Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

ISSN: 1537-6494 (Print) 1537-6532 (Online) Journal homepage: http://iom3.tandfonline.com/loi/umcm20

Vibration of rotating functionally graded

Timoshenko nano-beams with nonlinear thermal
distribution

Majid Azimi, Seyed Sajad Mirjavadi, Navvab Shafiei, A. M. S. Hamouda &

Ehsan Davari

To cite this article: Majid Azimi, Seyed Sajad Mirjavadi, Navvab Shafiei, A. M. S. Hamouda
& Ehsan Davari (2017): Vibration of rotating functionally graded Timoshenko nano-beams
with nonlinear thermal distribution, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, DOI:
10.1080/15376494.2017.1285455

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MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
http://dx.doi.org/./..

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Vibration of rotating functionally graded Timoshenko nano-beams with nonlinear

thermal distribution
Majid Azimia , Seyed Sajad Mirjavadib , Navvab Shafiei c
, A. M. S. Hamoudab , and Ehsan Davarid
a
College of Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; b Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering,
Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran; d Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat
Modares University, Tehran, Iran

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

The vibration analysis of rotating, functionally graded Timoshenko nano-beams under an in-plane nonlinear Received  July 
thermal loading is studied for the first time. The formulation is based on Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory. Accepted  December 
Hamilton’s principle is used for the derivation of the equations. The governing equations are solved by the KEYWORDS
differential quadrature method. The nano-beam is under axial load due to the rotation and thermal effects, Rotating nano-beam;
and the boundary conditions are considered as cantilever and propped cantilever. The thermal distribu- thermal stress; Timoshenko
tion is considered to be nonlinear and material properties are temperature-dependent and are changing model; cantilever boundary
continuously through the thickness according to the power-law form. condition

1. Introduction
Advancing of material technology in recent decades, func-
tionally graded (FG) materials (FGMs) have been widely
entered in nano-industry. FGMs are composite materials with
heterogeneous microstructure. Their mechanical properties
continuously change from one interface to another. A common
combination type is the aggregation of ceramic and metal.
Due to the materials composition, their mechanical properties
change continuously through thickness. This type of materials is
widely used in industries such as aerospace, mechanical, nuclear,
electrical, shipbuilding, medical and optical applications.
Nonlocal elasticity which is proposed by Eringen [1, 2] is
proven to be a valid approach to study nano-structures. Static
and dynamic behaviors of functionally graded beams were of
interests of many researchers. Moreover, Rahmani and Pedram
[3] studied the free vibration of functionally graded Timo-
shenko beam, based on Eringen’s nonlocal theory. Ansari et al.
[4] studied the size-dependent vibration of FG Timoshenko
nano-beam.
Since classical continuum theories do not consider the size
effect which is very important to study the micro- and nano-
scaled structures, they yield different results from the experi-
mental studies. Thus, many researchers used nonclassical elas-
ticity theories to predict the behavior of nano-structures. Thus,
to include the small-scale effects in a classical continuum model,
the model is improved through the Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity
theory [2, 5].
Nonlocal elasticity theory was also employed by Wang et al.
[6], Loya et al. [7], Pradhan and Murmu [8], Hsu et al. [9],
Lim et al. [10], Ke and Wang [11] to study the vibration of
nano-structures. They studied the thermoelectric-mechanical
vibration of the piezoelectric nano-beams based on the nonlo-
cal theory and the Timoshenko beam theory (TBT). Using the
nonlocal elasticity theory, Ansari et al. [12] studied the vibration
of piezoelectric-based Timoshenko nano-beams, Bahrami and
Teimourian [13] studied the buckling behavior and vibration
of Euler–Bernoulli nano-beams, Rahmani and Jandaghian [14]
examined the buckling of FG nano-beams, Chakraverty and
Behera [15] analyzed size dependent vibration of nano-beams,.
The vibration of magneto-electro-thermo-elastic (METE)
nano-beams was the subject of Jandaghian and Rahmani [16].
Nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam theory was used by Karličić
et al. [17] to examine the free vibration of a multiple-nano-beam
system (MNBS).
During past recent years, a number of papers have been
devoted to study the nonlinear vibration of nano-scaled beams
[18, 19]. The vibrations of (FG) nano-scaled beams were stud-
ied by El-Borgi et al. [20] considering the simply supported
boundary condition. The nonlocal nonlinear vibration of nano-
beams was studied by Behera and Chakraverty [21]. Chang [22]
surveyed the nonlinear vibrational behavior of nano-scaled
beam under the effect of the magnetic field. Rezaee and Lotfan
[23] studied the nonlinear vibrational behavior of Rayleigh
nano-beam. The free and forced nonlocal vibrational behavior
of a nano-beam in a Pasternak type elastic foundation was stud-
ied by Togun and Bağdatlı [24]. Shafiei et al. [25] studied the
nonlinear vibration of axially functionally graded nonuniform
microbeams. Şimşek [26] investigated the nonlinear vibrational
behavior of a nano-beam with axially immovable boundary
conditions. Nonlocal elasticity was used by Nazemnezhad and
Hosseini-Hashemi [27] to study the nonlinear free vibration of
FG nano-beams having fixed ends. Wang and Li [28] analyzed

CONTACT Navvab Shafiei or Seyed Sajad Mirjavadi navvabshafiei@gmail.com or s.mirjavadi@ut.ac.ir Department of Mechanical Engineering, Payame Noor
University (PNU), P. O. Box -, Tehran, Iran; or Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available online at www.tandfonline.com/umcm.
©  Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 M. AZIMI ET AL.

the nonlinear vibration of nano-beam with the axial load. The

nonlinear vibration of the nonlocal elastic nano-beams was
studied by Kuo [29] using the finite element method. The non-
linear free nonlocal vibration of nano-Euler–Bernoulli beam
was studied by considering the magnetic field by Chang and
Yeh [30].
Many researchers have put the rotary effect in their atten-
tion [31–37]. One of the other applications of the nonlocal the-
ory is the study of rotary beams. The bending vibrations of a
tapered rotating nano-beam with rotational force were exam-
ined by Aranda-Ruiz et al. [33]. Ghadiri and Shafiei [38] per-
formed analysis on the linear rotary vibration and also flapwise
bending vibration of nano-plates.
The lack of study on the temperature-dependent vibration
of rotary nano-FG beams. The free vibrational behavior of FG
Timoshenko nano-beam is the subject of this paper. For this pur-
pose, we used nonlocal elasticity theory. The distribution of the
temperature is considered to be nonlinear and the size effect is
considered as an important parameter. The development of the
equations is carried out using the Hamiltonian principle, and
differential quadrature method (DQM) is employed for solv-
ing the governing equations. The ends of the nano-beam are
considered to be cantilever and propped cantilever to evaluate
the behavior of the nano-beam for two boundary conditions.
The variations of the vibration frequencies are studied under the
effects of different parameters such as nonlocal parameter, gra-
dient index, nondimensional angular velocity, hub radius and
temperature change. For the experimental use and also the des-
ignations of nano-structures such as nano-sensors, nano-turbies
and also drug delivery devices, the results of this paper could be
useful for engineers and researchers. Besides, other researchers
can use the results of this article to validate their work accuracy.
2. Theory and formulation
2.1. Nonlocal power-law FG nano-beam equations
Figure 1 shows an FG nano-beam with length L, thickness h and
width b. FG beams are composed of two different materials with
volume fraction varying along the thickness. The “n” index indi-
cates the variation profile of the volume fraction along the thick-
ness of the nano-scaled beam, where “m” and “c” are the indi-
cators for surface and bottom, respectively. Assuming that bot-
tom surface (at z = −h/2) of functionally graded nano-beam is
metal, whereas the top surface (at z = h/2) is ceramics, and for
different values of “n” can be obtained by Eq. (1). Material dis-
tribution is assumed to follow power law as following equations:
Figure . Schematic of rotating nano-beam and material distribution over z-axis
direction and geometrical properties of nano-beam.
Vc = (z/h + 1/2)n (1)
Vm = 1 − Vc (2)
where Vc and Vm , respectively indicate the volume fraction of
ceramic and metal. It is seen in Figure 1 that at “z = −h/2” the
material is 100% ceramic, while the surface at “z = −h/2” is
made of pure metal (Figure 2). Considering Eq. (1) and Eq. (2)
as the function of volume fraction of the functionally graded
nano-beam, mechanical and physical properties of the beam
can be evaluated according the following equations:
E(z, T ) = Em + (Ec − Em )(z/h + 1/2)n (3)
ρ(z, T ) = ρm + (ρc − ρm )(z/h + 1/2)n (4)
α(z, T ) = αm + (αc − αm )(z/h + 1/2) n
(5)
ν(z, T ) = νm + (νc − νm )(z/h + 1/2)n (6)
where E(z, T ), ρ(z, T ), α(z, T ) and ν(z, T ), respectively are
Young’s modulus, mass density, thermal expansion and Poisson’s
ratio at the certain point (z).
We used the nonlinear thermo-elastic equation which defines
the material behavior at temperature T as [39]:
 
P = P0 P−1 T −1 + P1 T + P2 T 2 + P3 T 3 + 1 (7)
where P0 , P−1 , P1 , P2 and P3 are the temperature-dependent
coefficients. The bottom surface (z = −h/2) of the nano-beam
is made of pure metal (SUS304), and the top surface (z = h/2) is
pure ceramics (Si3 N4 ).
2.2. Kinematic relations
Because there is no slipping between up and down layers and
the underlying material, the displacement in the whole beam is
united. The displacements of an arbitrary point along the x- and
z-axes based on the TBT are defined as:

ux (x, z, t ) = u(x, t ) + zϕ(x, t ) (8a)

uz (x, z, t ) = w(x, t ) (8b)

where t is time, ϕ is the total bending rotation of the cross-

section, u and w are displacement components of the mid-plane
along x and z directions, respectively. Therefore, according to
the TBT, the strain–displacement relations to TBT are obtained
as:
Figure . Schematic of rotating nano-beam and material distribution over z-axis ∂u ∂ϕ
direction and geometrical properties of nano-beam. εxx = +z (9)
∂x ∂x
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 3

∂w where ρ, , r, x and T0 are beam density at certain point z, angu-

γxz = +ϕ (10)
∂x lar velocity, hub radius, beam length variation along x direction
To derive the governing equation of motion and boundary and reference temperature. By Substituting Eqs. (9), (12) and
conditions, Hamilton’s principle is employed to derive the gov- (14) into Eq. (7) and setting the coefficients of δu, δw and δϕ
erning equation of motion and the associated boundary condi- to zero, the following Euler–Lagrange equation can be obtained:
tions as: ∂ N̄ ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ
 1 = I0 2 + I1 2 (20a)
∂x ∂t ∂t
δ(U − T + V )dt = 0 (11)
0 ∂Q ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
− N 2 = I0 2 (20b)
where T , U and V denote the virtual kinetic energy, virtual ∂x ∂x ∂t
strain energy and potential energy due to applied loads, respec- ∂M ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ
tively. The virtual kinetic energy of the nano-beam can be − Q = I1 2 + I2 2 (20c)
∂x ∂t ∂t
expressed as
  Under the following boundary conditions:
δU = σij δεij dV = (σxx δεxx + σxz δγxz ) dV (12)
V V N̄ = 0 or u = 0 at x = 0 and x = L (21a)
Substituting Eqs. (5) and (6) into Eq. (8) yields Q = 0 or w = 0 at x = 0 and x = L (21b)
 L      
∂u ∂ϕ ∂w M = 0 or ϕ = 0 at x = 0 and x = L (21c)
δU = N̄ δ +M δ +Q δ + δϕ dx
0 ∂x ∂x ∂x
(13)
2.3. The nonlocal elasticity model for FG nano-beams
in which N is the axial force, M is the bending moment and Q is
the shear force. These stress resultants used in Eq. (9) are defined As in nano- and micro-scales, the empty spaces are considerable
as: with respect to the size of the structures. So, to study the micro-
   and nano-structures, we should use theories that consider these
N̄ = σxx dA, M = σxx zdA, Q = KS σxz dA (14) empty spaces in form of small-scale parameter into analysis such
A A A
as nonlocal elasticity theory which was proposed by Eringen [5].
where KS = 5/6 is the shear correction factor. The kinetic By considering the stress at each point as a function of the whole
energy for Timoshenko beam can be written as: body strain (ε), the nonlocal theory considers the atomic forces
      in the continuous problem.
1 L ∂ux 2 ∂uz 2
T= ρ (z, T ) + dAdx (15) Thus, the nonlocal stress tensor at point x can be
2 0 A ∂t ∂t expressed as:

Also, the virtual kinetic energy can be expressed as:
σij (x) = α(|x − x|, τ )tij (x )d (x ) (22)
δT
⎡    ⎤
∂u ∂δu ∂w ∂δw ∂ϕ ∂δu ∂u ∂δϕ where σij , τij , are local and nonlocal stress tensors, respectively
I
 L ⎢ 0 ∂t ∂t + + I +
∂t ∂t ⎥ and α(|ẋ − x|) defines the nonlocal kernel. The macroscopic
1
⎢ ∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t ⎥
= ⎢   ⎥ dx stress σ at point x in a Hookean solid is related to the strain ε
0 ⎣ ∂ϕ ∂δϕ ⎦
+ I2  ϕδϕ +
2
at the point by generalized Hooke’s law.
∂t ∂t
(16) tij = Ci jkl εkl (23)
where (I0 , I1 , I2 ) are the mass moment of inertias, defined as e0 a
τ = (24)
follows: l

where τ = e0l a is a material constant that related to the small
(I0 , I1 , I2 ) = ρ(z, T )(1, z, z2 )dA (17) scale factor where e0 material constant determined experimen-
A
tally or other ways and a, l are the internal (e.g., lattice parame-
Now, rotation effect on the governing equation is evaluated. ter) and external characteristic lengths (e.g., crack length, wave
The variation of the work done corresponding to angular veloc- length) of the nano-beam, respectively. To make the employ-
ity change can be obtained by ment of the integral constitutive relation, Eringen [2] proposed
 L
∂w ∂δw an equivalent differential model as
δV = N dx (18)  
0 ∂x ∂x 1 − (e0 a)2 ∇ 2 σkl = tkl (25)
such that
By defining the local stress tensor in terms of the displace-
N = N Rotation + N Thermal ment gradients and the generalized Hooke’s law, the displace-
 h  L ments (strains) appearing on the right-hand side of Eq. (25) are
2
= ρ(z, T )2 (ξ + r)dξ the nonlocal displacements.
− h2 x
∂ 2 σxx
+ [E(z, T )α(z, T )(T − T0 )]dA (19) σxx − (e0 a)2 = Eεxx (26)
∂x2
4 M. AZIMI ET AL.

 
∂ 2 σxz ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ ∂ 4u ∂ 4ϕ
σxz − (e0 a)2 = Gγxz (27) Axx + B xx + (e 0 a) 2
I0 + I1
∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂x2 ∂t 2 ∂x2 ∂t 2
where σ and ε are the nonlocal stress and strain, respectively. E ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ
− I0 − I1 2 = 0 (38)
is the Young’s modulus, G = E/2(1 − υ ) is the shear modulus ∂t 2 ∂t
(where υ is the Poisson’s ratio). For Timoshenko nonlocal FG  2   4 
∂ w ∂ϕ ∂ w ∂ 4w
beam, Eqs. (26) and (27) can be rewritten as: Cxz + + (e 0 a) 2
N + I0
∂x2 ∂x ∂x4 ∂x2 ∂t 2
∂ 2 σxx  
σxx − (e0 a)2 = E(z, T )εxx ∂ ∂w ∂ 2w
∂x2
(28) − N − I0 2 = 0 (39)
∂x ∂x ∂t
∂ 2 σxz  
σxz − (e0 a)2 = G(z, T )γxz (29) ∂ u
2
∂ ϕ
2
∂w
∂x2 Bxx 2 + Dxx 2 − Cxz +ϕ
∂x ∂x ∂x
Integrating Eqs. (30) and (31) over the beam’s cross-section  
∂ u
4
∂ 4ϕ
area, the force-strain and the moment-strain of the nonlocal + I2  ϕ + (e0 a) I1 2 2 + I2 2 2
2 2
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
Timoshenko FG beam theory can be obtained as follows:
∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕ
∂ N̄
2
∂u ∂ϕ − I1 − I2 =0 (40)
N̄ − (e0 a)2 = Axx + Bxx (30) ∂t 2 ∂t 2
∂x2 ∂x ∂x
∂ 2M ∂u ∂ϕ
M − (e0 a)2 = Bxx + Dxx (31) 2.4. Sinusoidal law of temperature rise
∂x 2 ∂x ∂x
  Assume an FG nano-beam where the temperature of the top sur-
∂ 2
Q ∂w
Q − (e0 a)2 2 = Cxz +ϕ (32) face (ceramic-rich) is Tc and varies nonlinearly from Tc to Tm
∂x ∂x along the thickness and Tm is the bottom surface (metal-rich)
in which the cross-sectional rigidities are defined as follows: temperature. Thus, the temperature distribution can be defined
using the following equation [40]:

   
(Axx , Bxx , Dxx ) = E(z, T )(1, z, z2 )dA (33) 1 z π
A T = Tm + T 1 − cos + (41)
 2 h 2
Cxz = KS G(z, T )dA (34)
A
where Tm = Treference = 300 k.

The explicit relation of the nonlocal normal force can be 3. Solution procedure
derived by substituting for the second derivative of N from
Eq. (20.a) into Eq. (30) as follows: DQM is used for solving the equilibrium equation [41, 42].
  The grid spacing directly effects on the weighting coefficients of
∂u ∂ϕ ∂ 3u ∂ 3ϕ DQM. Every PDE can be changed to a set of algebraic equations
N̄ = Axx + Bxx + (e0 a)2 I0 + I1 (35)
∂x ∂x ∂x∂t 2 ∂x∂t 2 using the weighting coefficients [43]. DQM can be subdivided
into several subsets with respect to the applied function and sat-
Also, the explicit relation of the nonlocal bending moment isfied types of boundary conditions. Thus, the rth order deriva-
can be derived by substituting for the second derivative of M tive of a function f (x) is expressed as linear sum of the function
from Eq. (20.c) into Eq. (31) as follows: values [43]:
∂u ∂ϕ 
∂ r f (x)  n
M = Bxx + Dxx + (e0 a)2 = Cij(r) f (xi ) (42)
∂x ∂x ∂xr 
x=x p
 2  j=1
∂ w ∂ 3u ∂ 3ϕ ∂ 2w
× I0 2 + I1 + I 2 I1 + N
∂t ∂x∂t 2 ∂x∂t 2 ∂x2 From the above equation, it can be understood that main
(36) components of this method are weighting coefficients. In this
method, the most important step is finding the weight coeffi-
By substituting for the second derivative of Q from Eq. (20.b) cients, where Cij (1) , M(x) and C (r) are defined as:
into Eq. (32), the following expression for the nonlocal shear
M(xi )
force is derived: Cij(1) = i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n and i = j (43a)
    (xi − x j )M(x j )
∂w ∂ 3w ∂ 3w
Q = Cxz + ϕ + (e0 a) I0
2
+N 3 (37) 
n
∂x ∂x∂t 2 ∂x Cii(1) = − Cij(1) i= j (43b)
j=1,i= j
The equation of motion in terms of the nonlocal displace-
ments “u,” “ϕ” and “w” can be derived by substitution of N, Q 
n

and M into Eq. (20); similarly, the boundary conditions can also M(xi ) = (xi − x j ) (43.c)
j=1,i= j
be derived in terms of the displacements.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 5

 
Cij(r−1) Finally, by using Eqs. (45), (46) and (47), and “w = W eiωt ”
Cij(r) =r Cij(r−1)Cij(1) − with boundary conditions and using the eigenvalue equation in
(xi − x j )
of the form Eq. (48), the overall problem will be solved (For more
i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n, i = j and 2 ≤ r ≤ n − 1 (43d) information regarding the procedure of applying boundary con-
dition, you can see [44]).

n
Cii(r) = − Cij(r) i, j = 1, 2, . . . , n and 1 ≤ r ≤ n − 1      
[Kww ] [Kwϕ ] {wi } [M ww ] 0 {w i }
j=1,i= j = ω2
[Kϕw ] [Kϕϕ ] {ϕi } 0 [Mϕϕ ] {ϕi }
(43e)
(48)
where n is the number of grid points along x direction and super-
script r is the order of the derivative and Cij (r) is the weighing 4. Convergence and validation
coefficient along x direction. In order to increase of convergence
speed, Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto technique has been defined Thermo-mechanical vibration behavior of FG-rotating Timo-
as follows: shenko nano-beam based on Eringen’s nonlocal theory is dis-
   cussed. The effect of some parameters including the temper-
1 (i − 1)
ζi = 1 − cos π i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n (44) ature change in sinusoidal law distribution on thermal envi-
2 (N − 1) ronment, gradient index of FGM, angular velocity, small-scale
By implementation of DQM into Eqs. (35) and (36), the fol- parameter, hub radius and their combinations on first three nat-
lowing equations can be obtained: ural frequencies are investigated. As mentioned, the FG nano-
beam is made of SUS304 and Si3 N4 , in which their properties

ni
(2)

ni
(2) can be obtained according to Eq. (7) with using temperature-
Axx Ci,k ui + Bxx Ci,k ϕi
dependent coefficients in Table 1. At first, a convergence test is
k=1 k=1
  performed to determine the sufficient numbers of grid points
∂ 2 ni
(2)
required to obtain accurate and stable results for DQ method.
= 2 I0 ui + I1 ϕi − (e0 a) 2
Ci,k (I0 ui + I1 ϕi ) (45) As it can be seen from Table 2, 17 grid points are sufficient
∂t
k=1 to obtain converged results for frequency of cantilever nano-
 n 
 i
(1)

ni
(2)
beam. To show the efficiency and accuracy of the presented
Cxz Ci,k i + Ci,k wi numerical analysis, the presented results are compared with
k=1 k=1 those cited by [45, 46]. For this purpose, the nano-beam is
   n  assumed to have L (length) = 20 nm, b (width) = 2 nm

ni
(2)

ni
(1)
 i
(1)
+ (e0 a) 2
Ci,k Ci,k N Ci,k wi and h (thickness) = 0.5 nm. In order to have better judg-
k=1 k=1 k=1 ment on results, nondimensional parameters are defined as
  n  following:

ni
(1)
 i
(1)
− Ci,k N Ci,k wi
x = ξ L; r = δL
k=1 k=1
  m   m0 
∂2 
ni
(2) 2 =
0
L4 2 ; 2 = L4 ω 2
= 2 I0 wi − (e0 a) 2
Ci,k (I0 wi ) (46) EI ceramic
EI ceramic (49)
∂t
k=1 m  12ρceramic
0

ni 
ni = ;μ= e0 a

Bxx (2)
Ci,k ui + Dxx (2)
Ci,k ϕi
EI ceramic Eceramic h1 2 L

k=1 k=1 in which , , μ and δ indicate nondimensional frequency,

  nondimensional angular velocity, nondimensional nonlocal

ni
(1) ∂2
− Cxz ϕi + Ci,k wi + I2 2 ϕi = parameter and nondimensional hub radius, respectively. In spe-
∂t 2 cial case (i.e.,  = 0), comparison of results for first two nondi-
k=1
  mensional frequencies of cantilever nano-beam (Table 3) and

ni
(2)
× I1 ui + I2 ϕi − (e0 a) 2
Ci,k (I1 ui + I2 ϕi ) (47) propped cantilever FG nano-beam (Table 4) depict good agree-
k=1 ment with results of Wang et al. [45], Ebrahimi and Salari [46].
Comparison of the nondimensional frequency of rotating beam
Table . Temperature-dependent coefficients of Young’s modulus, thermal expansion coefficient, mass density, and Poisson’s ratio [].

Material Properties X X− X X X

SUS E (Pa) .e+  . −.e- 

α (K− ) .e-  .  
ρ (Kg/m )     
ν .  − . .e- 
Si N E (Pa) .e+  − . .e- −.e-
α (K− ) .e-  .  
ρ (Kg/m )     
ν .    
6 M. AZIMI ET AL.

Table . The effect of the number of grid points on evaluating the nondimensional natural frequency (2 = ω(L4 × m0 /EI)1/2 ) of the cantilever and propped cantilever
nanobeam with respect to the angular velocity and frequency number: a convergence study and the evaluation, μ = ., n = , L =  nm, b =  nm, h = . nm.

Cantilever Propped cantilever

Number of grid point i = = = = = =

N= i= . . . . . .

i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
N= i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
N =  i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
N =  i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
N =  i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
N =  i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
N =  i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
N =  i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .
i= . . . . . .

Table . Comparison of results for nondimensional frequency,  of cantilever is done with the results obtained by Shafiei et al. [47, 48], which
nano-beam (non-FG). is shown in Table 5.
 = ,    = ,  
Nonlocal parameter (µ) Present [] Present [] 5. Numerical results and discussion

 . . . . The parametric studies are shown for different boundary con-
. . . . . ditions. To have a better show of nano-beam’s vibration behav-
. . . . . ior, the fundamental, second and third nondimensional fre-
. . . . .
quencies of nano-beam are presented with respect to different
effects. The beam’s length and width are considered to be L =
Table . Comparison of results for nondimensional frequency,   of propped can- 10(nm) and b = 0.5 and 1 (nm), respectively. Effects of ther-
tilever FG nano-beam, (T = ).
mal loads, nondimensional angular velocity, hub radius, length
 = ,     = ,    scale parameter and nano-beam’s thickness are presented.
Present DQM [] (Euler– Present DQM [] (Euler–
FG index, (n) (Timoshenko) Bernoulli) (Timoshenko) Bernoulli) 5.1. Temperature constant environment
 . . . . First three nondimensional frequencies of rotary cantilever and
. . . . .
 . . . . propped cantilever nano-beam are investigated in Tables 6 and
 . . . . 7, for various values of nondimensional angular velocity, hub
radius and FG index, where length scale parameter, tempera-
Table . Comparison of results for nondimensional angular velocity () of a can- ture changes and beam thickness are considered to be μ = 0.35,
tilever non-FG microbeam for δ = l0 = . T = 45 and thickness h = 0.5(nm).
It is seen from Tables 6 and 7 that by increasing nondi-
Fundamental frequency Second frequency
mensional angular velocity, all fundamental, second and third
 Timoshenko Shafiei et al. [, ] Timoshenko Shafiei et al. [, ] nondimensional frequencies increase, and that the source of this
 . . . . increase is an axial tensile load which is applied because of pres-
 . . . . ence of inertia during rotation. It needs to be mentioned that
 . . . . dependency of higher nondimensional frequencies to nondi-
 . . . .
 . . . . mensional angular velocity and hub radius are more than lower
 . . . . frequencies, whereas the slope of trends increases for higher fre-
 . . . . quencies. Also, it is seen from these tables, that by increasing FG
 . . . .
 . . . . index, an increase occurs in metal volume fraction which causes
 . . . . decrease in nondimensional frequencies, because of decreasing
 . . . . systems stiffness.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 7

Table . First three nondimensional frequency of cantilever FG nano-beam with respect to nondimensional angular velocity, considering effects of hub radius and FG
index, (T = , μ = .).

Fundamental frequency Second frequency Third frequency

δ= . .  . .  . .

n= = . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
n = .  . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
n =   . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .

5.2. Rotary cantilever nano-beam considering it is seen that, by increasing FG index, nondimensional funda-
temperature changes mental frequency increases more when the temperature change
is higher than Ttransition .
Figures 3–5 represent the effects of the temperature
Figure 4 represents temperature changes, nondimensional
change, nondimensional angular velocity and FG index on
angular velocity and FG index effects on nondimensional sec-
fundamental, second and third nondimensional frequencies.
ond frequency. It is seen from Figure 4 that increasing temper-
Hub radius, length scale parameter and the thickness of the
ature changes for a functionally graded nano-beam, decreases
nano-beam are considered to have constant values of δ = 0.5,
the nondimensional frequency up to a relative zero point which
μ = 0.2, b = 1 (nm) and h = 0.3 (nm). Investigations are done
can be called critical point Tcritical , where increasing temper-
for temperature changes of period 0–1000.
ature changes over critical point increases second nondimen-
It is seen in Figure 3, that by increasing the temperature
sional frequency. This relative zero point is close to real zero
change, fundamental frequency increases continuously. A tran-
for boundary conditions containing simply supported condition
sition temperature change Ttransition can be defined to explain
[46], while for other boundary conditions this relative zero value
the thermal behavior of fundamental frequency of clamped
increases. Moreover, it is comprehended from Figure 4 that,
nano-beam. For example, this transition region can be defined
increasing FG index decreases the nondimensional frequency
for Figure 3b (n = 0.1) when 290 < Ttransition < 750, where
and critical temperature change Tcritical . On the other hand,
the effects of different parameters change. For temperature
increasing nondimensional angular velocity would increase the
changes below Ttransition by increasing nondimensional angu-
Tcritical .
lar velocity, the nondimensional frequency increases, while for
As discussed for second nondimensional frequency of nano-
temperature changes in higher than Ttransition by increasing
beam, Figure 5 investigates different effects on nano-beam. It
nondimensional angular velocity, nondimensional frequency
is obtained from results that by increasing nondimensional
decrease. Moreover, it is comprehended from Figures 3a–d that
angular velocity and FG index, nondimensional frequency
increasing FG index causes occurring Ttransition earlier. Also,

Table . First three nondimensional frequency of propped cantilever FG nano-beam with respect to nondimensional angular velocity, considering effects of hub radius
and FG index, (T = , μ = .).

Fundamental frequency Second frequency Third frequency

δ= . .  . .  . .

n= = . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
n = .  . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
n =   . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
 . . . . . . . . .
8 M. AZIMI ET AL.

Figure . Fundamental nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of FG index and nondimensional angular velocity for cantilever
boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, length scale parameter and beam thickness as δ = 0.5, μ = 0.2 and h = 0.3 (nm), respectively.

Figure . Second nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of FG index and nondimensional angular velocity for cantilever
boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, length scale parameter and beam thickness as δ = 0.5, μ = 0.2 and h = 0.3 (nm), respectively.

Figure . Third nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of FG index and nondimensional angular velocity for cantilever bound-
ary condition. Assuming hub radius, length scale parameter and beam thickness as δ = 0.5, μ = 0.2 and h = 0.3 (nm), respectively.
increases and decreases, respectively. In addition, nondimen-
sional frequency continuously decreases by increasing tempera-
ture changes. It is seen that for higher frequencies the probability
to get critical value for temperature changes decrease.
Figures 6 and 7 represent temperature change, nondimen-
sional nonlocal parameter (μ) and thickness of nano-beam
effects on fundamental and second nondimensional frequen-
cies. Hub radius, angular velocity and FG index are consid-
ered to have constant values of δ = 0.5,  = 2, b = 0.5 (nm)
and n = 0.5. Investigations are done for temperature changes of
period 0–1000.
It is seen from Figure 6 that by increasing temperature
changes, fundamental frequency increases continuously. Like
Figure 3, it is seen that the transition zone of temperature
in Figure 6. For temperature changes below Ttransition by
increasing nondimensional small-scale parameter, nondimen-
sional frequency increases for other certain parameters, while
for temperature changes over Ttransition by increasing small-
scale parameter, nondimensional frequency decrease. Moreover,
it is comprehended from Figures 3a–d that decreasing thickness
of nano-beam causes occurring Ttransition earlier. Also, it is seen
that by increasing thickness, decrease in nondimensional funda-
mental frequency occurs after Ttransition more intensively.
Figure 7 represents temperature changes, small-scale param-
eter and thickness of nano-beam effects on nondimensional sec-
ond frequency. It is seen from Figure 7 that increasing tempera-
ture changes for a functionally graded nano-beam, decreases the
nondimensional frequency up to a relative zero point which can
be called critical point Tcritical , where increasing temperature
changes over critical point increases second nondimensional
frequency. Moreover, it is comprehended from Figure 7 that,
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 9
increasing thickness increases the nondimensional frequency
and critical temperature change Tcritical . On the other hand,
increasing small-scale parameter would increase the Tcritical .
5.3. Rotary propped cantilever nano-beam considering
temperature changes
Figures 8 and 9 show the effects of the temperature change,
nondimensional angular velocity and FG index on first and
second nondimensional frequencies. Hub radius, length scale
parameter and beam thickness are considered to have constant
values of δ = 0.5, μ = 0.2, b = 1 (nm) and h = 0.3 (nm),
respectively.
It is seen from Figure 8 that increasing temperature changes
for a functionally graded nano-beam, causes decreasing nondi-
mensional frequency up to a critical value Tcritical , where, for
values over the Tcritical , nondimensional frequency increases.
As discussed for cantilever boundary condition, it is seen
that critical values of propped cantilever nano-beam, due to
having one end with simply supported condition, are closer
to absolute zero. Also, it is comprehended from Figure 8 that
increasing FG index decreases the nondimensional frequency
and critical temperature change Tcritical . Moreover, increasing
nondimensional angular velocity would increase the Tcritical . It
is obvious from Figures 8 and 9 that, this critical region affects
on nano-beam’s vibrational behavior. By increasing temperature
changes, nano-beam’s nondimensional frequency decreases up
to a critical value, while afterwards, nondimensional frequency
increases by increasing temperature change.
Figures 10 and 11 represent the effects of the temperature
change, nondimensional gradient index (n) and thickness of the
10 M. AZIMI ET AL.

Figure . Fundamental nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of small-scale parameter and thickness of nano-beam for
cantilever boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, nondimensional angular velocity and FG index as δ = 0.5,  = 2 and n = 0.5, respectively.

Figure . Second nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of small-scale parameter and thickness of nano-beam for cantilever
boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, nondimensional angular velocity and FG index as δ = 0.5,  = 2 and n = 0.5, respectively.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 11

Figure . Fundamental nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of FG index and nondimensional angular velocity for propped
cantilever boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, length scale parameter and beam thickness as δ = 0.5, μ = 0.2 and h = 0.3 (nm), respectively.

Figure . Second nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of FG index and nondimensional angular velocity for propped
cantilever boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, length scale parameter and beam thickness as δ = 0.5, μ = 0.2 and h = 0.3 (nm), respectively.
12 M. AZIMI ET AL.

Figure . Fundamental nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of small-scale parameter and thickness of nano-beam for
propped cantilever boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, nondimensional angular velocity and FG index as δ = 0.5,  = 2 and μ = 0.2, respectively.

Figure . Second nondimensional frequency with respect to temperature changes, considering effects of small-scale parameter and thickness of nano-beam for propped
cantilever boundary condition. Assuming hub radius, nondimensional angular velocity and FG index as δ = 0.5,  = 2 and μ = 0.2, respectively.

nano-beam on fundamental and second nondimensional fre-
quencies of propped cantilever nano-beam. Hub radius, angular
velocity and nonlocal parameter are considered to have constant
values of δ = 0.5,  = 2, b = 0.5 (nm) and μ = 0.2. Investi-
gations are carried out for temperature changes in the range of
0–1000.
It is seen in Figure 10 that the temperature change decreases
the fundamental frequency continuously to a critical value
Tcritical , where, for values higher than Tcritical , nondimen-
sional frequency increases. Also, it is comprehended from
Figure 10 that increasing the thickness and FG gradient index
(n) increases the critical temperature change Tcritical . It is obvi-
ous from Figures 10 and 11 that this critical region affects on
nano-beam’s vibrational behavior. By increasing temperature
changes, nano-beam’s nondimensional frequency decreases up
to a critical value, while afterwards, nondimensional frequency
increases by increasing temperature changes. It is seen from
Figure 11 that trend of nondimensional frequency versus tem-
perature changes is continuously descending, which means tran-
sition region occurs at higher temperature changes. And it is the
same and valid for second nondimensional frequency. Finally, it
should be noted that the thermal stress has effects on the vibra-
tional behavior of the nano-beam when the ends of the nano-
beam have no vertical or axial movements. Here, the consider-
ation of the thermal stress is to examine the difference of the
behavior of these two boundary conditions in the response of
the fundamental frequency to the external effect, which is here
employed as the thermal effect. Also, the external effect can be in
shape of thermal, magnetic, etc., which is shown as the thermal
stress in this paper.
6. Conclusion
In this article, the effect of the nonlocal small-scale, material
property gradient index, hub radius of the first three vibrations
of the temperature-dependent FG nano-beams subjected to the
nonlinear temperature distribution with considering the rotat-
ing effects for two types of cantilever and propped cantilever are
investigated by means of DQM. Eringen’s theory with TBT is
employed to model the nano-size beam. The most important
results are briefly stated below:
r The angular velocity increases the nondimensional
frequencies of the nano-beam. For angular velocity,
the observed nondimensional fundamental frequency
increases with the nonlocal parameter for cantilever
model.
r After the TCr (critical temperature) point, the frequen-
cies of the cantilever nano-beam increase with the growth
of temperature change.
r The vibrational behavior of the system is chaotic in a spe-
cial zone of the temperature, which is shown as the transi-
tion zone. The effects of nonlocality and also FG index are
not predictable in the transition zone.
r Increasing the nonlocal effect, leads to observe the transi-
tion zone in a lower temperature.
r Increasing the velocity leads to observe the transition zone
in a higher temperature.
MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 13
r In fact, each parameter that increases the frequency, cause
to observe the transition zone in a higher temperature, and
vice versa.
ORCID
Navvab Shafiei http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0992-9660
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