S06-All Examples Answers 2up PDF

CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Examples: Answers CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Examples: Answers
3
Fluid Properties Examples 2. The density of an oil is 850 kg/m . Find its relative density and Kinematic viscosity if the dynamic
viscosity is 5 u 10-3 kg/ms.
1. Explain why the viscosity of a liquid decreases while that of a gas increases with a temperature Uoil = 850 kg/m3 Uwater = 1000 kg/m3
rise.
The following is a table of measurement for a fluid at constant temperature.
Determine the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. Joil = 850 / 1000 = 0.85
du/dy (rad s-1) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
W (N m-2) 0.0 1.0 1.9 3.1 4.0 Dynamic viscosity = P = 5u10-3 kg/ms
Using Newton's law of viscosity Kinematic viscosity = Q = P / U

wu P 5 u 10 3
W P Q 5 u 10 6 m 2 s 1
wy U 1000
where P is the viscosity. So viscosity is the gradient of a graph of shear stress against vellocity
gradient of the above data, or
W
P 3. The velocity distribution of a viscous liquid (dynamic viscosity P = 0.9 Ns/m2) flowing over a
wu
fixed plate is given by u = 0.68y - y2 (u is velocity in m/s and y is the distance from the plate in
wy m).
Plot the data as a graph: What are the shear stresses at the plate surface and at y=0.34m?
u 0.68 y y 2
4.5
4
wu
0.68 2 y
3.5 wy
Shear stress
3 At the plate face y = 0m,

2.5
wu
2 0.68
1.5 wy
1 Calculate the shear stress at the plate face
0.5
wu
0 W P 0.9 u 0.68 0.612 N / m 2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
wy
du/dy
At y = 0.34m,
wu
Calculate the gradient for each section of the line 0.68 2 u 0.34 0.0
wy
-1
du/dy (s ) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
-2
W (N m ) 0.0 1.0 1.9 3.1 4.0
As the velocity gradient is zero at y=0.34 then the shear stress must also be zero.
Gradient - 5.0 4.75 5.17 5.0
Thus the mean gradient = viscosity = 4.98 N s / m2
Examples: Answers CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics 1 Examples: Answers CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics 2
3
4. 5.6m of oil weighs 46 800 N. Find its mass density, U and relative density, J. Pressure and Manometers
1.1
Weight 46 800 = mg
What will be the (a) the gauge pressure and (b) the absolute pressure of water at depth 12m below the
Mass m = 46 800 / 9.81 = 4770.6 kg
surface? Uwater = 1000 kg/m3, and p atmosphere = 101kN/m2.
[117.72 kN/m2, 218.72 kN/m2]
Mass density U = Mass / volume = 4770.6 / 5.6 = 852 kg/m3 a)
p gauge Ugh
U 852 1000 u 9.81 u 12
Relative density J 0.852
U water 1000 117 720 N / m2 , ( Pa )
117.7 kN / m 2 , ( kPa )
b)
5. From table of fluid properties the viscosity of water is given as 0.01008 poises. pabsolute p gauge patmospheric
What is this value in Ns/m2 and Pa s units?
(117 720 101) N / m2 , ( Pa )
P = 0.01008 poise 218.7 kN / m2 , ( kPa )
1.2
1 poise = 0.1 Pa s = 0.1 Ns/m2 At what depth below the surface of oil, relative density 0.8, will produce a pressure of 120 kN/m2? What
depth of water is this equivalent to?
[15.3m, 12.2m]
P = 0.001008 Pa s = 0.001008 Ns/m2 a)
U JU water
0.8 u 1000 kg / m3
6. In a fluid the velocity measured at a distance of 75mm from the boundary is 1.125m/s. The fluid p Ugh
has absolute viscosity 0.048 Pa s and relative density 0.913. What is the velocity gradient and
p 120 u 10 3
shear stress at the boundary assuming a linear velocity distribution. h 15.29m of oil
Ug 800 u 9.81
P = 0.048 Pa s b)
U 1000 kg / m3
J = 0.913 120 u 10 3
h 12.23 m of water
1000 u 9.81
wu 1.125 1.3
15 s 1
wy 0.075 What would the pressure in kN/m2 be if the equivalent head is measured as 400mm of (a) mercury J=13.6
wu (b) water ( c) oil specific weight 7.9 kN/m3 (d) a liquid of density 520 kg/m3?
W P [53.4 kN/m2, 3.92 kN/m2, 3.16 kN/m2, 2.04 kN/m2]
wy
0.048 u 15 0.720 Pa s a)
U JU water
13.6 u 1000 kg / m3
p Ugh
13.6 u 103 u 9.81 u 0.4 53366 N / m2
b) 1.6
p Ugh An inclined manometer is required to measure an air pressure of 3mm of water to an accuracy of +/- 3%.
The inclined arm is 8mm in diameter and the larger arm has a diameter of 24mm. The manometric fluid
103 u 9.81 u 0.4 3924 N / m 2 has density 740 kg/m3 and the scale may be read to +/- 0.5mm.
What is the angle required to ensure the desired accuracy may be achieved?
c)
[12q 39’]
Z Ug
p2
p Ugh p1 diameter d
7.9 u 103 u 0.4 3160 N / m 2
d)
p Ugh diameter D x
d er
520 u 9.81 u 0.4 2040 N / m 2
Rea
a le z2
1.4 Sc
A manometer connected to a pipe indicates a negative gauge pressure of 50mm of mercury. What is the Datum line
absolute pressure in the pipe in Newtons per square metre is the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar?
z1
[93.3 kN/m2]
patmosphere 1bar 1 u 105 N / m2
pabsolute p gauge patmospheric θ
Ugh patmospheric
13.6 u 10 3 u 9.81 u 0.05 105 N / m2 , ( Pa ) p1 p2 U man gh Uman g z1 z2
2
93.33 kN / m , ( kPa ) z2
Volume moved from left to right = z1 A1 A xA2
1.5 sin T 2
What height would a water barometer need to be to measure atmospheric pressure? SD 2 z 2 Sd 2 Sd 2
[>10m] z1 x
4 sin T 4 4
patmosphere | 1bar 1 u 105 N / m2 z2 d 2 d2
z1 2 x 2
105 Ugh sin T D D
105 § d2 ·
h . m of water
1019 p1 p2 Uman gx¨ sin T ¸
1000 u 9.81 © D2 ¹
5
10 § d2 ·
h 0.75 m of mercury Uwater gh Uman gx¨ sin T ¸
(13.6 u 103 ) u 9.81 © D2 ¹
2
§ ·
Uwater gh 0.74 u U water gx¨© sinT 00..024
008
2 ¸
¹
h 0.74 x (sin T 01111
. )
The head being measured is 3% of 3mm = 0.003x0.03 = 0.00009m
This 3% represents the smallest measurement possible on the manometer, 0.5mm = 0.0005m, giving
0.00009 0.74 u 0.0005 (sin T 01111
. )
sin T .
0132
T 7.6D
[This is not the same as the answer given on the question sheet]
1.7 1.8
Determine the resultant force due to the water acting on the 1m by 2m rectangular area AB shown in the Determine the resultant force due to the water acting on the 1.25m by 2.0m triangular area CD shown in
diagram below. the figure above. The apex of the triangle is at C.
[43 560 N, 2.37m from O] [43.5u103N, 2.821m from P]
O P b
1.22m 1.0m
G G
45°
C d
A d/3 bd 3
For a triangle I GG
36
2.0 m 2.0 m 2
Depth to centre of gravity is z . 2 cos 45 1943
10 . m.
3
B D R Ugz A
The magnitude of the resultant force on a submerged plane is: § 2.0 u 125
. ·
1000 u 9.81 u 1943
. u¨ ¸
© 2.0 ¹
R = pressure at centroid u area of surface
23826 N / m2
R Ugz A
1000 u 9.81 u 122
. 1 u 1 u 2
43 556 N / m2 Distance from P is x z / cos 45 2.748m
Distance from P to centre of pressure is
This acts at right angle to the surface through the centre of pressure.
I oo
I OO 2nd moment of area about a line through O Sc
Sc Ax
Ax 1st moment of area about a line through O
I oo I GG Ax 2
By the parallel axis theorem (which will be given in an exam), I oo I GG Ax 2 , where IGG is the 2nd I GG . u 23
125
moment of area about a line through the centroid and can be found in tables. Sc x 2.748
Ax 36125
. 2.748
I GG 2.829m
Sc x
Ax
b
G G
d
bd 3
For a rectangle I GG
12
As the wall is vertical, Sc D and x z,
1 u 23
Sc 122
. 1
121 u 2122
. 1
2.37 m from O
Forces on submerged surfaces I GG
h' h
2.1 Ah
Obtain an expression for the depth of the centre of pressure of a plane surface wholly submerged in a Sr 4
fluid and inclined at an angle to the free surface of the liquid. 3
4(Sr 2 )3
A horizontal circular pipe, 1.25m diameter, is closed by a butterfly disk which rotates about a horizontal
axis through its centre. Determine the torque which would have to be applied to the disk spindle to keep r2
3 3.0326m
the disk closed in a vertical position when there is a 3m head of fresh water above the axis. 12
[1176 Nm] So the distance from the spindle to the line of action of the force is
The question asks what is the moment you have to apply to the spindle to keep the disc vertical i.e. to x h ' h 3.0326 3 0.0326m
keep the valve shut?
And the moment required to keep the gate shut is
So you need to know the resultant force exerted on the disc by the water and the distance x of this force
from the spindle. moment Fx 36.116 u 0.0326 1176
. kN m
We know that the water in the pipe is under a pressure of 3m head of water (to the spindle) 2.2
A dock gate is to be reinforced with three horizontal beams. If the water acts on one side only, to a depth
of 6m, find the positions of the beams measured from the water surface so that each will carry an equal
load. Give the load per meter.
2.375 h 3 [58 860 N/m, 2.31m, 4.22m, 5.47m]
h’ First of all draw the pressure diagram, as below:
d1
h 2h/3
F
x d2
f
Diagram of the forces on the disc valve, based on an imaginary water surface.
R d3
f
h 3m , the depth to the centroid of the disc
h’ = depth to the centre of pressure (or line of action of the force)
f
Calculate the force:
The resultant force per unit length of gate is the area of the pressure diagram. So the total resultant force
F Ugh A
is
2
§ 1.25· 1
1000 u 9.81 u 3 u S ¨ ¸ R Ugh 2 = 0.5 u 1000 u 9.81 u 62 176580 N ( per m length)
© 2 ¹
2
36.116 kN
Alternatively the resultant force is, R = Pressure at centroid u Area , (take width of gate as 1m to give
Calculate the line of action of the force, h’. force per m)
2nd moment of area about water surface h
h' R Ug u h u 1 176580 N ( per m length)
1st moment of area about water surface 2
I oo This is the resultant force exerted by the gate on the water.
Ah
The three beams should carry an equal load, so each beam carries the load f, where
By the parallel axis theorem 2nd moment of area about O (in the surface) I oo I GG Ah 2 where IGG is the
R
2nd moment of area about a line through the centroid of the disc and IGG = Sr4/4. f 58860 N
3
If we take moments from the surface, 2.3
The profile of a masonry dam is an arc of a circle, the arc having a radius of 30m and subtending an angle
DR fd1 fd 2 fd 3
of 60q at the centre of curvature which lies in the water surface. Determine (a) the load on the dam in N/m
D 3 f f d1 d 2 d 3 length, (b) the position of the line of action to this pressure.
12 d1 d 2 d 3 [4.28 u 106 N/m length at depth 19.0m]
Taking the first beam, we can draw a pressure diagram for this, (ignoring what is below), Draw the dam to help picture the geometry,
R
2H/3 a
H
F=58860
60°
FR y
h
1 2F
We know that the resultant force, F UgH 2 , so H R
2 Ug
Fh
2F 2 u 58860
H 3.46 m
Ug 1000 u 9.81
And the force acts at 2H/3, so this is the position of the 1st beam,
2
position of 1st beam H 2.31m
3
Taking the second beam into consideration, we can draw the following pressure diagram, Fv
h . m
30 sin 60 2598
d1=2.31
H 2H/3 a . m
30 cos 60 150
f d2 Calculate Fv = total weight of fluid above the curved surface (per m length)
Fv Ug (area of sector - area of triangle)
F=2u58860 f ª§ . u 15· º
60 · § 2598
= 1000 u 9.81 u «¨ S 302 u ¸ ¨ ¸»
¬© 360¹ © 2 ¹¼
The reaction force is equal to the sum of the forces on each beam, so as before 2711375
. kN / m
2F 2 u (2 u 58860) Calculate Fh = force on projection of curved surface onto a vertical plane

H 4.9 m
Ug 1000 u 9.81 1
Fh Ugh 2
2
The reaction force acts at 2H/3, so H=3.27m. Taking moments from the surface,
05 . 2
. u 1000 u 9.81 u 2598 3310.681 kN / m
(2 u 58860) u 3.27 58860 u 2.31 58860 u d 2
The resultant,
depth to second beam d 2 4.22 m
For the third beam, from before we have, FR Fv2 Fh2 3310.6812 2711375
. 2
4279.27 kN / m
12 d1 d 2 d 3
depth to third beam d 3 12 2.31 4.22 5.47m acting at the angle
Fv
tan T 0.819
Fh
T 39.32 D
As this force act normal to the surface, it must act through the centre of radius of the dam wall. So the
depth to the point where the force acts is,
y = 30sin 39.31q=19m
h2
2.4
The arch of a bridge over a stream is in the form of a semi-circle of radius 2m. the bridge width is 4m.
Due to a flood the water level is now 1.25m above the crest of the arch. Calculate (a) the upward force on
the underside of the arch, (b) the horizontal thrust on one half of the arch.
[263.6 kN, 176.6 kN]
h1
The bridge and water level can be drawn as:
60q
1.25m
x
h2 = 17.0 m, so h1 = 17.0 - 7.5 = 9.5 . x = 9.5/tan 60 = 5.485 m.
Vertical force = weight of water above the surface,
2m
Fv Ug h2 u x 0.5h1 u x
9810 u 7.5 u 5.485 0.5 u 9.5 u 5.485
659.123 kN / m
a) The upward force on the arch = weight of (imaginary) water above the arch. The horizontal force = force on the projection of the surface on to a vertical plane.
Rv Ug u volume of water 1
Fh Ugh 2
§ 2
S2 · 2
volume . 2) u 4
¨ (125 ¸ u4 26.867 m3 0.5 u 1000 u 9.81 u 17 2
© 2 ¹
Rv 1000 u 9.81 u 26.867 263568
. kN 1417.545 kN / m
b) The resultant force is
The horizontal force on half of the arch, is equal to the force on the projection of the curved surface onto FR Fv2 Fh2 659.1232 1417.5452
a vertical plane. 1563.29 kN / m
And acts at the angle
1.25
Fv
tan T 0.465
Fh
T 24.94D
2.0 2.6
A tank with vertical sides is square in plan with 3m long sides. The tank contains oil of relative density
0.9 to a depth of 2.0m which is floating on water a depth of 1.5m. Calculate the force on the walls and the
height of the centre of pressure from the bottom of the tank.
Fh pressure at centroid u area [165.54 kN, 1.15m]
Ug125
. 1 u 2 u 4
Consider one wall of the tank. Draw the pressure diagram:
176.58 kN
2.5
The face of a dam is vertical to a depth of 7.5m below the water surface then slopes at 30q to the vertical.
If the depth of water is 17m what is the resultant force per metre acting on the whole face?
[1563.29 kN]
Application of the Bernoulli Equation
d1 3.1
d2 In a vertical pipe carrying water, pressure gauges are inserted at points A and B where the pipe diameters
are 0.15m and 0.075m respectively. The point B is 2.5m below A and when the flow rate down the pipe is
d3 0.02 cumecs, the pressure at B is 14715 N/m2 greater than that at A.
f1
F v2
Assuming the losses in the pipe between A and B can be expressed as k where v is the velocity at A,
f2 2g
f3 find the value of k.
If the gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with water and connected to a U-tube containing
mercury of relative density 13.6, give a sketch showing how the levels in the two limbs of the U-tube
density of oil Uoil = 0.9Uwater = 900 kg/m3. differ and calculate the value of this difference in metres.
Force per unit length, F = area under the graph = sum of the three areas = f1 + f2 + f3 [k = 0.319, 0.0794m]
(900 u 9.81 u 2) u 2
f1 u 3 52974 N dA = 0.2m
2 A
f2 (900 u 9.81 u 2) u 15
. u 3 79461 N
(1000 u 9.81 u 15. ) u 15
.
f3 u 3 33109 N
2
F f 1 f 2 f 3 165544 N
dB = 0.2m B
To find the position of the resultant force F, we take moments from any point. We will take moments
about the surface.
DF f 1d1 f 2 d 2 f 3d 3
Rp
2 15
. 2
165544 D 52974 u 2 79461 u (2 ) 33109 u (2 15
.)
3 2 3
D 2.347m ( from surface)
. m ( from base of wall)
1153
Part i)
dA 0.15m dB 0.075m Q 0.02 m 3 / s
2
pB p A 14715 N / m
kv 2
hf
2g
Taking the datum at B, the Bernoulli equation becomes:
p A u 2A p B u B2 u 2A
z zB k
Ug 2 g A Ug 2 g 2g
zA 2.5 zB 0
By continuity: Q = uAAA = uBAB
uA 0.02 / S 0.075 2 1132
. m/ s
uB 0.02 / S 0.0375 2 4.527 m / s
giving
2 2 2
pB p A u u B A uA
What we know from the question:
zA k
1000 g 2g 2g U g g 19.62 N / m 2
Cd 0.96
. 2.5 1045
15 . 0.065 0.065k d1 0.3m
d2 0.2 m
k 0.319
Calculate Q.
Part ii)
u1 Q / 0.0707 u2 Q / 0.0314
p xxL Uw gz B p B
p xxR Um gR p Uw gz A Uw gR p p A For the manometer:
p xxL p xxR p1 U g gz
p 2 U g g z 2 R p Uw gR p
U w gz B p B Um gR p Uw gz A U w gR p p A p1 p 2 19.62 z 2 z1 587.423 (1)
pB p A Uw g z A z B gR P Um U w For the Venturimeter
14715 1000 u 9.81 u 2.5 9.81R p 13600 1000 p1 u12 p2 u 22
z z
Rp 0.079 m Ug g 2g 1 Ug g 2g 2
3.2 p1 p 2 19.62 z 2 z1 0.803u 22 (2 )
A Venturimeter with an entrance diameter of 0.3m and a throat diameter of 0.2m is used to measure the Combining (1) and (2)
volume of gas flowing through a pipe. The discharge coefficient of the meter is 0.96.
Assuming the specific weight of the gas to be constant at 19.62 N/m3, calculate the volume flowing when 0.803u 22 587.423
the pressure difference between the entrance and the throat is measured as 0.06m on a water U-tube u 2 ideal 27.047 m / s
manometer. 2
[0.816 m3/s] § 0.2 ·
Qideal 27.047 u S ¨ ¸ 0.85m 3 / s
© 2 ¹
Q Cd Qidea 0.96 u 0.85 0.816m 3 / s
d2 = 0.2m
d1 = 0.3m
Z2
Z1
Rp
h
3.3 Substitute in (3)
A Venturimeter is used for measuring flow of water along a pipe. The diameter of the Venturi throat is
two fifths the diameter of the pipe. The inlet and throat are connected by water filled tubes to a mercury 0.49 u 9.8113600 1000 1000 / 210.937 2 1.75 2
Losses L
U-tube manometer. The velocity of flow along the pipe is found to be 2.5 H m/s, where H is the 9.81 u 1000
manometer reading in metres of mercury. Determine the loss of head between inlet and throat of the 0.233m
Venturi when H is 0.49m. (Relative density of mercury is 13.6). 3.4
[0.23m of water] Water is discharging from a tank through a convergent-divergent mouthpiece. The exit from the tank is
rounded so that losses there may be neglected and the minimum diameter is 0.05m.
If the head in the tank above the centre-line of the mouthpiece is 1.83m. a) What is the discharge?
b) What must be the diameter at the exit if the absolute pressure at the minimum area is to be 2.44m of
water? c) What would the discharge be if the divergent part of the mouth piece were removed. (Assume
atmospheric pressure is 10m of water).
[0.0752m, 0.0266m3/s, 0.0118m3/s]
Z2
Z1 h
H
h
2
3
For the manometer:

From the question:
p1 Uw gz1 p2 Uw g z2 H Um gH
p1 p2 Uw gz2 Uw gH Um gH Uw gz1 (1) d2
0.05m
p2
For the Venturimeter minimum pressure 2.44 m
Ug
p1 u2 p2 u2 p1 p3
1 z1 2 z2 Losses 10m
Uw g 2 g Uw g 2 g Ug Ug
Uw u22 Uw u12
p1 p2 Uw gz2 Uw gz1 LUw g ( 2) Apply Bernoulli:
2 2
p1 u12 p2 u22 p3 u32
Combining (1) and (2) z z z
Ug 2 g 1 Ug 2 g 2 Ug 2 g 3
p1 u12 p2 u 22
z z Losses If we take the datum through the orifice:
Uw g 2 g 1 Uw g 2 g 2
z1 . m
183 z2 z3 0 u1 negligible
Uw
LU w g Hg Um Uw u 2
2 u12 ( 3)
2 Between 1 and 2
but at 1. From the question u22
10 183
. 2.44
u1 2.5 H . m/ s
175 2g
u1 A1 u 2 A2 u2 . m/ s
1357
2
d2 § 2d ·
2 § 0.05·
. uS
175 u2 S ¨ ¸ Q u2 A2 . u S¨
1357 ¸ 0.02665 m 3 / s
© 10 ¹ © 2 ¹
4
u2 10.937 m / s Between 1 and 3 p1 p3
2 2
u 3 13780 u2
183
. 0.61
2g Uo g 2g
u3 5.99 m / s u2 6.53 m / s
Q u3 A3 § 0.025·
2
Q 0.61 u 6.53 u S ¨ ¸ 0.00195 m 3 / s

d 32 © 2 ¹
0.02665 5.99 u S
4
3.6
d 3 0.0752m The discharge coefficient of a Venturimeter was found to be constant for rates of flow exceeding a certain
If the mouth piece has been removed, p1 p2 value. Show that for this condition the loss of head due to friction in the convergent parts of the meter can
be expressed as KQ2 m where K is a constant and Q is the rate of flow in cumecs.
p1 p2 u 22 Obtain the value of K if the inlet and throat diameter of the Venturimeter are 0.102m and 0.05m
z1 respectively and the discharge coefficient is 0.96.
Ug Ug 2g
[K=1060]
u2 2 gz1 5.99 m / s
0.052
Q 5.99S 0.0118 m 3 / s 3.7
4
A Venturimeter is to fitted in a horizontal pipe of 0.15m diameter to measure a flow of water which may
3.5 be anything up to 240m3/hour. The pressure head at the inlet for this flow is 18m above atmospheric and
A closed tank has an orifice 0.025m diameter in one of its vertical sides. The tank contains oil to a depth the pressure head at the throat must not be lower than 7m below atmospheric. Between the inlet and the
of 0.61m above the centre of the orifice and the pressure in the air space above the oil is maintained at throat there is an estimated frictional loss of 10% of the difference in pressure head between these points.
13780 N/m2 above atmospheric. Determine the discharge from the orifice. Calculate the minimum allowable diameter for the throat.
(Coefficient of discharge of the orifice is 0.61, relative density of oil is 0.9). [0.063m]
[0.00195 m3/s]
d1 = 0.15m
P = 13780 kN/m2
d2
0.66m
oil From the question:
d1 . m
015 Q 240 m 3 / hr 0.667 m3 / s
u1 Q / A 3.77 m / s
p1 p2
do = 0.025m 18m 7 m
Ug Ug
From the question
Uo Friction loss, from the question:
V 0.9
Uw
Uo 900
p 1 p2
hf 0.1
Ug
Cd 0.61
Apply Bernoulli:
Apply Bernoulli,
p1 u12 p2 u 22
z z
Ug 2g 1 Ug 2g 2
Take atmospheric pressure as 0,
2 2 2 2
p1 u1 p2 u2 p1 u 1 p2 u
2
hf z z
Ug 2g Ug 2g Ug 2g 1 Ug 2g 2
p1 p 2 u12 u 22 a) p1 p2
hf
Ug Ug 2 g 2g
u12 u 22
3.77 2 u 22 z z
25 2.5 2g 1 2g 2
2g 2g
u 2 21.346 m / s By continuity:
Q u 2 A2 Q u1 A1 u 2 A2
d2 A1
0.0667 21.346 u S
2 u2 u1 u1 4
4 A2
d2 0.063m u12 16u12
0.914
2g 2g
3.8 0.914 u 2 u 9.81
u1 10934
. m/ s
A Venturimeter of throat diameter 0.076m is fitted in a 0.152m diameter vertical pipe in which liquid of 15
relative density 0.8 flows downwards. Pressure gauges are fitted to the inlet and to the throat sections. Q Cd A1 u1
The throat being 0.914m below the inlet. Taking the coefficient of the meter as 0.97 find the discharge
a) when the pressure gauges read the same b)when the inlet gauge reads 15170 N/m2 higher than the Q 0.96 u 0.01814 u 10934
. 0.019 m 3 / s
throat gauge. b)
[0.0192m3/s, 0.034m3/s]
p1 p 2 15170
2 2
p1 p 2 u u2 1
d1 = 0.152m 0.914
Ug 2g
15170 Q 2 220.432 5511
. 2
0.914
Ug 2g
55.8577 Q 2 220.432 5511
. 2
d1 = 0.076m
Q 0.035 m 3 / s
From the question:

d1 0.152 m A1 0.01814 m
d2 0.076m A2 0.00454 m
U 800 kg / m 3
Cd 0.97
Apply Bernoulli:
2
Tank emptying h2 25S 25Sh 50Sh
T ³ dh
4.1 h1 10963
. h
A reservoir is circular in plan and the sides slope at an angle of tan-1(1/5) to the horizontal. When the 25S 2
h2 1 h 2h
reservoir is full the diameter of the water surface is 50m. Discharge from the reservoir takes place
10963
. ³h1 h
dh
through a pipe of diameter 0.65m, the outlet being 4m below top water level. Determine the time for the
water level to fall 2m assuming the discharge to be 0.75a 2 gH cumecs where a is the cross sectional
h2 1 h2 2h
. ³
71641 dh
h1 h h h
area of the pipe in m2 and H is the head of water above the outlet in m.
h2
[1325 seconds] . ³
71641 h 1/2 h 3/ 2 2h 1/2 dh
h1
50m h
ª 2 4 º2
. «2h 1/2 h 53/ 2 h 3/ 2 »
71641
¬ 5 3 ¼ h1
From the question, h1 = 4m h2 = 2m, so
r
H ª§ 2 4 · § 2 4 ·º
T . «¨ 2 u 4 1/2 u 4 53/ 2 u 4 3/ 2 ¸ ¨ 2 u 2 1/2 u 2 53/ 2 u 2 3/ 2 ¸ »
71641
¬© 5 3 ¹ © 5 3 ¹¼
x . > 4 12.8 10.667 2.828 2.263 3.77@
71641
. >27.467 8.862@
71641
1 1333 sec
5 4.2
A rectangular swimming pool is 1m deep at one end and increases uniformly in depth to 2.6m at the other
end. The pool is 8m wide and 32m long and is emptied through an orifice of area 0.224m2, at the lowest
From the question: H = 4m a = S(0.65/2)2 = 0.33m2
point in the side of the deep end. Taking Cd for the orifice as 0.6, find, from first principles,
Q 0.75a 2 gh a) the time for the depth to fall by 1m b) the time to empty the pool completely.
[299 second, 662 seconds]
10963
. h
32.0m
In time Gt the level in the reservoir falls Gh, so
Q Gt A Gh
A
Gt Gh 1.0m
Q
2.6m
Integrating give the total time for levels to fall from h1 to h2.
L
h2 A
T ³ dh
h1 Q
As the surface area changes with height, we must express A in terms of h. The question tell us ao = 0.224m2, Cd = 0.6
2
A = Sr Apply Bernoulli from the tank surface to the vena contracta at the orifice:
But r varies with h. p1 u12 p2 u 22
z z
-1
It varies linearly from the surface at H = 4m, r = 25m, at a gradient of tan = 1/5. Ug 2g 1 Ug 2g 2
r = x + 5h p1 = p2 and u1 = 0. u 2 2 gh
25 = x + 5(4)
We need Q in terms of the height h measured above the orifice.
x=5
Q Cd a o u 2 Cd a o 2 gh
so A = S( 5 + 5h )2 = ( 25S + 25Sh2 + 50Sh )
0.6 u 0.224 u 2 u 9.81 h
Substituting in the integral equation gives
0.595 h
And we can write an equation for the discharge in terms of the surface height change: 4.3
A vertical cylindrical tank 2m diameter has, at the bottom, a 0.05m diameter sharp edged orifice for
Q Gt A Gh
which the discharge coefficient is 0.6.
A a) If water enters the tank at a constant rate of 0.0095 cumecs find the depth of water above the orifice
Gt Gh
Q when the level in the tank becomes stable.
b) Find the time for the level to fall from 3m to 1m above the orifice when the inflow is turned off.
Integrating give the total time for levels to fall from h1 to h2. c) If water now runs into the tank at 0.02 cumecs, the orifice remaining open, find the rate of rise in water
h2 A level when the level has reached a depth of 1.7m above the orifice.
T ³ dh [a) 3.314m, b) 881 seconds, c) 0.252m/min]
h1 Q
h2 A
. ³
168 dh (1)
h Q = 0.0095 m3/s
h1
a) For the first 1m depth, A = 8 x 32 = 256, whatever the h.

So, for the first period of time:
h2 256
T . ³
168 dh
h1 h h
430.08 h1 h2> @
>
430.08 2.6 16
. @
299 sec
do = 0.005m
b) now we need to find out how long it will take to empty the rest. From the question: Qin = 0.0095 m3/s, do=0.05m, Cd =0.6
We need the area A, in terms of h. Apply Bernoulli from the water surface (1) to the orifice (2),
A 8L
p1 u12 p 2 u 22
L 32 z z
Ug 2 g 1 Ug 2 g 2
h 1.6
A 160h p1 = p2 and u1 = 0. u 2 2 gh .
So With the datum the bottom of the cylinder, z1 = h, z2 = 0
h2 160h We need Q in terms of the height h measured above the orifice.
T . ³
168 dh
h1 h
Qout Cd a o u2 Cd a o 2 gh
2
268.9
3 1 >
h 3/2 h2 3/2 @ § 0.05·
0.6S ¨ ¸
2
2 u 9.81 h
2 © 2 ¹
268.9 16
3
3/ 2
>
. 0
3/ 2
@ 0.00522 h (1)
362.67 sec
For the level in the tank to remain constant:
Total time for emptying is,
inflow = out flow
T = 363 + 299 = 662 sec
Qin = Qout
0.0095 0.00522 h
h 3.314 m
(b) Write the equation for the discharge in terms of the surface height change:
Q Gt A Gh Apply Bernoulli from the water surface (1) to the orifice (2),
A p1 u12 p 2 u 22
Gt Gh z z
Q Ug 2 g 1 Ug 2 g 2
Integrating between h1 and h2, to give the time to change surface level
p1 = p2 and u1 = 0. u 2 2 gh .
h2 A
T ³ dh With the datum the bottom of the cylinder, z1 = h, z2 = 0
h1 Q
h2 We need Q in terms of the height h measured above the orifice.
. ³
6018 h 1/ 2 dh
h1
Qout Cd a o u2 Cd a o 2 gh
1203.6>h 1/ 2 @h
h2
2
1 § 0.08 ·
0.8S ¨ ¸ 2 u 9.81 h
1203.6>h 1/ 2
2 h 1/ 2
1 @ © 2 ¹
h1 = 3 and h2 = 1 so 0.0178 h
T = 881 sec Write the equation for the discharge in terms of the surface height change:
c) Qin changed to Qin = 0.02 m /s 3 Q Gt A Gh

A
From (1) we have Qout 0.00522 h . The question asks for the rate of surface rise when h = 1.7m. Gt Gh
Q
i.e. Qout 0.00522 17
. 0.0068 m 3 / s Integrating between h1 and h2, to give the time to change surface level
The rate of increase in volume is: h2 A
T ³ dh
Q Qin Qout 0.02 0.0068 0.0132 m3 / s h1 Q
As Q = Area x Velocity, the rate of rise in surface is But we need A in terms of h
Q Au 2.0m
Q 0.0132
u 0.0042 m / s 0.252 m / min
A § S 22 ·
¨ ¸
© 4 ¹
4.4 1.0m
A horizontal boiler shell (i.e. a horizontal cylinder) 2m diameter and 10m long is half full of water. Find
a
the time of emptying the shell through a short vertical pipe, diameter 0.08m, attached to the bottom of the
L
shell. Take the coefficient of discharge to be 0.8.
[1370 seconds] h
d = 2m .
Surface area A = 10L, so need L in terms of h
32m
2
§ L·
12 a2 ¨ ¸
© 2¹
a (1 h)
2
§ L·
12 (1 h) 2 ¨ ¸
© 2¹
L 2 2h h 2
do = 0.08 m
A 20 2h h 2
From the question W = 10m, D = 10m do = 0.08m Cd = 0.8 Substitute this into the integral term,
h2 20 2h h 2 A1Gh1 A2 (Gh1 Gh) A2Gh1 A2Gh

T ³ dh A2Gh
h1 .
01078 h Gh1
A1 A2
h2 2h h 2
1123.6³ dh A2Gh
h1 h A1 QGt ( 2)
2
A1 A2
h2 2h h
1123.6³ dh From the Bernoulli equation we can derive this expression for discharge through the submerged orifice:
h1 h
h2
1123.6³ 2 h dh Q Cd a o 2 gh
h1
§ 2· So
> @
3/ 2 h2
1123.6¨ ¸ 2 h
© 3¹ h1 A2Gh
A1 Cd a o 2 gh Gt
749.07>2.828 1@ 1369.6 sec A1 A2
4.5 A1 A2 1
Gt Gh
Two cylinders standing upright contain liquid and are connected by a submerged orifice. The diameters A 1 A2 C a
d o 2 g h
of the cylinders are 1.75m and 1.0m and of the orifice, 0.08m. The difference in levels of the liquid is
initially 1.35m. Find how long it will take for this difference to be reduced to 0.66m if the coefficient of Integrating
discharge for the orifice is 0.605. (Work from first principles.) A1 A2 h2 1
[30.7 seconds] T
1 2 Cd ao 2 g
A A ³ h1 h
dh
d1 = 1.75m d2 = 1.0m
2 A1 A2

A A2 Cd a o 2 g
h2 h1
1
2 u 2.4 u 0.785
0.8124 11619
.
h = 1.35m
2.4 0.785 u 0.605 u 0.00503 2 u 9.81
30.7 sec
4.6
A rectangular reservoir with vertical walls has a plan area of 60000m2. Discharge from the reservoir take
place over a rectangular weir. The flow characteristics of the weir is Q = 0.678 H3/2 cumecs where H is
the depth of water above the weir crest. The sill of the weir is 3.4m above the bottom of the reservoir.
Starting with a depth of water of 4m in the reservoir and no inflow, what will be the depth of water after
one hour?
[3.98m]
do = 0.108m
2 2
§ 175
. · § 1·
A1 S¨ ¸ 2.4m2 A2 S¨ ¸ 0.785m2
© 2 ¹ © 2¹
2
§ 0.08·
do 0.08m, ao S¨ ¸ 0.00503m2 Cd 0.605
© 2 ¹
by continuity,
A1Gh1 A2Gh2 QGt (1)
defining, h = h1 - h2 From the question A = 60 000 m2, Q = 0.678 h 3/2
Gh Gh1 Gh2 Write the equation for the discharge in terms of the surface height change:
Substituting this in (1) to eliminate Gh2
Q Gt A Gh Notches and weirs
A 5.1
Gt Gh
Q Deduce an expression for the discharge of water over a right-angled sharp edged V-notch, given that the
coefficient of discharge is 0.61.
Integrating between h1 and h2, to give the time to change surface level A rectangular tank 16m by 6m has the same notch in one of its short vertical sides. Determine the time
A
h2 taken for the head, measured from the bottom of the notch, to fall from 15cm to 7.5cm.
T ³ dh [1399 seconds]
h1 Q
60000 h2 1
0.678 ³h1 h 3/ 2
dh
. >h 1/ 2 @h
h2
2 u 8849558
1
From the question T = 3600 sec and h1 = 0.6m

. >h21/ 2 0.6 1/ 2 @
3600 17699115
h2 0.5815m
Total depth = 3.4 + 0.58 = 3.98m
From your notes you can derive:

8 T
Q C tan 2 g H 5/ 2
15 d 2
For this weir the equation simplifies to
. H 5/ 2
Q 144
Write the equation for the discharge in terms of the surface height change:
Q Gt A Gh
A
Gt Gh
Q
Integrating between h1 and h2, to give the time to change surface level
h2A
T ³ dh
h1 Q
16 u 6 h2 1

144
. ³h1 h 5/2 dh
2
u 66.67>h 3/ 2 @h
h2
3 1
h1 = 0.15m, h2 = 0.075m
T 44.44>0.0753/ 2 015
. 3 / 2 @
1399 sec
5.2 5.3
Derive an expression for the discharge over a sharp crested rectangular weir. A sharp edged weir is to be Show that the rate of flow across a triangular notch is given by Q=CdKH5/2 cumecs, where Cd is an
constructed across a stream in which the normal flow is 200 litres/sec. If the maximum flow likely to experimental coefficient, K depends on the angle of the notch, and H is the height of the undisturbed
occur in the stream is 5 times the normal flow then determine the length of weir necessary to limit the rise water level above the bottom of the notch in metres. State the reasons for the introduction of the
in water level to 38.4cm above that for normal flow. Cd=0.61. coefficient.
[1.24m] Water from a tank having a surface area of 10m2 flows over a 90q notch. It is found that the time taken to
lower the level from 8cm to 7cm above the bottom of the notch is 43.5seconds. Determine the coefficient
Cd assuming that it remains constant during his period.
[0.635]
8 T
The proof for Q C tan 2 g H 5/ 2 Cd KH 5/ 2 is in the notes.
15 d 2
From the question:
A = 10m2 T = 90q h1 = 0.08m h2 = 0.07m T = 43.5sec
So
Q = 2.36 Cd h5/2
From your notes you can derive: Write the equation for the discharge in terms of the surface height change:
2 Q Gt A Gh
Q C b 2 gh 3/ 2
3 d A
Gt Gh
From the question: Q
Q1 = 0.2 m3/s, h1 = x Integrating between h1 and h2, to give the time to change surface level
3
Q2 = 1.0 m /s, h2 = x + 0.384 A h2
T ³ dh
where x is the height above the weir at normal flow. Qh1
So we have two situations: 10 h2 1

³
2.36Cd 1 h 5/2
h
dh
2
0.2 C b 2 g x 3/ 2 1801
. bx 3/ 2 (1) 2 4.23 3/2 0.08
3 d u >h @0.07
2 3/ 2 3/ 2
3 Cd
.
10 C b 2 g x 0.384 . b x 0.384
1801 ( 2)
3 d 2.82
435
.
Cd
>0.07 3/2 0.083/2 @
From (1) we get an expression for b in terms of x
Cd 0.635
b . x 3/ 2
0111
Substituting this in (2) gives, 5.4
A reservoir with vertical sides has a plan area of 56000m2. Discharge from the reservoir takes place over
3/ 2
§ x 0.384 · a rectangular weir, the flow characteristic of which is Q=1.77BH3/2 m3/s. At times of maximum rainfall,
10
. 1801
. u 0111
. ¨ ¸ water flows into the reservoir at the rate of 9m3/s. Find a) the length of weir required to discharge this
© x ¹
quantity if head must not exceed 0.6m; b) the time necessary for the head to drop from 60cm to 30cm if
§ x 0.384 ·
52 / 3 ¨ ¸ the inflow suddenly stops.
© x ¹ [10.94m, 3093seconds]
x 01996
. m
From the question:
So the weir breadth is A = 56000 m2 Q = 1.77 B H 3/2 Qmax = 9 m3/s
3/ 2
b . 01996
0111 . a) Find B for H = 0.6
. m
124 9 = 1.77 B 0.63/2
B = 10.94m
b) Write the equation for the discharge in terms of the surface height change: 5.6
Q Gt A Gh Show that the quantity of water flowing across a triangular V-notch of angle 2T is
8
A Q Cd tan T 2 g H 5/ 2 . Find the flow if the measured head above the bottom of the V is 38cm, when
Gt Gh 15
Q T=45q and Cd=0.6. If the flow is wanted within an accuracy of 2%, what are the limiting values of the
Integrating between h1 and h2, to give the time to change surface level head.
[0.126m3/s, 0.377m, 0.383m]
A
h2
T ³ dh Proof of the v-notch weir equation is in the notes.
h1 Q
56000 h2 1 From the question:
. B ³h1 h 3/ 2
dh
177 H = 0.38m T = 45q Cd = 0.6
2 u 56000 1/ 2 0.3
. B
177
> h @ 0 .6 The weir equation becomes:
Q 1417
. H 5/ 2
5784>0.3 0.6 1/ 2 @
1/ 2
5/ 2
. 0.38
1417
T 3093 sec
0126
. m3 / s
5.5
Develop a formula for the discharge over a 90q V-notch weir in terms of head above the bottom of the V.
A channel conveys 300 litres/sec of water. At the outlet end there is a 90q V-notch weir for which the Q+2% = 0.129 m3/s
coefficient of discharge is 0.58. At what distance above the bottom of the channel should the weir be
placed in order to make the depth in the channel 1.30m? With the weir in this position what is the depth .
0129 .
1417 H 5/ 2
of water in the channel when the flow is 200 litres/sec? H 0.383m
[0.755m, 1.218m]
8 T
Derive this formula from the notes: Q C tan 2 g H 5/ 2 Q-2% = 0.124 m3/s
15 d 2
.
0124 .
1417 H 5/ 2
From the question:
H 0.377m
T = 90q Cd 0.58 Q = 0.3 m3/s, depth of water, Z = 0.3m
giving the weir equation:
. H 5/ 2
Q 137
a) As H is the height above the bottom of the V, the depth of water = Z = D + H, where D is the height
of the bottom of the V from the base of the channel. So
5/2
. Z D
Q 137
5/2
. 13
0.3 137 . D
D 0.755m
b) Find Z when Q = 0.2 m3/s
5/ 2
. Z 0.755
0.2 137
Z 1218
. m
Application of the Momentum Equation 6.2
A 600mm diameter pipeline carries water under a head of 30m with a velocity of 3m/s. This water main is
6.1
The figure below shows a smooth curved vane attached to a rigid foundation. The jet of water, fitted with a horizontal bend which turns the axis of the pipeline through 75q (i.e. the internal angle at the
rectangular in section, 75mm wide and 25mm thick, strike the vane with a velocity of 25m/s. Calculate bend is 105q). Calculate the resultant force on the bend and its angle to the horizontal.
the vertical and horizontal components of the force exerted on the vane and indicate in which direction [104.044 kN, 52q 29’]
these components act. u2
[Horizontal 233.4 N acting from right to left. Vertical 1324.6 N acting downwards] y
x
45q
25q
u1
From the question:
a1 0.075 u 0.025 1875
. u 10 3 m 2
u1 25 m / s θ
Q 1875
. u 10 3 u 25 m 3 / s
a1 a2 , so u1 u2
From the question:
Calculate the total force using the momentum equation:
2
§ 0.6 ·
FT x UQu 2 cos 25 u1 cos 45 a S¨ ¸ 0.283 m 2 d 0.6 m h 30 m
© 2¹
1000 u 0.0469 25 cos 25 25 cos 45
u1 u2 3m / s Q 0.848 m 3 / s
233.44 N
Calculate total force.
FT y UQu2 sin 25 u1 sin 45
FTx UQ u 2 x u1x FRx FPx FBx
1000 u 0.0469 25 sin 25 25 sin 45
1324.6 N FTx 1000 u 0.848 3 cos 75 3 1.886 kN
Body force and pressure force are 0. FTy

UQ u2 y u1 y FRy FPy FBy
So force on vane: FTy 1000 u 0.848 3 sin 75 0 2.457 kN
Rx Ft x 233.44 N
Calculate the pressure force
Ry Ft y 1324.6 N
p1 = p2 = p = hUg = 30u1000u9.81 = 294.3 kN/m2
FTx p1 a1 cos T1 p 2 a 2 cos T2
294300 u 0.2831 cos 75
. kN
6173
FTy p1 a1 sin T1 p2 a 2 sin T2
294300 u 0.283 0 sin 75
80.376 kN
There is no body force in the x or y directions.
FRx FTx FPx FBx
1.886 61.73 0 63.616 kN
-3
FRy FTy FPy FBy Q1 = a1u = 2u10 u15 = 0.03
2.457 80.376 0 82.833 kN Q1 = (a2 + a3) u
These forces act on the fluid Q2 = a2u
The resultant force on the fluid is Q3 = (a1 - a2)u
FR FRx FRy 104.44 kN Calculate total force.
§ FRy · FTx UQ u 2 x u1x FRx FPx FBx

T tan 1 ¨ ¸ 52 D 29 '
© FRx ¹ FTx 1000 u 0.03 0 15 sin 60 390 N
6.3 Component in direction of jet = 390 sin 60 = 338 N
A horizontal jet of water 2u103 mm2 cross-section and flowing at a velocity of 15 m/s hits a flat plate at
60q to the axis (of the jet) and to the horizontal. The jet is such that there is no side spread. If the plate is
stationary, calculate a) the force exerted on the plate in the direction of the jet and b) the ratio between the As there is no force parallel to the plate Fty = 0
quantity of fluid that is deflected upwards and that downwards. (Assume that there is no friction and FTy Uu22 a2 Uu32 a3 Uu12 a1 cosT 0
therefore no shear force.)
[338N, 3:1] a 2 a 3 a1 cosT 0
y a1 a2 a 3
a 3 a1 cosT a1 a 3
x u2
4
4a 3 a1 a
3 2
1
a3 a
3 2
Thus 3/4 of the jet goes up, 1/4 down
u1 6.4
A 75mm diameter jet of water having a velocity of 25m/s strikes a flat plate, the normal of which is
θ inclined at 30q to the jet. Find the force normal to the surface of the plate.
[2.39kN]
y
u3 u2
x
From the question a2 = a3 =2x10-3 m2 u = 15 m/s

Apply Bernoulli,
p1 u12 p 2 u 22 p 3 u 32
z z z u1
Ug 2 g 1 Ug 2 g 2 Ug 2 g 3
θ
Change in height is negligible so z1 = z2 = z3 and pressure is always atmospheric p1= p2 = p3 =0. So
u1= u2 = u3 =15 m/s
By continuity Q1= Q2 + Q3 u3
u1a1 = u2a2 + u3a3
so a1 = a2 + a3 From the question, djet = 0.075m u1=25m/s Q = 25S(0.075/2)2 = 0.11 m3/s
Put the axes normal to the plate, as we know that the resultant force is normal to the plate. Force normal to plate is
FTx = UQ( 0 - u1x ) 0.3
u1 16.98 m / s
FTx = 1000u0.11 ( 0 - 25 cos 30 ) = 2.39 kN S 015
. 2 / 4
6.5 0.3
u2 4.24 m / s
The outlet pipe from a pump is a bend of 45q rising in the vertical plane (i.e. and internal angle of 135q). 0.0707
The bend is 150mm diameter at its inlet and 300mm diameter at its outlet. The pipe axis at the inlet is
horizontal and at the outlet it is 1m higher. By neglecting friction, calculate the force and its direction if
the inlet pressure is 100kN/m2 and the flow of water through the pipe is 0.3m3/s. The volume of the pipe FT x 1000 u 0.3 4.24 cos 45 16.98
is 0.075m3. 1493.68 N
[13.94kN at 67q 40’ to the horizontal]
y p2 u
2 A2 and in the y-direction
FT y
UQ u2 y u1 y
x
UQu2 sin T 0
1000 u 0.34.24 sin 45
1m 899.44 N
p1
4 Calculate the pressure force.
u1 45°
A1 FP pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2
FP x p1 A1 cos 0 p2 A2 cosT p1 A1 p2 A2 cosT
1&2 Draw the control volume and the axis system FP y p1 A1 sin 0 p2 A2 sin T p2 A2 sin T
p1 = 100 kN/m2, Q = 0.3 m3/s T = 45q

d1 = 0.15 m d2 = 0.3 m
We know pressure at the inlet but not at the outlet.
A1 = 0.177 m 2
A2 = 0.0707 m 2 we can use Bernoulli to calculate this unknown pressure.
3 Calculate the total force p1 u12 p2 u22

z z hf
in the x direction Ug 2 g 1 Ug 2 g 2
where hf is the friction loss
In the question it says this can be ignored, hf=0
FT x UQu2 x u1 x
The height of the pipe at the outlet is 1m above the inlet.
UQu2 cosT u1
Taking the inlet level as the datum:
z1 = 0 z2 = 1m
by continuity A1u1 A2u2 Q , so
So the Bernoulli equation becomes:
100000 16.982 p2 4.242
0 10
.
1000 u 9.81 2 u 9.81 1000 u 9.81 2 u 9.81
2
p2 2253614. N /m
FP x 100000 u 0.0177 2253614
. cos 45 u 0.0707 FR F2
F 2
Rx R y
1770 11266.34 9496.37 kN
5302.7 2 1290156
. 2
13.95 kN
FP y 2253614
. sin 45 u 0.0707
11266.37
And the direction of application is
5 Calculate the body force § FR y · . ·

§ 1290156
I tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ¨ ¸ 67.66D
The only body force is the force due to gravity. That is the weight acting in the y direction. © FR x ¹ © 5302.7 ¹
FB y Ug u volume The force on the bend is the same magnitude but in the opposite direction
1000 u 9.81 u 0.075 R FR
1290156
. N
There are no body forces in the x direction, 6.6
FB x 0 The force exerted by a 25mm diameter jet against a flat plate normal to the axis of the jet is 650N. What
is the flow in m3/s?
6 Calculate the resultant force [0.018 m3/s]
y u2
FT x FR x FP x FB x
FT y FR y FP y FB y
x
FR x FT x FP x FB x u1
4193.6 9496.37
5302.7 N
FR y FT y FP y FB y
899.44 11266.37 735.75
. N
1290156
u2
And the resultant force on the fluid is given by From the question, djet = 0.025m FTx = 650 N
FRy Force normal to plate is
FResultant
FTx = UQ( 0 - u1x )
650 = 1000uQ ( 0 - u )
2
Q = au = (Sd /4)u
φ
650 = -1000au2 = -1000Q2/a
FRx 650 = -1000Q2/(S0.0252/4)
Q = 0.018m3/s
6.7 6.8
A curved plate deflects a 75mm diameter jet through an angle of 45q. For a velocity in the jet of 40m/s to A 45q reducing bend, 0.6m diameter upstream, 0.3m diameter downstream, has water flowing through it
the right, compute the components of the force developed against the curved plate. (Assume no friction). at the rate of 0.45m3/s under a pressure of 1.45 bar. Neglecting any loss is head for friction, calculate the
[Rx=2070N, Ry=5000N down] force exerted by the water on the bend, and its direction of application.
u2 [R=34400N to the right and down, T = 14q]
y ρ2
u2
y A2
x
x
u1
ρ1
θ u1
A1 θ
From the question:

a1 S 0.0752 / 4 4.42 u 10 3 m 2
u1 40 m / s
1&2 Draw the control volume and the axis system
Q 4.42 u 10 3 u 40 01767
. m3 / s
a1 a2 , so u1 u2
p1 = 1.45u105 N/m2, Q = 0.45 m3/s T = 45q
Calculate the total force using the momentum equation: d1 = 0.6 m d2 = 0.3 m
FT x UQu2 cos 45 u1 A1 = 0.283 m2 A2 = 0.0707 m2
1000 u 01767
. 40 cos 45 40
207017
. N 3 Calculate the total force
FT y UQ u2 sin 45 0 in the x direction
1000 u 01767
. 40 sin 45
4998 N FT x UQu2 x u1 x
Body force and pressure force are 0. UQu2 cosT u1
So force on vane:
Rx Ft x 2070 N by continuity A1u1 A2u2 Q , so
Ry Ft y 4998 N
0.45
u1 . m/ s
159
S 0.6 2 / 4
0.45
u2 6.365 m / s
0.0707
FT x 1000 u 0.45 6.365 cos 45 159
. The only body force is the force due to gravity.
1310 N There are no body forces in the x or y directions,
FB x FB y 0
and in the y-direction 6 Calculate the resultant force
FT y
UQ u2 y u1 y
FT x FR x FP x FB x
UQu2 sin T 0
FT y FR y FP y FB y
1000 u 0.45 6.365 sin 45
1800 N
4 Calculate the pressure force. FR x FT x FP x FB x
1310 34735
FP pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2 33425 N
FP x p1 A1 cos 0 p2 A2 cosT p1 A1 p2 A2 cosT FR y FT y FP y FB y

1800 6300
FP y p1 A1 sin 0 p2 A2 sin T p2 A2 sin T 8100 N
We know pressure at the inlet but not at the outlet. And the resultant force on the fluid is given by
FRy
we can use Bernoulli to calculate this unknown pressure. FResultant
p1 u12 p2 u22
z z hf
Ug 2 g 1 Ug 2 g 2
where hf is the friction loss
φ
In the question it says this can be ignored, hf=0
Assume the pipe to be horizontal FRx
z1 = z 2 FR FR2 x FR2 y
So the Bernoulli equation becomes:
334252 8100 2
145000 . 2
159 p2 6.3652
34392 kN
1000 u 9.81 2 u 9.81 1000 u 9.81 2 u 9.81
p2 126007 N / m 2
And the direction of application is
§ FR y · § 8100 ·
FP x 145000 u 0.283 126000 cos 45 u 0.0707 I tan 1 ¨ ¸ tan 1 ¨ ¸ 13.62 D
© FR x ¹ © 33425¹
41035 6300 34735 N
The force on the bend is the same magnitude but in the opposite direction
FP y 126000 sin 45 u 0.0707 R FR
6300 N
5 Calculate the body force

Laminar pipe flow. 7.2
A liquid whose coefficient of viscosity is m flows below the critical velocity for laminar flow in a circular
7.1
The distribution of velocity, u, in metres/sec with radius r in metres in a smooth bore tube of 0.025 m pipe of diameter d and with mean velocity u. Show that the pressure loss in a length of pipe is 32um/d2.
bore follows the law, u = 2.5 - kr2. Where k is a constant. The flow is laminar and the velocity at the pipe Oil of viscosity 0.05 kg/ms flows through a pipe of diameter 0.1m with a velocity of 0.6m/s. Calculate the
surface is zero. The fluid has a coefficient of viscosity of 0.00027 kg/m s. Determine (a) the rate of flow loss of pressure in a length of 120m.
in m3/s (b) the shearing force between the fluid and the pipe wall per metre length of pipe. [11 520 N/m2]
[6.14x10-4 m3/s, 8.49x10-3 N] See the proof in the lecture notes for
The velocity at distance r from the centre is given in the question: Consider a cylinder of fluid, length L, radius r, flowing steadily in the centre of a pipe
u = 2.5 - kr2
Also we know: P = 0.00027 kg/ms 2r = 0.025m δr
We can find k from the boundary conditions: r r

when r = 0.0125, u = 0.0 (boundary of the pipe)
0.0 = 2.5 - k0.01252 R
k = 16000
u = 2.5 - 1600 r2
a) The fluid is in equilibrium, shearing forces equal the pressure forces.
Following along similar lines to the derivation seen in the lecture notes, we can calculate the flow GQ
through a small annulus Gr: W 2Sr L 'p A 'pSr 2
GQ ur Aannulus 'p r
W
Aannulus S (r Gr ) 2 Sr 2 | 2SrGr L 2
GQ 2.5 16000r 2SrGr
2
Newtons law of viscosity W P
du
,
0.0125 dy
Q 2S ³ 2.5r 16000r dr
3
du
0 We are measuring from the pipe centre, so W P
0.0125 dr
ª 2.5r 2 16000 4 º
2S « r » Giving:
¬ 2 4 ¼0
'p r du
. m3 / s
614 P
L 2 dr
b) du 'p r

The shear force is given by F = W u (2Sr) dr L 2P
From Newtons law of viscosity In an integral form this gives an expression for velocity,
du 'p 1
L 2P ³
W P u r dr
dr
du
2 u 16000r 32000r The value of velocity at a point distance r from the centre
dr
F 0.00027 u 32000 u 0.0125 u (2 u S u 0.0125) 'p r 2
ur C
8.48 u 10 3 N L 4P
At r = 0, (the centre of the pipe), u = umax, at r = R (the pipe wall) u = 0;
'p R 2
C
L 4P
At a point r from the pipe centre when the flow is laminar:
'p 1 7.3
ur
L 4P
R2 r 2 A plunger of 0.08m diameter and length 0.13m has four small holes of diameter 5/1600 m drilled through
in the direction of its length. The plunger is a close fit inside a cylinder, containing oil, such that no oil is
The flow in an annulus of thickness Gr assumed to pass between the plunger and the cylinder. If the plunger is subjected to a vertical downward
GQ ur Aannulus force of 45N (including its own weight) and it is assumed that the upward flow through the four small
holes is laminar, determine the speed of the fall of the plunger. The coefficient of velocity of the oil is 0.2
Aannulus S (r Gr ) 2 Sr 2 | 2SrGr kg/ms.
'p 1 [0.00064 m/s]
GQ
L 4P
R 2 r 2 2SrGr
F = 45N
d = 5/1600 m
R
'p S Q
Q
L 2 P ³0
R 2r r 3 dr
'p SR 4 'p Sd 4
L 8P L128P plunger
So the discharge can be written 0.13 m
'p Sd 4
Q
L 128P
To get pressure loss in terms of the velocity of the flow, use the mean velocity:
u Q/ A
cylinder
'p d 2
u
32 PL
32 PLu
'p 0.8m
d2
32 Pu
'p per unit length
d2
b) From the question P= 0.05 kg/ms d = 0.1m
u = 0.6 m/s L = 120.0m Flow through each tube given by Hagen-Poiseuille equation
32 u 0.05 u 120 u 0.6 2 'p Sd 4
'p 11520 N / m Q
01.2 L 128P
There are 4 of these so total flow is
'p Sd 4 4S (5 / 1600) 4
Q 4 'p 'p3.601 u 10 10
L 128P . u 128 u 0.2
013
Force = pressure u area
§ § 0.08 · 2 2
§ 5 / 1600 · ·
F 45 'p¨ S ¨ ¸ 4S ¨ ¸ ¸
© © 2 ¹ © 2 ¹ ¹
'p 9007.206 N / m2
Q 3.24 u 10 6 m 3 / s
Flow up through piston = flow displaced by moving piston
Q = Avpiston
3.24u10-6 = Su0.042uvpiston
vpiston = 0.00064 m/s Dimensional analysis
7.4 8.1
A vertical cylinder of 0.075 metres diameter is mounted concentrically in a drum of 0.076metres internal A stationary sphere in water moving at a velocity of 1.6m/s experiences a drag of 4N. Another sphere of
diameter. Oil fills the space between them to a depth of 0.2m. The rotque required to rotate the cylinder in twice the diameter is placed in a wind tunnel. Find the velocity of the air and the drag which will give
the drum is 4Nm when the speed of rotation is 7.5 revs/sec. Assuming that the end effects are negligible, dynamically similar conditions. The ratio of kinematic viscosities of air and water is 13, and the density
calculate the coefficient of viscosity of the oil. of air 1.28 kg/m3.
[0.638 kg/ms] [10.4m/s 0.865N]
From the question r-1 = 0.076/2 r2 = 0.075/2 Torque = 4Nm, L = 0.2m Draw up the table of values you have for each variable:
The velocity of the edge of the cylinder is: variable water air
ucyl = 7.5 u 2Sr = 7.5u2uSu0.0375 = 1.767 m/s u 1.6m/s uair
udrum = 0.0 Drag 4N Dair
Torque needed to rotate cylinder Q Q 13Q
T W u surface area U 1000 kg/m3 1.28 kg/m3
4 W 2Sr2 u L d d 2d
W . N / m2
226354
Distance between cylinder and drum = r1 - r2 = 0.038 - 0.0375 = 0.005m Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity over density = Q PU
Using Newtons law of viscosity: Uud ud
The Reynolds number = Re
du P Q
W P
dr Choose the three recurring (governing) variables; u, d, U
du 1767
. 0
dr 0.0005 From Buckinghams S theorem we have m-n = 5 - 3 = 2 non-dimensional groups.
W 22635 . P 3534 I u, d , U , D,Q 0
P 0.64 kg / ms ( Ns / m 2 ) I S 1 , S 2 0
S1 u a1 d b1 U c1 D
S2 u a2 d b2 U c2 Q
As each S group is dimensionless then considering the dimensions, for the first group, S1:
(note D is a force with dimensions MLT-2)
1 a1 c1
M 0 L0 T 0 LT Lb ML3 MLT 2
1
M] 0 = c1 + 1
c1 = -1
L] 0 = a1 + b1 - 3c1 + 1
-4 = a1 + b1
T] 0 = -a1 - 2
a1 = - 2
b1 = -2
S1 u 2 d 2 U 1 D
D
Uu 2 d 2
And the second group S2 : 8.2
Explain briefly the use of the Reynolds number in the interpretation of tests on the flow of liquid in pipes.
M LT 0 0 0
LT 1 a2
L ML
b2

3 c2 2
LT 1
Water flows through a 2cm diameter pipe at 1.6m/s. Calculate the Reynolds number and find also the
velocity required to give the same Reynolds number when the pipe is transporting air. Obtain the ratio of
M] 0 = c2
pressure drops in the same length of pipe for both cases. For the water the kinematic viscosity was
L] 0 = a2 + b2 - 3c2 + 2 1.31u10-6 m2/s and the density was 1000 kg/m3. For air those quantities were 15.1u10-6 m2/s and
-2 = a2 + b2 1.19kg/m3.
[24427, 18.4m/s, 0.157]
T] 0 = -a2 - 1
Draw up the table of values you have for each variable:
a2 = -1
variable water air
b2 = -1
u 1.6m/s uair
S2 u 1d 1 U 0Q
p pwater pair
Q
ud U 1000 kg/m3 1.19kg/m3
So the physical situation is described by this function of nondimensional numbers, Q ums ums
3
U 1000 kg/m 1.28 kg/m3
§ D Q ·
I S1 , S 2 I¨ 2 2 , ¸ 0 d 0.02m 0.02m
© Uu d ud ¹
For dynamic similarity these non-dimensional numbers are the same for the both the sphere in water and
in the wind tunnel i.e. Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity over density = Q PU
S1air S1water Uud ud
S 2 air S 2 water P Q
For S1 Reynolds number when carrying water:
§ D · § D · ud 16. u 0.02
¨ 2 2¸ ¨ 2 2¸ Re water 24427
© Uu d ¹ air © Uu d ¹ water Q . u 10 6
131
Dair 4 To calculate Reair we know,

. u 10.4 2 u (2d ) 2
128 1000 u 16. 2 ud2 Re water Re air
Dair 0.865 N uair 0.02
24427
15 u 10 6
For S2
uair 18.44m / s
§ Q · §Q ·
¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ To obtain the ratio of pressure drops we must obtain an expression for the pressure drop in terms of
© ud ¹ air © ud ¹ water
governing variables.
13Q Q
Choose the three recurring (governing) variables; u, d, U
uair u 2d . ud
16
uair 10.4 m / s From Buckinghams S theorem we have m-n = 5 - 3 = 2 non-dimensional groups.
I u, d , U ,Q , p 0
I S 1 , S 2 0
S1 u a1 d b1 U c1 Q
S2 u a2 d b2 U c2 p
1 a1 c1
M 0 L0 T 0 LT Lb ML3 L2 T 1
1
M] 0 = c1 § p · § p ·
¨ 2¸ ¨ 2¸
L] 0 = a1 + b1 - 3c1 + 2 © Uu ¹ air © Uu ¹ water
-2 = a1 + b1 pwater 2
Uwater uwater
2
T] 0 = -a1 - 1 pair Uair uair
a1 = -1 . 2
1000 u 16 1
6.327
b1 = -1 . u 18.44 2
119 .
0158
S1 u 1d 1 U 0Q Show that Reynold number, Uud/P, is non-dimensional. If the discharge Q through an orifice is a function
of the diameter d, the pressure difference p, the density U, and the viscosity P, show that Q = Cp1/2d2/U1/2
Q where C is some function of the non-dimensional group (dU1/2d1/2/P).
ud Draw up the table of values you have for each variable:
The dimensions of these following variables are
And the second group S2 : U ML-3
-1 -2
(note p is a pressure (force/area) with dimensions ML T ) u LT-1
1 a1 3 c1
M LT 0 0 0
LT L ML
b1
2
MT L 1
d L
M] 0 = c2 + 1 P ML-1T-1
c2 = -1 Re = ML-3 LT-1L(ML-1T-1)-1 = ML-3 LT-1 L M-1LT = 1
L] 0 = a2 + b2 - 3c2 - 1 i.e. Re is dimensionless.
-2 = a2 + b2
T] 0 = -a2 - 2 We are told from the question that there are 5 variables involved in the problem: d, p, U, P and Q.
a2 = - 2 Choose the three recurring (governing) variables; Q, d, U
b2 = 0 From Buckinghams S theorem we have m-n = 5 - 3 = 2 non-dimensional groups.
S2 2
u U p 1
I Q, d , U , P , p 0
p I S 1 , S 2 0
Uu 2 S1 Q a1 d b1 U c1 P
So the physical situation is described by this function of nondimensional numbers, S2 Q a2 d b2 U c2 p
§ Q p · As each S group is dimensionless then considering the dimensions, for the first group, S1:
I S 1 , S 2 I ¨ , ¸ 0
© ud Uu 2 ¹
1 a1 c1
M 0 L0 T 0 L T
3
Lb ML3 ML1T 1
1
M] 0 = c1 + 1
For dynamic similarity these non-dimensional numbers are the same for the both water and air in the pipe.
c1 = -1
S 1air S 1water
L] 0 = 3a1 + b1 - 3c1 - 1
S 2 air S 2 water
-2 = 3a1 + b1
We are interested in the relationship involving the pressure i.e. S2
T] 0 = -a1 - 1
a1 = -1
b1 = 1
1 1 1
S1 Q d U P 1/ 2
§p U d d p ·1/ 2 2 1/ 2
I 1 / S1a , S 2 a I ¨ , 1/ 2 ¸ 0
dP © P U ¹
UQ or
§ p 1/ 2 U 1/ 2 d · d 2 p1/ 2
Q I¨ ¸
And the second group S2 : © P ¹ U 1/2
(note p is a pressure (force/area) with dimensions ML-1T-2) 8.4
A cylinder 0.16m in diameter is to be mounted in a stream of water in order to estimate the force on a tall
1 a1 3 c1
M 0 L0 T 0 L T
3
Lb ML
1
MT 2 L1 chimney of 1m diameter which is subject to wind of 33m/s. Calculate (A) the speed of the stream
necessary to give dynamic similarity between the model and chimney, (b) the ratio of forces.
M] 0 = c2 + 1
Chimney: U = 1.12kg/m3 P = 16u10-6 kg/ms
c2 = -1
3
Model: U = 1000kg/m P = 8u10-4 kg/ms
L] 0 = 3a2 + b2 - 3c2 - 1
[11.55m/s, 0.057]
-2 = 3a2 + b2
Draw up the table of values you have for each variable:
T] 0 = -a2 - 2
a2 = - 2 variable water air
b2 = 4 u uwater 33m/s
S2 Q 2 d 4 U 1 p F Fwater Fair
3
d4 p U 1000 kg/m 1.12kg/m3

UQ 2 P u kgms ukg/ms
So the physical situation is described by this function of non-dimensional numbers, d 0.16m 1m
§ dP d p ·4
I S1 , S 2 I ¨ , ¸ 0
© QU UQ 2 ¹ Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity over density = Q PU
or Uud ud
dP § d4p· P Q
I1 ¨ ¸
QU © UQ 2 ¹ For dynamic similarity:
1/ 2
§ dU p 1/ 2
·§ d p2 1/ 2
· Re water Re air
The question wants us to show : Q f¨ ¸¨ ¸ 1000uwater 016
. . u 33 u 1
112
© P ¹© U ¹
8 u 10 4 16 u 10 6
1 U 1/2 Q uwater . m/ s
1155
Take the reciprocal of square root of S2: S2a ,
S2 d 2 p1/2
To obtain the ratio of forces we must obtain an expression for the force in terms of governing variables.
Convert S1 by multiplying by this number Choose the three recurring (governing) variables; u, d, U F, P
dP U 1/ 2 Q P From Buckinghams S theorem we have m-n = 5 - 3 = 2 non-dimensional groups.
S1a S1S 2 a
QU d 2 p 1/ 2 dU 1/ 2 p1/ 2
I u, d , U , P , F 0
then we can say
I S 1 , S 2 0
S1 u a1 d b1 U c1 P
S2 u a2 d b2 U c2 F
M 0 L0 T 0 LT 1 a1
L ML
b1 3 c1
ML1T 1 S 2 air S 2 water
§ F · § F ·
M] 0 = c1 + 1 ¨ 2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
© Uu d ¹ air © Uu d ¹ water
c1 = -1
§ F · § F ·
L] 0 = a1 + b1 - 3c1 - 1 ¨ 2 ¸ ¨ 2 ¸
© Uu d ¹ air © Uu d ¹ water
-2 = a1 + b1
Fair . u 332 u 1
112
T] 0 = -a1 - 1 0.057
Fwater . 2 u 016
1000 u 1155 .
a1 = -1
8.5
b1 = -1 If the resistance to motion, R, of a sphere through a fluid is a function of the density U and viscosity P of
S1 u 1d 1 U 1 P the fluid, and the radius r and velocity u of the sphere, show that R is given by
P P 2 § Uur ·
Uud R f¨ ¸
U © P ¹
i.e. the (inverse of) Reynolds number Hence show that if at very low velocities the resistance R is proportional to the velocity u, then R = kPru
And the second group S2 : where k is a dimensionless constant.
A fine granular material of specific gravity 2.5 is in uniform suspension in still water of depth 3.3m.
M 0 L0 T 0 LT 1 a2
L b ML3 ML1T 2
2
c2
Regarding the particles as spheres of diameter 0.002cm find how long it will take for the water to clear.
Take k=6S and P=0.0013 kg/ms.
M] 0 = c2 + 1 [218mins 39.3sec]
c2 = -1
Choose the three recurring (governing) variables; u, r, U R, P
L] 0 = a2 + b2 - 3c2 - 1
From Buckinghams S theorem we have m-n = 5 - 3 = 2 non-dimensional groups.
-3 = a2 + b2
I u , r , U , P , R 0
T] 0 = -a2 - 2
I S 1 , S 2 0
a2 = - 2
S1 u a1 r b1 U c1 P
b2 = -1
S2 u a2 r b2 U c2 R
S2 u 2 d 1 U 1 F
F As each S group is dimensionless then considering the dimensions, for the first group, S1:
2
u dU M 0 L0 T 0 LT 1 a1 1
c1
Lb ML3 ML1T 1
So the physical situation is described by this function of nondimensional numbers, M] 0 = c1 + 1
§ P F · c1 = -1
I S 1 , S 2 I¨ , ¸ 0
© Uud Udu 2 ¹ L] 0 = a1 + b1 - 3c1 - 1
-2 = a1 + b1
For dynamic similarity these non-dimensional numbers are the same for the both water and air in the pipe. T] 0 = -a1 - 1
S 1air S 1water a1 = -1
S 2 air S 2 water b1 = -1
To find the ratio of forces for the different fluids use S2 S1 u 1r 1 U 1 P
P
Uur
i.e. the (inverse of) Reynolds number
And the second group S2 : r = 0.00001m depth = 3.3m
4
M LT 0 0 0 1 a2
LT L ML
b2 3 c2
1
ML T 2
mg S 0.000013 u 9.81 u 2500 1000
3
M] 0 = c2 + 1 . u 10 11
616
c2 = -1 . u 10 11
Pkru 0.0013 u 6S u 0.00001u 616
L] 0 = a2 + b2 - 3c2 - 1 u 2.52 u 10 4 m / s
-3 = a2 + b2 3.3
t 218 min 39.3 sec
T] 0 = -a2 - 2 2.52 u 10 4
a2 = - 2
b2 = -1
S2 u 2 r 1 U 1 R
R
u 2 rU
So the physical situation is described by this function of nondimensional numbers,
§ P R ·
I S1 , S 2 I ¨ , ¸ 0
© Uur Uru 2 ¹
or
R § P ·
I1 ¨ ¸
Uru 2 © Uur ¹
P2 § Uur · RU § Uur ·
he question asks us to show R f¨ ¸ or 2 f¨ ¸
U © P ¹ P © P ¹
Multiply the LHS by the square of the RHS: (i.e. S2u(1/S12) )
R U 2u2r 2 RU
u
Uru 2 P2 P2
So
RU § Uur ·
f¨ ¸
P2 © P ¹
The question tells us that R is proportional to u so the function f must be a constant, k
RU Uur
k
P2 P
R Pkru
The water will clear when the particle moving from the water surface reaches the bottom.
At terminal velocity there is no acceleration - the force R = mg - upthrust.
From the question:
V = 2.5 so U = 2500kg/m3 P = 0.0013 kg/ms k = 6S

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CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Examples: Answers CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Examples: Answers

Using Newton's law of viscosity Kinematic viscosity = Q = P / U

3 At the plate face y = 0m,

Thus the mean gradient = viscosity = 4.98 N s / m2

2F 2 u (2 u 58860) Calculate Fh = force on projection of curved surface onto a vertical plane

b) The resultant force is

For the manometer:

Q 0.61 u 6.53 u S ¨ ¸ 0.00195 m 3 / s

From the question:

a) For the first 1m depth, A = 8 x 32 = 256, whatever the h.

c) Qin changed to Qin = 0.02 m /s 3 Q Gt  A Gh

h2 20 2h  h 2  A1Gh1 A2 (Gh1  Gh) A2Gh1  A2Gh

From the question T = 3600 sec and h1 = 0.6m

From your notes you can derive:

So we have two situations: 10 h2 1

Body force and pressure force are 0. FTy

§ FRy · FTx UQ u 2 x  u1x FRx  FPx  FBx

From the question a2 = a3 =2x10-3 m2 u = 15 m/s

A1 FP pressure force at 1 - pressure force at 2

FP x p1 A1 cos 0  p2 A2 cosT p1 A1  p2 A2 cosT

p1 = 100 kN/m2, Q = 0.3 m3/s T = 45q

3 Calculate the total force p1 u12 p2 u22

5 Calculate the body force § FR y · . ·

From the question:

FP x p1 A1 cos 0  p2 A2 cosT p1 A1  p2 A2 cosT FR y FT y  FP y  FB y

5 Calculate the body force

We can find k from the boundary conditions: r r

Dair 4 To calculate Reair we know,

c2 = -1 Re = ML-3 LT-1L(ML-1T-1)-1 = ML-3 LT-1 L M-1LT = 1

L] 0 = a2 + b2 - 3c2 - 1 i.e. Re is dimensionless.

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c) Qin changed to Qin = 0.02 m /s 3 Q Gt A Gh

h2 20 2h h 2 A1Gh1 A2 (Gh1 Gh) A2Gh1 A2Gh

§ FRy · FTx UQ u 2 x u1x FRx FPx FBx

FP x p1 A1 cos 0 p2 A2 cosT p1 A1 p2 A2 cosT

FP x p1 A1 cos 0 p2 A2 cosT p1 A1 p2 A2 cosT FR y FT y FP y FB y