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On the Performance of Turbo Coding in Non-

Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

Conference Paper · June 2017

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 2017 년 한국통신학회 하계종합학술발표회

On the Performance of Turbo Coding in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

Muhammad Rehan Usman1, Muhammad Arslan Usman2, Arsla Khan3, and Soo Young Shin*4

Department of IT Convergence Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology.

rehanusman@gmail.com1, arslanusman@msn.com2, arslakhan@ciitlahore.edu.pk3,

wdragon@kumoh.ac.kr*4

Abstract

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is considered a likely candidate for achieving high performance gains
in next generation wireless networks. This paper focuses on the reduction of bit error rate (BER) by using turbo codes
together with NOMA. The paper provides performance of NOMA with turbo codes compared to the performance of un-
coded NOMA. For simplicity, the system model consists of a two-user scenario in a single cell, i.e., a cell center user
(CCU) and a cell edge user (CEU). Further, MATLAB results, in terms of BER, are shown at the end of the paper.

errors at the receiver side. In this work, we have used

Ⅰ. Introduction
In this era of modern telecommunication, exponential
growth in user traffic has increased the demand of high
throughput and bandwidth efficiency for better data
services. This has compelled the telecommunication
operators to come up with innovative solutions for
increasing capacity of the existing communication
systems or to replace them with new ones. For this
reason, researchers and telecom regulatory authorities
are working rigorously to provide new techniques and
access mechanisms for the enhancement towards 5th
generation (5G) technologies and beyond. One such
recent proposed access mechanism, to cope with the
issue of achieving high performance gains, is non-
orthogonal multiple access (NOMA).
The fact that why NOMA is under limelight is because
it promises manifold capacity gains. This is achieved by
superimposing the signal of multiple users in the power
domain and transmitting them over a single signal. The
superimposed signal users are known as paired users
[1, 2]. The concept is also shown in Fig. 1. To
successfully separate the superimposed signal at the
user equipment (UE), some advanced reception
technique is required, such as successive interference
cancellation (SIC) [1, 2].
Using SIC a UE can successfully extract its own
signal components from the superimposed signal by
simply canceling out the unwanted signal information of
other users. Not all UEs in a pair perform SIC, so to
know which UEs will perform SIC is important. The
turbo coding with NOMA to reduce BER at the receiver
side, hence achieving better performance gains
compared to the un-coded NOMA system.
To date, researchers have performed a lot of study
related to throughput enhancement and bit error rate
reduction for enhancing the system performance using
NOMA. In [1, 2], the authors have studied the effects
of perfect and imperfect conditions for SIC in NOMA by
using Rayleigh fading channel. Further, in [3], the
authors have compared BER of coded and un-coded
NOMA system using convolutional coding at the
transmitter and Viterbi decoding at the SIC performing
receiver side.
Remaining paper is organized as follows: Section II
gives the system model with brief description of turbo
coding, Section III gives the simulation results and
finally, concluding remarks are provided in Section IV.
Ⅱ. System Model
This section provides the description of proposed
model starting with the NOMA model and then brief
description of turbo coding.
Starting with the basic model of NOMA given in [1].
We consider that transmit signal from the base station
(BS) for UE-j with power 𝑃𝑗 is given as:
𝑁
𝑠=∑ 𝑠𝑗 √𝑃𝑗 (1)
𝑗=1
Power

decision of performing SIC in a pair is made based on

the order of increasing channel gain, i.e., the high gain
UEs, also referred as cell center users (CCUs) perform Frequency

SIC, to extract their signal components by removing the

signal information of low gain UEs, also referred as cell SIC of FU NU Signal FU Signal
edge users (CEUs) [1, 3]. This is also shown in Fig. 1. Signal Decoding decoding

Now, if channel gain difference between the CCU and Base Station (BS)
CEU or between their power allocation factor is less, High Low
then this can increase BER at the receiver, hence, Received SINR
degrading performance of the UE. To overcome such
issues, channel coding can play a vital role for Fig. 1. NOMA with SIC.
enhancing NOMA system performance and reducing
 TRANSMITTER

Power
UE-1/ Information Channel
Modulation Allocation of
CCU Bits Coding
UE 1 = P1
IFFT CP
UE-2/ Power
Information Channel
CEU Modulation Allocation of
Bits Coding
UE 2 = P2

Rayleigh Fading + AWGN Channel

RECEIVER FFT Timing

Detection
Detector Detector
Received Signal
UE-1 (NU) SIC UE-2 (FU) FFT CP Detection
at UE 1 (NU)
Signal Signal

Output
Demodulation Decoding
Data

Fig. 2. Transmitter/ Receiver for NOMA with Turbo Coding.
where, 𝑠𝑗 represents the superimposed signals of the
paired users and 𝑗 ∈ [1, … , 𝑁]. The received signal at
UE-j is given as:
𝑦𝑗 = ℎ𝑗 ×𝑠 + 𝑛𝑗
𝑦𝑗 = ℎ𝑗 × (∑
where, ℎ𝑗 gives the channel response of j UEs, 𝑛𝑗
represents the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
and 𝜌 is the transmit signal to noise ratio (SNR).
For simplicity, let’s consider two UE case, i.e., N = 2
and that UE-1 (CCU) is the high gain user and UE -2
(CEU) is the low gain user. In this case the desired
signal at UE-1 will be given as:
𝑦1 = ℎ
⏟1 ×𝑠1√𝜌𝑃1 +
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙
where, the desired signal information 𝑠1 at CCU with
SIC is given as:
𝑦1 − 𝑠2 √𝜌𝑃2
𝑠1 = ⌊
√𝜌𝑃1
As mentioned earlier, that channel coding is very
important for reducing BER at the receiver, especially
if the channel gain difference between CCU and CEU is
low. So, to overcome this issue, in this paper we have
considered turbo coding for BER reduction at the UE
receivers.
Turbo codes are error correcting codes that come
very closer to achieving theoretical performance limits
(Shannon’s capacity) than any other error correction
codes. This extraordinary performance is due to the
use of two encoders and an interleaver at the
transmitter and two decoders and a de-interleaver at
the receiver. The process is better described in [4] and
the system block diagram of NOMA with turbo coding
is shown in Fig 2.
Ⅲ. Results
The simulation results are produced using MATLAB
for code rate = 1/ 3. We have used AWGN with Rayleigh
fading channel and BPSK modulation scheme for
simplicity. The results for turbo coded NOMA,
compared to un-coded NOMA are show in Fig. 3. It is
visible from the results that performance of both; CCU
Fig. 3. Performance of CCU and CEU in NOMA with Turbo
Coding with BPSK modulation.
and CEU is better in terms of BER reduction with NOMA
using the turbo codes than un-coded conventional
NOMA. This shows that using turbo codes with NOMA
𝑁
can reduce BER significantly than the un-coded
𝑠𝑗 √𝜌𝑃𝑗 ) + 𝑛𝑗 (2) conventional NOMA. The concluding remarks based on
𝑗=1 this study are provided in the next section.
IV. Conclusion
The work shows NOMA performance with turbo
codes compared to NOMA without coding. The results
conclude that the BER at UE receiver can be reduced
significantly by using turbo codes with NOMA. The
performance of turbo codes is checked for 1/ 3 code
rate, so this work will be extended for checking the
ℎ
⏟1 ×𝑠2√𝜌𝑃2 + 𝑛𝑗 (3)
performance of turbo codes in NOMA also for other
𝑇𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑆𝐼𝐶
code rates with higher order modulation schemes.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
⌋ (4)
This research was supported by Basic Science
Research Program through the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of
Education (2015R1D1A1A01061075).
References
[1]. M.R. Usman, A. Khan, M.A. Usman, Y.S. Jang, and S.Y.
Shin, “On the Performance of Perfect and Imperfect SIC
in Downlink Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA),”
2016 International Conference on Smart Green
Technology in Electrical and Information Systems
(ICSGTEIS 2016), pp. 102-106, Oct 2016.
[2]. M.R. Usman, A. Khan, M.A. Usman, and S.Y. Shin,
“Performance Analysis of Perfect and Imperfect SIC for
Downlink Non Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA),”
June 2016.
[3]. M. B. Shahab, M. F. Kader, A. Khan, and S. Y. Shin, “Bit
Error Rate Comparison of Coded and Uncoded Non
Orthogonal Multiple Access,” June 2016.
[4]. C. Bemu, A. Glavieux, and P. Thitimajshima, “Near
Shannon limit error-correcting coding and decoding:
Turbo Codes,” in Proc. of ICC’93, pp. 1064-1070, May
1993.

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