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Solution
Solution
2. 120.6892
3. 70
4. 44.03
5. 0.85
6. (a) 2.5
(b) 480
10. (a) 2
(b) 60 MJ
11. (a) As the feed is saturated liquid, the feed point (A) is identified on HL line. With the
help of y∗ vs.x VLE diagram the point B on HG line has been identified and thus
tie-line AB is produced at the feed point. Once extended upto the x−coordinate
yD = 0.96, the minimum reflux point C is achieved that indicates enthalpy of 117
MJ. On the other hand point D on HL line that indicates saturated liquid condition
at yD = 0.96 has enthalpy of 12 MJ. Hence the enthalpy at actual reflux condition
will be (117 − 12) × 1.46 = 153.3 MJ and indicated by point E. The point E and
point A are joined and extended upto x−coordinate xW = 0.1 and arrive at point
F. Operating lines are drawn from points E and F in usual manner and the stages
are graphically produced to be 12.
(b) As the feed is saturated liquid, q−line is vertical. The feed point (A) is identified on
45◦ line and the minimum reflux point B on the y∗ vs.x VLE diagram. yD = 0.96 is
indicated by point C. The line BC is joined and extended to arrive at point D that
yD
indicates = 0.34, solving one gets Rm = 1.82, hence R = 1.8 × 1.46 = 2.66
Rm + 1
yD
that eventually yields point E where = 0.26; the line EC crosses the feed line
R+1
at point F which is joined with point G that indicates xW = 0.1; the lines F C and
F G are enriching line and stripping line respectively. The stages are graphically
produced to be 12.
12. Consider a packed tower of unit cross section and a packed height of Z. Solute A in gas
phase needs to be absorbed in liquid phase. The molar flow rates of gas and liquid are
G and L (Gs and Ls on solute free basis) respectively. The concentration of solute A in
gas and liquid are y and x respectively. The operating line for the system is
G (y − y2 ) = L (x − x2 )
G
x = (y − y2 ) + x2 (1)
L
Again
(1 − yi ) − (1 − y) (y − yi )
(1 − y)iM = = (7)
(1 − yi ) (1 − yi )
ln ln
(1 − yi ) (1 − yi )
G
It has been observed from experiments that the ratio indicates unit packing
ky a (1 − y)iM
height that remains more constant along the entire packed bed than either of G or
ky a (1 − y)iM . Hence integrating eq.(6),
Z y1
(1 − y)iM dy
Z
G
Z = dZ = (8)
ky a (1 − y)iM y2 (1 − y) (y − yi )
(1 − y)iM
Moreover, if we disregard the ratio , the integrand is seen as a number of times
(1 − y)
the average of (y − yi ) divides into the change of concentraion (y1 − y2 ). Let us now
define the following terms
G
HtG = = height of a transfer unit (9)
ky a (1 − y)iM
Z y1
(1 − y)iM dy
NtG = = number of transfer units (10)
y2 (1 − y) (y − yi )
Thus the height of packed bed can be expressed as the product of height of a single
transfer unit and the number of such transfer units. Without inviting much error,
eq.(10) can further be simplified by substituting logarithmic mean of (1 − y)iM by its
arithmatic mean as
(1 − yi ) + (1 − y) (1 − y) + (y − yi ) + (1 − y)
(1 − y)iM ≈ = = (1 − y) + 0.5 (y − yi )
2 2
(11)
Hence
y1 Z y1
(1 − y)iM dy (1 − y) + 0.5 (y − yi )
Z
NtG = = dy
y2 (1 − y) (y − yi ) y2 (1 − y) (y − yi )
y1
1 y1 dy
Z y1
1 (1 − y2 )
Z Z
dy dy
= + = + ln (12)
y2 (y − yi ) 2 y2 (1 − y) y2 (y − yi ) 2 (1 − y1 )
1
A plot of vs. y yields a simpler graphical integration, however it often covers
(y − yi )
awkwardly large ranges of ordinates. This can be avoided by replacing it by logarithmic
scale as
dy
dy = y × = y × d (ln y) = y × ln (10) × d (log y) (13)
y
using eq.(13) in eq.(12) one obtains
Z y1
dy 1 (1 − y2 )
NtG = + ln
y (y − yi ) 2 (1 − y1 )
Z 2y1
y × ln (10) × d (log y) ln (10) (1 − y2 )
= + log
y2 (y − yi ) 2 (1 − y1 )
Z y1
y (1 − y2 )
= 2.303 d (log y) + 1.152 log (14)
y2 (y − yi ) (1 − y1 )
Hence intersection of operating line (eq.1) and interfacial line (a.k.a driving force line)
(eq.5) gives the value of y in eq.(14) whereas intersection of equilibrium line (eq.2) and
interfacial line (eq.5) gives the value of yi in eq.(14). Using eqs.(1) and (2) in eq.(5) one
obtains
kx G yi
yi = − (y − y2 ) + x2 − +y (15)
ky L m
Rearranging the above
kx G
− (y − y2 ) + x2 +y
ky L
yi = (16)
1 kx
1+ −
m ky
The eq.(16) generates the pairs of {y, yi } for the calculation of transfer units.