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Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking

water and adequate treatment and disposal of sewage. Preventing human
contact with feces, for example, is part of sanitation, as is hand washing with
soap. Sanitation system aim to protect human health by providing a clean
environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through
the fecal-oral route. For example, diarrhea, the leading cause of malnutrition
and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through sanitation

TYPES OF SANITATION

Basic sanitation
In 2017, JMP defined a new term: "basic sanitation service". This is defined as
the use of improved sanitation facilities that are not shared with other
households. A lower level of service is now called "limited sanitation service"
which refers to use of improved sanitation facilities that are shared between
two or more households.[4]
Container-based sanitation
Container-based sanitation (CBS) refers to a sanitation system where
human excreta is collected in sealable, removable containers (or cartridges)
that are transported to treatment facilities. Container-based sanitation is
usually provided as a service involving provision of certain types of portable
toilets, and collection of excreta at a cost borne by the users. With suitable
development, support and functioning partnerships, CBS can be used to
provide low-income urban populations with safe collection, transport and
treatment of excrement at a lower cost than installing and
maintaining sewers. In most cases, CBS is based on the use of urine-diverting
dry toilets.
Community-led total sanitation
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is an approach to achieve behavior
change in mainly rural people by a process of "triggering", leading to
spontaneous and long-term abandonment of open defecation practices. CLTS
takes an approach to rural sanitation that works without hardware subsidies
and that facilitates communities to recognize the problem of open defecation
and take collective action to clean up and become "open defecation free".
Dry sanitation
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The term "dry sanitation" is not in wide-spread use and is not very well
defined. It usually refers to a system that uses a type of dry toilet and no
sewers to transport excreta. Often when people speak of "dry sanitation" they
mean a sanitation system that uses urine-diverting dry toilet (UDDTs).
Ecological sanitation
Ecological sanitation, which is commonly abbreviated to ecosan, is an
approach, rather than a technology or a device which is characterized by a
desire to "close the loop" (mainly for the nutrients and organic matter)
between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner. Put in other words:
"Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta resources (plant nutrients and organic
matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of non-renewable
resources is minimised". Ecosan is also called resource-oriented sanitation.
Environmental sanitation
Environmental sanitation encompasses the control of environmental factors
that are connected to disease transmission. Subsets of this category are solid
waste management, water and wastewater treatment, industrial
waste treatment and noise and pollution control.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Wastewater and stormwater management

Sanitation systems in urban areas of developed countries usually consist of

the collection of wastewater in gravity driven sewers, its treatment
in wastewater treatment plants for reuse or disposal in rivers, lakes or the
sea. Sewers are either combined with storm drains or separated from them
as sanitary sewers.

Solid waste disposal

Disposal of solid waste is most commonly conducted in landfills, but

incineration, recycling, composting and conversion to biofuelsare also
avenues. In the case of landfills, advanced countries typically have rigid
protocols for daily cover with topsoil, where underdeveloped
countries customarily rely upon less stringent protocols.[42] The importance of
daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of pathogens.
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Industrial hygiene
has been defined as “that science and art devoted to the anticipation,
recognition, evaluation, and control of those environmental factors or stresses
arising in or from the workplace, which may cause sickness, impaired health
and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or among the
citizens of the community .”Industrial hygienists use environmental
monitoring and analytical methods to detect the extent of worker exposure
and employ engineering, work practice controls, and other methods to control
potential health hazards.
RECOGNIZING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS
Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and
administrative
controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to
occupational
hazards.
Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or
removing the
hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazard. Engineering
controls
include eliminating toxic chemicals and substituting non-toxic chemicals,
enclosing work
processes or confining work operations, and the installation of general and
local
ventilation systems.
Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed. Some
fundamental and easily implemented work practice controls include (1)
changing existing
work practices to follow proper procedures that minimize exposures while
operating
production and control equipment; (2) inspecting and maintaining process
and control
equipment on a regular basis; (3) implementing good housekeeping
procedures; (4)
providing good supervision; and (5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking,
chewing
tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited.
Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by
scheduling
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production and tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For
example, the
employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure potential
during periods
when the fewest employees are present.

EXAMPLES OF JOB HAZARDS

Air Contaminants
These are commonly classified as either particulate or gas and vapor
contaminants. The
most common particulate contaminants include dusts, fumes, mists,aerosols,
and
fibers.
Dusts are solid particles generated by handling, crushing, grinding,
colliding,exploding,
and heating organic or inorganic materials such as rock, ore, metal, coal,
wood, and
grain
Fumes are formed when material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool
air. In most cases,the solid particles resulting from the condensation react
with air to form an oxide.
Fibers are solid particles whose length is several times greater than their
diameter,
such as asbestos.
Gases are formless fluids that expand to occupy the space or enclosure in
which they
confined. They are atomic, diatomic, or molecular in nature as opposed to
droplets or particles which are made up of millions of atoms or molecules.
Chemical Hazards
Harmful chemical compounds in the form of solids, liquids, gases, mists, dusts,
fumes, and vapors exert toxic effects by inhalation (breathing), absorption
(through direct contact with the skin), or ingestion (eating or drinking).
Airborne chemical hazards exist as concentrations of mists, vapors, gases,
fumes, or solids. Some are toxic through inhalation and some of them irritate
the skin on contact; some can be toxic by absorption through the skin or
through ingestion, and some are corrosive to living tissue.
Biological Hazards
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These include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other living organisms that can
cause acute and chronic infections by entering the body either directly or
through breaks in the skin.
Physical Hazards
These include excessive levels of ionizing and nonionizing electromagnetic
radiation, noise, vibration, illumination, and temperature.