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Chemistry of Urine Analysis
Chemistry of Urine Analysis
ORGANS:
1. 1. Kidneys and lungs – main excretory organs of waste
products of metabolites
Kidneys – H2O, salts, nitrogenous substances
Lungs – CO2 and volatile substances
2. 1. Color
• • Red – hemorrhage in UT
1. 2. Appearance
• • Normal urine is clear
2. 1. Odor
• • On standing –ammoniacal
1. 2. Taste
1. D. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• • 1.008 to 1.030
1. E. pH
c. starvation
1. 1. Urea
1. 2. Uric Acid
a. b. leukemia
a. 3. Creatinine
• • Anhydride of creatinine, is thought to originate from the
creatinine of the muscles
a. 4. Chlorides
• • NaCl – chief chloride in the urine
a. 5. Phosphate
• • Derived from P –containing foods: casein, nucleoproteins
and phospholipids
a. 6. Sulfates
• • Derived from oxidation of S-containing amino acids (Cys,
Cyi1 met)
a. 7. Ammonia
1. 1. Glucose: GLYCOSURIA
• • Normally, very small amount in urine not enough to give a
positive (+) result for Fehling’s and Benedict’s tests
1. 2. Proteins: (PROTEINURIA/ALBUMINURIA)
• • Indication of impaired kidney functions, such as nephritis and
nephrosis
1. 4. Blood
• • RBC (hematuria) – caused by lesions in either the kidney or
urinary tract
1. 5. Bile
• • Normally excreted in the feces
• ϖ Pus and Casts by infection in the kidneys or the urinary tract may
also be present in urine