oe iv

oeqlcpn `xfr ,jeh l`kin ,ohxbne`a hxal` :mi kx er d

aaeg l`wfgi : zkxrnd xikfn

`" r y z Û a Û e r d p y

l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax

mi ly ex i Û zi l` xy i d zi xe hq i dd d xa g d
 h"yrad zeclezl zexbi` izy

on lb l ` ix e` z`n

lecb mei didi ,aeh my lra xfril` oa l`xyi 'x ly ixewn ci azk dlbzi eay meid'
epikf mxh xrvd daxnl .jci`n ,zeciqgd xwgna miyerle ,cgn ,dyrn iyp`e miciqgl
zpya mqxty xn`n oihypiaex mdxa` zeciqgd xweg miiq dl` mixaca 1.'mei eze`l
zg` dcerz `l s` dzlbzp mxh dzr cre f`n .h"yrad ly 'ycewd zxbi`' lr b"lyz
.ozepin`l xy`a zewtq exxer el eqgeiy dl`e ,eci azk mvra h"yrad azky
diixtqd l` ci azka zexbi` izy ly odineliv ,ietv izla gxe`a ,eribd dpexg`l
.h"yrad ly ezxihtl dpy miyinge miiz`n oeivl dkexrza ebved ode ,milyexia zine`ld
zxbi`d z` .(` zxbi` :oldl) aehewn dyn 'x l` envr h"yrad gly zexbi`d zg`
zexbi`d .(a zxbi` :oldl) aehewn dyn 'x eig` l` dwpcexedn miig 'x gly zxg`d
,h"yrad ly ezelirtl zepey`xd mipya rxi`y cg` rxe`n ly eihxtn dnk zex`zn
,xakn df qetca xe` e`x od :zereci izla opi` dl` zexbi` .'feai'fna ayiizdy mcew cer
.mixwegd cvn zeqgiizdl dpexg`l dzkf odn zg`e
o`k ebvei odinelivy ,elld zexbi`d ly miixewnd cid iazk ly ycegnd ielibd awr
zxbi` iabl .ozernyne odileblb ,opkez ± zexbi`d ly `lnd oxetiq oldl `aei ,dpey`xl
,h"yrad ly eci azk mvra daezk `idy dprhd dzlred ,xzeia ze`ivnd zxwi `idy ,`
.ef dprh lawl ceqi yi ik d`xpe

myxb mqxt ,j"yz zpya ,aeh my lra l`xyi 'x ly ezxihtl dpy miiz`n ze`lna
exn`na fkix mely 2.'aeh my lra l`xyi 'x ly zixehqidd ezenc' rcepd exn`n z` mely
xe`l ezenc z` ycgn jixrde h"yrad ly eiig zeclezl mirbepd miixard zexewnd z`

milyexia zine`ld diixtqa ci iazkl dwlgnle Shapell Manuscript Foundation ildpnl izcez *
xzq` x"cl zcgein dcez .mzeyxay minelivae zexbi`a yeniy zeyrl il epzpy zeyxd lr
lr ,'h"yrad zeawra' dkexrzd zxve`e milyexia zine`ld diixtqa mely sqe` zldpn ,qail
cecl ,onqex dynl ,qwh` l`epnrl izcez dgely s` .zexbi`d ly zewixq izeyxl dcinrdy
.zelirend mdizexrd lr xi`n ozpeile aiby icbl ,sq`
mixn`n :zeilbxn xtq ,'aehewn oeyxb 'xl h"yrad zxb`n ci azk lr' ,oihypiaex mdxa` 1
.gtw 'nr ,b"lyz milyexi ,l`tx wgvi zkixra ,zeilbxn oae`x axd ly exkfl mixwgne
,mely myxb ly zeciqgd ixwgn :oexg`d alyd ,(mikxer) qail xzq`e sq` cec :lv` ycgn qtcp 2
.138±106 'nr ,h"qyz milyexi

[(`"ryz) er dpy ,l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax ± oeiv]

[2] o nl b l `i x e ` 220
xwg fkxna h"yrad ly ezenc z` ycgn cinrd jkae ,zrd dze`a ievn didy rcind
xwgn didy ,exn`n z` mely mqxt f`n etlgy mipyd miying jyna .zeciqgd zeclez
enqxtzde etygp ,eizepwqnn dnk lr mixweg exrxr minil m` s` ezrya jxc uxet
h"yrad iiga mitqep miccv exi`d mde ,mipyi zexewn ly zeycg ze`qxbe mitqep zexewn
eixebn xir ,'feai'fn ly qnd zeniyxa onqex dyn dlib xzeia aeygd xewnd z` .ezxezae
3
.h"yrad ly
,envr h"yrad ly cgeinae ,miciqgd ipey`x ly mdizeclez lr zexewnd herin lya
.mdizeienc lr xe` jteyd oin` xewn ly e` dcerz ly ielib lkl zcgein zeaiyg dpyi
zxbqna .zixehqidd mzenc zkxrd myl zcgein zeaiyg zrcep ebeg ipae h"yrad zexbi`l
ly eizexiya riizqd `ed jk myl .mipey miyp` mr azkzd `ed h"yrad ly ezelirt
.enya zexbi` aezkl mb `l` ,dnecke zerinw ,minyxn meyxl wx `l did eciwtzy ,xteq
`ide zixehqidd dzeaiyg lr oixxer oi`y ,h"yrad ly drecid 'ycewd zxbi`' caln
e` zexbi` ce`n hrn wx dk cr elbzp 4,zepexg`d mipya mb xwgnd zextqa zeax dpecp
qtcp) 'h"yrad igay' miitxbeibdd mixetiqd uaewa .h"yral miqgeind zexbi` iwlg
eixac z` zexqen oaex ik m` ,eizexbi`n ze`aen dnke dnk ellkp (d"rwz zpya dpey`xl
dzptdy dl`y oiivl yi ,dl` zexewn caln 5.xewnd on dwzrd opi`e dt lr exaredy itk
oke ;h"yrad `ed mday hleade ,'feai'fnn mil`ey ly dveaw aepihphqpewn xi`n 'x l`
,micegii ,deewnd zpeek epicil eribd s` 6.envr h"yral qgeind mildza fw wxtl yexit
zexiny ly ze`qxb dnke ,zexawd zia yeciw xcq ,miwicv ixaw lr mildz zxin` xcq
7
.h"yral eqgeiy zcleile clil

mely ly exn`n zrtydl .219±206 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,zeciqgd ycgn h"yrad ,onqex dyn 3
.144±139 'nr ,my ,oexg`d alyd ,'itxbeilaia gtqp' ,sq` cec :e`x xwgna f`n elgy zeiegztzdle
,dib`n ± h"yrad :myd lra ,qwh` l`epnr :zepexg`d mipya enqxety mixwgn dnk lynl e`x 4
zxbi`' ,dict daiag ;148±128 'nr ,my ,onqex ;309±292 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,dbdpd ,dwihqin
r ,oeiv ,'ze`zaye dfhqw` ,zelbzd ,zeigiyn ± mlerd zpenze hqwhd gqep :h"yral ycewd
,'h"yradn drecid "dnypd ziilr zxb`" ' ,oiexaptih oxd` cec miig ;354±311 'nr ,(d"qyz)
Mor Altshuler, ‘Messianic Strains in Rabbi Israel ;bi±e 'nr ,(g"qyz) c ,d ,h"yrad lkid
Balal Shem Tov’s “Holy Epistle”’, Jewish Studies Quarterly, 6 (1999), pp. 55–70;
Jonathan Dauber, ‘The Baal Shem Tov and the Messiah: A Reappraisal of the Baal
Shem Tov’s Letter to R. Gershon of Kutov’, Jewish Studies Quarterly, 16 (2009), pp.
210–241
zkixra ,zeciqg ixwgn ,'zycegn dkxrd z`xwl :h"yrad iazkn' ,onqex dyn :e`x jk lr 5
.151±149 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) l"pd ;10±9 'nr ,h"pyz milyexi ,oc sqeie sq` cec ,qwh` l`epnr
.161±160 ,156±151 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onqex 6
micegiid ;[?n"wz] uxew ,ohw xtq :e`x .fw mildzl yexitd mr cgi dpey`xl dqtcp deewnd zpeek 7
ikxc xtqa dpey`xl qtcp mildzd xcq ;c"pwz uxew ,xeciqae gqt ly dcbda dpey`xl eqtcp
;x"z aeal ,oe`b i`d axn mihewil :l`xyi xpa qtcp zexawd zia yeciw ;f"pwz d`plet ,oeiv
mi`vnp j` ,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly mipenyd zepy onl wx d`xpk qtcidl elgd zexinye zelebq
ly execiq' ,oiiycpen ryedi :e`x h"yrad xeciq lr .xzei zencwen zetewzn mipey ci iazka
221 h"yrad zeclezl zexbi` izy [3]
miazkn sqe` ly eielib mr dtixgd ebeg ipae h"yrad zexbi` ly zeihpze`d ziira
zfipb' mya rcepy ,df sqe` .dpey`xd mlerd zngln onfa zeciqgd ipey`x zeclezl
mixtqa eqtcp eiknqn ,z`f mr .seif dyrnk dlbzp ,lekiak ez`ivn mewn my lr 'oeqxg
dze`n zxg` zilbz lk ly dzepnidn lr cak cyg elihd f`ne ,zeihpze` zecerzk mipey
8
.dtewzd
epnne h"yrad l` zexbi`d ly odigqep miievn eid mixwege miciqg icia m` ,ok`
eci azka zg` zixewn zxbi` s` ly dneiw dzne` `l dk cr ixd ,zeihpze` eaygpy
'x rcepd ecinlzl h"yrad azky zxbi` ly meliv mqxtzd zenewn dnka .h"yrad ly
ly dpkez .miihwq`d eibdpnn lcgi ik ecinlza dxend xivtn dae ,d`pletn sqei awri
zenewna qtcp f`ne ,'h"yrad igay' xtqa ,zvwna dpey gqepa ,dpey`xl mqxet ef zxbi`
lrn dpey`xl bved eneliv .oilwexaay 'uiee`ael iciqg ziixtqa xeny cid azk 9.mipey
fkexnd meqxtd gzta ,d"vxz zpya dyxeea xe`l `viy ,c"ag iciqg oe`hia ,'minzd' itc
exaeye ,oeqxe`ipy wgvi sqei 'x x"enc`d ly eznfeia ,zipeqxgd dfipbd zecerz ly
oi` ,ef zxbi` caln 10.ezeixewn z` zzn`nd x"enc`d z`n zic"agÎmipt zecr ± ecva

h ;fq±q 'nr ,(e"pyz) g ;w±ar 'nr ,(d"pyz) f ,miwicv izty uaew ,'r"p aeh my lrad oxn
dpy miyinge miiz`n :h"yrad zeawra :dkexrzd belhwa mihxt cer e`x .dq±fp 'nr ,(f"pyz)
.r"yz milyexi ,qail xzq` zxve` ,alqxan ongp 'x zenl dpy miiz`n ± h"yrad ly ezenl
dfipbd zeclez' ,onlid iav cec :e`x dzepin` zece` lr yhipy gekieele zipeqxgd dfipbd zeclezl 8
cer' ,l"pd ;fnx±nx 'nr ,b"iyz milyexi ,exec ipae `ipzd lra zexb` ,'dteif zgkede zipeqxgd
mekiql :oeqxg zfipb' ,l`tx wgvi ;42±30 'nr ,(e"hyz) a ,xtqd ,' "zipeqxgd dfipbd" oipra
Ada ;226±204 'nr ,`"pyz milyexi ,miciqge zeciqg lr ,'miiciqgd miazkd xve` lr qenletd
Rapoport-Albert, ‘Hagiography with Footnotes: Edifying Tales and the Writing of History
'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onqex ;in Hasidism’, History and Theory, 27 (1988), pp. 119–159
,f"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza enewne oi'fexn l`xyi 'x :zeklnd jxc ,sq` cec ;163±161
,dzernyne dzrtyd ,zipeqxgd dfipbd lr :xaypd qxgk ,oncixt sqei l`xyi ;203±202 'nr
iazkn lr ycg xe`' ,oilad onlf dnly lv` zepeyd zercd mekiq dzr e`xe .b"qyz milyexi
ix"enc` ly mzcnr lr .gpwz±bwz 'nr ,(r"yz) bk ,oexeyi ,'eicinlz icinlze eicinlz h"yrad
mdixn`ne mdizegiyn :aeh my lra l`xyi iax ,oihypvilb jepg mdxa` :e`x dfipbl rbepa c"ag
.783±685 'nr ,e"nyz c"ag xtk ,a ,mdizexecl c"ag i`iyp epizeax ly
azk gqepa miiepiya) 161±160 'nr ,a"nyz milyexi ,oiiycpen ryedi zxecdn ,h"yrad igay 9
dqtcp zxbi`d .105±103 'nr ,`"pyz milyexi ,oihypiaex mdxa` zxecdn ,h"yrad igay ;(cid
,ef zxbi`a oeic .mixg` miax zenewnae ,`"r fk ± a"r ek ,(13 dxrd ,oldl) `xedpc `piveaa mb
onqex ;150 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) qwh` :e`x ,dil` mal eny `l mipey`xd zeciqgd ixwegy
.151±149 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl)
qtcen enelivy oif`x sqei l` eazkna ,x"enc`d ixac itl .9±8 'nr ,(d"vxz fenz) ` ,minzd 10
,'wcvÎgnv'd lcpn mgpn 'x ipir cbpl dziid ,b"ixz zpya dzpwp zixewnd zxbi`d ,eci azka my
zian :e`x azknd ly daeh zeki`a iperav melivl .xa ac mely 'x eia` zwfgl seqal dxarede
d"dlf aeh my lra l`xyi epax zexb`' ,xbpine`a `bxy ikcxn .lx 'nr ,r"yz oilwexa ,mifpbd
'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) zeilbxn xtq ,'aehiwn oeyxb mdxa` iaxl d"dlf lkin l`igi iax epzge
cid azka ycewd zxbi` lr eznizgl dfd cid azka h"yrad znizg oia zedf yi ik orh ,brw
[4] o nl b l `i x e ` 222
h"yrad azky zxbi` z`ivn .oldl ebveiy zexbi`l minecd mitqep zexewn meik epicia
llegn z`n aezk cixy xg` exz mde mixwege miciqg ly ald zl`yn dziid eci azka
dlebq ynyl l`ivphete ax ilhpnihpq jxr oaenk yi ef oirn zxbi` z`ivnl .zeciqgd
yi zxbi`d ly dpkezl wx ,mle`e .miwicvd ivtga miciqg ly mgxe`k ,'yecw utg'k
mr d`eeyd enk ,zeitxbe`lt zeklyd oeayga `iap `l m` ,ynn ly zixehqid zernyn
.epnf ipale h"yral miqgeind mixg` miknqn

ae he wn dy n 'x l ` h "y ra d n :` z xb i ` .`

h"yrad ly ezedn lr ecnry mipey`xd oia did ziciqgd zxeqnd itly ,aehewn dyn 'x
begay miaeygd on dide (Kutów) aehew ly dax yniy 11,zeipgexd eizelrna exikde
mr mixyw enwxy zeienc dnk ehla df iciqg beg axwa .exira elrty milaewndÎmiciqgd
oeyxb 'x .d`pletn ail dix` 'x 'gikend'e aeqewn ongp 'x ,envr dyn 'x enk ,h"yrad
12
.l`xyi ux`l eziilrl cr ef dxeag mr d`xpd lkk `ed s` dpnp ,h"yrad ly eqib ,aehewn

xak ,ftw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) oihypiaex mle`e .dizeize`ae dzaizka ,dzxeva ± mqxt `edy
,qewxn oxd` ly extqa zxbi`d meliv cvl .zexbi`d izya ddf epi` dnizgd gqep ik xird
,'!siefn' dlind z` ,eci azka ,ely wzera mely myxb myx ,50 'nr ,c"iyz aia` lz ,zeciqgd
ilztp ly ezrc dziid mb ef .388 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) qewxn lr exn`na mely xird jk s`e
l` oexcay mdxa` dpt `"vxz zah ycega .41 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,xtq ixrya ,mgpn oa
df ci azk ly meliv dwical el glyiy dywaa ,`bixa f` ayiy ,oeqxe`ipy wgvi sqei 'x
zitxbehet dwzrdl rbepda' :onxail miig 'x ,iaxd ly exikfn el azk jke .axiq `ed j`
wtq llkae ,e`l e` dzeyrl m` oiicr hilgd `l `"hily x"enc` w"k ,r"p h"yrad azkn ly
eazkna mb ef dprh lr xfg `ed .'xak yhyehn azkde oyi xipd ik ori daeh dwzrdd `vz m`
azkd zxev ik orh `ed ,azknl xarn dnyxpy ,oexcay ly ezaeyza .okn xg`l ycegk eil`
zxbi` ly lwpxt gqep epiidc ,oih`iqedn iaxd icia ievnd h"yrad ly ci azkl dnec df jnqna
diixtqa mipeikx`d zwlgnay oexcay oeikx`a mixeny miazknd .o`k dpecpd ` zxbi` e` h"yrad
dnk llekd ,ohw qxhpew qtcp h"rxz zpya .61 fbx` ,miazkn ,4Ü1215 'qn ,milyexia zine`ld
wx`nfrw ,h"yradn dlebq zxb` iazk dreyi ixry :dlebql miynynd h"yradn miazkn
ly eci azkn zexbi`d ewzred ,fpib l`ixab qetcd zial `iand z`n dncwdd itl .h"rxz
dxecdnd on excrpy zenkqdd etqep (b"yz cidlrwrq) xtqd ly diipyd dxecdna .h"yrad
ly i`xw` aeaib `l` qxhpewd oi` ,dyrnl .miazkd ly zeihpze`d lr xeyi` odae zncewd
ryedi :e`x .h"yrad zxez z` mixqend mipey mixtqn zewzrd sexiva ycewd zxbi`n mirhw
dlebqk h"yrad ly eci azk lr cer .mxz±hlxz 'nr ,m"yz c"ag xtk ,fr lcbn ,oiiycpen
.akw ze` ,61 'nr ,q"xz `yx`ee ,miwicv zpen` :lynl e`x ,miciqg axwa
'nr ,(h"lyz) f±e ,xtq ilr ,' "h"yrad igay" xtqa zelbzdd ixetiq' ,oihypiaex mdxa` :e`x 11
'xl ,sqei awri zeclez :dnbecl .miciqgd ipey`x ly mdixtqn dnka xkfp dyn 'x .186±157
jexa 'x epiig` ly eixtqa oke ;ehy 'nr ,rixfz zyxt ,b"lyz milyexi ,d`pletn sqei awri
dhiqxaipe`d ,xehwec zcear ,aeqewn jexa 'x ly ezebda dxivie dad` ,qail xzq` :e`x .aeqewn
.8 dxrde 20 'nr ,f"pyz ,milyexia zixard
laeid xtq ,'h"yrad ly exiag ,aeqewn ongp 'x' ,lyd ryedi mdxa` :e`x aehew iciqg lr 12
223 h"yrad zeclezl zexbi` izy [5]
`pivea' xtqd ileya dyn 'x l` h"yrad glyy zxbi` dqtcp 1879 zpy idlya
dpi` zxbi`d 13.h"yrad ckp ,'feai'fnn jexa 'x lr zexeze zeiyrn hwl ± '`xedpc
,dyn 'x ly ezxiht cren ± (1738) g"vz sxeg iptl i`ceea dazkp `id j` zkx`ezn
did day ,(Tluste
ì ) hqelha dnzgp `id ,ok`e .'feai'fnl h"yrad ly e`ea mxh epiidc
.zrd dze`a eixebn mewn
;oldl e`x zxbi`d ly xg` gqep lr) '`xedpc `pivea'a dqtcpy itk zxbi`d gqep dfe
:(zexrda epiev zernyn ilra gqep ilcad

mqxetnd axdl (minexn ifpba eznyp=) n"bap yecwd h"yrad gly xy` ycewd zxb`
.(`ad mlerd iigl dkxal yecwe wicv xkf=) ddl"lwevf aehiwn dyn x"xden 'eke
zif .`xedpc `pivea .iaxax ily` ipdl rehp ly` .`xiwie `ax `xab i`dl .ibqi `nly
(my ceak=) y"k .`ynyk jfe jexa ezpyn .lecbd xe`nd axd d"d ,ipenx qiqr ipktey
.mixdva `ynyk xi`i exp dyn d"en ezx`tz
.minlerl mixiaqn miptae zewgey mipta mkl 'c sqei dke 'd ozi dk .melyde miigd epz`
`wprcix`d 'wl reqpl dvigpa izvgpe .dyre mewa izkxce 14,xnc `zerxa iwlqe izgp dpd
16
izgpd `l dfn mb ,mzl`y xy` dl`yd zece` mbe .xnc 15`zeavk oekp lr xacd izpwze
ceak zlrnl=) z"krnl 17gelyle mzdl `kd on mirqepd igxte igxe` ipd xg` izxfge ici
18
mrha xwgen epi` izrici mrtd dzre .oeapa oiadl dl`yd lr daeyz dnxd (ezxez
20 19
ial l` aey` ip`e alay mixac zelble xne` xefbi j` .ilr mrxzi xnc zenerxzd
21
gwi .urd on `veid xacn yegi l`e miewie xac xzen oiadl ial l` aey`e ahid xewgl
23 22
ozie oirixt (xnel dvex=) l"x ahid lyaie mina ozie wc mivrd ahid yigkie xn

¦ © ¦ ¨ ¤ § zxeag' ,qiie sqei ;fhw±biw 'nr ,d"kyz milyexi ,ixar wlg ,oeqtlee iav ceakl
mipwihnE`pR
milyexi ,sq` cec zkixra ,zeciqgd xwga miizxage miixehqid mihaid :dcre wicv ,'ziciqgÎmcw
.172±171 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) qwh` ;105±93 'nr ,`"qyz
dxecdna mb aey dqtcp zxbi`d ;ily xetqn) a"r±`"r ek ,m"xz [bxanl] ,`xedpc `pivea 13
e`xe .(d"qxz zpya wx xe` dz`x `id xac ly ezin`l j` ,c"nxz zpya dqtcpy dilr myxpy
.df xtq ly ezepin` lr oldl
.jly gily iziid ,xnelk 14
oevxk xacd z` izniiw ,xnelk .`ziava :(26 dxrd ,oldl) dpen`d liay xtqa qtcpd gqepa 15
.ipec`
.izzp d`ldn mbe :dpen`d liay 16
dxrydd z` dlrn ,48 dxrd ,157 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onqex .zelble mzrxkd on :dpen`d liay 17
.i`etxe ibn¨ rcia epgipy miccep mipreva o`k xaecny
.ipi` :dpen`d liay 18
.mrxzn :dpen`d liay 19
.eal l` aiy`e :d`ld mb jke .eal l` aiy` :dpen`d liay 20
.itxeg :dpen`d liay 21
.yezkie :dpen`d liay 22
.obhl 23
[6] o nl b l `i x e ` 224
24
z` gnyne gend z` wifgn wxe j` lylyne yilgn epi` xacde .xirfn hrna xiwiv
.(dwix oha epiidc ,wix al lr=) `pwix `ail` xwea lka zezyl dfe .d"a 'c zcearl ald
.mely miya miiq` dfae zelk cr xwea lka zeyrl df lke
hqelhn xfril` x"xdena l`xyi (ixac dk `ld=) c"kd
'idy 'wd epeyl z` mb bivdl izxn` `nlrl miaiage mixwi ce`n miyecwd eixacy icii`e
:ynn eci azka azknd lr aezk
25
xe`nd axd d"d `pngx [d]'il ikf `w deab oglyn deabl oizgpe oiaxw oxni` edpd
(my ceak ipinid cenr wfgd yiht l`xyi xp=) y"k d"r d"t i"p lcbne fer gay lecbd
aehiw [zlidw]'wl hqelh [zlid]'wn ezxeaba ynyd z`vk xi`i exp dyn x"xden ezx`tz
.(dl`ebe dxev dxnyi=) e"vi

aigxne dwpcexedl driqpa xeywd mieqn rexi` l` dfinxa h"yrad qgiizn zxbi`a
azek `ed .okl mcew h"yrad l` eziipt zeawra d`xpk ,envr dyn 'x l` miiyi` mixaca
h"yrad xqen ,myÎlral d`ik .miyi`d ipy oia mwxp xaky xywd lr dcirnd dnipa
zcear zeki`a mb el lirei xacd ik el xiaqne ineiÎmei yeniyl dtexze dlebq dyn 'xl
.ely 'd
zxxazn ,dwpcexedl h"yrad ly dtegcd ezriqp lr ,gzetd htynd ly ezernyn
ly eteqa .jk xg` mipy dnk dritedy ,zxbi`d dze` ly zxg` dqtcdl dgiztd ixacn
xaehiw ield l`xyi 'x z`n ,'dpen`d liay' yexit mr b"qxl 'zercde zepen`d' xtq
ycew cg` azkn dt wizrdl izxn`' :azkp ,zxbi`d ornp dyn 'x ly ei`v`vn ,oihylitn
dyn x"xd (ipwf ia` ipec`l=) f"``l (minexn ifpba eznyp=) n"bap h"yrad glyy
miig x"xd eig` lv` dlg xy` clid z` ze`txl rqiy el azky dn lr ,d"dllf xaehiw
26
.'`wprcix`da (mixyin cibn=) n"n
myÎlrak ezepne`a lrti h"yrady ,dyn 'x ly dywa dncw eply zxbi`ly xazqn

.hrn ea xiwev :dpen`d liay 24

.oixeni` :dpen`d liay 25
dler xrya dpyd oeiv .e"nxz±d"nxz zpya d`xpd itk ,s`trfeia qtcp dpen`d liay xtqd 26
megp mgpn 'x ly eznkqd ,z`f mr .d"nxz xc`a dnzgp xagnd zncwd j` ,g"lxz oiipnl
`l j` ,ezqtcdl mcew dn onf azkp xtqdy xazqn .h"lxz xii`a dpzip xak wqixhn iwqxah
mewnd on .'`xedpc `pivea'a dzqtcdl dncw m`e dxecdnl h"yrad zxbi` dtxev izni` xexa
iaxd znkqd aey d`a dizgzy dcaerd one ,xtqd znizg xg`ly oexg`d cenra ,dqtcp eay
j` ,qetcl oken did xtqdy ixg` wx dtxev zxbi`dy d`xp ,xtqd gzta dqtcp xaky wqixhn
zxbi`d z` .dnkqdd mr cgi xtqd y`xa zxbi`d d`a izwcay miqthd zvwna .xaca ze`ce oi`
,a"rxz aewxhrit ,aeh yxc ,dlpn a`f oerny mb ,mixkfpd zexewnd on dwzrda ,eqitcde exfg
lradn miazkn ,xrpiil xi`n mgxi ;71 'nr ,a"txz dyx`ee ,zeciqgd xtq ,`pdk mdxa` ;102 'nr
l"f h"yradn miixewn miazkn uaew ,j`la miig ;10±9 'nr ,b"txz `yx`ee ,eicinlze aeh my
milyexi ,zexzqp ifpb ,iwqee`gia odkd xfril` miig ;`n±n 'nr ,c"txz oilxa±`pie ,r"if eicinlze
.cere ,32±31 'nr ,`"vxz aewxhrit ,yicwe xir ,ryhxriee`fn o`nw`xa ikcxn ;`k±k 'nr ,c"txz
225 h"yrad zeclezl zexbi` izy [7]
ongp 'x ly eqib did miig 'x .dwpcexedn miig 'x eig` oa ,dlegd epiig` ly eietix ornl
,alqxan ongp 'x ly eaq ,h"yrad ly dxeagd lbq ipey`xn cg`k xkend ,dwpcexedn
,'miaizp xi`n'e 'freae oiki ceq' xagn ,`dxhqe`n zeilbxn xi`n 'x ly oey`x beeifa epzege
27
.h"yrad mr rbna `a `ed s`y
zexezdy oixxer e`vi ,'`xedpc `pivea' ,dpey`xl zxbi`d dnqxtzd eay xtqd lr
xikd ik cird s` cg` xagn .mixg` zeciqg ixtqn dapba egwlp ea ehwlpy zexeqnde
ziaay mixtqd on mirhw wizrn ed`x mrte ,x`an o`nail awri ongp 'x ,hwlnd z`
dl` zeprh m` oia 28.'feai'fnn jexa 'x ly eixack extqa jk xg` ealey ellde yxcnd
zxbi` .xtqd ileya eqtcpy zexbi`d itlk epted `l zecygd ik d`xp ,e`l m` oiae zepekp
ly ixewnd cid azk xe`l dzne` ,h"yrad zxbi` cvl dqtcpy ,zegtd lkl ztqep zg`
29
.dxagn
dziid `l d`xpd itky ,dyn 'x ly ei`v`vn cg` icia zxbi`d ly dzqtcd ,ok`e
xecn ezgtyna dxary dcerzk ,zepin` ly dax dcin dl dwiprn 30,mcewd meqxta dielz

aeyhicxa ,`dxhqe` ilecbl zxkfn ,xraia lcpn mgpn :e`x zeilbxn xi`n 'xl dgtynd zaxw lr 27
xwgna dic dybced `l h"yral miaexwd miyi`d on dnk oia zizgtynd dwifd .200 'nr ,f"qxz
,ezA¦ cvn dyn 'x ly epip ckp did ,zipya zxbi`d z` qitcdy ,xaehiw l`xyi 'x .eizece` lr
.r"xz zpya xhtp `ede
± a"r h ,f"qxz x`nh`q ,migztp mixtq dyly :jeza ,mind lkin ,xpaid lkin l`igi 'x :e`x 28
zeaxdle dxecnd licbdl dfd [qxh]'pewa miteife ze`nx dyr yi`d ik mikxgd oia izvvd' :`"r i
oi'fex zia ix"enc` z` swz `ed ,zeizextq zeapbl ze`nbec dnk extqa `iady xg`l .'exky
zeplqt dnk zrcl z`xd dz`' :epkez z` wecal ilan mdiaxewn zervn`a xtql dnkqd epzpy lr
epilr obi mzekf miyecwd epizeaxy=) w"ypa r"if w"dxy m` oiadl izikf dfae .dfd yi`d dyr
e`eaiy ie`xdn eide mixg` ici lr ziyrp ozk`ln eilr mcedn epzp oifexn (miyecw ly mdipa
dxdhe dyecwa alay dceara mlib xa [d]'id xy` yecw ixaca (mezgd lr=) g"dr mnvra
[d]'id mixg` miyp`a wx mycw (ci znizga=) i"zga mdiaexwl dviln ozil [d]'id ycewa mkxce
[d]'ide (yxcnd ziaa=) n"diaa yi`d z` iz`vn (zg` mrte=) `"te ...mixg` i"r dyrp ozk`ln
zeyrl [d]'iehp eci cery ipyyege ,ezgzn`a oinhne myexe (miyecwd mixtqn=) w"dqn hwln
mdxa` :lv` `aed .'eny ornl (wcv ilbrna=) u"brna ipgpie mitepgd z` mqxti z"iyde a"eik
.157±155 'nr ,(m"yz) g ,xtq ilr ,' "`xedpc `pivea" xtqd lr' ,ield `yiy
gqep .g"rwz zpyn `ht`n lyd ryedi mdxa` 'x l` o`xee`qn iav dyn 'x z`n zxbi`l izpeek 29
.r±hq 'nr ,q"yz milyexi ,l`xyi ade`d zexb` xtqa mqxet cid azk
onqex .mcwend meqxtd jezn wzred `l xge`nd xewnd ik micnln zewzrdd oiay gqepd ilcad 30
ztwynd ,'`xedpc `pivea'a icn dwlgd d`ixwd lya xzid oia ,xaehiw ly gqepd z` sicrn
dqtcp zxbi`dy dcaerd on oke ,migqepd z`eeydn mle`e .xewnd z`ixwa miiyw lr belic ezrcl
mcwend xewnd z` sicrdl yiy il d`xp ,xaehiw lv` jk xg` wxe '`xedpc `pivea'a dligz
,lirl e`x dl` oirn miiywl ze`nbec .xaehiw ly ezwzrda miler miiyw dnk ok enk .`weec
mpi`e miaexn mpi` migqepd oia milcadd ,dyrnl .ze`qxbd itelig z` zepiivnd ,25±15 zexrd
e` 'i enk zeize` itelign mibxeg mpi` maexe ,dnvr zxbi`d ly zillkd zernynd z` mipyn
zqxb z` sicrdl yiy il d`xp ,'mzrxkd on' len 'mzdl `kdn' ,zernynd lra lcada .'e
.zxbi`d zaizkl rwxd lr xaehiw ly zxeqnd zepin`a mbet xacd oi` j` ,`weec '`xedpc `pivea'
[8] o nl b l `i x e ` 226
lr cnln ,dyn 'x ly epiig` ietix ,o`k xkfend xywdd mb .qetca xe` dz`xy cr xecl
zxbi`d meqxt ,efn dxzi .dzaizkl rwxd lr zizgtynd zxeqnd z` xikd qitcndy jk
crenl cre h"yrad zxiht f`n .h"yrad iazkn ly miteifd lbl mipy zexyr mcw
zexeyw odn zecg` wxe ,miciqgd ipey`xl zeqgeind zexbi` ly unew wx eqtcp dneqxt
,ok lr xzi 31.df oinn zecerz siifl oiiprd xxerzd mxh mzqd on .envr h"yrad iigl
ezenc z` mled epi` dpkeze ,zeipgex ze`xeda e` zihwcic dthda zwqer dppi` zxbi`d
32
.miciqgd ly mdizenbn z` zxyn epi`e f`c iciqgd mlera bvedy itk h"yrad ly
mb 33.'ezezin` xaca wtq oi`' ik orhe df azkn lr eici izy z` jnq mely myxb
dwizrd s`e zxbi`d ly dpiipra xeaicd z` aigxdy ± onqex dyn mbe qwh` l`epnr
alya h"yrad ly enler zxkdl zernyn zlrae zixewn zxbi` da e`x ± zexrd sexiva
beg mr eiqgi lr ,myÎlrak ecewtz lr zepwqn dpnn ewiqd md .ezelirt ly df mcwen
dlbzn h"yrad 34.ixeaivd xeyina ezelirt lye eienic ly zegztzdd lre aehew iciqg
dhil`d mr mixyw miiwn `ed .ezaiaqa zegtl eixeyika rcepd ,dgnzn innr `txnk o`k
dyn 'x .mziieeda alzyne izxeqnd qetihd on mipwihqind miciqgd iy`x mre zicedid
dxywpy cnrnde dxweid zcin ztwzyn mb jkae myÎlrak eizelekia dxkd jezn eil` dpet
.h"yrad ly eci glyna
qgia oeic xxerzd ,z`f mr .h"yrad zeclezl ef zxbi` ly dzeaiyg lr oixxer oi`
`l da miwqer ep`y zxbi`d ly dizeawr .dly ixewnd cid azk ly zeihpze`d zcinl
dnk ,dpde .zeax mipy zexyr xeark ,dpey`xd mrta dzqtcdl cre dzaizk f`n ercep
ix"enc` zefegna rztl zilbzn `id ,dpey`xd mlerd zngln onfa ,dneqxt xg`l mixeyr
dziid 'zipeqxgd dfipbd' itiifn ly mci `ny cyg xxern df oezp .divilbay oi'fex zia
icil exared dfipbd iknqn oky ,zixewnk debivde h"yrad zxbi` z` ewizrd mde ,xaca
rwxw lr mikxec ep` eply dxwna mle`e .dfipbd 'ielib'l skiz df zia ly mix"enc`d
xkend ,hxetetx lieepf dnly d`x eply zxbi`d ly cid azk z`y xxazn .icnl dwven
.dnglnd xg`l cin divilb zefegna exeiq zra ,(1920±1863) iwqÎp` 'y eiepika xzei
ab`e ,xef`a zeicedid zelidwa dnglnd dxizedy oaxegde qxdd icnn z` x`iz iwqÎp`
.h"yrad z`n miixewn miazkn ipy 1917 zpya eipta ebved eay ,otec `vei rexi` criz jk

,mnvr miciqgd ly mcvn mb ,zeciqgd ly miixehqidd diqkp ly xeniyde cerizd znfeiy xazqn 31
dliyad `id .(ic"agd mxfd axwa xwira ,otec i`vei dnk caln) zxge`n dtewza wx dxxerzd
ef dibeq .mlerd zengln oiay dtewza d`iyl dribde mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa wx jex` jildza
Zeev Gries, ‘Hasidism: The Present State of :e`x jk lr zexrd dnk .cxtp oeic zwwef
Research and Some Desirable Priorities’, Numen, 14 (1987), pp. 101–102
,zigkepd ezxeva ,df azkn ,miciqgd ly hand zcewpn' ik xne` ,158 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onqex 32
.'ax onf didy itk ,ciÎazka x`yp eli` did ahen
xacd j` ,jexa 'x ifpba zxbi`d ly dxewny did xeaq mely .116 'nr ,(2 dxrd ,lirl) mely 33
.llk xewna orhp `l
.160±156 'nr ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) onqex ;187±185 ,64 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) qwh` 34
227 h"yrad zeclezl zexbi` izy [9]
divilba ercepy mixtq ly mixgeq cnva iwqÎp` ybt (Chorostków) aewqexegl ribdyk
oih`iqedn iaxd ly eiaxewnn ,(1961±1882) xb`eey `til xfril` :minid mze` ly
zngln uextl cr oih`iqed ly dax didy ,(1948±1876) lwpxt cec axd eqibe ,(Husiatynâ )
izty iaaec' ,mixtql xgqn zia dxyr ryzd d`nd dptna eniwd miqibd ipy .mlerd
ci iazk lye miwizr miixar mixtq ly dqtcdae dvtda ,seqi`a dgnzd `ede ,'mipyi
.mixicp
ezia ipae iaxd mr ddy `ed dnglnd uexta :d`lten diiyrn iwqÎp`l xtiq xb`eey
.dleda zegily iaxd eilr lihd ,divilbl iqexd `avd zyilt lr mdl rcepyn .bxeanda
miazkn ipy eizexve`n livdl ick oih`iqeday ezial zexidna rqii ik eilr deeiv `ed
ribde iaxd ly eywean xg` `lnl xdin xb`eey .eci azka miaezkd h"yrad ly miixewn
zkzn zaiza miazknd z` otv `ed .xird l` uxt iqexd `avdy iptl miizryk oih`iqedl
gilvd `ed ze`lz iieex mini dnk xg`l mewnl ayyn .iaxd xvgay szxnd xiwa dpnhe
zelbl xb`eey mdcp daizd z` gztyn ,dpde .miipzgcw miyetig xg`l daizd z` xz`l
.wlg xiipd x`ype zeize`d egxt h"yrad ly eci azka elek aezk didy azknd on ik
el d`xiy ea xivtd ok lre ,xb`eey itn rnyy xetiqd ly ezezin`a wtwt iwqÎp`
:xtqn `ed jke .ezywal xb`eey ze`ip seqal .iaxd zian livdy miazknd z`

,miazknd z` il d`xi ik ,ea izxvtd mye ,uip'vitewa ezi` izpncfp zereay ipy xeark
eid md .zqpkd zia l` miazknd z` `iad `ed .dcng ila ik m` ,izywa z` `ln `ede
mda zrbl ilae ceakd z`xia xexvd jezn mze` `ived xb`eey .zexiip dnka mixexv
azka eixar lkn aezk did cg`d .c`n miwizr xip ly miphw zepeilib ipy izi`x .ecia
xak dfd azknd) xeeihiw oeyxb 'x ly eci azk df did xb`eey ixac itle ,setve wc
zeize`a daezkd dnizgd z` zecaka `exwl did xyt` ,xiipd ileya ,ipyd ecvae ,(qtcp
miazknd ipy) eivg aewx didy ,ipyd azknd .'myÎlra l`xyi' :dcal zg` lke ,zekex`
mey ila wlg did ,zernc ly e` ,ahex ly miwc minzk mr ,(1753 ± b"iwz zpya eazkp
,mixne`' :jenp lewa xn`ie zihqin dhad miazknd l` hiad xb`eey .zeize` ly oniq
miayeg ,miciqgd ,epgp` la` ...oycgl xyt` miinik mirvn`ae .dgiln zeize`d enlrp ik
35
.'...ixnbl zxg` ,zxg`

xb`eey ly eax ik zerha xaq `ed :miaeyg mihxt dnka iwqÎp` wiic `l mixacd xetiqa
did xac ly ezin`l j` ,(1935±1861 ;Kopyczynce â ) uip'vitewn lyd xi`n wgvi 'x did
uip'vitewn iaxd .oi'fexn l`xyi 'x ly eckp ,(1948±1857) oih`iqedn l`xyi 'x eqib df
,dnglnd uext mr ddy oih`iqedn iaxde ,dpieel dpnne uip'fieel dnglnd ini`n hlnp

,e"vxz aia` lz ,c ,oexhiv ail l`eny mbxz ,dpiaeweae divilb oileta micedid oaxeg ,iwqÎp` 'y 35
.139±136 'nr ,f"qyz aia` lz ,mewnd iptl ,x`a miig ly onexa aley xetiqd .384±382 'nr
ixtq ciiv ,xb`eey `til 'x ciqgd zeawra :mixtqd xkenl egxty zeize`d' ,welixt dvip :e`x
.2008 xaehwe`a 17 ,zextqe zeaxz ,ux`d ,'x`a miigl "mewnd iptl" o`nexa xkfpd ,divilbn ycew
[ 10 ] o nl b l `i x e ` 228
.bxeanda `le oiinc hxetwpxtl dkenqd (Bad Homburg) bxeanedÎc`aa ,1914 uiwa
hlnp dil`y ,uip'vitewa zexbi`d z` eipta bivd xb`eeyy jkn drap iwqÎp` ly ezerh
icia d`xy zxbi`de ,orend mya ornpd my slgzd mb iwqÎp`l 36.oih`iqed icedi xzi mr
.jtidl `le ,aehewn oeyxb 'x eqib l` h"yrad glyy 'ycewd zxbi`' dziid xb`eey
l`xyi ux`l dlr oeyxb 'xy xg`n ,dpekp dpi` b"iwz zpyl azknd jex`z mb jkitl
,iwqÎp` ipta dbvedy diipyd zxbi`d .f"iwz zpyl cr zetivxa da x`ype f"wz zpya
dpkez z`e aehewn dyn 'xl h"yrad azky zxbi`d dyrnl `id ,egxt dizeize`y ef
awri 'x ly eazkna exkfp ,dyn 'xl zxbi`de ycewd zxbi` ,miazknd ipy .o`k ep`ad
miazknk ebved md .d"txz zpyn oexcay mdxa` l` (1956±1878) oih`iqedn oncixt
37
.xb`eey `til icia mzlvd xg`l l`xyi 'x epzeg icia miwfgend micigid miixewnd
`bxy ikcxn 'x dpw iwqÎp`l xb`eey bivdy zexbi`d izy ly cid iazk z`y xazqn
mde ,dxyr ryzd d`nd seq z`xwl ,oi'fexn l`xyi 'x ly epa ,(1894±1835) oih`iqedn
jezn minil qitcd 'ycewd zxbi`' ly cid azk gqep z` 38.l`xyi 'x epal dyexia exar
`ed ,l`xyi 'x ly epzg glyy ,lirl xkfpd azkna 39.xbpine`a eixg`e lwpxt df wzer
wtwt envr `edy d`xp .ewgnp dizeize`y ef zxbi`l rbepa 'dgeha zxeqn el oi`' ik orh
zlvd .dfipba elbzpy miazknd mze` oial dpia yxetna lican `ed j` ,dzeixewna
ly mzricil oeqxg zfipb ielib lr drenyd dribd mxha cer drxi` dilkn zexbi`d
dyirxdy ,zilbz dze`l llk mixeyw mpi` eipta ebvedy miazknd 40.egiy ipae iwqÎp`
.mdizea`n dyexik oih`iqed zia iwicv ly mzwfga exnzyp mde ,zeciqgd mler z` dryl

ly iebyd iedifd lr riavde iwqÎp` ly df xetiq lr cnr ,`w 'nr ,(26 dxrd ,lirl) jela xak 36
.'h"yradn miazkn mixeny m"xenc` iciay oih`iqed iciqg erci dnglnd iptl cer' :eixacl .iaxd
daeyz) aehewn oeyxb mdxa` iaxl epzge h"yrad zexb`l cer' ,xbpine`a `bxy ikcxn :e`xe
.bpy 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) zeilbxn xtq ,'(biynl
`et` jnzqn iedifd .grw±frw 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) oihypiaex icia enqxet xewnd melive azknd 37
ribd ,`tw 'nr ,my ,oihypiaex .oih`iqedn awri 'x ly eazkn mr iwqÎp` ly exetiq z`eeyd lr
.jk lr oaenk enr mikqd xbpine`ae ef dpwqnl
,lirl) xbpine`a lv` mqxet c"pxz zpyn oih`iqedn owfd iaxl ycewd zxbi` ly dxiknd xhy 38
mezg `ed oke ,df xhy lr mezg ,xb`eey `til ly eia` ,xb`eey cec 'x .hpw±fpw 'nr ,(10 dxrd
.dyn 'xl zxbi`d dpey`xl dnqxet eay ,'`xedpc `pivea' xtql eznkqd lr iaxd mya
dxrd ,lirl) onqex .4 dxrd ,lirl mixkfpd mixwgnd e`x ycewd zxbi` ly df gqepa mipeicl 39
s` cnredy mcew df ci azk d`x ik xbpih` l`eny 'textn rnyy xtqn ,29 dxrd ,136 'nr ,(3
.1984 zpya dxiknl `ed
,(b"txz) gi ,dtewzd ,'dpexg`d dtewza zeciqgd zextq lr :zeciqg' ,oala xi`n ixacl cebipa 40
xetiq jinqn oala .315 'nr ,d"vxz aia` lz ,a ,ziwp`xtd drepzd zeclezl ,l"pd ;490 'nr
ly lecbd dneqxtl mcew cer lblbzdl elgdy mirexi` x`zn iwqÎp` eli`e ,dfipbd ielibl df
zexbi` oia .(dkezn miazkn el`Îi` uevl elgd 1916 zpya xak ik m`) 1918 zpy ziy`xa ,dfipbd
dyn 'x .dkezn zkxten dzepin`y `l` ,dyn 'x l` h"yrad on zxg` zxbi` z`vnp dfipbd
zexb` :h"yra ± l`xyi inkg :e`x .h"wz zpy ± da aewpd jix`zl mcew xeyrn xzei xhtp
.arw 'nr ,(e"vxz fenz) a ,minzd ;`i zxbi` ,d 'nr ,c"txz wxei eip ,ycew
229 h"yrad zeclezl zexbi` izy [11]

,oeqxgn cid iazk ly mneiw lr zericil mcew zeax mipy qetca xe` e`x elld zexbi`d
eqip `le miycg miazkn e`ivnd dfipbd itiifn oky ,ozeixewn zkxrda lwyn jkl yie
.mireci miazkn ly 'miixewn' ci iazk bivdl
eze`a aeq`q ly dax ,jiprd jepg 'x dxicbd zipeqxgd dfipbd ielib xg`l skiz ,ok`e
aehewn dyn 'x l` h"yrad zxbi` z` bivd `ed dznerle ,dnxne seif dyrnk ,onfd
:znqxetnd 'ycewd zxbi`' ly dcvl zihpze` dcerzk

mqxtl devne ,r"if h"yrad my lr zeycg zexb` eqitcd dlecbd dnglnd xg` dpd
zlrn=) d"krn ipl`y xy` ...rva reva ornl lecb oli`a mze` ielze ,xwye mitiiefn mdy
mdn daxd ik rci .l"f h"yrad mya eqitcdy miycgd miazknd zece` (dnxd eceak
elit` rci `le xenb ux`d mr did l"pd zexb` siifnd dfe ...e`xap `le eid `le mitiiefn
miizn` mdy epl reciy epnn miazknd dpde .ekezn siiefne afke xwy lkdy ...mipnf xcq
qtcpd xreeihiw oeyxb 'x axdl recid zxb`de ,aehiw w"ca` dyn 'x axdl zxb`d :`ed
mix`eza fixtdl l"f h"yrad ly ekxc 'id `ly rce .('sqei zxet oa'=) zeclezd ixtqa
41
.l"ce mitiiefnd xikdl lkez jnvrn ok lr ,dnecke yecwd oe`bd

dl` ci iazk ly mze`vnid mr caa cay ,zpiiprnd dcaerl al miyl yi ,z`f mr cgi
ly dvtdae seifa d`xpk miaxern eid mdiciqg mb ixd ,oih`iqeda miwicvd zia icia
mya oih`iqed ciqg ,dxrydd itl ,did dfipbd iazk ly otiifd :zipeqxgd dfipbd zecerz
zwtwetnd ezlekxnn xeknl gilvdy ccep mixtq xken ,dqce`n `xity (ilyxid) iav ilztp
mipyd mr eqtcpe ekld dfipbd xb`nn miazkn ly mipey mivaw 42.cg`k mixwegle miciqgl
.oi'fex zia ix"enc` x`y lye oih`iqedn iaxd ly mdiciqg icia
iaxd ly eckp ,xbpine`a `bxy ikcxn z`n xn`na ztqep mrt crezn eply cid azk
epzg ,oncixt awri 'x eaq icin d`xpd itk Flaiw `ede ezeyxa did azkndy ,oih`iqedn
,dthrn oirn yniyy xiip oeilib jeza dgped zxbi`d ,eixacl 43.oih`iqedn l`xyi 'x ly
dcnred 1984 zpya .zxbi`d ly oey`xd dneqxta s` dwzredy zaezkd dnyxp eilre
44
.zianet dxiknl zxbi`d
mipy zngn m` ,egnp dizeize`y dnvr zxbi`d z` mibivn o`k mitxevnd minelivd
ila `l ik m` ,`exwl ozip oiicr dilr azkpd z`y ,dthrnd dcvle ,dyecw zngn m`
ly xiipa eizeze` z` ozp onfd .qetca ritend gqepl ddf dthrnd iab lry aezikd .lnr
.mdipt lr mixkip mirxwe miawpe mdizevwa miielae midedn mde ,miknqnd ipy
xbpine`a xqny ohwen melivl dly d`eeyd it lr ze`ceea dzdef dwegnd zxbi`d

qtcp .hq dxrde hix±gix 'nr ,c oniq ,q"yz oilwexa ,aeq`qn jiprd jepg 'xl ,minlrp gprtn 41
.xagnd zeclez e`aed xtqd seqa .jepg ci z"ey extq mr cgi
.202 'nr ,(8 dxrd ,lirl) sq` :e`x otiifd zedf lr zepeyd zexrydl 42
.ci iazkae miwizr mixtqa xgqna wqr xbpine`a .epw 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) xbpine`a 43
dkezay dthrn ly dneiw .36±35 'nr ,1984 zpyl dwi`ceid belhwa ,Christie’s zexiknd ziaa 44
.cala dwzrda xaecny zexyt`d z` mb dxe`kl mizigtn dthrnd ly dzxeve zxbi`d dgped
l` h"yradn :` zxbi`
azk) aehewn dyn 'x
dhnl ;(xbpine`a ci
dthrnd
dwpcexedn miig 'xn :a zxbi`
aehewn dyn 'x l`
(lt`y ci azk)
[ 14 ] o nl b l `i x e ` 232
dfd wzerd zxiqn onfa .1971 uiwa xak milyexia zine`ld diixtqay oexcay sqe`l
mirvn`a dyrpy meliva ahid zexkip ode ,dkezn milin el` i` `exwl did ozip oiicr
'x l` dglypy zxbi`d gqep epiptl gpeny wtq lk oi` zrk 45.azkd xefgyl micgein
.(xbpine`a ci azk meliv e`x) aehewn dyn

ae he wn dy n 'x l d wp c e x ed n mi i g 'x : a zx b i` . a

epa zlgn ,` zxbi`a zxkfpd dyxtde ,aehewn dyn 'xl h"yrad azk f`n dn onf xar
zelertdy xxazn .ezxiht zeawra mrtde ,wxtd lr dzlre day ,dwpcexedn miig 'x ly
± dpey`xl mqxty ,ztqep zxbi`n miler dl` mihxt 46.eglv `l eietixl h"yrad rivdy
miig 'x gly ef zxbi` .iwqÎp` ly exetiqa lirl xkfpd lwpxt cec ± b"txz zpya wx
:dpeyl dfe .dyn 'x eig` l` dwpcexedn

iwae sixgd [lec]'bd [xe]'`nd axd ig` [ia]'ed` d"d ,dynk mw `l dyn cre dynn
.e"xp dyn (axd epxen ceak zyecw ceak=) d"nk y"wk iwpe aw ezpyn
47
.zixa xg` skiz zn clepd ipay ,ia drbp 'd ci ik ixrv zngn azka jix`dl oi` dpd
il z`f daeh (ezxez ceak zlrn=) z"kn dyrzy ipnn aeh rpnz l`y dywaa iz`ae
jxac ik z"kn oiba z`f dyrzy my lra l`xyi 'en sel`dl 'nely zxb` z"kn aezkie
48
zny ipay yega epi`x ik .izy`l zlert dnk dyrie ,l"pd l`xyi e"n ipira mirnyp
epxenl=) i"xnl mly` ip`e .mkzldwa `cg `zeeva epidyk z"knl izxaicy dn df zngn
.xaca lvr z"kn idz l`y (!) zpiy mrt dywaa iz`ae .itqk ahina l"pd (l`xyi 'x
(ixac dk=) c"k `zgp `dae azkd lr zelrdl leki epi` ixrv ik ,l"pk z"kn aezkie
49
.l"vf dnly 'en oa miig 'wd jig`

.dzxfra dyrp xefgydy d`xp .melivd zcarn ,l`xyi zxhyn ly znzeg driten melivd ab lr 45
.h"yrad ,oexcay sqe` ,ci iazkl dwlgnd ,milyexia zine`ld diixtqd :e`x
,h"yrad igay :lynl e`x .elykp h"yrad ly eizelert ik xqnp day dcigid mrtd ef oi` 46
.189±188 'nr ,(9 dxrd ,lirl) oihypiaex zxecdn
h"yrady oad eze`a `le miig 'x ly xg` oaa xaecn ik cnln ile` mini dpeny liba ezxiht 47
.e`txl `xwp
ziixtqa xenyd ,'h"yrad xeciqa' mb xkfed dnyy okzii .dig d`xpk did miig 'x zy` ly dny 48
zenyd cg` .mxeara lltzdl ywazdy miyp`d zeny enyxp eileyay ,oilwexaa c"ag iciqg
izy` mye l"pk in` mye n"kd l"vf yxid iav d"en gepnd ipaxd d"da xi`n 'wd' :jk xkfp
epzg xen`k didy ,zeilbxn xi`n 'x mr eze` edif xeciqd on miwlg enqxty dl` .''ig za dpic
.(27 dxrd ,lirl e`x) miig 'x ly
mb xxazn ,dnly ,eia` my .e 'nr ,b"txz aeal ,eicinlze l"f h"yradn miazkn ,liwprxt cec 49
.aehewa zexawd ziaa dyn 'x ly ezavn gqepn
233 h"yrad zeclezl zexbi` izy [ 15 ]
zxenz ,ezxfr z` ywal li`eiy ,h"yrad ly eceq yi` ,eig`a miig 'x xivtn ef zxbi`a
`ed .`ixa cli mdl cleeiiy ick lrtiy oke ,dpa zen lr dla`d dgtyna letiha ,melyz
dgiy lr xtqn `ed .mydÎlra l` zexiyi envra zeptl epnn rpnpy jka eziipt z` wnpn
.dgiyd okez ly hexit oi` zxbi`a j` ,aehewa cgi mzeida dyn 'x oial epia dniiwzdy
dgiyd dze`a ea xaEcy edylk mxeb lya mxbp mpa zen ik epin`d ezia ipae miig 'x
zngn ezegily z` `lnie xdniy dyn 'xa miig 'x wgec eixac seqa .mig`d ipy eldipy
.exrv lceb
d`etxd zk`lnn qpxtznd ,irevwn `txnk h"yrad ly ezenc dler ef zxbi`n mb
qgiizd ,h"yrad ly ezlrna xikd miig 'x .eil` mipetl wiprn `edy ziytpd dxfrde
.xfrl el zeidl lkei ik oin`de 'my lra' edpik ,ie`xd ceaka eil`
ezxeag ipa lr dl` oirn zeiecr epicia oi`y hrnke ,dxicpe dpina zcgein ef zxbi` mb
zexewnn ,zehrnd epizericil ztxhvn `idy jka dverp dxzid dzeaiyg .h"yrad ly
yeniyd lre ,rbna enr e`ay dlebqd icigi ipira h"yrad ly ecnrn lr ,mixg` mixetq
ef zenilyn lirl d`aedy ` zxbi`e ef zxbi` .myÎlrak miib`nd eixeyika elld eyry
.efa ef zeknez ok lre ef z`
`ide dlfn rxzi` .dzncew ly dfn dyw ef zxbi` ly dzeixewn z` gikedl oeiqipd
ef `le .zipeqxgd dfipbd ly qetca dzvtd ziy`xe dielib xg`l wx dpey`xl dnqxtzd
'x ly eazkn qqepzn ,dpey`xl azknd z` mqxty ,lwpxt ly extq y`xay `l` cala
dk cr eid xy`' :ezwfga mi`vnp miixewnd miazknd ik cirnd ,oih`iqedn oncixt l`xyi
x"enc` ly eicil mb eribd dfipbd iazknn zewzrd ,recik .'izexve`a minezg icnr miqenk
zepwcwca dwzred zxaecnd zxbi`d ik lwpxt raew xtqa ellkpy zexbi`d ly dniyxa .df
ziixtqa mxewn mixg` miazkn eli`e ,oih`iqeda iaxd ly eixtq xve`a wfgend cid azkn
exve`a eidy zexbi`d oia dneqxtl mcew dpiev `l z`fd zxbi`d ,mle`e .aewhxe'vn iaxd
dfipbd l` xyw oi` lwpxt qitcdy miazknd lkl ik hdla orh xbpine`a .iaxd ly
dlr miixewnd dfipbd iknqn oial elld miazknd oia jxry d`eeydn ,eixacl .zipeqxgd
mi`znd xiip lr miaezk lwpxt mqxty miazknd ike xteqd eze` icia eazkp `l md ik
lwpxt mqxty miazknd ik dler zipey`x dwican ,ok` 50.miazknd okezl onfd zpigan
lr zexqg zerici milydl mi`a mpi` md :dfipbd zexewnn eqtcpy dl`n miite`a mipey
iciqg blt ly miqxhpi` zxyl dieyrd dcig` dnbn mda oi` ,zeciqgd illegn zeclez
ixvei ly seifd dyrna xiaknl zeievnd dl` oirk zekian zeierh mda iz`vn `le ,edylk
z` millekd mixtqd on cg` s`a dqtcp `l dwpcexedn miig 'x ly zxbi`d 51.dfipbd

.hvw 'nr ,(`"lyz) gq ,ipiq ,' "h"yrad zxb`"l' ,xbpine`a `bxy ikcxn 50
`edy mixeaq zepexg`d mipya h"yrad ixweg aexy ,df uaewa qtcpy ycewd zxbi` gqep caln 51
.ixewnd cid azk it lr dzne` ,`ht`n lyd ryedi mdxa` 'x z`n ,bi 'nra zxbi`d mb ,ihpze`
,xtqay zexbi`d on zg` cer mqxt xbpine`a .ew 'nr ,(29 dxrd ,lirl) l`xyi ade`d zexb` :e`x
,xbpine`a `bxy ikcxn :e`x .dxyr dpenyd d`nl ,ezrcl ,mi`zn `ed s`y ci azk jezn ,i±h 'nr
[ 16 ] o nl b l `i x e ` 234
zvtd mry okzii ,z`f mr .jk xg` `l mbe lwpxt lv` dneqxtl mcew `l ,dfipbd iazkn
lka oecl yi okle ,miteifd ziiyrzl sxhvdl zepncfd mixg` miptiif e`vn dfipbd i`vnn
.wtq llkn `et` ep`vi `l .ezeixewn gkezy cr zeizxewiaa odd mipyd on iciqg `vnn
eicil dribdy cre dzaizkn ,dwpcexedn miig 'x azky zxbi`d ly cid azk ileblb
dneqxtl cr ef zxbi` ly dze`ivn lr xac rcep `l .llk zereci opi` ,oih`iqedn iaxd ly
gqepl ixnbl ddf ,(lt`y ci azk e`x) o`k bven enelivy ,cid azk gqep .lwpxt icia
zxbi` enke 52,xbpine`a ly ezwfgl jnqnd xar oih`iqedn iaxd ly eicin .lwpxt qitcdy
dfn jexr oi`l aeh cid azk avn .1984 zpya zianet dxiknl dcnred ef zxbi` mb ,`
oi` ik dler oeqxg zfipbn zxbi` oial dpia d`eeydn .oihelgl `ixw `ede ` zxbi` ly
zn`zy zirevwn dwica jxrizy cr ,dry itl 53.xiipa `le azka `l ,oeinc lk odipia
`le ,ze`ex epipiry dn `l` epl oi` ,dtewzl mi`zn ok` xiipdy dxrydd z` oihelgl
.dziy`xa zeciqgd zeclezl miixewn miazkn epiptly i`ce ote`a rixkdl lkep
zxkd xar l` sqep wc xdev zegzetd zexbi` izy ly odileblb zeclez z` o`k izbvd
gzt zexbi`d ly cid iazk ielib .zeciqgd ycgn aeh my lra l`xyi 'x ly enler
zexewnk ozepnidn zcin lre odipia dwifd lr ,ozernyn lr ,oxywd lr cenrl gzt epipta
:zexbi`d ly ozeixewn zl`ya i`ce ¦ ote`a rixkdl izexyt`a oi` dry itl .miixehqid
zi`xp drxkdd a zxbi`l rbepa eli`e ,zixewn dcerzk lawl ozip ` zxbi` z`y d`xp
.xzei dkeaq
azkn Ele mlerl dlbzi eay 'lecbd mei'l lgiiy ,oihypiaex mdxa` ly eixaca izgzt
zeize`e mipyi milieeb elbzp zrk .aeh my lra l`xyi 'x ly eci azk mvra aezkd cg`
ezaiaq ,h"yrad lr zeax micnln mdy i`ce j` ,ezl`yn z` miniybn ile`y zegxet
.eci glyne

dyn sqei iax x"enc`d ly ci azke l"vf aeq`qn ail dcedi dyn iax x"enc`d ly zxb`'
.224±220 'nr ,(f"lyz) cn ,mexcd ,'l"vf uif`l`fe aex`afc n"n
lr xeaicd z` aigxdl dvx `ed ,eixacl .eicia ef zxbi` ly dze`vnid z` xikfn wx xbpine`a 52
,epw 'nr ,(10 dxrd ,lirl) xbpine`a :e`x .z`f zeyrl witqd `l d`xpd itk j` dizece`
.7 dxrd
zwica lr zqqazn iz`eeyd .mixwegl miyibp mpi` miixewnd dfipbd iazkn ly hlgend maex 53
diixtqa xenyd ,d`pletn sqei awri 'x l` h"yrad lekiak glyy azkn ,cala cg` jnqn
sq` dgny ykx azknd z` .h"yrad ,oexcay sqe` ,ci iazkl dwlgnd ,milyexia zine`ld
miazkn dying ly mpkez z` wizrd s` `ede ,dqce`a `xity mixtqd xgeq icin s"xz zpya
haya 'h) i ,b ,xezd ,'my lrad z`n miazkn' :exn`n e`x .xgeq eze` ly ezgzn`a eidy mitqep
sq` xqn mdn cg` ly xewnd z` .miazknd on miipy ly mineliv sexiva ,10±8 'nr ,(b"txz
,oexcay mdxa` :e`x .zexbi`d ly oxewn zwical oexcay z` eyniy dl` miazkn .oexcay sqe`l
uwd' ,t"i ;10±9 'nr ,(h"txz fenza `"i) gi ,` ,mipf`n ,' "zipeqxgd dfipbd" zl`y xexal'
dfipbd iazkn ly mineliv dnk cer .8±7 'nr ,1928 xanaepa 2 ,xac ,'?"zipeqxgd dfipbd" zcb`l
'nr ,c"kyz milyexi ,micren ,aeh yxec :aewhxe'vn ikcxn megp 'x ly eizeyxc xtqa eqtcp
.`nw±hkw