Impedance

Matching

A. Nassiri -ANL

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010
 Impedance Matching

• Impedance matching is important for the following

reasons:
– Maximum power is delivered when the load is matched to
the line (assuming the generator is matched), and power
loss in is minimized.
– Impedance matching sensitive receiver components
(antenna, low-noise amplifier, etc.) improves the signal-to-
noise ratio of the system.
– Impedance matching in a power distribution network (such
as an antenna array feed network will reduce amplitude
and phase errors.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 2
 Impedance Matching

• Factors that may be important in the selection of a

particular matching network include the following:
– Complexity:
• A simpler matching network is usually cheaper, more reliable, and
less lossy than a more complex design.

– Bandwidth:
• Narrow or broadband.

– Implementation:
• According to the technology used the matching network can be
decided on.

– Adjustability:
• Required if dealing with variable load.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 3
 Matching with lumped elements (L-Networks)

Network for zL inside the Network for zL outside the

1 + jx circle 1 + jx circle
jX and jB Can be
capacitors or
inductors

1 + jx

8 possibilities for
matching

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 4
 Matching with lumped elements (L-Networks)

Analytic Solutions
Z L = RL + jX L ZL
zL =
Zo
 1 
Z o = Z L //   + jX
 jB 
1 RL > Z o
Z o = jX +
jB + 1 /( RL + jX L )
RL + jX L RL + jX L
Z o = jX + = jX +
jB( RL + jX L ) + 1 (1 − BX L ) + jBRL
jX ((1 − BX L ) + jBRL ) + RL + jX L
Zo =
(1 − BX L ) + jBRL
Zo =
( RL − XBRL ) + j ( X L + X (1 − BX L ))
(1 − BX L ) + jBRL
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 5
 Matching with lumped elements (L-Networks)

ℜeLH = ℜeRH

Z o (1 − BX L ) = (RL − XBRL ) B( XRL − X L Z o ) = RL − Z o

ℑmLH = ℑmRH

BRL Z o = X L + X (1 − BX L ) X (1 − BX L ) = BZ o RL − X L

Solving the 2nd order equation

X L ± RL Z o RL2 + X L2 − Z o RL
B= But RL > Z o
RL2 + X L2
1 X L Zo Zo
B( XRL − X L Z o ) = RL − Z o X= + −
B RL BRL

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 6
 Matching with lumped elements (L-Networks)

Analytic Solutions

Z L = RL + jX L
1 1
= jB +
Zo RL + j ( X + X L ) RL < Z o
1 jB (RL + j ( X + X L ) ) + 1
=
Zo RL + j ( X + X L )
RL + j ( X + X L ) = Z o ((1 − B( X + X L ) ) + jBRL )

ℜeLH = ℜeRH BZ o ( X + X L ) = Z o − RL X = ± RL (Z o − RL ) − X L

( X + X L ) = BZ o RL
(Z o − RL ) RL
ℑmLH = ℑmRH B=±
Zo
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 7
 Matching with lumped elements (L-Networks)

Smith Chart Solutions

Example
Design an L-section matching network to match a series RC load with an
impedance ZL=200-j100 Ω, to a 100 Ω, at a frequency of 500 MHz.
Solution

Z L = 200 − j100 Ω RL > Z o

z L = 2 − j1 Ω

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 8
1st Step z L = 2 − j1 Ω

zl

© Dr. Hany Hammad, German University

in Cairo
2st Step yl = 0.4 + j 0.2
OP==OQ

yl
180o

Q
O zl

© Dr. Hany Hammad, German University

in Cairo
3rd Step yl = 0.4 + j 0.2

yl

© Dr. Hany Hammad, German University

in Cairo
4th Step yl = 0.4 + j 0.2
jb1 = j 0.3
jb2 = − j 0.7
y1 = 0.4 + j 0.5

yl

y2 = 0.4 − j 0.5

© Dr. Hany Hammad, German University

in Cairo
4th Step yl = 0.4 + j 0.2

Sol. 1 jb1 = j 0.3

jx1 = + j1.2
y1 = 0.4 + j 0.5

yl

z1 = 1 − j1.2

© Dr. Hany Hammad, German University

in Cairo
4th Step yl = 0.4 + j 0.2

Sol. 2 jb2 = − j 0.7

jx2 = − j1.2
y1 = 0.4 + j 0.5 z1 = 1 + j1.2

yl

© Dr. Hany Hammad, German University

in Cairo
 Example

jb1 = j 0.3 jx1 = + j1.2 jb2 = − j 0.7 jx2 = − j1.2

1 1 −j
jB = jb × = j ωC jB = jb × =
Zo Z o ωL
b 0.3 − Zo − 100
C= = = 0.955 pF
(
ωZ o 2π 500 ×10 100
6
) L= =
( )
ωb 2π 500 ×106 (− 0.7 )
= 45.5 nH

−j
jX = jx × Z o = jωL jX = jx × Z o =
ωC
xZ o 1.2 ×100 −1 −1
C= =
L=
ω
=
(
2π 500 ×10 6
= 38.2nH
) ωzZ o 2π (500 ×106 )× (− 1.2)×100
= 2.65 pF

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 15
 Example

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 16
 The Quarter Wave Transformer

Z L + jZ o tan βl
Z in = Z o
Z o + jZ L tan βl
ZL
+ jZ1
ZL
+ jZ1 π
tan
tan βl 2 Z12 For only
Z in = Z1 = Z1 = = Zo real loads
Z1 Z1
+ jZ L + jZ L Z L
tan βl π
tan
Z1 = Z o Z L 2
Need to drive the mismatch versus frequency?
π Z L + jZ1t
Let t = tan βl = tan θ at f = f o θ = Z in = Z1
2 Z1 + jZ L t
 Z L + jZ1t 
Z1   − Z o
Z − Zo Z + jZ L t  Z (Z + jZ1t ) − Z o (Z1 + jZ L t )
Γ = in =  1 = 1 L
Z in + Z o  Z L + jZ1t  Z1 (Z L + jZ1t ) + Z o (Z1 + jZ L t )
Z1   + Z o
 Z1 + jZ L t 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 17
 The Quarter Wave Transformer

Γ=
Z1 (Z L − Z o ) + jt Z12 − Z o Z L( ) Z12 = Z o Z L
Z1 (Z L + Z o ) + jt Z12 + Z o Z L( ) &

Z1 (Z L − Z o ) Z L − Zo
Γ= Γ= Γ
Z1 (Z L + Z o ) + j 2tZ12 Z L + Z o + j 2t Z o Z L

Z L − Zo 1
Γ= =
((Z L + Z o ) + 4t Z o Z L
2 2
)
1/ 2
((Z L + Zo )
2
(Z L − Z o ) 2
(
+ 4t Z o Z L (Z L − Z o )
2
))
2 1/ 2

(Z L + Z o )2 = 1+
4Z o Z L
(Z L − Z o )2 (Z L − Z o )2
1 1
Γ= =
(1 + 4Z Zo L (Z L − Z o ) 2
(
+ 4t Z o Z L (Z L − Z o )
2
))
2 1/ 2
(1 + (4Z Z o L (Z L − Z o )
2
)sec θ )
2 1/ 2

1 + t 2 = 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ (4Z Z o L (Z L − Z o )2 )sec 2 θ > 1

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 18
 The Quarter Wave Transformer

λo π
If we are operating close to fo l≈ θ≈ sec 2 θ >> 1
4 2
Z L − Zo
Γ≈ cos θ
2 ZoZ L
π 
∆θ = 2 − θ m 
2 
2
1  2 ZoZ L 
= 1 +  sec θ m 
Γm2  Z L − Zo 
 
Γm 2 ZoZ L
cos θ m =
1 − Γm2 Z L − Z o
2πf v p πf
θ = βl = =
v p 4 fo 2 fo
Γm= Maximum reflection coefficient
2θ m f o Quarter magnitude that can be tolerated
fm = Wavelength at
π fo

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 19
 The Quarter Wave Transformer

∆f 2( f o − f m ) 2 fm 4θ m 4  Γ 2 Zo Z L 
−1
= = 2− = 2− = 2 − cos  m

fo fo fo π π  1 − Γm2 Z L − Z o 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 20
 Example

Design a single-section quarter-wave matching

transformer to match a 10 Ω load to a 50 Ω line, at fo =
3 GHz. Determine the percent bandwidth for which the
SWR ≤ 1.5.
Solution
Z1 = Z o Z L = (50)(10) = 22.36 Ω
SWR − 1 1.5 − 1
Length λ/4@ 3 GHz Γm =
= = 0.2
SWR + 1 1.5 + 1
∆f 4 −1
 Γ 2 ZoZ L 
= 2 − cos  m

fo π  1 − Γm Z L − Z o 
2

∆f 4  0.2 2 (50 )(10 ) 

= 2 − cos 
−1
 = 0.29, or 29%
fo π  1 − (0.2 ) 10 − 50 
2

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 21
 The Theory of Small Reflections

• Single-Section Transformer
Γ?

Z 2 − Z1
Γ1 =
Z 2 + Z1 ZL − Z2
Γ3 =
Γ2 = −Γ1 ZL + Z2
2Z 2
T21 = 1 + Γ1 =
Z1 + Z 2
2 Z1
T12 = 1 + Γ2 =
Z1 + Z 2
Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 22
 The Theory of Small Reflections

∑ 2 Γ3 e
−2 jθ −4 jθ
Γ = Γ1 + T12T21Γ3e +T T Γ Γ e
2
12 21 3 2 +  = Γ1 + T12T21Γ3e − 2 jθ
Γ n n − 2 jnθ

n =0
∞
1 T12T21Γ3e −2 jθ
∑ x =
n

1− x
for x <1 Γ = Γ1 +
Γ2 = −Γ1
2Z 2
n =0 1 − Γ2 Γ3e − 2 jθ T21 = 1 + Γ1 =
Z1 + Z 2
2 Z1
T12 = 1 + Γ2 =
Z1 + Z 2
(1 + Γ1 )(1 − Γ1 )Γ3e −2 jθ (1 − Γ12 )Γ3e −2 jθ Γ1 + Γ12 Γ3e −2 jθ + (1 − Γ12 )Γ3e −2 jθ
Γ = Γ1 + − 2 jθ
= Γ1 + − 2 jθ
=
1 + Γ1Γ3e 1 + Γ1Γ3e 1 + Γ1Γ3e − 2 jθ

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 23
 The Theory of Small Reflections

Γ1 + Γ3e −2 jθ
Γ=
1 + Γ1Γ3e − 2 jθ

If the discontinuities between the impedances Z1, Z2, and Z2, ZL are
small, then |Γ1 Γ3| <<1.

Γ ≅ Γ1 + Γ3e −2 jθ

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 24
 Multi-section Transformer

Z1 − Z o Z n +1 − Z n ZL − ZN
Γ0 = Γn = ΓN =
Z1 + Z o Z n +1 + Z o ZL + ZN
Γ ≅ Γ1 + Γ3e −2 jθ
Γ = Γ(θ ) ≅ Γ0 + Γ1e −2 jθ + Γ2 e −4 jθ +  + ΓN − 2 e −2 j ( N − 2 )θ + ΓN −1e −2 j ( N −1)θ + ΓN e −2 jNθ
Assume that the transformer is symmetrical
Γ0 = ΓN Γ1 = ΓN −1 Γ2 = ΓN − 2 etc.

Γ(θ ) = Γ0 + Γ1e −2 jθ + Γ2 e −4 jθ +  + Γ2 e −2 j ( N − 2 )θ + Γ1e −2 j ( N −1)θ + Γ0 e −2 jNθ

( ) ( ) ( )
Γ(θ ) = Γ0 1 + e − 2 jNθ + Γ1 e − 2 jθ + e − 2 j ( N −1)θ + Γ2 e − 4 jθ + e − 2 j ( N − 2 )θ + 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 25
 Multi-section Transformer

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
Γ(θ ) = e − jNθ Γ0 e jNθ + e − jNθ + Γ1 e j ( N − 2 )θ + e − j ( N − 2 )θ + Γ2 e j ( N − 4 )θ + e − j ( N − 4 )θ + 

 
Γ(θ ) = 2e − jNθ Γ0 cos Nθ + Γ1 cos( N − 2 )θ +  + Γn cos( N − 2n )θ +  + ΓN / 2 
1
 2 
For N even

 
Γ(θ ) = 2e − jNθ Γ0 cos Nθ + Γ1 cos( N − 2 )θ +  + Γn cos( N − 2n )θ +  + Γ( N −1) / 2 cos θ 
1
 2 
For N odd
Finite Fourier Cosine Series

By choosing the Γns and enough sections (N) we can achieve the
required response.

Binomial Multisection Chebyshev Multisection

Matching Transformers Matching Transformers

Massachusetts Institute of Technology RF Cavities and Components for Accelerators USPAS 2010 26