Plymouth Brethren

The Plymouth Brethren are a conservative, low church,

nonconformist, evangelical Christian movement whose
history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s,
originating from Anglicanism.[1][2] Among other beliefs,
the group emphasizes sola scriptura, the belief that the
Bible is the supreme authority for church doctrine and
practice over and above any other source of authority
.

Plymouth Brethren generally see themselves as a network

of like-minded independent churches, not as a
denomination. They would generally prefer that their
gatherings be referred to as "assemblies" rather than
"churches" but, in the interests of simplicity, this article
uses both terms interchangeably. A Plymouth Brethren church andcongregation.

An influential figure among the early Plymouth Brethren

was John Nelson Darby (1800–82). The movement refused to take any denominational name to itself, a stance that some still
maintain. The title "The Brethren," however, is one that many of their number are comfortable with, in that the Bible designates all
believers as "brethren": "one is your Master,even Christ; and all ye are brethren" (Matthew 23:8;Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi).

Contents
Open and Exclusive Brethren
Plymouth Brethren Christian Church
Open (and Closed) Brethren
Definition
History
Leadership
Notable Brethren
See also
Notes and references
Bibliography
External links

Open and Exclusive Brethren

Brethren assemblies (as their gatherings are most often called) are divided into two major branches: the Open Brethren and the
Exclusive Brethren, following a schism that took place in 1848. Both of these main branches are themselves divided into several
smaller streams, with varying degrees of communication and overlap among them. (The general category "Exclusive Brethren" has
been confused in the media with a much smaller group known as the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (PBCC) or the Raven-
Taylor-Hales Brethren, numbering only around 40,000 worldwide.)
 The best-known and oldest distinction between Open and Exclusive
assemblies is in the nature of relationships among their local
churches. Open Brethren assemblies function as networks of like-
minded independent local churches. Exclusive Brethren are generally
connectional and so feel under obligation to recognize and adhere to
the disciplinary actions of other associated assemblies. Thus for
Exclusive Brethren disciplinary action normally involves denying the
individual participation in the breaking of bread or Lord's table.
Generally, this is a Sunday morning service of prayer, singing,
teaching, and taking communion, with important assembly-related
announcements given at the end. Exclusion from it is a major issue.

Discipline among Brethren may also involve formal social ostracism

A Plymouth Brethren chapel inBroadbridge Heath, or "shunning" to varying degrees, dependent upon which kind of
West Sussex, England.
Brethren group it is. For instance, people placed "under discipline"
may be asked not to attend any group functions which are purely
social, and people may decline to eat or even shake hands with members who are under discipline.

One practical result of this among Open Brethren is that, should a member be disciplined in one assembly, other Open assemblies
aware of that disciplining would not automatically feel any binding obligation to deny that person participation in their breaking of
bread service, as long as their leadership does not consider whatever caused the disciplinary action a serious issue. A numerically
small movement known as the Needed Truth Brethren emerged from the Open Brethren around 1892, partly in an attempt to address
the problem of making discipline more effective.

Reasons for being put under discipline by both the Open and Exclusive Brethren include disseminating gross Scriptural or doctrinal
error, in the eyes of the fellowship, or being involved in what is deemed sexual immorality (including adulterous, homosexual, or
premarital sex). Being accused of irregular or illegal financial dealings may also result in being put under discipline. In Exclusive
meetings, a member under discipline in one assembly would not be accepted in another assembly (allowed to break bread or play an
active teaching and worshipping role), as one assembly generally respects the decisions made by another assembly
.

Exclusive assemblies are also much more adherent to the shunning (or shutting up) of the offending party, using as guidance
instructions given in Leviticus 14:34–48 for dealing with a "leprous house". In extreme cases, members may be asked to shun or
divorce members of their immediate families (as described inNgaire Thomas' book Behind Closed Doors).

Another less clear difference between assemblies lies in their approaches to collaborating with other Christians. Many Open Brethren
will hold gospel meetings, youth events, or other activities in partnership with non-Brethren Evangelical Christian churches. More
conservative Open Brethren—and perhaps the majority of Exclusive Brethren—tend not to support activities outside their own
meetings.

Since the formation of the Exclusives in 1848, there have been a great number of subdivisions into separate groups, but most groups
have since rejoined, with the exception of the separatist Plymouth Brethren Christian Church. This group is informally known as
"Jimite" from their following of James Taylor, Jr at the division in 1970, and they are also referred to historically as the Raven-
Taylor-Hales Exclusive Brethren. This group practices extreme separation, and other Brethren groups generally accuse it of being a
cult. Most other Exclusive groups (Closed Brethren) prefer not to be known by any name and are only given such designations by
non-members.

There are some movements with strong Brethren connections that are less easy to classify. The Assemblies Jehovah Shammah of
India, for example, are usually regarded as Open Brethren because of their general willingness to work and worship together with
other Evangelical Christians, and because their foreign connections tend to be with Open Brethren. The ecclesiology, however, has
more in common with that of the Exclusive Brethren; founder Bakht Singh maintained tight control over the movement until his
death in 2000.
Both Open and Exclusive assemblies generally maintain relations within their respective groups through common support of
missionaries, area conferences, and the travelling ministries of "commended workers", "laboring brothers", and itinerant evangelists.

Some Exclusives hold to household Baptism as opposed to believers Baptism, which is practiced by the Open Brethren. All
assemblies welcome visitors to gospel meetings and other gatherings, with the exception of the Lord's Supper. Many Exclusive
Brethren and some of the more traditional Open Brethren feel that the Lord's Supper is reserved for those who are in right standing
before God. Fellowship in the Lord's Supper is not considered a private matter but a corporate expression, "Because we, being many,
are one loaf, one body; for we all partake of that one loaf" (1 Corinthians 10:17).

Plymouth Brethren Christian Church

The term "Exclusive" is most commonly used in the media to describe one separatist group known as Taylor-Hales Brethren, who
now call themselves the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church (PBCC). The majority of Christians known as Exclusive Brethren are
not connected with the Taylor-Hales group, who are known for their extreme interpretation of separation from evil and their belief of
what constitutes fellowship. In their view, fellowship includes dining out, business and professional partnerships, membership of
clubs, etc., rather than just the act of Communion (Lord's Supper), so these activities are done only with other members.

The group called the Raven Brethren (named for prominent Exclusive leader F.E. Raven) seceded from the Raven-Taylor-Hales
group and are less strict and isolationist. Exclusive Brethren groups who are not affiliated with PBCC prefer being referred to as
Closed rather than Exclusive brethren to avoid any connection with these more strident groups.

Open (and Closed) Brethren

Terminology which sometimes confuses Brethren and non-Brethren alike is the distinction between the Open assemblies, usually
called "Chapels," and the Closed assemblies (non-Exclusive), called "Gospel Halls." Contrary to common misconceptions, those
traditionally known as the "Closed Brethren" are not a part of the Exclusive Brethren, but are rather a very conservative subset of the
Open Brethren. The Gospel Halls regard reception to the assembly as a serious matter. One is not received to the Lord's Supper but to
the fellowship of the assembly. This is important because the Lord's Supper is for believers, not unbelievers.

Some Chapels, on the other hand, will allow practically anyone to participate who walks in and says that he is a Christian, based on
the newcomer's profession of faith. Such assemblies are said to have an "open table" approach to strangers. Gospel Hall Brethren, on
the other hand, generally believe that only those formally recognised as part of that or an equivalent assembly should break bread.
Most Closed and some Open Brethren hold that association with evil defiles and that sharing the Communion meal can bring that
association.

Their support text is from 1 Corinthians 15:33, "Do not be deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners." Among other
distinctions, the Gospel Halls would generally not use musical instruments in their services, whereas many Chapels use them and
may have singing groups, choirs, "worship teams" of musicians, etc. The Gospel Halls tend to be more conservative in dress; women
do not wear trousers in meetings and always have their heads covered, while in most Chapels women may wear whatever they wish,
though modesty in dress serves as a guideline, and many may continue the tradition of wearing a head covering.

Apart from a few (mostly small) exceptions, such as the Churches of God, Open Brethren churches are all independent, self-
governing, local congregations with no central headquarters, although there are a number of seminaries, missions agencies, and
publications that are widely supported by Brethren churches and which help to maintain a high degree of communication among
them.

Adding to the confusion over labels, many Exclusive Brethren have more recently sought to distinguish themselves from their most
extreme sect, the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, by rebranding themselves as "Closed" rather than "Exclusive".

Definition
Both Open and Exclusive Brethren have historically been known as "Plymouth Brethren." That is still largely the case in some areas,
such as North America and Northern Ireland. In some other parts of the world such as Australia and New Zealand, most Open
Brethren shun the "Plymouth" label. This is mostly because of widespread negative media coverage of the Plymouth Brethren
Christian Church, the most hardline branch of the Exclusive Brethren (and the only numerically significant Exclusive group in either
country), which most Open Brethren consider to be acult with which they do not wish to be misidentified.

History
The origins of the Brethren are usually traced to Dublin, Ireland where several
groups of Christians met informally to celebrate the Lord's Supper together in 1827–
8. Of these, the central figures were Anthony Norris Groves, a dentist studying
theology at Trinity College, Edward Cronin, studying medicine, John Nelson Darby,
then a curate in County Wicklow, and John Gifford Bellett, a lawyer who brought
them together. "A circle was to be drawn just wide enough to include 'all the
children of God,' and to exclude all who did not come under that category."[3] They
did not require ministers or even an order of service. Their guide was to be the Bible
alone.
The Bible is their roadmap. Matthew
An important early stimulus was in the study of prophecy which was the subject of a 22:29
number of annual meetings at Powerscourt House in County Wicklow starting in
1831. Lady Powerscourt had attended Henry Drummond's prophecy conferences at
Albury Park and, in 1831, Darby was espousing the same pre-tribulational view of the future as the charismatic Edward Irving.[4]
Many people came to these meetings who became important in the English movement, including
Benjamin Wills Newton and George
Müller.

The two main but conflicting aspirations of the movement were to create a holy and pure fellowship on one hand, and to allow all
Christians into fellowship on the other. Believers in the movement felt that the established Church of England had abandoned or
distorted many of the ancient traditions of Christendom, following decades of dissent and the expansion of Methodism and political
revolutions in the United States and France. To get away from the sectarianism of dissenters, people in the movement wanted simply
to meet together in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ without reference to denominational differences. Early meetings included
Christians from a variety of denominations.

The first meeting in England was held in December 1831[5] in Plymouth. It was organised primarily by George Wigram, Benjamin
Wills Newton, and John Nelson Darby.[6] The movement soon spread throughout the United Kingdom. By 1845, the assembly in
Plymouth had more than 1,000 people in fellowship.[7] They became known as "the brethren from Plymouth" and were soon simply
called "Plymouth Brethren". The term "Darbyites" is also used, especially when describing the "Exclusive" branch where the
influence of John Nelson Darby is more pronounced. Many within the movement refuse to accept any name other than "Christian".

In 1845, Darby returned from an extended visit to Switzerland where he had achieved considerable success in planting churches.
Returning to Plymouth where Newton was firmly in control, he disagreed with some details in a book that Newton had published
concerning the tribulation that was coming. He also objected to Newton's place as an elder in the Plymouth meeting. But several
attempts to settle the quarrel in the presence of other brethren failed to produce any clear result.[8] Two years later, Darby attacked
Newton over notes taken by hearers of a lecture that Newton had given on the 6th Psalm. A fierce exchange of tracts followed and,
although Newton retracted some of his statements, he eventually left Plymouth and established another chapel in London.

Darby had instituted a second meeting at Plymouth, and in 1848 he complained of the Bristol Bethesda assembly, in which George
Müller was prominent, that they had accepted a member from Ebrington Street, Newton's original chapel. After investigation of the
individual, Bethesda defended their decision, but Darby was not satisfied. He issued a circular on 26 August 1848, cutting off not
only Bethesda but all assemblies who received anyone who went there. This defined the essential characteristic of "exclusivism" that
he pursued for the rest of his life.[9]
The Exclusive Brethren have suffered many subsequent splits. McDowell records at least
six.[10] The Open Brethren also suffered one split (concerning the autonomy of assemblies)
which occurred at different times in different parts of the world. But both sides continued to
expand their congregations, with the opens expanding more rapidly than the exclusives,
perhaps due to the opens' emphasis onfaith missions.[11]

Itinerant preachers carried both the open and exclusive brethren to North America after the
middle of the 19th century.[12] Darby made a number of visits in the 1870s and his
emphasis on prophecy was influential.

Leadership
One of the most defining elements of the Brethren is the rejection of the concept of clergy.
John Nelson Darby.
Their view is that all Christians are ordained by God to serve and therefore all are ministers,
in keeping with the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers. The Brethren embrace the
most extensive form of that idea, in that there is no ordained or unordained person or group employed to function as minister(s) or
pastors. Brethren assemblies are led by the local church elders within any fellowship.

Historically, there is no office of "pastor" in most Brethren churches, because they believe that the term "pastor" (ποιμην "poimen" in
Greek) as it is used in Ephesians 4:11 describes one of the "gifts" given to the church, rather than a specific office. In the words of
Darby, these gifts in Ephesians 4:11 are "ministrations for gathering together and for edification established by Christ as Head of the
body by means of gifts with which He endows persons as His choice."[13] Therefore, there is no formal ordination process for those
who preach, teach, or lead within their meetings. Men who become elders, or those who become deacons and overseers within the
fellowship, have been recognized by others within the individual assemblies and have been given the blessing of performing
leadership tasks by the elders.[14]

An elder should be able and ready to teach when his assembly sees the "call of God" on his life to assume the office of elder (1
Timothy 3:2). Brethren elders conduct many other duties that would typically be performed by "the clergy" in other Christian groups,
including counselling those who have decided to be baptized, performing baptisms, visiting the sick, and giving spiritual counsel in
general. Normally, sermons are given either by the elders or by men who regularly attend the Sunday meetings—but, again, only men
whom the elders recognize as having the "call of God" on their lives for that particular ministry. Visiting speakers, however, are
usually paid their travel costs and provided for with Sunday meals following the meetings.

Open and Exclusive Brethren differ in how they interpret the concept of "no clergy". The Open Brethren believe in a plurality of
elders (Acts 14:23; 15:6,23; 20:17; Philippians 1:1), men meeting the Biblical qualifications found in 1 Timothy 3:1–7 and Titus 1:6–
9. This position is also taken in some Baptist churches, especially Reformed Baptists, and by the Churches of Christ. It is understood
that elders are appointed by the Holy Spirit (Acts 20:28) and are recognised as meeting the qualifications by the assembly and by
previously existing elders. Generally, the elders themselves will look out for men who meet the biblical qualifications, and invite
them to join them as elders. In some Open assemblies, elders are elected democratically, but this is a fairly recent development and is
still relatively uncommon.

Officially naming and recognizing "eldership" is common to Open Brethren (cf. 1Thess 5:12–13), whereas many Exclusive Brethren
assemblies believe that recognizing a man as an "elder" is too close to having clergy, and therefore a group of "leading brothers",
none of whom has an official title of any kind, attempts to present issues to the entire group for it to decide upon, believing that the
whole group must decide, not merely a body of "elders". Traditionally, only men are allowed to speak (and, in some cases, attend)
these decision-making meetings, although not all assemblies follow that rule today
.

The term "Elder" is based on the same Scriptures that are used to identify "Bishops" and "Overseers" in other Christian circles,[15]
and some Exclusive Brethren claim that the system of recognition of elders by the assembly means that the Open Brethren cannot
claim full adherence to the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers.[16] Open Brethren consider, however, that this reveals a
mistaken understanding of the priesthood of all believers which, in the Assemblies, has to do with the ability to directly offer worship
to God and His Christ at the Lord's Supper, whether silently or audibly, without any human mediator being necessary—which is in
accordance with 1Tim 2:5, where it is stated that Christ Jesus Himself is the sole Mediator between God and men ("men" being used
here generically of mankind, and not referring simply and solely to "males").

The Plymouth Brethren Christian Church, the most hardline of all the Exclusive Brethren groups, has developed into a de facto
hierarchical body which operates under the headship of an Elect Vessel, currently Bruce Hales of Australia. Some defectors have
accused him and his predecessors of having quasi-papal authority. This development is almost universally considered by other
streams of the Plymouth Brethren movement, however
, as a radical departure from Brethren principles.

In place of an ordained ministry, an itinerant preacher often receives a "commendation" to the work of preaching and teaching that
demonstrates the blessing and support of the assembly of origin. In most English-speaking countries, such preachers have
traditionally been called "full-time workers", "labouring brothers", or "on the Lord's work"; in India, they are usually called
Evangelists and very often are identified withEvg. in front of their name.

A given assembly may have any number of full-time workers, or none at all. In the last twenty years, many Open Assemblies in
Australia and New Zealand, and some elsewhere, have begun calling their full-time workers "pastors", but this is not seen as
ordaining clergy and does not connote a transfer of any special spiritual authority. In such assemblies, the pastor is simply one of
several elders, and differs from his fellow-elders only in being salaried to serve full-time. Depending on the assembly, he may or may
not take a larger share of the responsibility for preaching than his fellow elders.

Notable Brethren
This list consists of mostly nineteenth-century figures who were associated with the Brethren movement before the 1848 schism.
They are the leading historical figures common to both the Open and Exclusive Brethren. Two exceptions are H.A. Ironside and
Watchman Nee, twentieth-century preachers who spent time associated with both the Open and Exclusive Brethren. See the
respective articles for other more recent figures who have functioned primarily or entirely in either the Open Brethren or Exclusive
Brethren.

Robert Anderson — senior officer of Scotland Yard and Christian author; was a member of the Plymouth Brethren,
first with Darby then with the Open Brethren party
, before returning to his Presbyterian roots
John Gifford Bellet[17] — Classics researcher ofTrinity College, Cambridge
Robert Mackenzie Beverley— one of the most influential figures to abandon the Quakers and join the Brethren
during the Beaconite controversy
Lancelot Brenton — translator of the Greek-English edition of theSeptuagint[18]
F.F. Bruce - British biblical scholar, author of 40 books and commentaries. (Open Brethren)
Robert Chapman — prominent among the Plymouth Brethren in the 19th century [19]

Henry Craik — worked with George Müller in Bristol at Gideon and Bethesda Chapels from 1832
Edward Cronin[20] — pioneer of homeopathy and one of the original Dublin brethren
Aleister Crowley—English occultist whose parents were Plymouth Brethren
John Nelson Darby[21] — preacher and originator of modernRapture doctrine
James George Deck[22] — evangelist and missionary to New Zealand; of ficially associated with the Exclusives but
refused to cut his ties to the Open Brethren.
Jim Elliot — one of five missionaries killed while participating in Operation Auca
Ken Follett[23] — British novelist
Edmund Gosse — poet, author, and critic; raised as Plymouth Brethren and wrote the bookFather and Son about
his upbringing
Emily Bowes Gosse — painter, illustrator, and author of religious tracts
Philip Henry Gosse[24] — naturalist and marine biologist
Anthony Norris Groves[25] — missionary to Baghdad and India
John Eliot Howard — chemist and quinologist
Luke Howard — chemist and meteorologist, the "namer of clouds"
Harry Ironside[26] — Bible teacher, preacher, and author; pastor of theMoody Church in Chicago (1930-1948);
associated at different times with both the Open and Exclusive Brethren
 William Kelly — prominent leader of the Exclusive Brethren in the late 19th century
C.H.M.[27] — 19th-century author of Christian books
George Müller[28] — founder of the Bristol Orphanage and a stated teacher in Bethesda Chapel, Bristol
Watchman Nee — leader in the "Little Flock" movement in China after being "put out" by Exclusive Brethren for
"breaking bread with sectarians"[29]
Thomas Newberry[30] — translator of the Newberry Reference Bible, which uses a system of symbols to explain
verb tenses
Francis William Newman[31] — younger brother ofCardinal John Henry Newman; excommunicated for denying the
Divinity of Christ
Benjamin Wills Newton— early leader of the assembly in Plymouth; branded as a heretic [32]

John Parnell, 2nd Baron Congleton— missionary to Mesopotamia

G. H. Pember — English theologian who lived in the 19th century; wrote the bookEarth's Earliest Ages
Joseph M. Scriven — writer of the words to the hymn W" hat A Friend We Have In Jesus"
Hudson Taylor — founder of the China Inland Mission
Samuel Prideaux Tregelles — English biblical scholar and theologian
William Edwy Vine — author of Vine's Expository Dictionary of Old and NewTestament Words and numerous
commentaries[33]
George Wigram[34] — wrote a Greek and EnglishConcordance to the New Testament and the Englishman'sHebrew
and Chaldee Concordance to the Old Testament
Orde Wingate - British Intelligence officer and Zionist hero.

See also
Behind the Exclusive Brethren
Assemblies Jehovah Shammah
Exclusive Brethren
Gospel Hall Brethren or Gospel Hall Assemblies
Indian Brethren
Kerala Brethren Assembly
Local Churches, also known as Church Assembly Hall
Needed Truth Brethren
Open Brethren
Plymouth Brethren Christian Church

Notes and references

1. Abigail, Shawn (June 2006)."What is the history of the 'Brethren'?"(http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518150855/htt
p://brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3). "Plymouth Brethren" FAQ. Archived from the original (http://brethrenonli
ne.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3)on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
2. Mackay, Harold (1981). Assembly Distinctives. Scarborough, Ontario: Everyday Publications.ISBN 978-0-88873-
049-7. OCLC 15948378 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15948378).
3. Neatby 1901, p. 17
4. Sizer, Stephen. Chapter 3: Edward Irving (1792–1834) The Origins of the Rapture Doctrine
(http://www.cc-vw.org/arti
cles/irving1.html).
5. Burnham, Jonathan D. (2004). "The Emergence of the Plymouth Brethren". A Story of Conflict: The Controversial
Relationship Between Benjamin Wills Newton and John Nelson Darby. Carlisle: Paternoster Press. ISBN 978-1-
84227-191-9. OCLC 56336926 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56336926).
6. Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2000).The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
. Oxford: Oxford University
Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280057-2. OCLC 46858944 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46858944).
7. Noel, Napoleon (1936).The History of the Brethren. Denver: Knapp. p. 46. OCLC 2807272 (https://www.worldcat.or
g/oclc/2807272).
 8. Neatby comments, "The important point is that the Brethren in their first great emergency found themselves
absolutely unprepared to grapple with it. They had no constitution of any kind. They repudiated congregationalism,
but they left their communities to fight their battles on no acknowledged basis and with no defined court of
appeal."Neatby 1901, p. 61
9. Neatby 1901, pp. 61–84
10. McDowell, Ian (1968)."A Brief History of the "Brethren" " (http://www.discourses.org.uk/BrethrenHistory.pdf) (PDF).
Victory Press, Australia. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
11. e.g. in the US in 1916, the Open Brethren accounted for 71% of a total of 13,700 brethren, though only 61% of 473
assemblies. United States. Bureau of the Census (1916).Religious Bodies: 1916: Separate denominations(https://b
ooks.google.com/books?id=oY7YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA171). Retrieved 12 June 2012.
12. Piepkorn, Arthur Carl (1970),Plymouth Brethren (Christian Brethren)(http://www.bruederbewegung.de/pdf/piepkorn.
pdf) (PDF), Concordia Monthly, retrieved 11 June 2012
13. Biblehub.com (http://biblehub.com/commentaries/darby/ephesians/4.htm)
14. "Defining Religion In American Law"(https://web.archive.org/web/20060514092022/http://www .icrf.com/articles/casin
o.htm). Archived from the original (http://www.icrf.com/articles/casino.htm)on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
15. "Elders and Bishops" (http://www.days.org/eldersandbishops.html). Retrieved 18 July 2009.
16. "The Priesthood of All Believers"(http://www.batteredsheep.com/priesthood.html). Retrieved 18 July 2009.
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visions/exclusivebrethren_1.shtml). Bbc.co.uk. 11 August 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
18. "The Septuagint LXX" (http://www.ccel.org/bible/brenton/). Ccel.org. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
19. "Brother Indeed – Robert Chapman " Articles & Links"(http://plymouthbrethren.wordpress.com/2007/07/07/brother-in
deed-robert-chapman/). Plymouthbrethren.wordpress.com. 7 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 October 2010.
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nin.htm). Homeoint.org. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
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24 October 2010.
22. "Dnzb.govt.nz" (http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=1D8). Retrieved
24 October 2010.
23. "How I lost my faith. Exclusive interview (in German) with Ken Follett about his childhood in a Brethren assembly in
Wales" (http://www.rp-online.de/kultur/buch/ken-follett-wie-ich-meinen-glauben-verlor-aid-1.7112704). Retrieved
17 January 2018.
24. "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"(http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=39672). Biographi.ca.
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25. "About Anthony Norris Grove"(https://web.archive.org/web/20091012055329/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/gro
ves/AboutANG.htm). Web.ukonline.co.uk. Archived fromthe original (http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/groves/Abo
utANG.htm) on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
26. Gotell.gracenet.org (http://www.gotell.gracenet.org/m_harry_ironside.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200
71217043707/http://www.gotell.gracenet.org/m_harry_ironside.htm)17 December 2007 at theWayback Machine.
27. "Charles Henry Mackintosh Bio"(http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/Biographies/chmackintosh.html).
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28. History (http://www.mullers.org/history.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060427152858/http://www
.mull
ers.org/history.html) 27 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
29. Laymansfellowship.com(http://www.laymansfellowship.com/public/Letter-921027-Item5QuotesFromWNeeLetter
.pdf)
30. "Biography of Thomas Newberry"(http://www.newblehome.co.uk/newberry/biography.html). Newblehome.co.uk.
Retrieved 24 October 2010.
31. Wellington.net.nz (http://sof.wellington.net.nz/maindonald0501.doc)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071128
052814/http://sof.wellington.net.nz/maindonald0501.doc)28 November 2007 at theWayback Machine.
32. "Mr. Newton and the "Brethren" " (https://web.archive.org/web/20100626200153/http://www.spurgeon.org/s_and_t/pb
2.htm). Spurgeon.org. Archived fromthe original (http://www.spurgeon.org/s_and_t/pb2.htm)on 26 June 2010.
Retrieved 24 October 2010.
33. "Wordsearchbible.com" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113204/http://www .wordsearchbible.com/products/Vin
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pository_Dictionary_742.html)on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
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Bibliography
Carroll, H. K. (1912) Religious Forces in the United States. New York
Adams, Norman (1972)Goodbye, Beloved Brethren. Impulse Publications Inc.ISBN 0-901311-13-8
Coad, F. Roy (2001) A History of the Brethren Movement: Its Origins, Its Worldwide Development and Its
Significance for the Present Day. Regent College PublishingISBN 1-57383-183-2
Embley, Peter L. (1966). The Origins and Early Development of the Plymouth Brethren(PDF). Ph.D. Thesis
Grass, Tim (2006) Gathering to his Name Carlisle: Paternoster
Ironside, H. A. (1985) Historical Sketch of the Brethren MovementLoizeaux Brothers ISBN 0-87213-344-3, 1st
edition 1942.
Neatby, William Blair (1901). A History of the Plymouth Brethren(PDF). Retrieved 11 June 2012.
Noel, Napoleon (1936).History of the Brethren. W F Knapp, Colorado.
Pickering, Henry (1918)Chief Men Among the Brethren. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1918; Loizeaux Brothers, Inc.
Neptune, NJ, 1996, ISBN 0-87213-798-8
Smith, Natan Dylan (1996)Roots, Renewal and the Brethren. Hope Publishing HouseISBN 0-932727-08-5
Strauch, Alexander (1995)Biblical Eldership: an Urgent Call to Restore Biblical Church Leadership
. Lewis & Roth
Publishers ISBN 0-936083-11-5
Stunt, Timothy C. F. (2000) From Awakening to Secession: radical evangelicals in Switzerland and Britain, 1815–35.
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark ISBN 0-567-08719-0
Teulon, J. S. (1883) The History and Teaching of The Plymouth Brethren. London Free download site
Kelly, William (1883) Response by William Kelly to J. S. Teulon's Plymouth Brethren Free download site
Groves, Mrs. (1869) Biography of A. N. Groves, by his widow, 3rd edition. London
Taylor (1866) Biography of Henry Craik. London
Dorman (1866) The Close of Twenty-eight Years of Association with J. N. Darby. London
Groves, Henry (1866) Darbyism: Its Rise and Development. London

External links
Brethren Online
Plymouth Brethren (online library of Brethren authors)
The Brethren Writers Hall of Fame
BrethrenPedia
Brethren Archive (online archive of historical reference material related to all strands of 'Plymouth Brethren')
Brethren Archivists and Historians Network
Christian Brethren Collections(University of Manchester Library)

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