2017-2018

Blasted By:
Srinivasa Krishnan . A . N
Vishnu Varthanan . P
Harsh Mudhale . G
Aparajithan . S
0 | page1P a g e
JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL
NEYVELI

CERTIFICATE
NaMe :_______________________

Class :___________________

sUBJeCt :___________________

ReGIstRatION NUMBeR :___________________

It is certified that this is a bonafide project work,

done by the above mentioned student in the subject
of Computer Science in the laboratory of
JAWAHAR HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL,
Neyveli.
Submitted for the practical examination,
held on _________________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 aCKNOWledGeMeNt
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned upon
us our heart pledged support so we would like to
thank them all and it would be my pleasure to
express my heart filled gratitude to our principal,
vice principal and our staff members for their
counsel, guidance for the completion of the project.

We would like to convey our heartfelt thanks to

Mrs. D. Sangeetha, Our chemistry teacher for giving
us a lot of consideration and guidance in developing
our project and make it full proof success. Her
suggestions, instructions have served as the major
contribution towards the completion of the project.
The guidance she had given us from time to time had
been really valuable and very helpful in various
phases, without her it would have been difficult for
the completion of the project.
 CONteNts
1. Introduction

2. Aim

3. Paraphernalia

4. Procedure

5. Working

6. Uses
 Land welfare
 Naval Welfare

7. History of Smoke bomb

8. Recipes for coloured bombs

9. Gallery

10. Bibliography
 INtROdUCtION
A smoke bomb is a firework designed to produce smoke upon
ignition. Smoke bombs are useful to military units, self-
defence and pranks. The smoke bomb was first created in
1848, by the inventor Robert Yale. He developed 17th century
Chinese-style fireworks and later modified the formula to
produce more smoke for a longer period of time.

Coloured smoke devices use a formula that consists of an

oxidizer (typically potassium chlorate, KClO3), a fuel (generally
sugar), a moderant (such as sodium bicarbonate) to keep the
reaction from getting too hot, and a powdered organic dye for
colour. The burning of this mixture evaporates the dye and
forces it out of the device, where it condenses in the
atmosphere to form a "smoke" of finely dispersed particles.

The first way involves cutting up celluloid material (ping pong

balls)-placing the small pieces inside an aluminium wrapping
and igniting them. This practice is widely recognised to be a
health hazard.

Mixing the chemicals potassium nitrate and sugar while lightly

heating the mixture until it comes to a peanut-butter-like
consistency can also provide fuel for smoke-bombs.
 aIM
To Prepare a Smoke Bomb.

PaRaPHeRNalIa
• Sugar
• Potassium nitrate, KNO3, also known as saltpetre
• Skillet or pan
• Aluminium foil or a used tissue paper roll
• Fuse for easy ignition (from fireworks)
• Cotton and tape
• Burner
 PROCedURe
1. Pour about 3 parts potassium nitrate to 2 parts sugar into the
skillet (5:3 ratio is also good). Measurements need not be exact,
but you want more KNO3 than sugar. For example, you can use 1-
1/2 cups KNO3 and 1 cup sugar. If you use equal amounts of
KNO3 and sugar, your smoke bomb will be harder to light and will
burn more slowly. As you approach the 5:3 KNO3: sugar ratio,
you get a smoke bomb that burns more quickly.

2. Apply low heat to the pan. Stir the mixture with a spoon using
long strokes. If you see the grains of sugar starting to melt along
the edges where you are stirring, remove the pan from the heat
and reduce the temperature before continuing.
3. Basically you are caramelizing sugar. The mixture will melt and
become a caramel or chocolate color. Continue heating/stirring
until the ingredients are liquefied. Remove from heat.

4. Pour the liquid onto a piece of foil or into the cardboard roll. You
can pour a smaller amount onto a separate piece, to test the
batch. You can pour the smoke bomb into any shape, onto an
object, or into a mold. The shape and size will affect the burning
pattern.

5. If you aren't going to clean your skillet immediately, pour hot

water into the pan to dissolve the sugar (or else it will be harder
to clean). Clean up any residue you may have spilled out of the
pan, unless you want mini-smoke bombs on your stovetop.

6. While the mix is still hot, push a pen lightly down the mold and
don’t remove it. Allow the smoke bomb to cool. (about an hour)
Now, remove the pen and insert the fuse.

7. Secure the fuse with cotton.

 WORKING
Colored smoke bombs use a mixture of an oxidizer, a
fuel, a moderant to keep the reaction from getting too hot,
and a powdered organic dye. When the mixture is burned,
the dye evaporates and is forced out of the device, where
it condenses in the atmosphere to form a cloud of fine
particles, the smoke.

The sugar will be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.

The nitrogen in the potassium nitrate will be reduced to
nitrogen gas. The potassium will end up as potassium
carbonate (the carbon coming from the CO2 from the
sugar). Small amounts of other products will be formed,
of course, but these are the only important ones.
Equation:
48 KNO3 + 5 C12H22O11 24 K2CO3 + 24 N2 + 36 CO2 + 55 H2O
 Uses
Smoke bombs are primarily used in military warfare as smoke screens
Land Warfare:
Smoke screens are usually used by infantry to conceal their
movement in areas of exposure to enemy fire and to conceal a
withdrawal. They have regularly been used since earliest times to
disorient or drive off attackers. For the crossing of the Dnieper river
in October 1943, the Red Army laid a smoke screen 30 kilometres
long. At the Anzio beachhead in 1944, US Chemical Corps troops
maintained a 25 km "light haze" smokescreen around the harbour
throughout daylight hours, for two months.
The density of this screen was adjusted to be sufficient to prevent
observation by German forward observers in the surrounding hills. In
the Vietnam War "Smoke Ships" were introduced as part of a new Air
Mobile Concept to protect crew and man on the ground from small
arms fire.
Naval warfare:
There are many examples of using incendiary weapons at sea,
such as stinkpots, which also had the effect of creating smoke. It is
not until Twentieth century that we get clear evidence of deliberate
use of large scale naval smokescreens as a major tactic. During the
American Civil War, the first smoke screen was used by the R.E. Lee,
running the blockade and escaping the USS Iroquois (1859).
The use of smoke screens was common in the naval battles of World
War I and World War II. Another application is in smoke grenades:
Smoke grenades are canister-type grenades used as ground-to-
ground or ground-to-air signalling devices, target or landing zone
marking devices, or as screening devices for unit movements. Smoke
grenades are normally considered non-lethal, although incorrect use
may cause death. The body consists of a sheet steel cylinder with a
four emission holes on top and one on the bottom to allow smoke
release when the grenade is ignited.
 HIstORy OF sMOKeBOMB
The smoke bomb was first created in 1848, by UK inventor
Robert Yale. He developed 17th-century Chinese-style
fireworks and later modified the formula to produce more
smoke for a longer period of time.

Colored smoke devices use a formula that consists of

an oxidizer (typically potassium chlorate, KClO3), a fuel
(generally sugar), a moderator (such as sodium bicarbonate) to
keep the reaction from getting too hot, and a
powdered organic dye. The burning of this mixture evaporates
the dye and forces it out of the device, where it condenses in
the atmosphere to form a "smoke" of finely dispersed
particles.

Home-made smoke bombs, even preceding Yale's 1848

invention, were and are most commonly used in pranks and
street conflicts. They are typically made from materials that
burn poorly and contained in vessels with limited air intake
that thwart combustion. Because both the ingredients and
uses are unpredictable, home-made smoke bombs are often
categorized as an incendiary device.
 ReCIPes FOR COlOURed BOMBs
White Smoke Recipe:
• Potassium nitrate - 6 parts
• Sugar – 4 parts
White Smoke Recipe 2:
• Potassium nitrate - 4 parts
• Charcoal - 5 parts
• Sulphur - 10 parts
• Wood dust - 3 parts
Purple Smoke Formula:
 Disperse Red Dye -80 g
 Potassium Chlorate -56 g
 Sodium Bicarbonate -46 g
 Sulfur -10 g
Red Smoke Recipe:
• Potassium chlorate - 15%
• Para-nitroaniline red - 65%
• Lactose - 20%
Non Toxic Smoke Formula:
 Potassium Nitrate -60%
 Charcoal Powder -20%
 Ammonium Chloride -20%
Green Smoke Recipe:
• Synthetic indigo -26%
• Auramine (yellow) -15%
• Potassium chlorate -35%
• Lactose -26%
Orange Smoke Recipe:
• Potassium nitrate - 6 parts
• Sugar – 4 parts
• 1 table spoon Baking Soda
• 2 table spoons Organic
Orange Dye
 GalleRy

Bibliography
http://wiki.answers.com
http://wikipedia.com
http://chemistry.about.com
http://wikihow.com