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𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧 𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐵𝑧 𝑎𝑧
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𝐴 𝐴
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𝐴 =𝐴= 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 + 𝐴2𝑧 𝐴
𝑎𝐴 =
𝐴

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𝐴 ± 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 ± 𝐵𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 ± 𝐵𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 ± 𝐵𝑧 𝑎𝑧

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𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑧
𝐴 ∙ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧 𝐴∙𝐵 =𝐵∙𝐴
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧 𝐴×𝐵 =− 𝐵×𝐴 ∇𝑓 = 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 ∇𝑓 or grad𝑓
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑧
𝐵𝑥 𝐵𝑦 𝐵𝑧

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑧

𝜕𝐴𝑥 𝜕𝐴𝑦 𝜕𝐴𝑧 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑧

∇∙𝐴= + + ∇∙𝐴 or div 𝐴
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 ∇ × 𝐴 = 𝜕/𝜕𝑥 𝜕/𝜕𝑦 𝜕/𝜕𝑧 ∇×𝐴 or rot 𝐴 or curl 𝐴
𝐴𝑥 𝐴𝑦 𝐴𝑧

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑧
P 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑧
𝑟 𝑟′ 𝑟 =𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧 2
𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2𝑓 𝜕2 𝑓 𝑟
div grad 𝑓 = 2 + 2 + 2 Q 𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁 𝑎𝑟 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑟
𝑦

Δ𝑓 = div grad 𝑓
𝑥 𝑟′ = 𝑥 − 𝜉 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝜂 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝜁 𝑎𝑧
𝑟′
2 2 2 𝑎𝑟 ′ =
𝑟′ = 𝑟′ = 𝑥−𝜉 + 𝑦−𝜂 + 𝑧−𝜁 𝑟′

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𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑧
P 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑢1 , 𝑢2 , 𝑢3
𝑟 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑎𝑧
𝑟
Parameter
Unit vectors Scale factors
definitions

𝑢1 𝑎1 ℎ1 𝑦
𝑢2 𝑎2 ℎ2
Parameter
𝑢3 𝑎3 ℎ3 𝑥 definitions
Unit vectors Scale factors

𝑥 𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝑥 = 1
𝑦 𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝑦 = 1
𝑧 𝑎𝑧 ℎ𝑧 = 1

𝜌, 𝜙, 𝑧 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙
𝑧 𝑧
P 𝜌, 𝜙, 𝑧 P 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙

𝑟 𝑟 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + 𝜌 si𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧𝑎𝑧 𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑟 sin 𝜃 si𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑧

𝜌= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 𝜃 𝑧
𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧 2 𝜃 = arccos
𝑥 𝑦 𝑟
𝜙 = arccos = arcsin 𝑥 𝑦
𝜙 𝜌 𝑦 𝜌 𝜌 𝜙 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑦 𝜙 = arccos = arcsin
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃
Parameter Scale Parameter Scale
𝑥 definitions
Unit vectors
factors
𝑥 definitions
Unit vectors
factors
𝑥 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝜌 = cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + si𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝜌 = 1 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑟 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + sin 𝜃 si𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝑦 + cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑧 ℎ𝑟 = 1
𝑦 = 𝜌 si𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝜙 = − sin 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝜙 = 𝜌 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 si𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝜃 = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + cos 𝜃 si𝑛 𝜙 𝑎𝑦 − sin 𝜃 𝑎𝑧 ℎ𝜃 = 𝑟
𝑧 𝑎𝑧 ℎ𝑧 = 1 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑎𝜙 = − sin 𝜙 𝑎𝑥 + cos 𝜙 𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝜙 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

𝑏
𝑏
grad 𝑓 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 •

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𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = div 𝐴 𝑑𝑉
𝑆 𝑉

𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = rot 𝐴 ∙ 𝑑𝑆
𝐶 𝑆

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𝑧
𝑚0 𝑚1
𝛾10 𝛾01

𝑚0 = 1 𝑚1
𝑦 𝛾10
𝑚1 =
𝛾01
𝑥

𝛾10
𝑚1 = 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑚1 𝛾01 = 𝑚0 𝛾10
𝛾01 0

𝑚0 𝑚1 𝑚 𝐹𝐴𝐵 𝐹𝐵𝐴 𝑀
𝛾10 𝛾01 𝑎𝑟 ′ 𝑟′

𝑚1 𝛾01 = −𝑚0 𝛾10 𝑚𝑀

𝐹𝐴𝐵 = −𝐺 𝑎 ′ 𝐹𝐵𝐴 = −𝐹𝐴𝐵
𝑟′ 2 𝑟

𝐹01 = 𝑚1 𝛾01 𝐹10 = 𝑚0 𝛾10

𝐺

𝐺 = 6,67 × 10−11 Nm2 /kg 2

𝑚1
𝑟1 ′ 𝑎1
𝐹1 𝑚2
𝑎𝑟 ′
𝑚 𝑟2 ′ 𝑎2 𝑚
𝐹2 𝑟′ (𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁)
𝐹𝑁 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

𝑟𝑁 ′
𝑎𝑁
𝑚𝑁
𝜌(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁)
𝐹 = −𝐺𝑚 𝑎𝑟′ 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂𝑑𝜁
𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + ⋯ + 𝐹𝑁 𝑟′ 2
𝑉
𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2 𝑚𝑚𝑁
𝐹 = −𝐺 𝑎 − 𝐺 ′ 2 𝑎2 + ⋯ − 𝐺 ′ 2 𝑎𝑁
𝑟1′ 2 1 𝑟2 𝑟𝑁
𝜌(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁)𝑟′
𝑁 𝐹 = −𝐺𝑚 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂𝑑𝜁
𝑚𝑘 𝑟′ 3
𝐹 = −𝐺𝑚 𝑎 𝑉
𝑟𝑘′ 2 𝑘
𝑘=1

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𝐹10 = 𝑚0 𝛾10

𝑑 𝑣 𝑑 𝑚0 𝑣
𝐹 = 𝑚0 𝛾 = 𝑚0 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑
𝐹= 𝑚 𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑚 𝑣

𝑚0
𝑚 𝑣 =
1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2

𝐹21 𝑞1 𝑎𝑟 ′ 𝑞2 𝐹12
𝑟′
1 𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹21 = 𝑎 ′ 𝐹12 = −𝐹21
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 ′ 2 𝑟
𝐹21 𝑞2
𝑞1

9 × 109

𝜀0
1
𝜀0 = 10−9
36𝜋

𝑞1
𝑟1 ′
𝑞2 𝑞 •
𝑞 𝑟2 ′ 𝑟′ (𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁)
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) •

𝑟𝑁 ′ 𝑞𝑁 •
𝑞 𝜌(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁)
𝐹= 𝑎𝑟′ 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂𝑑𝜁
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟′ 2
𝑉

𝑞
𝑁
𝑞𝑘
•
𝐹= 𝑎 ′
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟𝑘′ 2 𝑟𝑘 𝑞 𝜌(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁)𝑟′ •
𝑘=1 𝐹= 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂𝑑𝜁
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟′ 3
𝑉

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1.602 × 10−19
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𝑚𝑒 = 9.1072 × 10−31

• 𝑚𝑝 = 1.6724 × 10−27
𝑚𝑛 = 1.6749 × 10−27

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10−15
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• ∞ 10−40
∞ 10−2
10−16 10−5
10−15 1

≅ 4.5 𝑚𝑒
• ≅ 2500 𝑚𝑒
≅ 338700 𝑚𝑒

≅ 9.4 𝑚𝑒
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≅ 186 𝑚𝑒
≅ 8180 𝑚𝑒

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𝑚𝑒 𝛾
𝜇 ≅ 207 𝑚𝑒 ≅ 178475 𝑚𝑒
𝜏 ≅ 3478 𝑚𝑒 ≅ 157340 𝑚𝑒

𝜈𝑒 < 4,3. 10−6 𝑚𝑒 ≅ 250000 𝑚𝑒

𝜈𝜇 < 3,4. 10−7 𝑚𝑒

𝜈𝜏 < 30,4 𝑚𝑒

• 𝐸 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑞 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑞𝐸 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝐸
𝐸 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= =
1 𝜌(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜁)𝑟′ 𝐸𝑥 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝐸𝑦 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝐸𝑧 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝐸 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂𝑑𝜁
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟′ 3
𝑉
(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)

𝑟′ = 𝑥 − 𝜉 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝜂 𝑎𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝜁 𝑎𝑧 + −
𝑟′ = 𝑟′ = 𝑥−𝜉 2 + 𝑦−𝜂 2 + 𝑧−𝜁 2

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𝑞 0, ℎ
𝑞1 𝑞2 −𝑎, 0 𝑎, 0

ℎ 𝑞

𝑟Ԧ1 ′ 𝑟Ԧ2 ′

𝑞1 𝑞2
−𝑎 𝑎 𝑥

0,0, ℎ
𝑣Ԧ0 = 𝑣0 𝑎Ԧ𝑧
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑎, 0,0 0, 𝑎, 0 𝑧=0
𝑧 𝐸𝑑 = −𝐸𝑑 𝑎Ԧ𝑦
𝑤
ℎ 𝑞
𝑧=𝐿
𝑦
𝑟Ԧ2 ′ 𝛼
𝑑0
𝑟Ԧ1 ′
𝑞2 𝑣Ԧ0 𝑑1
𝑎 𝐸𝑑 𝑧
𝑦
𝑞1 𝑎
𝑤
𝑥 𝐿

𝜌𝐿 𝜌𝐿
𝑧 𝑧

P 0,0, ℎ
P 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝜌𝐿 𝑎
𝑟′
Ԧ
𝑟′
Ԧ 𝜌𝐿
Q 0,0, 𝜁 𝑦
𝑦 𝑎
𝜙
𝑎 Q 𝜉, 𝜂, 0

𝑥 𝑥

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𝜌𝑆 𝑧

P 0,0, ℎ

𝑟′
Ԧ

𝜌𝑆 𝑦
𝜙 𝜌 Q 𝜉, 𝜂, 0