MANAJEMEN KESUBURAN TANAH

Semester Ganjil 2014/2015

EHN (5 September 2014)

Materi 14: Kualitas Tanah, Bioindikator,

Kesuburan tanah vs Keberlanjutan
 Hari Jam Ruang Kelas
8/9 15/9 22/9 29/9 6/10 13/10 20/20
EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN
Senin 13:20 - 15:00 TNH-A2 C
K-10 K-11 K-12 K-13 K-14 K-15 K-16
SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU
9/9 16/9 23/9 30/9 7/10 14/10 21/10
EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN
07:30 - 09:10 TNH-A2 J
K-10 K-11 K-12 K-13 K-14 K-15 K-16
SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU
Selasa
9/9 16/9 23/9 30/9 7/10 14/10 21/10
EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN
11:00 - 12:40 TNH-A2 G
K-10 K-11 K-12 K-13 K-14 K-15 K-16
SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU
11/9 18/9 25/9 2/10 9/10 16/10 23/10
EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN EHN
Kamis 11:00 - 12:40 TNH-A1 M
K-10 K-11 K-12 K-13 K-14 K-15 K-16
SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU SRU
• Concept (Doran and Parkin, 1994):
– Soil quality is the capacity of a soil to functioin
within the ecosystem boundaries to sustain
biological productivity, maintain environmental
quality, and promote animal helath”
• Function:
– As a tool for assessing long-term sustainability of
agriculture
– As a management tool to help farmers select
specific management practices and as as measure
of sustainability
• Factors influencing soil quality
– Non-anthropogenic  interaction of soil forming
factors create a relatively stable quality
– Anthropogenic factors  soil and crop
management practices imposed on land resources
by humankind
• Processes influencing soil quality (Hendrix
et al., 1994)
– Soil structure, including form, stability, and
resiliency to respond to stress
– Nutrient cycling, involving transformation such as
mineralization and immobilization
– Biological interaction, including trophic relations
within food webs
• How can soil quality be improved?
– introducing management practices that add SOM, e.g.
organic matter inputs (crop residues, agroforestry,
legume cover crop, manure etc)
– Reduced tillage practices
– Management of soil biota
– Selection of crop
– Controlling the period of active growth to maximize
rhizosphere micro-organisms
– Use of introduced micro-organisms (this practice has to be
carefully adopted as activity of the introduced micro-organisms is
indeed determined by the existing substrate quality)  Soil
Science Unibraw (BMSF project) utilize the approach of
management soil biota through managing soil sustrate level,
rather than introducing micro-organisms
Basic Indicators for Soil
Soil Characteristics Quality
Relation (Doran
to soil condition andand Parkin, 1994)
function
A Physical
Soil structure Retention and transport of water and chemicals
Profile, topsoil and rooting depth Productivity and erosion estimates
Bulk density and water infiltration Leaching, productivity and erosivity
Water retention capacity Water retention, transport and erosivity
B. Chemical
Total C and N Soil fertility, stability and erosivitas
pH Biological and chemical activity
B. Chemical
Total C and N Soil fertility, stability and erosivitas
pH Biological and chemical activity
Electrical conductivity Plant and microbial acrtivity
Extractable N, P, K Potential N loss and planrt available nutruents
C. Biological
Microbial biomass C and N Microbial catalytic potential and capacity for C and N retention
Potentially mineralizable N Soilo productivity and N supplying potential
Soil respiration, water Microbial and sometimes plant content, and temperature
activity
Bioindikator Produktivitas dan
Keberlanjutan Tanah
1. bioindikator produktivitas tanah
(indikator yang bersifat positif atau
negatif bagi pertumbuhan tanaman),
2. bioindikator stabilitas dan
keberlanjutan tanah (indikator yang terkait
mencerminkan konservasi
sumberdaya tanah dalam jangka
panjang),
3. bioindikator pencemaran tanah
(indikator kontaminasi)
Komponen biologi untuk bioindikator produktivitas dan
keberlanjutan tanah

• organisme tanah (mikroflora dan fauna)

• bahan organik tanah (biomasa mikroba,
nitrogend an karbon yang potensial untuk di
mineralisasi, denitrifikasi dan nitrifikasi, dan
ensim tanah)
• pertumbuhan tanaman (termasuk
diversitas flora)
 Proporsi makrofauna dominan pada berbagai penggunaan lahan

Kepadatan Makrofauna per 625 cm2 Cacing

Semut
20 Rayap
Milipida

15

10

0
Jati Sengon Tebu Ubikayu Terbuka

Penggunaan Lahan
Koefisien Korelasi Makrofauna Tanah dengan Kualitas Tanah

Makrofauna Porositas Air N total C- C/N Kelem

tersedia organik baban
Makrofauna
permukaan
Diversitas 0,066 -0,164 -0,021 0,212 0.268 -0.173
makrofauna
Kelimpahan -0,035 0,353 0,479** 0,463** 0.041 0.463**
semut
Kelimpahan 0,01 0,126 0,455** 0,240 -0.25 0.318*
rayap
Kelimpahan 0,077 -0,204 0,245 0.028 -0.225 -0.368*
jangkrik
Makrofauna
dalam tanah
Kelimpahan 0,399* 0,324* 0,369* 0,106 0.018 0.399
makrofauna
Biomasa 0,318* 0.253 0,479** 0,318* 0.049 0.370**
cacing tanah
Kelimpahan 0,223 -0,084 0,218 0.442** 0.292
millipida
Cat: ** : nyata pada p<0.01; * : nyata pada p<0.05; n = 50
Peluang Penelitian Pengelolaan Kesuburan
Tanah di Lahan Kering

• Pemanfaatan berbagai macam sumber bahan organik

– analisis komposisi bahan organik untuk prediksi kecepatan
dekomposisi dan mineralisasi bahan organik
– studi serapan hara yang dilepaskan bahan organik (selama
proses dekomposisi dan mineralisasi) oleh tanaman pangan
• Sinkronisasi
• Studi ‘priming effect’
• Natural farming (agroforestry, pekarangan,
tumpangsari dll).
• Diversitas flora lokal
Kesuburan Tanah & Pertanian
Berkelanjutan
• Kesuburan tanah  kunci keberlanjutan suatu
sistem pertanian
• Definisi Sistem Pertanian Berkelanjutan
(sustainable agricultural system)
– (holistik) FAO (1989) - suatu praktek pertanian yang
melibatkan pengelolaan sumber daya alam untuk
bersamaan dengan upaya mempertahankan atau
meningkatkan kualitas lingkungan dan konservasi
sumberdaya alam.
– Spesifik (Swft, 1994): suatu sistem pertanian
dinyatakan berkelanjutan jika sistem tersebut
mempunyai tingkat produksi panen yang layak yang
tidak menunjukkan pola menurun pada setiap siklus
pertanaman, dan yang resisten terhadap perubahan
dalam jangka panjang
Beberapa definisi
• FAO (1989): Sustainable agriculture involves the successful
management of resources for agriculture to satisfy human
needs, while maintaining or enhancing the quality of the
environment and conserving natural resources
• Keeney (1989): Agricultural systems that are environmentally
sound, profitable and productive and that maintain the social fabric
of the rural community
• Young (1989): Sustainable land use is that which achieves
production combined with conservation of the resource base
on which that production depends, thereby permitting the
maintenance of productivity
• USAID (1990): Sustainable agriculture is a management
system for renewable natural resources that provide food,
income and livelihood for present and future generations and
that maintaining or improving the economic productivity of
these resources
• The Basic Trust of Sustainable
Agriculture is the improvement of the
quality of life in the context on an
environmentally sound approach so that
the resource base is maintained or
enhance for future generations; the
system is characterized by high
efficiency of internal resource use.
Faktor Penentu Keberlanjutan
• Fisik: tanah, air, energi, atmosfer, bahan
kimia merugikan
• Biologi: sumberdaya genetik, hama-penyakit,
kesehatan dan nutrisi ternak, vegetasi natural
• Sosio-ekonomi: kebijakan teknis, populasi
penduduk, infrastruktur, masukan,
kelembagaan, cost-benefit relationships
Akhir materi 14
• SELAMAT mempersiapkan UAS