently commented on the filthy
conditions both of persons and households. One historian has
suggested that, in a largely agricultural community, the dirt of honest
labour was associated with both economic and physical well-being, an
outlook that applied to both peasant cultures in Europe and yeoman
farm life in the US.

Beginning in the early nineteenth century, the repeated onslaught of

diseases such as cholera began to alter people's understanding of
personal hygiene. Since orthodox medicine seemed powerless in
response to these pandemics, a variety of alternative medicines gained
popularity. Many of these alternatives emphasized disease prevention
through healthful living, which included diet and clothing reform, daily
cold water bathing, exercise, regulation of bowel movements, and
abstinence from coffee, tea, alcohol, and sex. In their attack on heroic
medicine, reformers emphasized personal and domestic responses to
health crises.

For these reformers, living hygienically was essential both

because it led to physical well-being, and because it revealed proper
moral character. Catherine Beecher, the most prominent domestic
advice author of the mid-nineteenth-century US, propounded this view
of hygiene. In Letters to the People on Health and Happiness she called
her hygiene precepts, ‘… laws of health and happiness, because our
Creator has connected the reward of enjoyment with obedience to
these rules, and the penalty of suffering with disobedience to them’.

Florence Nightingale, in her efforts to reform English hospital

care, provided the most cogent arguments linking personal and public
hygiene with good health and morals. Like many of her
contemporaries, Nightingale believed that unhealthy living made
individuals susceptible to contagion. She rejected germs as a specific
causal agent, however, asserting that dirt, sewer gases, and other
environmental contagion produced illness. Nightingale's system for
training nurses reflects this belief, and Nightingale nurses cleaned the
patient and created order in the hospital. Nightingale is, therefore, a
transitional figure linking the idea that the individual has a moral
responsibility to live healthfully with a desire to control external threats
to individual health.

As Western society became more urban and industrial, the

disorderliness of city life seemed to threaten the health of even the
most dedicated follower of Beecher's ‘laws of health and happiness’.
Gradual acceptance of the germ theory compounded the fear that right
living alone could not prevent illness. The eleventh edition of the
Encyclopedia Britannica reflects this attitude by asserting that hygiene
embraces ‘all the agencies which affect the physical and mental well-
being of man.’ Hygiene as a system included not only personal hygiene
related to food, clothing, exercise, cleanliness, and sexual control, but
also sciences such as engineering, meteorology, bacteriology, and
public sanitation and waterworks.

Since social health required both environmental cleanliness and

hygienic behaviour on the part of the masses, reformers sought to
extend private middle-class standards of hygiene into the public arena
by reforming garbage collection, water delivery, and sewage disposal.
They also sought to change the behaviours of the lower classes. In the
US the effort to transmit hygienic practices to the masses was
inextricably linked to Americanization. The goal was to lift so-called
‘dirty foreigners’ to middle-class American standards. The lessons of
hygienic living were first taught to women through ‘settlement houses’
and visiting nurses, but the most effective pedagogy of hygiene
targeted children in schools. Hygiene instruction prodded children to
swat flies, refrain from spitting, brush their teeth and hair, clean their
clothing, wash all of their body and not just the parts that showed, eat
balanced meals, and abstain from alcohol, tobacco, and sex.
Humiliation of children who did not meet the teacher's standards was
frequently used to reinforce these lessons, and students were
expected to carry the lessons home. African- Americans and
immigrants readily embraced hygienic living as a means of uplift.
Booker T. Washington, prominent leader of the African- American
community and founder of the Tuskegee Institute, emphasized the
‘gospel of the toothbrush’. Ironically, African-Americans, many of
whom worked as janitors, maids, and laundresses, were viewed as
indelibly dirty and diseased regardless of their adherence to the
hygienic standards of the white middle classes.

DIAGNOSIS:
Some problems are diagnosed according to individual,
community and policy that focus on behavioral basis, cognitive and
social aspect of living.

Individual: Lack of information caused poor hygiene. For example,

improper hand washing, especially before or after meal an preparing of
foods as well as before and after using of toilet, improper washing and
caring of hairs, un-cleaned ear lobes, not shaving of hair to specific
area such as armpit for ladies and beard to boys, not using of soaps
during bathing and they take a bath two to three times a week, not
brushing of teeth regularly even after meal, untrimmed nails and hairs,
not changing of under garments, cloths and wearing used dressed.
Also, superstitious beliefs from parents or elders transfer to siblings.
For example “ bawal magwalis ng gabi”. Some says “ito na ang
nakalakihan ko, bahala na” they are satisfied on what they already
knew and learned from their childhood. Actually, some parents neglect
to instruct their personal things. For example, arranging their closets,
books, shoes or sandals properly, sweeping their own dirt and proper
disposing of own garbage.

Community:
Improper waste disposal is one of the problems in this area
where in there are people who always disposed their garbage’s
anywhere. Not following the color coding of their Barrangay especially
in segregating of biodegradable to non-biodegradable. Some disposed
their garbage on their backyard because there is no garbage collector
and the waste stock so long that caused bad smell. Also, it blocks their
drainage so the water can’t flow well and there are many living sector
that may cause illnesses. Aside from that, some factories have no
proper way in disposing their waste. For example short drainage and
directly disposing it to the river that caused water pollution.

Policies:
RECENT NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND
DOH POLICIES AFFECTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND SANITATION:

1. Stockholm convention on persistent Organic pollution(POP’s) in

may 2001, were the Philippines is a signatory and eventually by the
senate on February 2,2004 through senate resolution 676, this treaty
bans the use of POP’s are called the “Dirty Dozen” of pesticides,
industrial chemical and unintentional by products of burning:

Pesticides: aldrin and dieldrin, andrin, choldrane, heptalchor, DDT,

hexachlorobenzen, mirex, and toxaphene.
Industrial chemical: polychlorinated biphenyls, and
hexachlorobenzene.
Unintentional by products of burning: dioxins and furans(caused by
burning plastic)

R.A.6969- “toxic substance and hazardous and nuclear waste control

act of 1990” and its implementing rules and regulation (DAO 29)
(1992) - regulating the importation, use, movement, treatment and
disposal of toxic chemicals and hazardous and nuclear waste in the
Philippines.
R.A. 874: “clean air act of 1999”- provides a comprehensive air
pollution management and control program to achieve and maintain,
healthy air. Section 20 bans the use of incineration for municipal, bio-
medical and hazardous waste but allows the traditional method of
small- scale community burning.

Motor vehicles cause 70% of outdoor air pollution and measures are
required to alleviate air pollution due to motor vehicles, such as: all
motor vehicles are required to pass the smoke emission standard prior
to registration; phasing out leaded gasoline in the end of year 2000;
automotive diesel fuels sulfur content should be lowered; and decrease
in the aromatics and benzene levels in unleaded gasoline.

Furthermore; ban smoking in enclosed public places including public

transport in order to prevent indoor pollution due to second hand
smoke.

R.A.9003: “ecological solid waste management act of 2000”- it

declares the adoption of a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological
solid waste management program as a policy of the state. Adopts a
community-based approach. Mandates waste diversion through
composing and recycling.

R.A.: “Clean air waste Act of 2004”- this law aims to establish waste
water treatment facilities that will clean wastewater before releasing
into the bodies LGUs to form the water. Management areas that will
manage wastewater in their respective areas.
SUPPLEMENTAL IMLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATION OF CHAPTER II
– “WATER SUPPLY”, OF THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE PHILLIPINES
(P.D.856) - this supplemental IRR provides the guidelines on the proper
regulation of the water refilling station.

Water refilling station should regularly monitor their drinking water

quality in the following schedules: monthly for bacteriological quality,
every six months for physical and chemical properties, annually for
biological; quality, and radiological properties when need arises all of
these water analysis procedures should be done only in DOH-
accredited laboratories and the water quality should follow the
Philippines national standard for drinking water (PNSDW).

Supplemental IRR on chapter XVII on sewage Collection and disposal

and Excreta disposal and Drainage of the sanitation code of the
Philippines (P.D. 856) – it regulates and provides proper guidelines for
LGU’s and established involve in the dislodging, collection, handling
and transport, treatment, and disposal of domestic sludge from
cesspools, communal septic tanks, domestic sewage treatment plants
facilities and septage from household septic tanks.

Communication Process:
Barriers:
Improper dissemination of information is one of the barriers
because there are some people who may not be able to understand
what we are saying mainly because of their level of knowledge.
Distance and transportation also affects communication process, some
places like mountain provinces are seldom reached by the Health Care
Providers to conduct seminars. Lack of time and resources can be a
barriers,
Solution:
In order to overcome that, we have to talk to them according to
the language that they can understand.

Changes expected:
Barriers:

Solution:

Effectiveness:
This section describes ways to build positive relationships with
residents. The first step in trying to understand how a resident
behaves is to try to identify the reason behind the behavior. Ask
yourself, “What does the resident need?” Is it to be heard? For
example, an angry resident may refuse to eat his food and throws on
the floor because no one involves him in making his food choices and
he feels a loss of control over his daily life. Second, face the resident,
lean forward slightly, get to the resident’s level and make eye contact.
Now, send a message that you are interested in what the resident is
saying. Use the therapeutic touch when appropriate, may also get the
residents attention because the more you get to know the resident, the
better you’ll be. Third, listen carefully to the residents. Allow them to
express their opinion or feelings while others listen. You can show
interest by nodding and saying things like “I see” or “mm”; this will
help you learn how she seems to feel about the situation at the
moment. Fourth, ask open-ended questions rather the “yes” or “no”
questions. For example, say “papaano natin itatapon ang mga
basura?” Then, use “I” rather than “you”. For example, “Ako kasi
binubukod ko ang mga basura sa amin”. Lastly, ensures that they are
comfortable in the activity to increase their motivation to participate.
In addition, direct staff has an important role to play in terms of
sharing information about local recreational opportunities, helping
residents to get ready for community activities such as, getting bathed
and dressed, how to segregate garbage from biodegradable to non-
biodegradable, and if necessary, assisting with transportation.

Strategies in Health Promotion

Conducting a seminar about good hygiene is one of the
strategies to promote health and to prevent diseases. Our group has
decided to conduct a seminar about “HAND HYGIENE”, since it’s the
best and easiest way to promote health.
Hand washing for hand hygiene is the act of cleansing the hands
with water or another liquid, with the use of soap, for the purpose of
removing soil, dirt, and/or microorganisms.

HERE ARE SOME

STRATEGIES OR
GUIDELINES ON HOW WE CAN TAKE CARE OF OURSELVES
AND ALSO OUR ENVIRONMENT.
PERSONAL:

Personal
hygiene is the first
step to good
grooming and good
health. Elementary
cleanliness is
common
knowledge. Neglect
causes problems
that you may not even be aware of. Many people with bad breath
are blissfully unaware of it. Some problems may not be your fault
at all, but improving standards of hygiene will control these
conditions. Dandruff is a case in point. More often than you
know, good looks are the result of careful and continuous
grooming.
Every external part of the body demands a basic amount of
attention on a regular basis. Here are some grooming routines
and some complaints associated with neglect.

1. HAIR

• Wash your hair at least once a week using soap or mild

shampoo. Avoid shampoos with borax or alkalis. Rinse well. This
is more important than working up a head load of lather.
• Dry your hair after a wash.
• Brush your hair three to four times a day with a soft bristled
brush or a wide toothed comb. Wash your brush and comb every
time you wash your hair.
 • Oil the scalp, once a week, preferably an hour before hair wash.
• There are no completely safe or permanent hair dyes as of now.
Apart from causing scalp allergies, dyes can also cause allergic
colds and throat conditions. Perform a sensitivity test every time
you use hair color.

2. SKIN

• Soap and water are essential for keeping the skin clean. A good
bath once or twice a day is recommended, especially in tropical
countries like India. Those who are involved in active sports or
work out to a sweat would do well to take a bath after the
activity.
• A mild soap will do the job adequately. Germicidal or antiseptic
soaps are not essential for the daily bath. You can use a bath
sponge for scrubbing. Back brushes and heel scrubbers are
available. But do not use abrasive material.
• The genitals and the anus need to be cleaned well because of
the natural secretions of these areas, in unhygienic conditions,
can cause irritation and infection.
• Wash off well after soaping. Drying with a clean towel is
important. Avoid sharing soaps and towels.
• Change into clean underwear after bath.
• Around middle age the skin tends to go dry a bit. A moisturizing
oil or cream can be used. It is better to use this at night, because
if you go out in the sun or commute on dusty roads when the
skin is wet, dust sticks to it and oils may also give you a tan.

3. TEETH
 • Brush teeth twice a day and rinse well after every meal. Brushing
before going to bed is important. (Especially recommended for
people with a sweet tooth). For normal teeth this is adequate.
• While brushing, pay attention to the fact that you are getting rid
of the food particles stuck in between the teeth and in the
crevices of the flatter teeth at the back, the molars and pre
molars. Brush down on the upper teeth and brush up on the
lower teeth. Use a circular motion. Pay attention to the tongue
and the inner surface of teeth as well.
• The brush should have resilient bristles. It should be rinsed well
and left to dry after use. There are no perfect toothpastes or
powders. Use one without harsh abrasives or strong antiseptics.

4. HANDS

• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after
every meal and after visiting the toilet. Soaping and rinsing
should cover the areas between fingers, nails and back of the
hand. Hands should be dried with a clean towel after wash. The
towel at the wash stand has to be washed and changed
everyday.
• While cooking, especially when packing lunches, you can prevent
food from spoilage and minimize contamination by keeping your
hands clean. While handling food avoid scratching, or touching
the ears, nose, mouth or other body orifices. If you need to use a
handkerchief or tissue, wash your hands after that. Keep your
nails short.
• Nail Polish users should see that it does not chip off into the food.

5. NAILS
 • Clip nails short, along their shape. Don't cut them so close that it
pinches the skin.
• A healthy body ensures healthy nails. Brittle or discolored nails
show up deficiencies or disease conditions.
• Do not keep your nails painted continuously. It causes the
keratin, of which nails are made, to split. Pamper your hands and
nails once every three weeks with a manicure. This requires
soaking your hands in warm water for ten minutes, massaging of
hands, thorough cleaning and shaping of nails. Choose your
manicure kit with care. In some kits, the instruments are crudely
made and they will do more harm than good.

6. FEET

• Give your feet a good scrub with a sponge, pumice stone or foot
scrubber that is not made of very abrasive material when having
a bath. Dry after bath between toes. Keep toenails clipped.
• In many Indian households it is mandatory to wash feet as you
enter the house. This is fine, but make sure that your skin does
not become dry due to washing too often.
• Those who use shoes constantly need to slip them off now and
then. This airs the socks a bit and makes them less smelly. Wear
cotton socks. Wear a clean pair everyday. Powder your feet
before wearing socks. Many people have sweaty feet, and socks
and shoes can get quite smelly. If possible do not wear the same
pair of shoes every day. Keep at least one more pair and use it
alternatively. Go for a pedicure once in three weeks.
 • Give importance to wearing comfort in the choice of footwear.
For those who go barefoot indoors, door mats must be cleaned or
changed frequently. Extra foot care is required for diabetics.

7. MENSTRUAL HYGIENE

• No woman feels completely comfortable when she has her

period. If it is not pre menstrual tension or stomach cramps it is
the problem of dealing with the menstrual flow.
• Technology offers sanitary pads, tampons or menstrual cups or
caps to deal with the flow. The user has to decide what suits her
best. Absorbent pads may be noticeable in form fitting clothes.
They cause some soreness on the inner thighs.
• Some women prefer tampon to external pads. A plug of
absorbent cotton or gauze is inserted inside. But these should
not be left unchanged beyond six hours. Some brands state that
tampons left unchanged for more than 12-18 hours increases the
possibility of toxic shock.
• It is not clear what causes toxic shock. But there seems to be a
link between tampons and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS).
Approximately 1% of all menstruating women carry the bacteria
in question (Staphylococcus aureus) in their vagina. Absorbent
tampons provide the medium for them to grow and spread
infection.
• TSS cases were first reported in 1978. It is marked by high fever,
severe vomiting and diarrhea. The cases can be mild to fatal.
• The menstrual cup (or cap), is inserted within and collects the
flow and can be emptied, cleaned and re used.
• Whatever the preference, washing is important. There need be
no taboo about bath on these days. Some people have the
problem of odor during menstruation. Cleanliness and change of
 pad/tampon as often as is necessary reduces this problem. It is
not advisable to use perfumed pads or tampons. In fact, using
powder in the genital area is not recommended.

ENVIRONMENTAL:

1. WASHING PEOPLE-ESPECIALLY CHILDREN BELOW 5

• Find out about the community’s water supply. Is there enough

water to meet the needs of the community (quantity)?
• Work with the community store to ensure that basic health
hardware maintenance products are available. This includes such
things as: septic-safe cleaning products, tap washers, plugs,
lime, buckets, brooms, mops, buckets, rubber gloves etc.
• Encourage stores to stock and subsidies items needed for
personal hygiene, such as: toilet paper, soap and shampoo
(regular and anti-lice), face washers, towels etc.
• Talk with the Community Health Workers about the best way to
give messages about washing to people (children, men and
women)
• Make use of any opportunity to raise awareness of the
importance of washing children’s bodies, faces and hands often.
• Carry out one to one hygiene and correct water-use education
with carers of children and school children.
• Make sure that the Community Health Worker training
emphasizes the importance of washing children’s faces and
hands.
• Support the community to set up a system for monitoring the
condition of health hardware in houses.

2. WASHING CLOTHES and BEDDING

 If the community does not employ ‘home-maker carers’, explore the
possibility.

• Inquire whether there are people in the community who are

qualified to provide hands on training in homes, for example,
on how to use equipment such as washing machines. If not,
talk about the possibility of applying for funding to train some
local people.
• Offer advice to people on washing machine purchase,
installation and maintenance. For example machines:
1. must have low water use
2. should be able to work on a cold cycle only
3. should not empty into a bath that is used to wash
children
4. should be resistant to rust and to high salt content
water if that is an issue in the area
5. should be simple to operate

3. REMOVING WASTEWATER, SEWAGE and RUBBISH

Septic systems and waste water

• Speak with your local council, EHW and EHO if rubbish, water or
sewage are collecting on the ground in the community and
causing a health risk. Explain how the situation can affect health.
• If the community has a waste disposal problem contact your
EHW and EHO, assist the Council to write a submission, and
supply local health statistics to support council submission to
remedy the problem
• Encourage people to use protective gloves, boots and clothing
when maintaining septic tanks. Septic tanks contain liquids and
sludge that can cause infections
Removing rubbish and solid waste, "sharps" etc

Set a good example. Find ways to ensure that the Health Centre
building and yard is always clean and welcoming
Put lidded rubbish bins outside the Health Centre and arrange a
system for rubbish removal. Remember that any changes you
make have to continue when you’re no longer there
Speak with the EHW/EHO. Find out what the issues are and what
improvements can be made to the rubbish collection and
disposal systems and find out how you can help
Encourage recycling of waste whenever possible
Support a campaign to reduce the use of disposable nappies. Explore
ways to ensure that they are disposed of properly
Encourage screening and fencing the tip site so that dumped rubbish,
especially plastic bags, do not scatter in the wind
Help to arrange for the collection of abandoned car bodies and other
hard rubbish

4. MAINTAINING FOOD HYGIENE and WATER QUALITY

Contact your local EHO for information on food hygiene or if you

suspect that there is a problem with food hygiene in the stores or
takeaway in your area

Maintaining food hygiene

Share the following important information about safe food preparation

with the community:

Keep outside and inside cooking areas clean; keep down the dust by
sweeping and mopping inside; dispose of rubbish regularly,
compost food scraps or give them to dogs
Refrigerate all foods that are likely to go off
Clean food preparation surfaces before you start preparing food. After
finishing one task clean the bench or preparation surface before
starting the next task.
Note: if food is prepared outside the house or away from
the kitchen, the inside of a box from the store can be
used to provide a clean, disposable cutting surface for
foods such as meat
Ensure cooking and eating equipment is cleaned after use and safely
stored; for example, store cups and pans upside down and out of
reach of dogs
Control pests and rodents (contact the Environmental Health Program
for advice)
Wash hands with soap and dry them, before preparing food and after
going to the toilet
Cook meat within half a day of killing the animal and make sure that
the meat is properly cooked
Prepare food for one meal at a time
Keep flies out of the kitchen and keep food covered
Use hot water where possible and detergent for washing dishes
Do not cough or sneeze over food
Do not smoke while preparing or cooking food
Keep children away from the food preparation area

Prevent cross-contamination by:

Keeping raw food separate from cooked food

Keeping raw vegetables separate from meat
Using separate cutting boards, knives etc. for each type of food e.g.
meat, fish, vegetables, cooked and uncooked foods

Maintaining water quality

Check with your local EHW/EHO about whether monthly water testing
for health risk assessment is taking place.
Assist local people if they need support to approach the Essential
Service Officer with problems (remember do things with people,
do not do things for people)
Find out from the water testing laboratory and the Community Council
whether a comprehensive water analysis has ever been done for
your community

5. REDUCING CROWDING

Collect statistics on diseases that are related to crowding. For

example:

Respiratory diseases (by droplet infection) such as influenza,

pneumococcal disease and TB
Skin infections
Other diseases such as hepatitis A and a range of diarrheal diseases

It is possible to use this information to:

1. inform the community about the size of a problem

2. feed into data for the housing survey
3. inform the Environmental Health Program, CDC and others
4. support the community to advocate for improved access to
appropriate, new housing
5. apply for funding for house maintenance
6. upgrade health infrastructure

• Encourage well designed outside living areas around houses in

order to reduce the problem of overcrowding
• Talk to people about how overcrowding is linked to their health
6. CONTROLLING DUST

• Support the development of a Community Environment Strategy

(or Community Environmental Health Plan) that includes
activities to reduce levels of dust in the community
• Maintain dust free outdoor areas around the Health Centre
• Demonstrate the link between growing plants, the reduction of
dust and improved environmental health
• Educate about the health problems associated with dust
• Support and encourage projects that protect plants from
children, livestock, dogs, motor vehicles and heavy equipment
• Support the development of community reserves and parks

7. CONTROLLING INSECTS and PESTS

In any community or household it is essential to cut down on the

number of places where insects may breed. This is the safest and
most important approach to controlling insects and is always
preferable to the use of insecticides.

Flies, cockroaches and mosquitoes

Reducing the numbers of flies and cockroaches in the community

or outstation will impact on a wide range of community health
and hygiene issues.

• Talk with people about the diseases carried by flies and

cockroaches and how they can be prevented. Key information to
share includes advice about:

1. the importance of wiping children’s noses and keeping

their faces clean
2. brushing flies away from the mouth, eyes and ears
 3. Washing every day and wearing clean clothes. This makes
people less attractive to flies
4. Stopping flies feeding on cuts and sores. Either use
dressings from the store or visit your Health Centre
5. Collecting and disposing of rubbish regularly. Rubbish
should be buried if possible
6. covering raw and cooked food to prevent flies or
cockroaches walking on it to feed
7. keeping food preparation surfaces clean

Mosquito breeding sites will continue to produce hundreds of

mosquitoes until the sites are removed. Where water
accumulates or stands in a container for more than ten days,
thousands of mosquitoes will breed.

Insecticides

Share this important health and safety information about

insecticides:

1. Insecticides are poisonous to humans as well as to insects.

If they are used to kill insects always tell everyone in the
house that insecticide is being used and advise on relevant
precautions to take
2. insecticides should not be used on people, directly on food,
on benches where food is prepared or on food preparation
utensils
3. people need to understand the directions on the labels of
insecticides
4. containers of insecticide should be stored out of the reach
of young children
JOSE RIZAL UNIVERSITY
#80 SHAW BLVD., MANDALUYONG CITY
PROBLEM PLAN
POOR HYGIENE

Group Member:

Campang, Mary May M.

Latumbo, Donna May N.

Pariñas, Mary Anne C.

Santos, Wilhelmina L.

October 2009