Journal of Natural Fibers

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Designing and Engineering of Jute Geotextile (JGT)

for River Bank Protection and its Subsequent
Implementation in River Phulahar

Swapan Kumar Ghosh, Tapobrata Sanyal & Rajib Bhattacharyya

To cite this article: Swapan Kumar Ghosh, Tapobrata Sanyal & Rajib Bhattacharyya (2016)
Designing and Engineering of Jute Geotextile (JGT) for River Bank Protection and its
Subsequent Implementation in River Phulahar, Journal of Natural Fibers, 13:2, 192-203, DOI:
10.1080/15440478.2015.1004393

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2015.1004393

Published online: 21 Mar 2016.

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 Journal of Natural Fibers, 13:192–203, 2016
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1544-0478 print/1544-046X online
DOI: 10.1080/15440478.2015.1004393

Designing and Engineering of Jute Geotextile (JGT) for

River Bank Protection and its Subsequent Implementation
in River Phulahar

Swapan Kumar Ghosh,1 Tapobrata Sanyal,2 and Rajib Bhattacharyya3

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1
Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
2
National Jute Board, Ministry of Textile, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
3
Department of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Jute geotextile (JGT) is gradually finding increasing acceptability among geotechnical engineers primar-
ily because of its response to the growing global emphasis. The ecoconcordance of JGT concomitant
with its other benefits like facility of production of tailor-made fabrics and price competitiveness have
made it the best natural choice for different civil engineering constructions. Natural geotextile such as
JGT has been experimented across the world as a bioengineering measure for river bank erosion con-
trol and the results are encouraging. Conventional methods of river bank protection in the erosion-prone
stretches of the Indian rivers have proved to be a highly expensive proposition with respect to both
capital investment and recurring maintenance costs. It is for this reason, Department of Jute and Fibre
Technology, University of Calcutta, India in collaboration with National Jute Board, Ministry of Textiles,
Government of India alongwith Irrigation and Waterways Department, Government of West Bengal,
India has embarked upon designing and engineering JGT as per the site-specific requirement in a river
in West Bengal portraying it as the main theme of this article.

Keywords: jute geotextile, bank erosion, acoustic doppler current profiler, water flow rate, permeability

Address correspondence to Dr. Swapan Kumar Ghosh, Associate Professor, Department of Jute and Fibre Technology,
University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India. E-mail: ijtskg40@gmail.com

192
 DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING OF JGT FOR RIVER BANK PROTECTION 193

INTRODUCTION

Hitherto riding on the crest of technological advances, India today is at the brink, with the world’s
eyes watching. Ever since independence, the root of the global developmental issues has been
focused mainly on the area of infrastructure development. The leap into the future could well be
our valediction, if we fail to take into consideration our ethical responsibility toward the rich natural
resources we are endowed with and to use technology in line with our proud cultural heritage (Rao
2012).
Considering the above aspect, in the last quarter of the twentieth century, a new class of materi-
als, called geosynthetics, emerged which led to significant innovation in the design of geotechnical
and geoenvironmental systems. A few examples of these innovations are the development of new
geosynthetic barrier systems, which have been fully incorporated into modern landfill design, the
proliferation of geosynthetics in hydraulic applications, which have often eliminated the need of
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conventional granular filters and drains, and the amazing advances in reinforced soil technology
which have revolutionized the way in which engineers now think of walls and embankments (Rao
et al. 1994). Additionally, the rise in demand of the infrastructure and regulations mandated for vari-
ous environmental problems and this have been the impetus for the evolution of a number of ground
improvement techniques during last couple of decades. Geosynthetics have proven to be among the
most versatile and technoeconomic viable material to improve the behavior of soil and associated
materials (Ramaswamy and Aziz 1989). Because of its various functions and vast range of products,
their use has expanded rapidly into nearly all the areas of civil engineering applications (JMDC
2008). One such major application of geosynthetics is in river bank protection and erosion control
(Sanyal and Chakraborty 1993). The problem of bank protection is acute in many countries of the
world. Widespread and indiscriminate activities to sustain the global population, cause soil erosion
from the top surface of the natural earth or from manmade surfaces (Maity 1997). Conventional
structures made of masonry or concrete are generally cost prohibitive and the rigid nature of these
structures results in undue distressing of the structures when subjected to slight ground movements
or severe water actions. Enigmatic behavior of the river destroys land mass in one place and builds
up new areas elsewhere through a continuous process of siltation and erosion, accretion and scour-
ing (Broms and Wong 1986). The multiplicity of variable parameters that influence the sediment
transportation characteristics and the flow pattern of the Indian rivers makes precise prognosis of its
behavior difficult. The oscillation of the seaward boundary, unknown variation of diffusion charac-
teristics, and frequent variations of wave energy due to change in its speed and direction of winds,
uncertain characteristics of waves induced by ships, Coriolis forces, littoral drifts, varying salinity
intrusion, and above all the persistent imbalance between the unsteady upland discharge and the
tidal propagation characteristics are factors which can never be fully controlled (Sanyal 2011). That
is why, the approach to control of erosion in the river banks has to be exploratory in nature.
Use of geosynthetics for hydraulic structures started in 1980s as evidenced from Venkataraman
(2009) (Venkataraman and Ravikanth 2009) and is getting more attention in recent times because
of its high degree of flexibility and porous nature. Moreover, these structures do not require any
expensive foundation systems. Geosynthetic structures have also proved to be economical as they
use only the locally available soil or dredged material and rocks as fill material in construction
(Brooker and Ireland 1965; Nagami and Yong 2003; Deb et al. 2013).
Approach to control of erosion is generally three pronged which are preventing migration of soil
particles from the bank, providing escape routes to the confined water to neutralize the differential
overpressure and entrapping silt through extraneous contraptions (Sanyal 2011). Geosynthetics have
proven records of efficacy in performing these functions. With the growing environmental concern
and carbon footprint generation jute geotextile (JGT), a fabric made entirely from jute smeared with
resistant chemicals, to defer degradation, has been tried for this purpose in the eroding bank of the
 194 S. K. GHOSH, T. SANYAL, AND R. BHATTACHARYYA

Indian rivers. In fact, JGT has been recommended as a pioneering material for erosion control pur-
poses where it has established itself convincingly as a potential agent (Ingold 1994). For surface
erosion JGT has been used and is still in use in advanced countries for a long time. The reason
behind selection of such JGTs is manifold. Being biodegradable it decomposes to add rich organic
nutrients to the soil, promoting rapid growth of vegetation. This is added with its abundant availabil-
ity making JGT to be an economical choice both for the manufacturers and end users (Ghosh et al.
1994). But the most prolific advantage of JGT is its environment-friendly nature which makes it a
safe and congenial natural choice (Mazumdar et al. 1980). Thus, with the increasing relevance of
JGT in civil engineering, it is imperative to disseminate the prevailing knowledge in this fraternity,
along with the broader perception of exchange of views to nurture need-oriented research and coor-
dinate developmental endeavors. Keeping this in mind, this article has delineated the designing and
engineering of JGT relating to river bank protection application, leading to a technoeconomically
viable, cost effective, and quicker method imparting a special focus on a field trial in the left bank
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of river Phulahar, Maldah district, West Bengal, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Keeping into mind the main objective of protection of the left bank of River Phulahar in the dis-
trict of Maldah, West Bengal, upstream of Sankharitala Ghat near Mathurapur, about 35 km from
Maldah town, from severe erosion making hindrance on navigation, double warp (DW) plain weave
JGT samples have been selected as an attempt to fulfill the objective. As per the plan of the work,
National Jute Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, had been entrusted to furnish a
full-scale specification of the DW plain weave JGT samples (furnished in Table 1) to the different
jute mills of West Bengal, India as well as in the neighboring country Bangladesh for the purpose
of manufacturing the DW plain weave JGT samples in order to meet the end user requirement.
Accordingly, the woven JGT samples, within the mass per square meter of 600–700 g/m2 , had
been produced by the several commercial jute mills, amongst which four numbers of samples had
been selected within the specified fabric weight range. The physical, mechanical, and hydraulic
properties of the selected four number of samples have been depicted in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
The thickness of the fabric samples has been determined in millimeter following ASTM D 5199-
12 test method while the mechanical property parameters of the fabric samples like tensile strength

TABLE 1
Full-scale specifications of the DW plain weave JGT samples identified for field trials

Construction Double warp plain weave for application in river bank2 protection

Width (cm) ≥ 200 cm1

Mass (g/m2 ) at 20% moisture regain 627 (± 5%)
Ends × picks/dm ≥ 85 × 32
Thickness (mm) 1.70 (± 10%)
Wide width tensile strength (kN/m) MD × CD ≥ 20 × 20
Elongation at break (%) MD × CD ≤ 12 × 12
Puncture resistance (kN) .400 (± 10%)
Burst strength (kPa) 3100 (± 10%)
Permittivity at 100 mm constant head (/s) .35 (± 10%)
A.O.S. (µ) O95 150–400
1 Width of the woven JGT may be fixed as agreed between buyer and seller, subject to a lower limit of 100 cm.
2 To be treated with a suitable additive.
 DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING OF JGT FOR RIVER BANK PROTECTION 195

TABLE 2
Physical and mechanical properties of the fabric samples within the mass per square meter 600–700 g/m2

Parameters→ Physical Mechanical

Converted Ends/dm Tensile strength Elongation Index Bursting

mass @ 20% × Thickness (kN/m), (%) puncture srength
Sample no. ↓ M.R. picks/dm (mm) [warp × weft] [warp × weft] (kN) (kN/m2 )

01. 605 86 × 34 1.51 20.24 × 22.50 9.0 × 9.0 .41 2265.37

02. 626.44 92 × 36 1.65 21.88 × 22.79 9.0 × 6.0 .45 2380.11
03. 657 92 × 40 1.73 22.32 × 23.98 11.0 × 7.0 .50 2608.61
04. 680 94 × 42 1.77 22.70 × 25 9.0 × 7.0 .55 2752.77
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TABLE 3
Hydraulic properties of the fabric samples within the mass per square meter 600–700 g/m2

Parameters→ Converted mass @ Thickness Flow rate Permittivity Permeability

Sample no. ↓ 20% M.R. (mm) (l/m2 /s) (/s) (cm/s) AOS (µ), O95

01. 605 1.51 160.15 3.20 .48 720

02. 626.44 1.65 89.50 1.79 .29 480
03. 657 1.73 56.50 1.13 .19 355
04. 680 1.77 53 1.06 .18 315

and elongation in the machine and cross machine directions have been determined in kilo Newton
per meter and percentage, respectively, following ASTM D4595-11 test method. Other mechanical
properties like index puncture resistance and bursting strength values of the fabric samples have been
determined following ASTM D 4833-07 (reapproved 2013) and IS:7016 (Part 6)-1984 (reaffirmed
2003), respectively. The hydraulic properties of the fabric samples have been determined following
ASTM D 4491-99a (reapproved 2014) and ASTM D 4751-12 test methods, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

As per the prime objective of this study, National Jute Board, Ministry of Textile, Government
of India, had provided a full scale specification of the DW plain weave JGT samples as shown in
Table 1.
It had been observed both from Table 2 as well as Figures 1 (a, b) and Figures 2 (a, b), that
the fabric samples with higher fabric mass expressed in g/m2 had shown higher tensile properties
(tensile strength, index puncture resistance, and bursting strength). This can be accounted for by the
fact that an increase in fabric mass indicated an increase in the number of load bearing elements per
unit length in the warp as well as weft directions leading to an increase in the tensile strength of
the fabric along with the fabric assistance. It was also observed from Table 3 as well as in Figure 3
that the values of apparent opening size (AOS) had decreased within the mass per square meter of
600–700 g/m2 . This is due to the fact that the increase in the fabric mass with the increase in yarn
density results in decrease in the percentage open area of the fabric causing reduction in average pore
dimension of the fabric samples. Consequently, the water flow rate, permeability, and permittivity
of fabric samples (Table 3) had shown a decreasing trend with the increase in fabric mass.
 196 S. K. GHOSH, T. SANYAL, AND R. BHATTACHARYYA
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FIGURE 1 Graphical presentation of the effect of mass (g/m2 ) on the tensile strength (warp and weft way) of JGT
samples.

FIGURE 2 Graphical presentation of the effect of mass (g/m2 ) on the index puncture resistance and bursting strength
of JGT samples.

Causes of Erosion
Flood during the monsoonal season, as a result of high precipitation, causes rise in water level both
in the Ganga and the Phulahar (shown in Figure 4) (JMDC Case Study 2004) connected with it.
There was a heave-up of the excess water at the mouth of the narrower Phulahar that takes a bend at
a distance of 1.5 km from its outfall in the Ganga. The concave bank was understandably subjected
to heavy erosion that was accentuated due to strong protective measures undertaken on the opposite
end for the stability of a big landform that has emerged within the river Ganga. The problem is
unabated erosion at the eastern stretch during the flood, engulfing chunks of land every year.
 DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING OF JGT FOR RIVER BANK PROTECTION 197
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FIGURE 3 Graphical presentation of the effect of mass (g/m2 ) on the AOS of JGT samples.

FIGURE 4 Geographical location of river Phulahar, West Bengal, India.

 198 S. K. GHOSH, T. SANYAL, AND R. BHATTACHARYYA

TABLE 4
General composition of the bank soil

Med. sand Fine Silt Clay

2.0–0.425 mm .425–.075 mm .075 mm < .002 mm < .002 mm
Sample no. Depth % % % %

1. 3 − .50 65.50 34
2. 6 − .30 61.70 38
3. 9 .32 50.80 48.88 −

General Composition of Bank Soil and that of River Phulahar

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The tests undertaken by Hydraulic Study Department of Calcutta Port Trust, West Bengal Division,
India reveal the following general soil composition of the bank soil (Table 4) (Sanyal 1992)
As per the technical report of Irrigation and Waterways Department, Government of West Bengal,
India, the bank soil of river Phulahar is made up of fine sand of average particle size .175 mm.
Coefficient of soil permeability is of the order of 10−4 /s.

ADCP Observations of Kolkata Port Trust in River Phulahar

Kolkata Port Trust (KoPT), West Bengal, India had been entrusted with carrying out observations
with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) instrument in the river Phulahar, Malda District
in West Bengal, India. The purpose was to collect the hydraulic data of the river. River Phulahar
represents a big river – a branch of the Ganga in its middle reach. The river flows through flat alluvial
terrain and goes in spate during the monsoon almost every year. This river is under the jurisdiction of
Irrigation and Waterways Department, Government of West Bengal. The geohydrological data has
been sufficed in Table 5. KoPT has enclosed satellite imageries of the river along with the report. The
ADCP findings (Figure 5) in nut shell vis-à-vis the condition of the protective works done with JGT
are giving in the following paragraphs Evidently there are limitations in correlating the hydraulic
features of the rivers in question with the nature of protective works undertaken by Irrigation and
Waterways Department, Government of West Bengal. The ADCP observations (Figures 6 and 7)
will serve as a guide for future bank protective applications with JGT about suitability of the design.

Remedial Concept
Erosion at the toe of the bank can be controlled by construction of submerged repelling spurs or
by construction of a toe wall. Irrigation and Waterways Department, Government of West Bengal,

TABLE 5
Geohydrological data of river Phulahar

Wide parameters Section A Section B Section C

Width of main conveyance (m) 209 377 154

Maximum velocity (m/s) 1.34 .84 1.09
Mean velocity (m/s) .67 .18 .24
Mean discharge (m3 /s) 441 448 406
Max. depth (m) 3.82 14.20 19.70
Mean depth (m) 3.13 6.80 11.20
Area of cross-section (m2 ) 655 2560 1725
 DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING OF JGT FOR RIVER BANK PROTECTION 199

JGT used stretch

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FIGURE 5 ADCP survey of location of river Phulahar.

10 5
Depth (ft.)

0 0
Depth (ft.)

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28
depth −5
−10
−10
−20 depth
Distance (metre) −15
(a) ADCP-1, Sec-06 Distance (metre)
(b) ADCP-1, Sec-04
6
4
4
2
Depth (ft.)

Depth (ft.)

2
0
0
−2 15 9 13 17 21 25 29 depth
−2 14 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28
−4
−4
−6 depth
Distance (metre) −6
Distance (metre)
(c) ADCP-1, Sec-02
(d) ADCP-1, Sec-01

FIGURE 6 Cross-section of the river Phulahar in ADCP report.

India had adopted the second option, presumably for avoiding flow repulsion to the opposite end
that could destabilize the protective work around the big landform. The bank slope measuring about
12 m had been given a break after 5 m from the bank top, forming a berm of 1 m.

Implementation
A toe with crated boulders (900 × 1200 in size) had been constructed. The bank slope behind the
toe wall had been prepared and dressed to 2:1 slope. The bitumen impregnated JGT was laid over it
(Figure 8). An armor layer of loose granite boulders having a thickness of 450 mm had been placed
over the fabric.
 200 S. K. GHOSH, T. SANYAL, AND R. BHATTACHARYYA

LEFT BANK
5
0
Depth (ft.)

1 3 depth
−5 5 7 9 11 13 15
17 19 21 23 depth
25 27 29 31
−10
−15
Distance (metre)
−20

ADCP-1, Sec-06 ADCP-1, Sec-02

ADCP-1, Sec-01
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ADCP-1, Sec-04

FIGURE 7 Combined graphical cross-sections of river Phulahar in ADCP report.

FIGURE 8 Jute geotextile (JGT) scheme for bank protection of river Phulahar.

Design Parameters for Jute Geotextile

Specification
The jute geotextile (JGT) sample, produced in the commercial jute mill, West Bengal, India zero-
ing down to the full scale specification as recommended by National Jute Board, Ministry of Textile,
Government of India (furnished in Table 1) had been selected after analyzing the following aspects.

Soil Retention
To restrain a soil particle of diameter d, it has been suggested that significant pore space opening
of geotextile, taken as O95, should be slightly smaller than the size d. In reality, the very finest and
the coarsest particles are only small fractions of the whole, and hence, have negligible effect on the
filtration process (Bell 1977).
 DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING OF JGT FOR RIVER BANK PROTECTION 201

Hydraulic Requirements
Coefficient of permeability of the JGT (kg ), should be lighter than that of the soil (ks ). The perme-
ability requirement has been developed as: kg > (tg. ks)/5d50, where tg is the thickness of JGT, d50
is the grain size of the soil corresponding to which 50% by weight is finer. But since permeability
of the soil is influenced by several factors, it is suggested that, kg > 100 ks (Chattopadhyay and
Chakraborty 2011).

Survivability
To guard against the desired properties being impaired by the construction process, it is necessary
to specify a geotextile with mechanical properties, namely, puncturing, tearing resistance, and tensile
strength, which make it hardly enough to withstand the installation process. This is so because
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perforations may result which are several times larger than the pore size assumed for design (Mondal
1994). Again, an obvious additional problem, here, is the potential damage caused by slurry which
may blind the pores of the geotextile, thus reducing its permeability, which may leave it useless as a
filter. All these can be minimized by a balanced selection of a construction process, fill material, and
the robustness of a geotextile as indicated by the minimum threshold values of required mechanical
properties sufficed in Table 1.

Consequence of JGT Placement

JGT, a coarse, natural fiber of jute has an open mesh structure. It generally consists of heavy, woven
jute matting made from 100% jute yarn. The design, physicochemical characteristics and other
unique features of the jute fabric are operative in moderating the major components accompanying
the erosion phenomenon (Figure 9). In all applications cited, JGT performs the function of sepa-
ration, filtration, drainage, and erosion control as the situation may demand. The functions of JGT
in case of river bank protection are mainly that of filtration and separation. As a filter, it arrests the
migration of fine particles by water current of the freely flowing water which, otherwise, scours the
soil from beneath the bank, making it unstable. Further, to absorb the wave actions, a suitable armor
is built with boulders or brick block, over the JGT laid on the bank. Boulders are thus separated from
the soft soil, preventing them from going into the soil by the jute fabric, till it consolidates to take
the load of the boulders. The JGT acts as a catalyst in developing a natural graded filter (Figure 10)
by interaction with the soil bed.

FIGURE 9 River Phulahar – before and after the application of JGT on its left bank.
 202 S. K. GHOSH, T. SANYAL, AND R. BHATTACHARYYA
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FIGURE 10 Graded filter formation within the soil adjacent to JGT.

Monitoring and Performance Evaluation of the Applied JGT

The treated stretch of the affected bank is in a fine shape even after 3 years of remedial measures have
been taken with JGT. The efficacy and performance of the said JGT had been assessed, from time
to time, by the Executive Engineer, Maldah Irrigation Department, West Bengal, India along with
National Jute Board, Ministry of Textile, Government of India and faculty experts of Department
of Jute and Fibre Technology, University of Calcutta, India. Till date the report of inspection of the
performance of the applied JGT on site has earned a note of satisfaction as discernible from the
official reports of different sources.

CONCLUSION

The global market of geotextiles is expanding very fast. The current share of manmade geotextiles is
95% of the total global consumption vis-à-vis a meager 1% share of JGT. The erstwhile golden fiber
jute is now reduced in common perception to mere “gunny bags.” While the use of jute in packaging,
home decor, etc., is well known, the use of jute in geotextiles is a largely unexplored area, although
it can offer vast benefits to the indigenous industry and agroeconomy overall. The traditional market
of jute is squeezing as a result of entry of synthetic yarns made of polyamides, polypropylene,
and other derivatives of petroleum chemical in the market. Therefore, the Jute industry can only
be revived with its diversified uses. In the present realm of growing global emphasis on adoption
of biotechnical measures, JGT deserves encouragement due to its several striking attributes. Of all
the ingredients of natural geosynthetics, jute happens to be the best spinnable fiber which ensures
producing of customized fabric to meet site-specific requirements. Jute geotextile (JGT) is also the
most drapable of all geosynthetics, a property essential for control of surficial soil erosion. Its low
extensibility and high initial strength helps in enhancing the bearing capacity of the soil. Double
warp (DW) woven JGT can now be made to a tensile strength of about 40 kN/m with a porometry
as low as 100 µ. Its environmental concordance is by far its most attractive feature alongwith its
technoeconomic viability. Whenever we consider the environmental price of JGT, it matches with
its manmade counterpart both in respect of price and technical suitability in most of the geotechnical
applications. Therefore, the increased off take of jute will help in poverty alleviation in jute-growing
areas and in improving the living conditions of farmers and workers. So its versatility is only coming
to light now as the world looks on for this natural golden fiber to take over with the ideal solution
 DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING OF JGT FOR RIVER BANK PROTECTION 203

for the modern civil engineering construction like roads, railway tracks, soil erosion control, etc.,
which are essential for the progress of civilization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their gratitude to International Jute Study Group (IJSG), Bangladesh, National
Jute Board (NJB), Ministry of Textile, Government of India, Kolkata Port Trust (KoPT), and
Executive Engineer, Irrigation and Waterways Department, Maldah Division, Government of West
Bengal for extending their full-pledged support in materializing this work. The authors are indebted
to the Honorable Vice Chancellor and Pro Vice Chancellor (academic), University of Calcutta, India
for their kind consent to allow this article for publication in a scholarly journal.
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