THE OXFORD SERIES IN ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING Adel, Seta Sis Ein Allen and Holberg, CMOS Analog Ciel Design, 2nd Eton Bobeo, Fumento rl Engines sng Zid Ean ‘Bunya Rotets Ar Tacon o Mie Signal IC Tet and Measurement Campbell, The Secnce and Enginering of Merclectronic Fabrication, nd Eton {Ghee Signa ond Syste tt Fon Come, Digital Ig nd State Macine Design. 3rd ition (Comer, Miempmesevor hase Siam Desi ‘Congr ant MeCilem. Probable Methods of Sina and Site Anat, nd Eton DDeCario and Lin, Linear ira Anat, 2d Elton Dimi Understanding Semiconductor Devices Forney, Principles of Elecronic: Analog & Digital Franc, Blcrc Circuits uadanertals Ghous Eletone Devices ond Crit: Discrete and Integrated ‘Gara and Hig, Electric Machinery nd ansormer, sd Editon Hout, Signal Analy Linear ystems Jones, atindcton to Upc! MberCammunicaron Systems ‘ren, ements of Power tiecronics uo, Digital Com System, Bion Liar Syotems and Sigal, 2d Eton cin Dig nd Analg Comsat uh Signa! Mowcasing nd Linco Seems Marin, Digi! Igrted Ce Desgn Mino Line and Electromagnetic Pel fo Bgnoere Patani, Computer Aime ahead Gra, SPICP. Yl Fiton Roane, rsaduton 1 the Physics of Semiconductor Devices Sia, Elements of Elecnmaente. 3d Edition ‘Sanin,Stubterd, and Host, Dial Cone Sytem Design, 2ed Eton ‘Sarma, Ftracton to Elecical Engineering ‘Schaumann and Vn Valkenburg, Design of Analog Filters Setar ad Olam, Elecricel Brineving: An lnrduction, 2nd Eton ‘Sedrm an Sit, Mlcrelecoie iets, 3 ation Stefani, Sivan, Satan bd Howe, Design of Peeback Couto! ystems, sh Eaton Tsivds, Open and Modeling oj me US fronsstor 2nd Baon Yan Vaeabuzg antog Pier Design ‘Warner and Gang, Semiconductor Device Becton oho, dent: Cont Sena Dak, Sons and Control FIFTH EDITION MICROELECTRONIC CIRCUITS Adel S. Sedra University of Waterloo Kenneth C. Smith University of Toronto Now York Oxford 2004SEs ha ec Nw (Copighc © 1982, 197, 199,198,204 by Oxf Univesiy Pes, ns ‘lest, chance pceping serge erect i a apieao tee vi m mh acest ee ‘gps id ces, ld rans ce geal cee mechan a ‘Setups woe bag target 2S Pisan eaten of O4T er 3h he ya ‘evieateer—ising miootve i ool and ws Gace deal econ GPS aca an ee SESSA ie ec i pa {HEE ora a Soh. Cw ol 3p 1-860, Dceer 2, iy psc a TSC 214 Pogson Cae. poi ot Gee boo aay Deve ons: Pols eae sia ees PREFACE sc! APART | DEVICES AND BASIC CIRCUITS 2 Introduction to Electronics Operational Amplifiers 62 Diodes 199 MOS Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETS) 239 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BITs) 377 ANALOG AND DIGITAL INTEGRATED. BA_PARTIi CIRCUITS 542 © Single-Stage integrated-Circult Amplifiers 545, 7 Differential and Multistage Amplifiers 627 8 Feedback 791 8 Operational-Ampliiar and Date-Converter Cireuite 977 10 Digital CMOS Logie Circuits 949 BLPARTIN SELECTED TOPICS 1010 11 Memory and Advanced Digital Circuits 1019 12 Fitors and Tuned Amplifiers 1003 19. Signal Generators and Waveform-Shaping Circuns 14 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 1229 APPENDIKES 1 VLSIFabieatonTetnology A B wo-Pon Netwok Params Bo © Sone Useful Network Thorens. oF D ShgleTine Constant Crevts Det E sDonain Aras: Pole, Zeros, snd Bode Pts +4 F Bopacny Standard Rescanca Ves and Unit Prfias G1 HH. Ansuors to Selected Probie H-1 INDEX WWer 1165AL_PAaRT | DEVICES AND BASIC CIRCUITS 2 1 Imtroduction to Electronics 5 Inttion La signals 6 12 tregoeneyspesrum of signals 7 13 alogand Lng signals 10 1 Ampuines 13 TH sla Ampcanea 13 1S Expesing Gann Decibels 15 146 The plier Power Sappes | 16 147 Ani Sutton 18 1.5. Cicuit Models for Amplifiers 29 153 Omer Amplifer Tes 27 15 Relais Berosn Four Amplic Male 27 1.6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 37 Tb Mestrng the Ampir egy Reqrme Sf Us? Amir Bai 32 1s evlutng be Feguency Response oc Ampunes 3 164 Sg Tite Conn es 29 12 Digattagetmenes 172 The Voie Tarfr Chrceciio VTC) 173 Nowe Main La Teele VTC 13 gener Inpemesiion 18 Cicsit Simulation Using SPICE 9 robles 52 2 Operational Amplifiers 62 Introduction 62 21 thea p Amp 2303 Ratchet shMa Gps "6s 2113 Dileenial andCoemon Me Sins 67 212 Thelvering Conaursion 65 $21 The ChsedogpGae “89 22:2 Elles of Fine Ope-Lop Gain 71 223 tptanc Unt ests 72 ‘Cofgwaion 78 “ 233 Bett Fite OpenLacp Ga 78 234 Tae Vatupe oliver 79 28 viteence Amiens. 81 2AUASADE Opa Des Ape #2 25 estate Ojsrtay Gaol Danilo 251 Frequency Depnicee ofthe Open Loop ain 89 2.52 Frenency Resse of CslLoap Ampibes 91 26 Large-Sianal Operation of Op Amos 94 2.61 OuputVtgeSaraion 9 242 Outpt Caen Lis De nperestins 98 28 Inpro nd Tieotistrs 705 283 TheOp-Anp Difrentaot 122 29. The SPICE Op Amp Mode! and Simulation Examples "0.0 Liste Marmol “118 summary 122 Problems 125 3 Diodes 139 31 Thole Diodo 140 “SLT Canent-votugeChatenste 140 S12 Spe spa me Reer14t 442 ‘Terminal Characteristics of Junction Diodes 147 SEI Ihe rorwse His Rion 522 Teekevenei Repon 192 38. Modling the Diode Parwasd Catanesisic 153 332 Graal Amase ng te Eepoeatl Mods 154 333 erie Aas sine he Espn Me 82 334 TheNewd erRapd Anas 158 S35 The Peceise ine Model 158 330 Mecancan.vtage Dap Moe 157 YVoiuge Reason ot? 3310 Sune 168 34 Operation nthe Reverse Breakdowa Regon— 2hoes Dae 107 342 Cle Zoerane Sha Regu ee 343 Tempe Fase 78 St Amal Renate 17 AS Rectifier Cite 177 331 Theli-WaveRecter 172 352 TheFulWane Reser 74 “S35 InebnidgeReter “176 355 Prom Hal. ave Rosier ‘he Soper Bde “758 36 Limiting nd Clamping Greits 184 "S51 Line Greis 184 Sou eum Capstorer DC Keser 187 37 Physical Operation of Diss 190 4379 Thepe lms ner Ops Cot Capos 96 373 Thepe uncon User Revene in Coraone 100 4374 Ther usin nthe eee Resin 3 375 Tp ning Uni Fr Bis 38 Speci Diode Typer 300 382 Vancis 210 383 Phoonk 210 5184 Lisi Emig Diodes LEDS) 217 39 The SPICE Diode Model and Simuiton Examples 212 39.1 The Doe Mol 212 4 MOS Fieid-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 295 Ininviction 795 $1 Dove Sawe atPisa peon0 4117 Opera witXe Gate Voge 288 415 Chine han tr nt ae 28 414 Apnlvine Smal e239 4.15 Operations seca 240 4416 Deaton a he sp Relatiosip 248 129 opting te MO Taine 49 Curent Vattage Charsctoitoe 248 $22 Thee Chratersce 240 422 Fine Onur Resistance Sarton 262 424 Chace the Chm! MOSFET 256 425 Ie oleh SubrteThe By Et 258 4126 Tempeenre nec 259 43 MOSFET Circuits at DC 262 4 The MOSFET ar an Arplifir nd aa Switch 270 “141 Large Sig! Operon The Pane Chance 37F 1442 Gal Deaton th Tne Charenie 9 483 Opes ae aS 274 44 Operation Line Apier 274 4449 Aafia Pepsin forth Taf Chrceitic 275 $56 AFiutRamthon ping 230 “yjrent Conga 453 Bisng Using Din Gate Fcc Resor 284 4134 Bsn Using « Const Cure Source 288 Sus Sigal Operation and Maxels 287 4164 Serine DC Atuss sh Signal Anas 200 4465 Small Signal Eqivalen-Ciclt Males 290 466 The Transcend 292 430) ine fugue Crest Mogel 298 il Stage MOS Anipltins 299 472 Characterising Ample 100 433 TheGonsenSouse CS) Ampifer206 447A The Commo Sauce Angier witha Soue Resaoce 3094679 tom Commenrme iy nner 44 6 Remon tins its a8 48 The MOSER Intomal Capacitance: and High Prgascy Model 220 482 Th onton Captures 222 4483 The Higheegueecy MOSPLT Model 222 4154 The MOSFET Unigy-Gin Eenengy Uf) 324 49) FrojencyKespons ofthe CS Ample 26 402 Mh lige oqoony Rene 328 494 ABal Rew aa ° 410 The CMOS Disial Lovie Inverer 36 “4104 Creu Opesion 537 6402 The Voluge Taser Chante 339 ‘S13 Dyoame Operation | 2 {85 Carey opto ss AL The Depletion Type MOSIET. 346 4LI2 The SPICE MOSTET Ml and Shania Example 392 Summary 359 Prokleme 2 5 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTS) 977 Inteshision 277 2 Doe Suutine wat Fiysisl Operon $78 512 Opin cps anoint te Me 380 54 Thebes Mall (EVD Model 297 513 Opersonin the Soon Me 390 516 Thepyp Tresor 390 52 Current-Votage Characteristics 392 Deen ico be Caen Vlage aly 524 TheConno-EninerChacteristcs 401 525 Train reakdnvn e dao simmey 7 53 The BIT asa Ampliieranaasa Switch 407 251 Lane Sil path eras 10 534 Operon asa Saitch 10 54 BITGirtsst DC 20 3.9 Busing n BIT Amphiier Circuits 436 $53 Biting Using» Colictorao-Base Feedback Restor 447 ‘36 SmallSignal Operation and Models 443 $562 Ths Base Comes anh Input Resistance Wiebe W 363 The Emer Cent an the Inpt Resistance ‘565 Senanting the Sia and he DC Owais 448 566 The ivbriés Model 448 567 The TModel 49 ‘868 Applicaton ofthe Smal-Sigmal Equivalent Circuits 480 Do feo ao Abyss Ley oe $6.10 Augmenting he Sl Signal Modelo Account forthe Ely et 56.1 Summary 458 3.) Single-Stage BIT Amplitess 460 572 Chuscising BIT Auli 451 £72 The Cones Eit €O)pas 407 Resse 470 " 1575 The Coeaoon-Base (CB) Augliier_ 478 ‘576 The Coenoon-Clleso (CC) Arp ce 58 The RIT normal Copcitnces nt High Frequency Model 485 “G81 The ne Cnaping ve Deion Captian, SR? The Bise-EniterJotcon Casein C6 583 The Coleco anton Capcsancs Cy 487 EAA TheHighPeqeay Way Mode? S83 IneCutt Paquey a8? 59 Treguntey Reyne of tre ComnianeCaites Auplifier 92 393 TheLow reqs Regomse 97 594 AFin Remark 300 510 The Basic BF Distal LosicInvener 503 $101 The Volnge Tse Churericie 508 5:02 Senoed Von Nowaured BIT Dial ists S5 SL The SPICE BJT Model and Simulation Fxampls 507ANALOG AND DIGITAL INTEGRATED Wi parr RCTS See 6 Single-Stage Integrated-Circuit Amplifiers 545 Tnodueion 545 61 1CDesien Philosooby 546 (62 Comparison ofthe MOSFET andibe BIT S47 ‘S21 Typical Values of MOSTET Parcs 517 8922 Type Veer of CYT Purana (623 Companion of porate 50 63 Je Bissigo-—Curent Sours, Crrnt Minors and CunetStering Circus 362 (631 The Basic MOSFET Curt Source S62 gz Muna stnne Cina ss 64 MigheFroyiciny Reyanne Cera Considerations $71 4 To lighten) Canons 372 Daun jy 578 (44 Millers Tee" 578 (65 Ie Commor-Souce and Commr-Emitor Ampifes with Active Loe 2 653 TheCommonenicer Cit Sa 66 High-Frequency Responds ofthe CS ane CR Amplifiers Set (G6. Ania Use Miles There 89 {662 Amis Using Opn Cie Tive Consus 590 663 Ext Amys 5 Sk Acsping e Forma forth Cafe Ce Ample 395 665 Te Stata When ls Lim S97 67 ac Cn Gale il Conta Anis wi S671 The Common ase Ampiier «00 672 TheConmaSase Anplier 610 623 AConlang Remsrt613 68 TheCascode Amplifier 613 ‘ORI TheMOSCacude 61d RZ Frequency Keone he MUS Casco 618 586 TheFolded Cade 027 G87 BICMOS Cases 8 (09 Ihe CS.and Ce Ampiiers win Soure (Emer) Degeneration 629 9.1 Tec Ample win asouce Rene 20 630 The Sass wi East Plens 23 (105 The Enter Follower 39 6.1L Some Usefl TransistorPuirines | 642 ‘SILI The CD-CS,CC-CE ad CD-CE Cofiutions 642 S112 The Dasiaaia Canguaion 65 S113 Thece-ChandeD C6 cenguations 646 61 Cugent-stror Cucuis wath Improved 6123 The Wilton Caren Minor 657 6124 The Witor MOS Mienr | 657 (6125 The Wil Curate "652 613 SPICE Simaion Examples 456 ‘Summary 665, Problems 666 7 Differential and Multistage Amplifiers 6¢7 Inuoduction 657 "LL. Opin wi Cons Mod aut Wofage 55 1d Operation mia Dior ait Voge 60 143 Engel Oya 3 Sul Signl Opt te MOS Ditecaial Pas 696 (cna 79 * 13 TheBITDieenal Pair 704 "TR Basic Operation | 704 732 LareSial Opeiton 707 73.3 Sasi Open 77 7k Other None Coarse of tere ‘Smptser 220 “A lpi fe Vlge ofthe MOS Dieta Pale 720 1742 lp Othe Voie of he BiglaDllesl Pae723 1743 lou Bs and Ose Curent ofthe Boa Pair 725 144 lpm Common Moe Range 726 143 ACmelug Remark 726 19 ‘The Diferetal Amplier with Active Load 727 "54 Dileeanao-Suge-kadegCnveson 727 MoS Pair 78 1.54 Common Moe Guin sn MRR 732 155 Telia Dieta Pai with Active Load 7396 ny Frequeney Response ofthe Diferesial Amplifier 740 “Te Anlese the Resse Leaded MOS Ampliir 7182 Analy fhe Atv Ldod MOS Apier "740 Mutusge Ampuiers 747 TDA IwOSHEELMUS UpAmp 799 323 ADpanrOp sup 29 SPICE Simulation Example 767 Sunmnaty 723 Paiileun 775 8 Feedback 791 86 89 The Genera Feedback Statue 792 ‘Some Properties of Negative Feeback 79 “The Four Race Fhack Tagore” 708 31 Vola Anolis 799 532 Cone Amplies 799 $33 Trmscondocunce Ampliios 90 34 Tras Ampitenav2 ‘the denes-Spunt Feeback Amphiier 302 “The Series Serie Feedback: A 852 Tie Protil Coe 612 53 Sinmary 326 ‘The Shnt-Shut and Shut-SsiesFodback Ampito G3 Ta san Save Coiguton 22 17) An Atemathe Apps oF AB 831 172 Beale Che fom eek Fomview we se nuiny Problem. 384 ‘ec of Fastback on the Arpier Poles 836 01 Seti mi Palette 897 393 Anwliirwid Shale Pl Response | 888 808 Ati vid Tvo-PoeRespese 839 89.5 Arpliian ith Thre o More Pas "2 10 sana uy Lang Ho no 8 811 Beguoney Compensation BA ILI Thcog” 850 112 mpemenstion | 85 [LES Miller Compension nd Pol Spliting 882 812 SPICE Simulation Example 855 Summary 859 Problems 860 9 Operational-Amplitier and Data-Gonverter Circuits 477 94 Te TwoStage CMOS Op Amp. 72 {La en Regene 76 15 Senta 9 92 The Folte-Cacote CMOS Op Amp 8K} SOI Tecra 50 5122 Com Mg ang ans Oot oC 325 Soria 53 (ening pt Com Mae Rage: RUSSO 0 27 i ey Br 93. The741 Op-Amp Cieat 899 1 Bsr 332 Sone Pion Ciiny 95 533 Relig Sage 8 325 Messy ns 25 tems Ae, 24 DC Asay ofthe 9 542 tet Sue Bas 99 S43 lpr Oe Canes 902 514s tpt tir Vtage 302 915 ap Common se Rage te Scien 95 Sia Sig rag othe 712 905 952 The Sense? 983 Reowmsnes 912‘i, egueney Kespons, apd Sew Kaze ore HL 7 Sit Susi! Ou 907 | Die Pees Rens 17 Gee Aili Ml O18 963 Rebtosip Betcesj and SR $20 9:7 DataConvercrs—Aa Intron 922 2 Digi Pwessing fils 922 52 Sampling Aig Sinls 922 920s Sail uanuzaton928 98 DIA ComenerCiraits 925 981 Dac Cnt Ung Diy Wee Ress 938 983 APrcical Cre lplemenation 927 984 Conent ices 928 99 ND Converter Circuits 929 991 TheFeibuck-TypeComenee 929 30.4 The Cage Redtbuton Convener 932 940 SPICE Simon Csple 204 10 Digital CMOS Logic Circuits 940 Tnrotucion 949 101 Digi Circuit Design: An Overview 950 TOLL! Dial Technologies and Lie Chew Famies 980 1012 LogeCicut Chateatin 82 1013 Sees for Digi Sem Design 954 10.18 Design absacon a Camper Ah 999 102 Design and Pettorance Analysis ofthe CMOS Leer 985 1024 Dynamic Rover Dsaion 962 103 CMOS Lovic-Gate Cuts 968 1031 Bas Sacre 963 1032 TheTwolkpatNOR Gate 946 1033 The Twolpat NAND Gate 946 1034 AConplt Gate 967 1038 Tnsor Soi 970 1039 Eso Fala sod Fu Out on ropagion Delay 973 104 Pseudo-NMOS Logic Creuits 974 Tht) ThePaeuin NOS nsenee 974 1044 Bonn Opetin 1nd Cae Cree 980 1047 Canela Remarks 90 105 Pass- Transistor Lope Circuits 982 151 An set Deon Regione 983 1032 Opetaion wi NMOS TransstorsoSwishes 1046 Dynan Logic Ccits 991 162 Noida fs 99 1063 Demino CMOS Lope 96 Toe Cenclcing Renan 988 107 Spice Simlation Example 998 Summary 1002 Problems 1092 PART Ill SELECTED TOPICS 1010 11 Memory and Advanced Digital Circuits 1013, Fouodusion 1013 111 Lathes and Fis 1014 Ti) Thetach 1018 112 TheSilp op sas 10153 Cus impeaenatonot SK Fp-Heps 1016 1115 Dinan Cis 1019 11.2 Malioitator Ceuits 1022 1121 ACMOS MonosableCiost_ 122 1022 As AvubieCreait M26 1023 TheRingOsioe 1027 118. Semeonautor Memenes types and Architectures 1028 TH. Memony-CipOrnizton 1028 His RapiourAueces Meany (RAM) Cally 2081 118. Sonor Ample Aes Dacre 1088 1152 TheRow Ades Deoter| 16 1153 The Columa-Addies Desde 1048 11.6 Reai-Only Memory ROM) 1046 Th) AMOS ROM 1007 HE ROMs(SROM aod EFRON) 1040ng 12 ters aa ns 16 a fsmimer Couples Lone wey ue Hit Tbe Rin Tose 1125 Fan Ow 100) 126 Sprott Opention an Sigal Tansison 1062 123 Powe Disiton 1063 no 1223 An Aemaine Teneo Bia Siagle Amplifier Biguadrais Active kere 125 1282 Ian heap Sigel 138 1283 Genet of Egil Fatback Loops 1130 Sensitivity 113 Meg nem 1d 1210 SwichaCarctor Files 1236 E23 Be MiGeOR Ci TH101 Tease Pome. 6 isi 12103 Petal Croat 1137 BiCMOS Digi Cute 1067 {nd aa Rent 1 1143 Dre eon 09 2A Ta Anis ay 143 BICWOS Loi Cues 170 pre eriane SPICE Siruation Example 1071 12113 theetnrmee Ds Summary 1076 12114 Aries ith Mali Tael Cres 145 Problems 1077 12113 twrenwd nde CO-CHCacade 146 12118 Symons Tring 1107 fand Tuned Ampiiers 1089 {UCT Sas tonag a 12.2 SPICE Smulon Exmpes 1152 Teediton 7082 Senna ee trusmusion, ype ape specication 1084 Pronems 139 191 Flr Specter 1a 13. Signal Generators And Waveform-Shaping Circuits 1165 Finn to 131 Basic Pincines of Simuscial Oscillators 1166 121 Thou Fr 101 Bip TBI The Ore ap 116 it Order and Socon-Oner er Futons 1098 114 Moussa roa 11 124) FistOner Fis 1098 12.42 Sod: Oxe Fier Fanon: 1100 ‘The Second Orde LCR Resosor 1706 Ba 184 Reto oft Highs Fetion 18 1285 Reale ofthe Beds Fanon 108 1256 Realato of te Noah Functions 1110 133 1285 Reale oft AllPe ancon 1101 ‘Second-Order Acie Filters Based on Inductor ise Replacement 1113 1264 TeAlPoeGicat T8 Sci Order Asie Fes Raa onthe Two-tepn op Topology 1220 TE Deiewionof he TwosnegaeLop Bias 120 1212 Gieul inpleneaion 122 TB Aopen Chou or Aries Conta 160 Op np RC Onan Coie 1522 The Phe Shi Oil 1174 1822 The Quatre Oster 176 1824 The Acie Be Ted Osellate 1177 [a9 Atma Remar 19 Cana Cyst Uses 179 134.3 Trngerig te Bistble ica 1187 1344 Toeinble Citar Memory Bement 1188 1348 A Rouble Cee wih Noniverng Teer faa 1247 Ning Rona Lovie Moe Pie 120\Gencragon tur nd angular Waveforms Ung ANDI 13S Ops ft Able Makin 192 Maisto "1196 free negrated Circuit Timers 1198 IST TheSSS Civ 108 1572 Inpienerting Monosle Movi sage SSC 1199 [3 Anas Morse sgt 8811207 Domlinar Waveforn-Shapeng Cuca 120s ISA ToeBreakposr Memo 1208 Pecisoe Recife Cults 120% 1392 An Alene Cacait1208 1393 An Applaion: Mess AC Voss 1209 1394 Presonus Rewer 1210 1893 A Pecin Bdge Rect for intention Apia 1212 SPICE Sinlatin Examples 2224 Problems 1220 14 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 1229 Ma M2 Ma Intoduction 1229 sition of Out Ses 1230 (hss A Oso Se "120 "a Tame Chie 120 1422 Sgmd Went 1238 1625 fwerDaniaion 123 {224 towercomen nowy 128 Siren ak Option" 36 1434 PowerDisingion 1238 135 Relay sve Dion 240 1435 Soe Spy Open Da Css AB Ouput Stage 1247 141 ie Open 120 12 Gupte ee ining de Chev AB Cu 1244 183 ang ang ee Mair 1306 1462 Themal Resisance 1249 7 es The it ering hea BSL 1466 Parnete Vas of Power Tess 1255 ‘Varitonon theClass AB Configuration 1256 TH User lp Fates Flowers 1286 1473 Shoe Cc Peon 1259 Cromer ampuines. 1201 1433 Power Op Arps 1348 UUs Totes Super 74S 1492 Chances of Power MOSFETS 1248 1695 Teper lacs 1260 1494 Compson wa BITS. 1260 Summary 1276 Problems 1277 A VLSI Fabien Teel AT 8 TwoPeeNerwar Paraneiee B+ 1 Sngerme consi crous O-1 Daman Anais: Pos, Za05 ard Bose Pots 7 botogneny #7aise mueroelecrie Gest, fis iy yen a 25 Sut ci nj lected ta corpse cnineesng could Svonpvecs and eer posionl wishing to wpa ei nomad thr salu "As wes deco wit fit four edilane, he objective of thi oto develop inthe seas tn by fo salsa design lvoe cit, heh aaa td ipa. dire {ha tntgrted Whi application of intend nie x ever expbass is laced on Trnsvior iit design. This done because of orl ht even if the major of those ‘rying the book were oo to purse wearer in TC desig, knowledge of whats isi the {Cpiekape would enibleiatelizent and innovate appieaon of such chips, Furthermore, ‘vith the vances in VIS technology an design maodology, IC desig sets becoming Aoesible tat cressng number of engineers PREREQUISITES "The promise fr stying th materi in his hook isa ist course in ict analysis. AS ‘eviews some inca cits material incled ere in appenins:specfealy,o-part ‘etwor parameter in Appendix B: seme useful network theorems in Appendix C; singe Time-coostent cies in Appendix Dz as ¢-domain analysis in Appendix No orion ote of pial ecttonis assumed, Al ogued device physics iced, and [Appendix A provides abit deserpion of 1C fabian, NEW TO THIS EDITION Ath the philosophy an pearosial approach ofthe fist four eon have been ‘stain. several hanses hae ben made to both osization and coveags, 1. The bh hay nt sang ts cepts, Par Te Devs Basie Cie Compone of te fot five chpter provides a coborent apd risonahly comprehen. Sve single semestar introductory come in elaetoncs. Similar art Analog and igi Itoguted Cee (hepns 1) pout a oy of ter suitable fra Fond onsen corer Fal, fl lly ohne subjects are inked it Dr Sole Topics, Those can be ws 6 enhancements or sibsttuons for sore ofthe matria in eattier eeges as esoures or jet or thesis work, andor ‘pee a hideous, Esch chat is egunzed so tht he oven ioe” pina laced ist Sd the mace sees mater apear Tes. This allow considerable exit in teaching on lari rm he Book, 2, Chaps 4, MOSPET, and Chapter SIT, hye heen commletely itn, te. ane beach ser The MOST hace fed fit {fot the fat thot ier thet signa elcronics device bya wie ma {in However, des the BIT can be covered fis. Alo, the Men suctire of There oper kos ncn and learning ou te second device easier and ise4. Tosmake the first course comprchensiv, both Chapes apd 9 cto materia on plier an gta loge eres. tn addon, the fequency response of the basic ommoe-source (emmmon-maiter) apr is weed. This i posta fw a= ‘ens who might oe ake a second couse it eects. 5. A ew chapter on integrated cet 1C) amples (Chapter 6) aes. 1 Degas ‘vith 2 comprehensive comparison between the MOSFET und te BJT. Typle! parumoter ales of devices produces ty modem submicron fabrication prec e [ver and tice in the examples, exerses and ero cape utc The sly ‘teach mpi conguratim nals io heyein tesporse. This should mae he Sy of mpi rages expose more ineresing and omcwhat esi, 6 The material on ier and sage amples an Chap as been een to pest the MUSPEL dere Pur is Her as Ue exami, eerie ed Problems ave Deen expat psc w lee pace alos space modem subir eli. 17, Tvoughout be book, rater cmpasis spaces on MUSH eats {8 Tosmake room for new mae, sme of the tis tt have become less cure soxhas IFETs and TTL, or have emained highly specialized, suchas GaAs devices tnd icuts ave been removed fom the book. However, hey are made waa on the CD aosompanying he book and ca the bok's WeDste, 9, Asa sty id and for csy referee, many summary tables have ben ae. Jo. Thereview exercises, examples and endofchater problems have been update and sheinaumbers and wri inerease, 1. The SPICE scan hae bon ton al he SPICE example ns lie sche ric ony. To enable rer experimentation, te files for all SPICE examples ae ‘rovided onthe CD and webs THE CD-ROM AND THE WEBSITE {A CD-ROM accom this boo. I contin much weal supplementary iformsion and ‘eri ited a eich the dens eaing experienc. Tes include (I) Student's [Eton of OrCAD PSpice 922 (2) The input es for ll the SPICE examples inthis book {G)A lnk tothe bok’s website acessingPowedPoint ses of every figure in his book ht Students can pit and cay To cls ofits king note (4) Bonus ext tera ot spe Cinlzd opis ot soverdin the eu etn othe textook. ese mcd: JETS, Gas ‘dvices a eeuis and TTL exes ‘we forte Dok fas nee Set up (QW STATO). Gone wi as ‘requey to eet new developments ne Gee eres SPICE nae a Ms For Ail FSpice examples, inks wo aga kd weadeic wees of intest and a message ‘ener commas wis tie uae Tse ab ask othe Higher Easton ‘Oxted Universi Prone mers oa oe EMPHASIS ON DESIGN ‘Sven configuration Th emphasis on dng bas boo nse in thie ton hy icing fo dsgn evamples, sere pcklems and ei chaptn poke Tes eres and endof-haner poblems that are considered "design vente” ae indsted with aD. Als, the mos valuable design ai, SPICE is ipa euphou te book, as alway outline, EXERCISES, END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS, AND ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS Lover 40 exercises ae inept nung de al The ans cach exerci given fiw he ease sv sen a iesk Gis utting of the mats sad Selsng these enercince shold canbe te sear to gauge hi or ha grasp ofthe omeding Shei te ation, moe than 1370 eno shaptarproblers, about thie of which are tow ods won provides, The peblama ge kyo nvidia etine ad heir {ges of ety fen hy sing epeon Ala erbleme are marked With as Sis (moni pol with wo asterisks (a ey eile onsming) pbs wi hee asterisks (2). We must admit however, th this ls ‘ain shy tn eane exit Ouran no doubt had depended to some degre on our think ine tan nna! a he time a pariclar oben was create Answers to about al the problems re given in Appendix H, Complete solutions forall exercises and problems are Ficled in the Instructor's Manual wich aval ras the publisher for thos ins tors who apt the Book. “Asin the previous four eons, many examples ae include. The examples, an indeed ‘most the problems ad exercises ae bus on eal ezcus and antpate e appleanns encountered in designing elie cucuts. I edo continues he we of mune ar tion steps inte gues for many examples, a an anemp 1 recreate Ue dyaumis of he ‘ecu request Tum many uf ie tes wh an ca ons of the Book ecm solve pubis To sais tis ocd book of aldoaal probleme with oltone naval wil is eiion et is of ewalbl nce lt in his poac). AN OUTLINE FOR THE READER The book srs wil an int vdaton tothe Basic concepts of clestonic ia Chapter 1 Sig tly Us Crue opt tulog and gal fro re prevented. Ampliiers oETateuced itt bling Socks an thse varour type and model ected ‘The ‘She mea of ial electron the gl Lg voor, tine ter of ts obage- ‘fansler chests, and ie vaso implementations wing voltage and caret sithes [Sr cleo Thie rho alm ose ome ote frmnnoey and Conventions used "The next four chapters are devoted othe study of estrone devices and basi cireits and conte te blk of Pat ofthe ex, Chap 2 els wih operational amplifies hie ‘erminlcharacteistics, simple ection, a imitations. We have chosen to isu the ‘op ap a eet aiding lok at this early stgesimpy Because iti a da with tnd tease the student can experiment with opamp circu thst peor non tasks tit lative ease and with sense of accomplishment We have Found ths approach be highly motivating tothe stint We sould post ou,noweve, tht parc alo hs chap ter canbe skipped and sie a ar sae fr astance mn songncion with Ces 7 (Chapter anor nape 9) sh 010s of eonnny. “Chap devo fe study of te mot untae ecuook eve the pm jae tion de The code teminal crests aa is rare of modes and bess eetseat rnersce ppc ae presceo Towaderand the pyc operation fhe dade and indeed of ME MOSEET athe BIT, «conse but substantial ineducon to secon a the fotos povided. This tip onthe endfor Seton 97) hat Beate tye he hips then ohn hunny hc rn pie eet. ‘Chapin deal with he two maior leone devices the MOS feltfot war sie (MOSFET) and the bpoae junsion tansistr (BIT) especively. The two chapters hve an identical structure and are comple independent ofeach eer and ts, can be covered in ihe ode, Each canter besin wih asad ofthe device strustre and is ‘physical operation, leading io deserpion fis terminal crates. Then, to esalsh Fhe reser igh depres of familia with the operation ofthe transistors cuit ce men, «large umber of examples are presented of do ccs wlizing the vie. The Tange signal operation ofthe basic ommon source commor-emit) ecu then tied and usd to deta the relon over wach the device canbe se ines mpi rom those regions where cane wed 4 2 SWI, This Takes clear e need fr Wiasng We trassior an Teds natural 0 the tay of basing mets. A his pn he ising tmetods woe ae nny fo acc iad al TC ai to Chas 6 Fen, sualigua apa ys ail malaga cl tc delve This fo owed ty «any ofthe tase configurations of detect amplifier. The inter poi lft tat init he high foquency eration of tetra then ted, Sd the high oguncy etalon cist sel een. Th eel i then eed to {crm te igh feqoeney msponse fs samnion snr (Commoner pir [Ae well. the law-equney responce resaing from the use of coupling and bypes capac tere cao praca. The hase digital ogic inverter circuits then sted Bot chapters ‘role ih sul fhe anssor mols se in SPICE tones with ciuisimalation ‘ramps using Spice, This descotion should indie hat Chapters 4 and 5 comin the ‘ssc mater fr fst cous in eeconics. ‘Par I: Analog and Dial Integrated ica (Chapters 6-10) begins with &compre- hensive compilation snd comparison of th properties ofthe MOSFET and the BIT. The Comparisons faite bythe provision of typical parameter vale of dvies fabricated ‘vith modem proces technologies. Following 2 sty of ising methods employed mn 1C "mpi design (Secon 6.3), some baste ckground materia forte anal} Che fequeney ampier response (Section 6.4), the varius cofgurations of single-stage IC ‘mpiiers ae prsenied ia sjtematc manter.ncac es, the MOS cus penuted Some ep gunn at ld sine a a igh-ieyocacy response of the parla emplifie eonfgwation. Agoinswe belive tht {hn “sit study of fogensytepons inspite tational approach f poston re Stlaed mater including vanced coest-miror ed sret-snne omer placed {ihe econ haf of the chat ling te endrt kip seme of thc tial nist ‘ating The chapter should pve meee perio fe eh stl ofsaloz The stud of IC smpifies is coaiued in Chater 7 where the enpbasis i on two major ‘opis ilfrentiluphier ad mulistage amplifies. Here agai, te MOSFET dferen- ‘il pairs ete ir, Also fequency responses discussed where nese, incang inthe to examples of molstage amplifies Chapter § deals wih he imprtar pic of feedback. Practical ici applications of negative feedback are presente, We also iscas he tality problem in feedeack amp rsand eat rsquensy compensation in some deta, ‘Chapor 9 ntegrts the material on analog IC design pont inthe preceding tne hater aap it th nase ad design of wo jr analog IC uncon blake fp tips ant data reorore Rach CMO. and ipl ap ape ar ao The dae Chere ston pride rsa nthe ny of dal MOR ln vite n Chaar 0 ‘Chapter 10 builds on the iatodacton to CMOS lone cies io Seton $10 and Includes a caefully sled set of topics on sate sd yale CMOS logic cies that ‘ound out the study of analog and dg Cs in ar The sty of etl citi contin inthe fit of the four sect topis chaers ‘at comprise Pat I. Spesticaly, Chapter 11 deals with moor nd elated ics, sich latches, fips, a monosbl snd sale mlivibrators. Ae wel, oo somewhat pe lized but Sinica digital creat technologies ae sted: emer oped logic (ECL) fd CMU, tne two egal caper (1 and 1) tgeier iu he carer mata on "ole sos epee a We Tr SNE eo eal Ca "The next wo chapters of Fa I, Chay 12a 13, se pcan or ys io (Chapt 12 is orto hc ly gc dni atl a pa. 13 re seat a ty of sould onlin, wave gists a ssn Sipe ‘onig cents The last chapter f the hook, Chapcr 14, dae wth various tyes of amplifier ouput strane Theil design esti nt evample of 1 power ample ne eee “Tha aight appendeescentin mh wef hark el wish to draw the read’ aenton in paricuar to Appendix A. which provides 3 conse Jnvoducion othe inpotat tape of Caan technology inline TC 90M COURSE ORGANIZATION ‘The bok contains sutcent tena oa Sequence of wo sgl semester courses (achat 4010 50 lecture nous). Ibe organization abe 00k prones contacrale eX 39 ‘usc desig owing, we suggest rations posses forte ow oe, The First Course “The most obvious package fe the fs couse consists of Chasers I thruh S However i ‘imei imited, some oral ofthe following ston canbe postpone othe see ere: 16,17,26,27,28,36,38,48,49, 410,411, 58, 89, and 10- Wis alo quite posible ‘© omit Chapa 2 aliogeter from this cous, Alo st spoil to concentrate onthe [MOSHI (Casper 4) and cover te BUT (Chapter 3) only partly andor mare quickly {Coverng Cnapler>througniy and Caper 4 nly paral anor moe quckly is aso possible Sachot recommended An cael analog st couse sao possible Ong Section 1.7, 4.10, and 310.4 gall etme fst couse also poste. I would cone iso th alow seus, L121, oh L, 18,31, 32,33, 94, 37,46 42.43 1, 5by 52 33,5, 5.10, 3, al Chaps 10, mal etd pi (Chapter 11 Also, itn permite some material from Chaps 3 on op amps woul be ani Eke [An encelet pace beg the second cout s Chapter 6 where Section 6:2 an serves. & review of te MOSFEI and BIT charcenstes, Jel, the sesond course Would cover‘Chape: though 10(cruming of south theft sourse covered Chapter: th 9 IW ime ic shor citer Chaper 10 an pripned to eoget couse on digital cite tnlor ene serine of Chapters 6-9 cu he cmnined One posiiity wold het de rphacne hae city mtn sme site biel eto Chaos 6, fad 9. Another weuld be to reduce somewhat the coverage f feedback (Chater 8) Als. dat converters canbe easily deleted fom the second course Sil. fr Chae 9. perhaps ‘only CMOS op amps ned be covered andthe 1 delet of postponed isso posible {replace some of the material from Chapters 6-10 by seleced topics ro Chapters 11-14 Forinstane, nan ete analog second cour, Chapter 10 ca be paced by a selection ofc from Chae 1-14 ANCILLARIES. ‘complet set of ancillary mutase sible with hs tox to soppt your cours For the instructor “The Insractor’s Manual with Transparency Masters povies complete worked solutions to all the exercises in each chap ad all be endear problems inthe text It also onains 200 tansparency masters tbat dapat te figures the ext ms oe used inci Asctof Transparency Aceates of the 200 most important figures in the book, [A PowerPoint CD wih slides of every figure mths book and each corresponding caption. For the Student and the instructor ‘The CD-ROM included with every new copy of the textbook contains SPICE input les. 2 Sudent Edition of OcCAD PSpice 92 Lite Edtion,a Ink 1 the website fearing PowerPoint sides ofthe boots illustations, and bonus opis Laboraors Exploration fr Merelecrnic Circuits, Sedition, by Kennet. Si KC), consis lbortry experimen’ and instructions forthe major topes sid in the tex KC's Probes and Soluions for Miroeleeronic Circuits, 5h eon, by Kenneth C ‘Sit (KC), coma hundreds of adaiuonal sty problems wih compete sorusons, forsudens who want nore price. SPICE, 2nd eaton, by Cordon Roberts of McGil Univers and Adel Sedr,provides & eutled Lea of SPICE ait application ia he als eng of Cnc uf ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: ‘Many ofthe changes in hs fh eiton were made in response to feedbck received from some ofthe instructors who aoe the fourth eto, We ae rfl toll hse who took the tme o wrt tus In ation. the following reviewers provided dete commen on the fourth eon and sugested many ofthe changes tat We ave comport in is rv ‘son. To all of hem, we extend ou sincere hunks: Mauice Abudene, Bucknell University: Patrick 1 Chapman, Universiy of Minos at Urbas-Champeign Artice Davi, San Jose ‘State University; Pal M Fur, New Mesco Stat University; Roobik Ghrabagi, St. Lous Universiy: Reva Hashenien. Nowe Minis Usiveriy: Want 1 Hels. Uses cof Washington: Hsiung Hs, Obio Slate University: Marin Kavimiere Weight State Universi: Roser Kins, Univers of Toledo: Rober. Keser. University of Wisonsin- ‘Miwauke: Un-Ku Moon, Oreon Sie Univers Jobn A. Rina, Washington Ste Unie seiy: ZS. Roh, Frida Alli Universi; Muska Samm, Norbeastem University, Jin Scalzo, Leasina State University, Ali Shikbleslani, Univesty of Toronto; Pre Schmid, Ford Inemations Univesy: Charles Sullivan, Dartnouth College; Crepoey M, ‘Wier, Michigan State University and Ale Zink, Brown Univers. "We ae aso grateful to the Tolling colleagues and Fens who have provided many ‘pt suggesons Antony Chan-carsone, Uaersty of Tort; Roman Ueno, Un ‘erty of oro; Dav os, Univesity of Tera; Ken Marin, University of Front, Tas Ng, Cute of Tete, Khoon Phang, Univers of loon; Gareoa Kobe, MUG Uarcay, and Al Shiela, Ualviny uate ‘We min glo terriers fe four prcvoun eons: Mishel Dare, Univ sity of Memphis Roy H. Comey, New Jory Ine of Techalogy, Dac 1 ito, UUnieiy af Vamos Stoven de Hoa, Califor Sscramcass by. ree, Dae Univris Richa Horm sey, York Uiversiy: Raber Irvin, Califia Ste Union, Pons; Jobe Koy CColambia Universi Steve ln, Bevo; Jaca R. Khor The Ieins Hopkins Uni veri: oy Laskar. Georgia line of Trnloey” wel Toke Unversity of Noe ‘Brunswick: Bahram Nabet. Daecel Universi: Dipankar Nagehouthar, Inn Toate ‘of Techaoigy, Defi, Ini: David Nai, Analog Devices; loseoh H. Neva, Univer of Cincinnati; Rabin Rat, Concordia University: Richard Scice, Analog Devies: Diganbar Sengupta, Royal Meboure Intute of Tecnology: Michael L. Simpson, Universi’ of ‘Tennesse; Karl A. Spa, Washiagion Universi; Daniel van der Weise, Univers of Delaware ‘A mumber of individuals made sigan contsbutions to this edition. Anas Haron of ‘ne Univesity of Toromo payed s ke role in shaping both the erganizaion a content of sis eon, In abn, pe weee me SeICE Seeuos, Ulver reeases of the Univers at ‘Touute jefe ihe SPICE sna, Risers See Of analog Devices sped Iocateshe exelent cover pit. Wa-Turg Ne ofthe Univeniy of Troe sapheely rots Appendis A. Gonos Robe of McCil University gave vs ers 12 us uke fof the example: fom the took SMCE by Robart and Sata. Mamlana Ami Keon Kom, Shovir Mizsthat, Raton Rocal im Somers of Sonor Designers ad Ici Wile al holy signify in properng te etadon nd itso upon mate as Jenifer Rodegues typ all the rsone with il and go fro andi with ‘any of the logics. Tatra Pijinn atid inthe popaion nf the Inde, on perkepe ‘more imperil. in Leaping one of 1 (KES) ft Tall f than one leagues we si thi you, “The authors woud lc to thank Cadence Design Systems, In. fo lowing Oxford Universiy Press to disrbute OrCad Family Release 92 Lie Eon solware with this book. We ae grateful John Gee rom Aralog Devices for provi the cove poo and to Tom MeE.nee (from TWM Resa) arg number of people at Oxford Univers res conribated othe development of Is eon and ts various ancillaries. Wo would lke to specifically meton Barbara Wasserman, La Murpay, Mary Het Jarad, Mac Hawkins, Barbet Brow, Cathleen ‘eae, Celeste alexanee, Las Ure, ENE SEG, MAY" Hopns, Jenne AMINO, “ica Huy wend Jour Slick, Nod scot sim Brooks, Bebe age, Syvla Parish, ‘ee Roza, Kutloen Kelly, Shida On sl Kery Cal‘We wis to extend special thanks to our Publisher at Oxford University ress, Chis Rogers. We az ko gratefl to Soom Buns, Making and Seles Distr, for his many ‘cellent and creative ideas and for hisfeendship. We recived great deal of suppor nd he lead eee ee ee tea ees MICROELECTRONIC ree ani poo Ox vy Ps tess ti sk CIRCUITS ses tos Uae an aking 9 gua sous Mau Bu, Kase Shap She bas teen simply ges, nd we ae deeply indebed ther, Wealuo wish hank oo fails or Shee sppor and anderantog emneth Smithpart | DEVICES AND BASIC CIRCUITS CHAPTER 1 Inuoduction io Clionivs & CHAPTER 2 Operational Ampiners 63 CHAPTER 3 Diodes 139) CHAPTER 4 MOS Field-Efect Transistors (MOSFETS) 295 CHAPTER 5 Bipolar Junction ansitors(RITe) 977 Ivtrobuction ar, Denes ana taste Cus, metus the most undamental nd eset tps fe ty of eeewomi cus. A he sae ine, conti a complete pac sage for efit couse on he wae. esis aio dines wl amit, he aileconi dese, Op ap is sudiod ia Tat Allan nd at lsu devve We un fanament S282, ‘he opamp is commercially aul wan integrated crcl (IC) package at as \welldefned terminal charters. Th, pit tof tha the op p's atta ‘revit compl, ply icorprating 29 of moe trnsstor tao ie ‘min haha me t pestle ott the opamp a steel ado ine desin of power crate ac wr dn in Chaptr 9, witht any owe of is ittralconstetion, We should mention, however ha the sty of ep amps can ‘delved ta late oi and Chapter ean he skip! with nn te of conti “The mos basic silicon deve i the diode. In ain fo lenin sev ies ada sample of thei aplicatons, Chapter 3 also introduces the eenera tonic of ‘evce moving forte parpseof cei snl od design, Also, Section 37 po vides substantial inrodoction to the pysial operation of semiconduccr devices ‘hs sotyct is then continue in Seton 4.1 forthe MOSFET and in Seton $1 for ‘me BI. Taker ogi ies ie secdons provide physi ckground scent ‘ore study of eleronic cucu ate lve! preset in this book “Te ea of his ook, and any less cous the stay ofthe wo tass- Sx ges in eu: the OS tenet tansoe (MUSE I) 0 Chapter 4d the Up jn data BIT) Cg 3. Thee apes ae Deh wen Oe employ indepen of one ser an aca Ue sal inher ested ode Feaboror te fo chapter bee te are st hig cera ee sty the eso dvs ella den conga lind re dene pe ‘Chor I proves both an eoduton tthe std of cscs ante matt of impstant concep forts eady of amp (Sestions Io 1.) endo igi or cuit Section 1.7) Fach ofthe five chaos cone with ection othe se of SPICE sila i in ict sass an dein. rials mare es te vie es cls employed by SPICE. Finally oe that sin mos othe canter of hiebook, the ‘nas mesial is place near the ogi oF achat whl the good e-now topics are placed inthe ater past of the chapter, Some of his ltr marl can “herelore be skipped in ist curse and covered a tr tine, when needcHapter 1 Introduction to Electronics ce i oe eee ee ee some yo 18 Grout Smulston Using 13 Analog and Digial Signals 10 SPICE. 14. Ample 19. E Siromary 50 Bishi RE” feo eee one muate intRopuctiON “The subject of this oak is madem electronics ic that has comet he or as lero lectronies, Microelectronics refers 1 the ines (1 tchaay thats he ‘ine ofthis writings capable of proucing iets hat coon milo of cmp na sal pice of sion knowa a asian chip whose are ison te onder of 100 mn One such microelectronic eel, for example, compte gil compote, which accordingly ‘skrowa as « microcomputer r, more general, amieroprocesot. Inns book we stall study eleerenic devices ht ean be weed sng Gi the design of terete eres) or as componeats at an integratd-creit (IC) chip. We shal ty the ‘sig an analysis of nereonnecons of these devices which frm scree and inated ‘iris of varying complies a perform a wide varity of functions. We sala eam Shoat alae IC hip an tic epi n e desigh of lesen: Symes "The purpose uf is unt captr sntewive sume ae ces ernlogy. 0 pail we cl lar about signs nl about neo th eine is ye functions electronic iets ae design 0 perform sly signal spite, We shal them lnk mt del for Bina 2 ‘Whereas the amplifier ith asc element fog iit, the logic inverts play thie vole in dst eeu, We shal therefore take preliminary look a he gl ire ie iru fanction, and important charscieitios{nition to motivating te sty of leconies deter verve a aide bac the sty of liner ets and th ofthe subj of hs ben the design and analysis of Hi sionais ‘Signals contain infrtion ah voy af tings and activites in our phsial wold ‘Examples shown Tnormaton shoot the weather i contained in sgals hat represen the “iviempratre pres wing seed, ce The voice ofa radio announcer reading the news inn ricngone provides ah acoustic inal that contains infermaton abot wal aft "To monitor the sats of a aula aco, nstument are wed © messre a multitude of releva parameter, each tsrument producing signal To eatct equ nfnation frm «sto signals the observer (bet a human oF 3 machine) invariably needs to proces te sigals in some predetermined mane This signal Drocesing is vstlly mos onvenienly performed t) eletnic systems. Fur iis w be Fosuble, however. the sgnl must rst e converted toa let igi hat nwa [Pe current hs process s accomplishes by devin Kiowa > ransducers A varity of (fscces exist ach suitable or oe vss fs of pial signals, For insane, {sound waves genre by lana cau bo auvce no eecus gaa wing a ier [vor wih sdeffnsa presse sued leat oe papose Hoe tea tase sedis esl assume tnt th sina of intertwine elects dain uscpetent them by one te sno epivalat forme sown nig LI To Fg 11a the sg ISS Isvepesated bya yllage soars (2) hing nme eitance , Te the aac Rpcictiionof Fig (0) eign cmprecnd hy tenon comme { (0 haing a Source tersance RAlogh the en pecans are equivaleat.hat in Fi. La) known 3 {he Tatvenin frm) ie prefered when Rs low, The representation of Fi, 1-1) known os ‘he Norn frm) prefered when, eich Te eaer wil ome co appreciate this point Tne inthe cpus when we snd he diferent vpes of aries Forte ime beng, itis fmmpocant o be familar with Théveni’s and Norton's theorems (fora brief review, see ‘Appendix D) advo note that fr the vo presentations in Fig 1 tobe equsent, heir ‘parameter relted by 2A ~ RAL From te discasion above it should be apparel tat sgn isa time-varying guanity that en be represented by a graph soca ht shown in Fig. 1.2 In fac, the infomation {ica of Tessas represefe by te changes magne a ume progresses tit ‘athe fnfomation is contained i he "waggle he Sgba Wavefonm Tn eral, seh ‘Wetefoms are dieu to ciraserze maecaaly. In wet won, i ey to ‘deserve succinct an itary ooking wavefonn nol oda of Fg. 12, OF cours ach @ a » fom nie Nw em wor Tine eecxpion if rest imortnce fr he prpose of desing appropiate signal processing ‘Sri tha per dhe nine the en Saal ok = {0 ch pct BB ce rreauency specraum oF sionals ‘An extremly ul carctration of signal al fe that mater of any arbirary ane ‘ome, intr oe requeney spectrum, Sich a esrction of spas sobs ‘heh the mathematical tots of Rourier series and Fourier transform.) We are not ines this pot inthe deals ofthese transformations suffice ito say that they t0- ‘ide the means for epesefing a voltage signal (oe current signal) 3s he sun of ‘Sne-wave sgn of dilleen equencies ad amples. Ths makes the sine wave a very ‘mporant signal inthe aalsis, design, and testing of een crits. Therefore, we Shall rey evew the properties ofthe sna Figure 1.3 shows sinewave volge sgl ,() (0) = Vestn or an ‘lw made il Clg Neverthe ger] ands Sx al ‘Ne hf when staying capri ws ok(aNPTER 1 srRODUCTION To ELECTRONICS SONS Wad degen fob ie ‘Tatami ngensv@ = 2 whore V, denotes the peak veo amplitude in vols and w denotes tbe angular Fequeney Intalio pr scond tise = 2a ral, whee the equeey a et, J = 7H and Ts the pend n secon. The sinewave signal i completely charcter2ed hy speak vale Vt egueney aa pase wih expect oan aroHey referee tin. ewe dpi Fig 13, he {ae eign ns been knew ie ee pla angie oO aa be maa ‘Gun W expos the np of aic-nave sig a cons of root mewn re {Gms vals whi i equ eo th posk vals divided by 3. Thus thems valas of the ie CO wybel Figs 12 V1 Por invtncs, when we opel of he wall power cap i= ince a tong 120 Vy oun that haa ine waveform of 120 vite po ae taming no othe epeenttion of ignated, we note at The Fourier eres ind wo acempish hia forthe special ease when the sigtal ex ‘sie ftinn af time eter el the outer enor smo general ane Be "tn ain he ogee fa ial whose wayefonm i a abi fntion ofting "Ths Fourie sre allows usto express gives period anton of tie she sum of an infinite numberof sinusoids whose fequecies are harmonically reste. For insance, the symntrial quae-wave signal in Fig. 1.4 can be eyessod ot = Mama andy aos) ay where Vis he ample f the square wave a. = 23/7 (Tse pid of be square trav) is eile the fundamental frequency. Note tht because the amptudes ot the armonics progressively derese, the mune senes ean be ncaa, wih the tues Snes proving an pprotmiaion to the sare waveform FIGURE 1.4 Asymsial gurenav sil of amp 12 eaeavencyeecrumorsionns @ 9 Law oe eee | foyoa - Sa TE FIGURE 1.5 The quency spam a sows thee spout pee quee wane The sina vmpuent i he ein of Ey (12) cose dn sequen open of te aguar-navesigbl Such aspect can be apically repesentel a ia Fig I, ‘shor the real ax presets the angular fogeney i aap cco rie eansform con be applied to a aperiodic Funation of ims ck 2 at 2, and povidos fe frouney spar a0 «continous fenton of ‘gon. iniontd in Fig 16 Unite case of pero signal, here the spectra coo ‘tof discrete nquencies (tant rman), he specu oa nompedi sigal {oni in sone il poche Parnes Nevers, te uci pre he pete ‘peat signa are wally cid eelatvely cht segment the Feeney on ‘isan observation thats very useful in he proesing of such signals. For instance the Spectrum of audible sounds suchas speech und msc extends fom aout 20 Ht shout 2Wkil—afequency range known asthe audio and. Here we should note that aloush Some musical toes have fegoenies shove 20 KH, the human ea is nepable of hearing Frequeneies that sre mich above 20 AN. As another example, analog video signal have {wei spec inthe range of O Miz 14.5 MHz. ‘We conclude tis seton by noting ht signal can be represented ether by the manner sm wie ts waveronn vanes Wa im, forthe Volage sgn 1) shown mag. 12 0 Sa etn i Heuer spectra, mn ig 9. The om arnve representations are own tetas erent tl efiyana epee {vey The equeney domain represetation of (0) wile denoted by taal (a. ~~ ouRe 1.6 He rope stom wins Fig -10 @@ cutee wrrooucriow ro sucrromtes ‘When he guste signal op 1 ph ies Bot criss geo ee ee “sen “ip seen? Fr ne? In wha nae obese oe eae? (Nae A eu Heine daa) ns mea 2) Romeo a aie oc : ich be ade fo ales ey Seen te inten o seem nian nf th Imvisisvsvse:ue ES WB 12 awatos ann picrrat sionais ‘The vouge sina depicted in Fi. 1.2 eae an analog signal. The name derives rom the fact that sac san is analogous othe psa ial hat teresa. The masn- tude ofan analog signal can tke ov any vale: hati the amid ofan anlonsinal shits continuous variation over its ange of activity. The sas maj of signal inthe ‘world around us ae analog, Eleeronic circuits that proces such signals are known a5 analog ereits. A variety of analog cits will be stdied in his boo. ‘At aleratve fon of signal representations hata sequence of numbers, cach aum- ber epresetng the signal mute at an instant o fe The sling signa is ele @ ia signal osc nos inal est be represen in this forma D0 signals exh be converted from anaiog 6 agial frm—consier Fg. 7a. Here the curve represents & ellage sgt, eal w hat Fig. 2. AL equ nervy sgt sa we te Led Ga lt fat a. Ao ve tint Un engi al mouured, «proven know sampling Figur: LT) bows a representation norms of te sampler: The signal ofFig. 176) is dino only ia oninone futon of fe, but athe tia eerste range the signal in ig 170) ill am aslo som ‘Now i we reese the ragitude ofeach of th sina samples in Fi 1.709 hy mum er having fine amber of digits. then he inal amplitude wl longer econ rater, its si o be avait, iseretiae or distied. The resins deal sian tens ‘Spy sequence of umber tht represent ths mapas othe sucesive sgl samples, “he choice of number stm to rpresen the gal samples allet the pe of digi signal produced and ha a profound effect onthe compleiy ofthe digital ees requied slgnal:Hrmovr snc the mgt of ck “ ow « atl L TT ee FIGURE 1.7 Suna te ctisuostime sao sili a ent rin to process he signals. Tums outa the inary sumer stem ess inthe simolst pos- she digital inal and cies binary syste, each din the number aes on coe of ‘aly to possible valves, dented 0 and I. Corespoaingly, the digital signals in bniry systems need have only to vltage ves which an be abel low an high. Asan exp, some of te dil ctu tied in is boa, the levels re 0 Vand 48 V. Figure 18 sows Ne ime vanation of such gt signal serve tha the wave ple win wm ¥ represen 3 signal, oo, and 43 V epeseanng Loe oot | | tie Losiovates ao Ti IQURE 1.8 Varision ofa parca il sg mh Ue.