دیکشنری اقتصاد

‫ﻣﺪﺧﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ 1
‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬/‫ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬/‫ ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬/‫ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬/‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش‬
Effectiveness ‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ آﻣﻮزش‬

Differential effectiveness ‫ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
External effectiveness ‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
internal effectiveness ‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ داﺧﻠﯽ‬
Overall effectiveness ‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﮐﻠﯽ‬
Cost-effectiveness ‫اﺛﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
Educational Evaluation ‫ارزﺷﯿﺎﺑﯽ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬
Economics of education (‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش )ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﮐﻠﯽ‬
economic of e-learnings ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎزي‬
Economics of nonformal ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯽ‬

education
economics of learning (‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬-‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﺪرﯾﺲ)ﯾﺎددﻫﯽ‬
economics of university ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬
Economics of Educational ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻦ آوري آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

Technology
economics of school ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ‬
School choice ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ‬/‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬
Adult education ‫آﻣﻮزش ﺑﺰرﮔﺴﺎﻻن‬
Tertiary or higher education ‫آﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﯽ‬
General educations ‫آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
Education and knowledge-based ‫آﻣﻮزش و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﻮر‬

economy
2 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش‬
‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬

Education and labor market
‫ آﻣﻮزش و اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Market choice
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﺎزار‬
Education and Productivity ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺑﻬﺮه وري‬
eduation and income ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ درآﻣﺪ‬

distribution
Education and Development ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي‬
education and population ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺟﻌﯿﺖ‬
Education and Globalization ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن‬

Transnational higher education ‫ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﯽ‬/‫ آ ﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﯽ ﻓﺮا ﻣﻠﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Education and income / receipts ‫ درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ‬/‫آﻣﻮزش و درآﻣﺪ‬
Education and Economic ‫آﻣﻮزش و رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

Growth
Education and health. ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ‬
eduation and poverty ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﻓﻘﺮ‬
Education and ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ‬

Entrepreneurship
Education and Environment ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ‬
Education and Consumption (‫آﻣﻮزش و ﻣﺼﺮف )رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺼﺮفﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬

(consumer behavior)
‫ﻣﺪﺧﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ /‬ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ /‬ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
‫آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﯽ و ﺣﺮﻓﻪاي‬

‫‪Vocational and technical‬‬
‫‪education‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻧﺎﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫‪Informal training‬‬ ‫آﻣﻮزش ﺣﺮﻓﻪاي‬
‫‪Off-the-job training‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬آﻣﻮزش ﭘﯿﺶﺣﺮﻓﻪاي )ﺣﺮﻓﻪاﻣﻮزي ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ(‬
‫‪Prevocational education‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي آﻏﺎزﯾﻦ‬
‫‪Initial training‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﯽ‬
‫‪Specific training‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﺑﻌﺪ از اﺷﺘﻐﺎل‬
‫‪Post-employment training‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﭘﯿﺶ از اﺷﺘﻐﺎل‬
‫‪Pre-employment training‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ‬
‫‪Specialized training‬‬
‫‪Production-based training‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻮر‬
‫‪Competency-based training‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ ﺷﺎﯾﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
‫‪Vacationalization‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪاي ﮐﺮدن آﻣﻮزش‬
‫‪Continuing training‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﺧﺎرج از ﻣﺤﯿﻂ ﮐﺎر‬
‫‪Vocational education‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪School-based training‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ آﻣﻮزي ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر‬
‫‪School-based TVET‬‬
‫آﻣﻮزش ﻓﻨﯽ و ﺣﺮﻓﻪاي و ﻣﻬﺎرت آﻣﻮزي ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر‬
‫ﺑــﺎزار ﮐــﺎر داﻧــﺸﮕﺮان )ﻣﻌﻠﻤــﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺪرﺳــﺎن‪،‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﺑﯿﺎن(‬
‫‪Equality of educational‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

‫‪opportunity‬‬
‫‪Spatial planning of educational‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

‫‪units‬‬
‫‪outsourcing in education‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻧﺴﭙﺎري آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬
‫‪Budgeting in Education‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ رﯾﺰي در آﻣﻮزش‬

‫‪Program budgeting‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪاي‬
‫‪Time budget‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Educational voucher‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﻪ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ )ﺳﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ(‬

4 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش‬
Finance of education / School ‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ آﻣﻮزش و ﺳﺎز و ﮐﺎرﻫﺎي آن‬
finance ‫ ﺣﻖ ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﺎم‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Tuition charge ‫داﻧﺶاﻣﻮز‬/‫ﺷﻬﺮﯾﻪ داﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬
Student fees ‫ﺗﺸﮑﯿﻼت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ‬
School enterprise (‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ آﻣﻮزش ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ )دوﻟﺘﯽ‬
Financing public education ‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ‬
Community based financing ‫درآﻣﺪﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزش و ﭘﺮورش‬
School revenues
‫ﻋﻮارض ﮐﺎرآﻣﻮزي‬
Apprenticeship tax
Tuition tax credits ‫ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﺷﻬﺮﯾﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
scholarship ‫ داﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬/‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮز‬
Financing of School / College ‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬/‫ﺗﺎﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ‬
tuition ‫ﺷﻬﺮﯾﻪ‬
Fellowship ‫ﮐﻤﮏ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ‬
Means tested scholarship ‫ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﻧﯿﺎز‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Cost - Benefit Analysis of (‫ﻓﺎﯾﺪه آﻣﻮزش)ﻧﺮخ ﺑﺎزده‬-‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬

Education (rate of return)
Education production functions ‫ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آﻣﻮزش‬
Education cost functions ‫ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ آﻣﻮزش‬
ranking educational institutions ‫رﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎت آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬
Mechanisms to allocate financial ‫ﺳــﺎز و ﮐﺎرﻫــﺎي ﺗﺨــﺼﯿﺺ ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻊ ﻣــﺎﻟﯽ در‬

resources in Education ‫آﻣﻮزش‬
educational planning ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬاري و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬
supply and demand in education ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ و ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي آﻣﻮزش‬

Internal efficiency of education ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ دروﻧﯽ آﻣﻮزش‬
Gross graduation ratio
Transition rate ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﻓﺮاﻏﺖ از ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Survival rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﮔﺬر‬
net intake rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎري‬
Gross intake ratio ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺟﺬب ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
Gross entry ratio ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺟﺬب ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Pupil-year
‫ﻧﺮخ ورود ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
Years-input per graduate
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﺎل ـ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮز‬

‫ارﺟـﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳــﺎل ـ داﻧــﺶآﻣـﻮز ﺻــﺮف ﺷـﺪه ﺑــﺮاي ﻫــﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺎرغاﻟﺘﺤﺼﯿﻞ‬
‫‪Benefits of education‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ آﻣﻮزش‬

‫‪Social benefits‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪Expected benefits‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ اﻧﺘﻈﺎري‬
‫‪External benefits‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
‫‪Expected returns of education‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزده اﻧﺘﻈﺎري آﻣﻮزش و ﭘﺮورش‬
‫‪The role of education in‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ آﻣﻮزش در ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

‫‪economic schools‬‬
‫‪government and private sector‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ دوﻟﺖ و ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ در آﻣﻮزش‬

‫‪in education‬‬
‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزش‬

‫‪education costs‬‬
‫‪Unit cost‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ واﺣﺪ‬
‫‪Current expenditure on education‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﺎري آﻣﻮزش‬
‫‪Cost training‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺮﻓﻪآﻣﻮزي‬
‫‪Institutional costs‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Capital expenditure on education‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﺮاﻧﯽ آﻣﻮزش‬
‫‪Marginal unit cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ واﺣﺪ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻧﺮژي‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻧﺮژي‬
‫‪Energy Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻧﺮژي‬
‫‪Energy Safety‬‬ ‫اﯾﻤﻨﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬
‫‪International Energy Forum‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫)‪(IEF‬‬
‫‪Primary Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي اوﻟﯿﻪ‬

‫‪Nuclear Energy‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﺮژي ﻫﺴﺘﻪاي‬
‫‪Natural Gas‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
‫‪Crude Oil‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم‬
‫‪Hydro Electricity‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺮق آﺑﯽ‬
‫‪Coal‬‬ ‫ذﻏﺎل ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫‪Clean Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﭘﺎك‬
‫‪Secondary Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ‬
‫‪Useful Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﻣﻔﯿﺪ‬
‫‪Final Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Renewable Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬

‫‪Biogas‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﯿﻮﮔﺎز‬
‫‪Wind Energy‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﺮژي ﺑﺎد‬
‫‪Geothermal‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي زﻣﯿﻦ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Solar Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪي‬
‫‪Exhaustible Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬
‫‪International Energy Agency‬‬ ‫آژاﻧﺲ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫)‪(IEA‬‬
‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي اﻧﺮژي‬
‫‪Energy Markets‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﺎل‬
‫‪Physical Markets‬‬
‫‪Cash Markets‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺪ‬
‫‪Spot Markets‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي)ﺗﮏ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ( اﺳﭙﺎت‬
‫‪Forward Markets‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﺳﻠﻒ‬
‫‪Paper (Derivative) Markets‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻏﺬي )ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎت(‬
‫‪Future Market‬‬
‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزار آﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Option Market‬‬
‫‪Swap Market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزارﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﺧﺘﯿﺎري‬
‫ﺑﺎزار ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Oil Exchange Market‬‬

‫‪New York Mercantile Exchange:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﺑﻮرس ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫‪NYMEX‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮرس ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮرك )ﻧﺎﯾﻤﮑﺲ(‬
‫‪Intercontinental Exchange: ICE‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮرس ﻟﻨﺪن‬
‫‪Dubai Mercantile Exchange: DME‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮرس دﺑﯽ‬
‫‪Chicago Mercantile Exchange:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮرس ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬
‫‪CME‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﺑﻮرس ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮر‬
‫‪Singapore Exchange: SGX‬‬
‫‪Hydrocarbon Recovery‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﯿﺪروﮐﺮﺑﻮر‬

‫)‪Primary Recovery(Reserve‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ )ذﺧﯿﺮه(اوﻟﯿﻪ‬
‫)‪Secondary Recovery(Reserve‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ )ذﺧﯿﺮه(ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ‬
‫)‪Tertiary Recovery(Reserve‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ )ذﺧﯿﺮه(ﺛﺎﻟﺜﯿﻪ‬
‫‪Ultimate Recovery‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Energy Productivity‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺮهوري اﻧﺮژي‬
‫‪Kyoto Protocol‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ ﮐﯿﻮﺗﻮ‬

‫‪Greenhouse Gases‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ اي‬
‫‪Emission Trading‬‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺗﺠﺎرت اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫‪Clean Development Mechanism:‬‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎك‬
‫‪CDM‬‬
‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ اﺟﺮاي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬
‫‪Joint Implementation‬‬
‫‪Gas to Liquid: GTL‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬
‫‪Gas to Wire‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﮔﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮق‬
‫)‪Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎز ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬
‫‪Coal to Liquid‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ذﻏﺎل ﺳﻨﮓ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬
‫‪Energy Balance Sheet‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮازﻧﺎﻣﻪ اﻧﺮژي‬

8 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻧﺮژي‬
Energy Services ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻧﺮژي‬
Oil & Gas Reserves ‫ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬

Conventional & Unconventional ‫ ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف و ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Oil Reserves ‫ ﻫﯿﺪروﮐﺮﺑﻮر در ﺟﺎي اوﻟﯿﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
In-place (original) Hydrocarbon (‫ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﺤﺼﺎل )ﻧﻬﺎﺋﯽ‬
Recoverable(ultimate) Reserves
‫ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ اﺛﺒﺎت ﺷﺪه‬
Proved Reserves
Probable(Expected) Reserves ‫ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
Possible Reserves ‫ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬
Reserve to Production Ratio ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ذﺧﯿﺮه ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
Depletion Rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻪ‬
Reserve Replacement Rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ذﺧﯿﺮه‬
Oil Inventory(Stocks) ‫ذﺧﯿﺮه ﺳﺎزي ﻧﻔﺖ‬

Strategic Petroleum Reserves ‫ ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋﯾﮏ ﻧﻔﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Organization of Petroleum ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺻﺎدر ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻔﺖ‬

Export Countries (OPEC)
Per Capita Energy ‫ﺳﺮاﻧﻪ اﻧﺮژي‬

Per Capita Energy Consumption ‫ ﻣﺼﺮف ﺳﺮاﻧﻪ اﻧﺮژي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Per Capita Energy Production ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺳﺮاﻧﻪ اﻧﺮژي‬
Energy Policy ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ اﻧﺮژي‬

Energy Security ‫ اﻣﻨﯿﺖ اﻧﺮژي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Energy Efficiency ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬
Energy Intensity ‫ﺷﺪت اﻧﺮژي‬
Energy Services Companies: ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﻧﺮژي‬

ESCo
‫‪Energy Conversion Factor‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮاﯾﺐ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫‪Barrel‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺸﮑﻪ‬
‫‪Gallon‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﻦ‬
‫‪Barrel Oil Equivalent‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﮑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم‬
‫‪Tone Oil Equivalent‬‬ ‫ﺗﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدل ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم‬
‫‪Tone Coal Equivalent‬‬
‫ﺗﻦ ﻣﻌﺎدل ذﻏﺎل ﺳﻨﮓ‬
‫‪Cubic Feet‬‬
‫‪Cubic Meter‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮت ﻣﮑﻌﺐ‬
‫‪Standard Cubic Meter‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ‬
‫‪Watt‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺮﻣﮑﻌﺐ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬
‫)‪Kilowatt hour(kwh‬‬ ‫وات‬
‫)‪Kilowatt year(kwy‬‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮ وات ﺳﺎﻋﺖ‬
‫ﮐﯿﻠﻮ وات ﺳﺎل‬
‫‪Recovery Factor‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪Oil & Gas Fisical Regimes‬‬ ‫رژﯾﻤﻬﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﻧﻔﺖ و ﮔﺎز‬

‫‪Concession Contract‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﺮارداد ﻫﺎي اﻣﺘﯿﺎزي‬
‫‪Production Sharing Contract‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮارداد ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
‫‪Buyback Contract‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Energy Pricing‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري اﻧﺮژي‬

‫‪Oil Pricing Mechanism & Models‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ و ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻧﻔﺖ‬
‫‪Gas Pricing Mechanism & Models‬‬ ‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ و ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﮔﺎز‬
‫‪Gas Exporting Countries‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺻﺎدرﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﮔﺎز‬

‫)‪Forum (GECF‬‬
‫‪Oil Transaction‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻧﻔﺖ‬

‫‪Open Outcry‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺰاﯾﺪه)ﺣﺮاج ﺣﻀﻮري(‬
‫‪Over the Counter : OTC‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺧﺎرج از ﺑﻮرس)ﻓﺮاﺑﻮرس(‬
‫‪Marker Crude Oil‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺖ ﺧﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ)ﭘﺎﯾﻪ(‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻧﺮژي‬
‫‪Units of Energy‬‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺎﻫﺎي اﻧﺮژي‬

‫)‪Calorific (Heating) Value (CV‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ارزش ﺣﺮارﺗﯽ‬
‫)‪British Thermal Unit (B.T.U‬‬ ‫ﺑﯽ ﺗﯽ ﯾﻮ‬
‫‪Therm‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮم‬
‫‪Joule‬‬ ‫ژول‬
‫‪Calorie‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻟﺮي‬
‫‪Energy Models‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎي اﻧﺮژي‬
‫‪Hotelling's rule‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﺘﻠﯿﻨﮓ‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺧﺮد‬
‫‪Substitution effect‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ‬
‫‪Income effect‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮ درآﻣﺪي‬
‫‪Excess demand‬‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
‫‪Excess supply‬‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬
‫‪perfect information‬‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪family economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده‬
‫‪Welfare economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد رﻓﺎه‬

‫‪First welfare theorem‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺌﻮري اول رﻓﺎه‬
‫‪Second welfare theorem‬‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮري دوم رﻓﺎه‬
‫‪Choice‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬
‫‪Intertemporal choice‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺑﯿﻦ دورهاي‬
‫‪Monopoly‬‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر‬
‫‪Oligopoly‬‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‬

‫‪Natural oligopoly‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﺤﺼﺎر ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
‫‪monopsony‬‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
‫‪Bilateral monopoly‬‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
‫‪Natural monopoly‬‬ ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬

‫‪Multiproduct natural monopoly‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﺤﺼﺎر ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﺎﻻ‬
‫‪Market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار‬
‫‪competition market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ‬
‫‪Factors market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬

‫‪Capital market‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزار ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫‪Labor market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬
12 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺧﺮد‬
Returns to scale ‫ﺑﺎزده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس‬

Constant return to scale ‫ ﺑﺎزده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Increasing return to scale ‫ﺑﺎزده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﺻﻌﻮدي‬
Decreasing return to scale ‫ﺑﺎزده ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﻧﺰوﻟﯽ‬
preferences ‫ﺑﺮﺗﺮي ﻫﺎ‬
Total factor productivity ‫ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﮐﻞ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬

Labour Productivity ‫ ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Capital Productivity ‫ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
Giffen’s Paradox ‫ﭘﺎرادﮐﺲ ﮔﯿﻔﻦ‬
queueing theory ‫ﺗﺌﻮري ﺻﻒ‬
cobweb theorem ‫ﺗﺌﻮري ﮐﺎب وب‬
Production function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬

Production function convexity ‫ ﺗﻘﻌﺮ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Short run production function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت‬
Long run production function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬
C.E.S. production function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺸﺶ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
Cob Douglas production ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﺎب داﮔﻼس‬

function
Leontief production function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻟﺌﻮﻧﺘﯿﻒ‬
Homothetic production ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻫﻤﻮﺗﺘﯿﮏ‬

function
Utility function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬
Stone gray utility function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ اﺳﺘﻮن ﮔﺮي‬
Additive utility function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ ﺟﻤﻊﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬
indirect utility function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ ﻏﯿﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬
Separable utility function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ‬

Homothetic utility function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ ﻫﻤﻮﺗﺘﯿﮏ‬
price discrimination ‫ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
Cost -Benefit analysis ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ – ﻓﺎﯾﺪه‬

Cost- effectiveness analysis ‫ اﺛﺮ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ‬-‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Cost- utility analysis ‫ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬-‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
allocation ‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
Optimal allocation ‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬

Optimal commodity allocation ‫ ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﮐﺎﻻ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Optimal resource allocation ‫ ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Market Clearing ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻪﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎزار‬
‫ﺗﻌﺎدل‬
Equilibrium
Walrasian General equilibrium ‫ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ واﻟﺮاس‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Dynamic equilibrium ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬
static equilibrium ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل اﯾﺴﺘﺎ‬
Market equilibrium ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﺎزار‬
Short run equilibrium ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﮐﻮﺗﺎهﻣﺪت‬
Long run equilibrium ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪت‬
Partial equilibrium
‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﺟﺰﺋﯽ‬
Lindal equilibrium ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻟﯿﻨﺪال‬
Nash equilibrium ‫ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻧﺶ‬
Demand ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
Demand function ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Derived demand
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺷﺪه‬
Kinked demand curve
cost minimization and utility ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﺷﮑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
maximization ‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﮐﺮدن ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ و ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
compensated demand ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﯽ‬
Regulation of monopoly ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ اﻧﺤﺼﺎرﮔﺮ‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺧﺮد‬
‫‪cost functions‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
‫‪joint production‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك‬
‫‪compensated demand‬‬ ‫ﺟﺒﺮان ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
‫‪cost minimization and utility‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﮐﺮدن ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ و ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬
‫‪maximization‬‬
‫‪Bidding‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮاج‬
‫‪auctions‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮاﺟﯽﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Revenue‬‬ ‫درآﻣﺪ‬
‫‪Total revenue‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬درآﻣﺪ ﮐﻞ‬
‫‪Average revenue‬‬ ‫درآﻣﺪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪Marginal revenue‬‬ ‫درآﻣﺪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫راﻧﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪economic rent‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﺒﻪ راﻧﺖ‪ :‬ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪي ﮐﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ آن‬
‫‪Quasi-Rents‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﺘﺎً ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫‪Monopoly rent‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬راﻧﺖ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‪ :‬ﺳﻮد اﺿﺎﻓﯽ اﻧﺤﺼﺎرﮔﺮ در ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ راه‬
‫ﺣﻞ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ‬
‫‪Monopolistic competition‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬
‫‪Perfect competition‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪Cournot competition‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﮐﻮرﻧﻮ‬
‫‪Profit‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮد‬
‫‪Profit function‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺳﻮد‬
‫‪Profit maximization‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺮدن ﺳﻮد‬
‫‪Normal profit‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮد ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
‫‪AIDS demand system‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ‪AIDS‬‬
‫‪Translog demand system‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻠﻮگ‬
‫‪Rotterdam demand system‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي روﺗﺮدام‬

Linear expenditure demand ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻣﺨﺎرج ﺧﻄﯽ‬

system
Supply ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬
Supply function ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Short run supply curve ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت‬
Long run supply curve ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬
signalling ‫ﻋﻼﻣﺖدﻫﯽ‬
Engel’s law ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻧﮕﻞ‬
Hotelling Rule ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﺘﻠﯿﻨﮓ‬

elasticity of intertemporal
substitution ‫ ﮐﺸﺶ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﺰﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Price ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
Optimal pricing ‫ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
First best pricing ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اول‬
Second best pricing ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ دوم‬
Price control ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
administered prices ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﻫﺎي دﯾﮑﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
cost- plus pricing -‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬

Cournot equilibrium ‫ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﮐﻮرﻧﻮ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
average cost pricing ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Efficiency ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ‬
Production Efficiency ‫ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Allocative efficiency ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺼﯽ‬
Economic efficiency ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Internal efficiency ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ دروﻧﯽ‬
Technical efficiency ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻓﻨﯽ‬
Goods ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‬
Private goods ‫ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Inferior good
‫ ﮐﺎﻻي ﭘﺴﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Giffen good
Normal good ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﮔﯿﻔﻦ‬
Final good ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
Medium goods ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
16 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺧﺮد‬
Capital Good ‫ﮐﺎﻻي واﺳﻄﻪاي‬

economic goods ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪاي‬
commodities
‫ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‬
Elasticity ‫ﮐﺸﺶ‬
Demand elasticity ‫ﮐﺸﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
Elasticity of substitution ‫ﮐﺸﺶ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ‬
Factor elasticity substitution ‫ﮐﺸﺶ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
Gross elasticity of ‫ﮐﺸﺶ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬

substitution
Income elasticity ‫ﮐﺸﺶ درآﻣﺪي‬
Supply elasticity ‫ﮐﺸﺶ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬
Cross elasticity ‫ﮐﺸﺶ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬
Scarcity ‫ﮐﻤﯿﺎﺑﯽ‬
Market control ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﺎزار‬
Surplus ‫ﻣﺎزاد‬
Producer surplus ‫ ﻣﺎزاد ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Consumer surplus ‫ﻣﺎزاد ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
By- products ‫ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬،‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Utility ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬
Utility maximization ‫ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Average Utility
‫ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Marginal Utility
Expected Utility ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
expected utility and mathematical ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ اﻧﺘﻈﺎري‬
expectation ‫ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ اﻧﺘﻈﺎري و اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Slutsky equation ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﺳﻼﺗﺴﮑﯽ‬
exhaustible resources ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬

‫‪Engel curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ اﻧﮕﻞ‬
‫‪consumption indefference‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﯽ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﯽ ﻣﺼﺮف‬

‫‪curve‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﺮخ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ‬
‫‪Marginal rate of substitution‬‬
‫‪offer curve or reciprocal‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﯾﺎ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬

‫‪demand curve‬‬
‫‪Marshallian demand curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل‬
‫‪Hicks demand curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻫﯿﮑﺲ‬
‫‪Hicksian and Marshallian‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻫﯿﮑﺴﯽ و ﻣﺎرﺷﺎﻟﯽ‬

‫‪demands‬‬
‫‪contract curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻗﺮارداد‬
‫)‪network goods (theory‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﺷﺒﮑﻪاي‬
‫‪agent‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨﺪه‪ ،‬ﮐﺎرﮔﺰار‬
‫‪Cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
‫‪Fixed cost‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪Variable cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫‪Average cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪Marginal cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Total cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﻞ‬
‫‪overhead costs‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Opportunity cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ‬
‫‪consumer durables‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ ﺑﺎدوام‬
‫‪Veblen goods‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي وﺑﻠﻦ‬
‫‪conspicuous consumption‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺮف ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺸﯽ و از ﺳﺮ ﺧﻮدﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫‪The value of life‬‬ ‫ارزش زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
‫‪Asymmetric information in‬‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎرن در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬

‫‪health economics‬‬
‫‪Pharmacoeconomics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد دارو‬
‫‪Health economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫‪Health insurance‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫‪National health account‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎبﻫﺎي ﻣﻠﯽ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬
‫‪Adjusted life-years‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي زﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪Public health‬‬ ‫ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Health care pricing‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﯽ‬
‫‪The demand for medical care‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺘﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
‫‪Health systems‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
‫اﺋﺘﻼف‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﮕﺎهﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬

‫‪collusion‬‬
‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﻮد از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ و ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
‫‪Innovation‬‬ ‫اﺑﺪاع‬
‫‪innovation mechanism‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰم اﺑﺪاع‬
‫‪Integration‬‬ ‫ادﻏﺎم ﺑﻨﮕﺎهﻫﺎ‬

‫‪horizontal integration‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ادﻏﺎم اﻓﻘﯽ‬
‫‪Amalgamation‬‬
‫ادﻏﺎم دو ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﮕﺎه‬
‫‪vertical integration‬‬
‫‪vertical merger‬‬ ‫ادﻏﺎم ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ادﻏﺎم دو ﯾﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺑﻨﮕﺎه ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل را‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻬﺪه دارﻧﺪ‬
‫‪merger principle‬‬ ‫اﺻﻞ ادﻏﺎم‬
‫‪industrial economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬

‫‪school of thought‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ ﻓﮑﺮي اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
‫‪new industrial economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫‪Anti-monopoly practices‬‬ ‫اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت و ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﺿﺪ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬
‫‪types of competition‬‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬

‫‪cut-throat competition‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬رﻗﺎﺑﺖ وﯾﺮاﻧﮕﺮ‬
‫‪excessive competition‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺣﺪ و اﻓﺮاﻃﯽ )رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺨﺮب(‬
‫‪foreclosure of competition‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪Non price competition‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﯽ‬
‫‪workable competition‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﯽ‬
‫‪competition market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ‬

‫‪perfectly and imperfectly‬‬
‫‪competitive markets‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫‪contestable markets‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﺎزﻋﻪاي‬
‫‪enterprise‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﮕﺎه‬
‫‪dominant firm‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﮕﺎه ﻣﺴﻠﻂ‬

‫‪dominant market position‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎزار‬
‫‪20‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
‫‪Advertising‬‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻎ )آﮔﻬﯽ ﺗﺠﺎري(‬
‫‪Acquisition‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻞ ﺳﻬﺎم و ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺑﻨﮕﺎه دﯾﮕﺮ‬
‫‪creative destruction‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ ﺧﻼق‬
‫‪product differentiation‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت در ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫‪indivisibility‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬
‫‪Concentration‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫‪Rothchild index‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ راﺗﭽﺎﯾﻠﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﯿﺎري ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫‪buyers concentration‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺧﺮﯾﺪاران‬
‫‪concentration curve ranking‬‬ ‫اﺻﻞ )ﻣﻼك( رده ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫‪criteria‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫‪concentration curve‬‬
‫‪iso-concentration curve‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﯾﮑﺴﺎن‬
‫‪entry principle‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺻﻞ ورود‬
‫‪deconcentration‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰزداﯾﯽ )از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ(‬
‫‪diversification in‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻮع در ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬

‫‪production‬‬
‫‪price fixing agreement‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫‪Agreement‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﮕﺎهﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪non-price predation‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻢ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﯽ‬
‫‪degree of specialization‬‬ ‫درﺟﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫‪Anticompetitive behavior‬‬ ‫رﻓﺘﺎرﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ‬

‫‪Anticompetitive practices‬‬
‫‪conspiracy‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﺤﺪود ﮐﻨﻨﺪه رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪concerted actions or plans‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﯽ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﮐـﺎﻫﺶ ﻋﺮﺿـﻪ و‬
‫‪full line forcing‬‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺴﺐ ﺳﻮد ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ) ﺗﻮﻃﺌﻪ ﻋﻠﯿﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ(‬
‫‪exclusive dealing‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ )ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﮕﺎهﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪loss-leader selling‬‬
‫اﺟﺒﺎر ﺑﻪ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ اي از ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ دو ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺒﻨﯽ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﯾﮑﯽ از ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﻪ )ﯾـﺎ دو‬

‫ﻃﺮف( ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺮف دﯾﮕـﺮ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠـﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﻨـﺪ‪ .‬ﻣـﺸﺎﺑﻪ اﺧـﺬ ﺣـﻖ ﺗﻮزﯾـﻊ‬
‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬
‫ﻓﺮوش ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﺑﺎ ﺿﺮر ﺑﻪ اﻣﯿﺪ ﻓﺮوش ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت در ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف‬
‫‪price leadership‬‬ ‫رﻫﺒﺮي ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫‪Abuse of dominant‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮء اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﺴﻠﻂ‬

‫‪position‬‬
‫‪concentration indexes‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬

‫‪concentration measures‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﯿﺮي ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫‪concentration ratio‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
‫‪Agreement concentration‬‬
‫‪entropy‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﮐﻠﯽ‬
‫‪inverse index‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬آﻧﺘﺮوﭘﯽ‬
‫‪Herfindahl-Hirschman Index‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻌﮑﻮس‬
‫)‪(HHI‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺮﻓﯿﻨﺪال – ﻫﯿﺮﺷﻤﻦ‬
‫‪Full- cost pricing‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪Holding company‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﻮﻟﺪﯾﻨﮓ‬
‫‪price-cost margin‬‬ ‫ﺷﮑﺎف ﻗﯿﻤﺖ – ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬

‫‪economies of scope‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع‬
‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﯿﺎس‬
‫‪economies of scale‬‬
‫‪economies of massed reserve‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺻﺮﻓﻪ ﺟﻮﯾﯽ در ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ و ﻧﯿﺮوﻫﺎي ﭘﺸﺘﯿﺒﺎن و ذﺧﯿﺮه‬
‫‪plant specific economies‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﯿﺎس در ﺳﻄﺢ ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫‪product-specific economies‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي وﯾﮋه ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬
‫‪multiplant economies‬‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﻘﯿﺎس در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻨﮕﺎه ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﺎرﺧﺎﻧﻪ اي‬
‫)‪minimum efficient scale (size‬‬ ‫ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس ﮐﺎرا)ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ(‬
‫‪survival test method‬‬ ‫روش آزﻣﻮن ﺑﺎزﻣﺎﻧﺪه‬
‫‪industry‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ )ﺑﺎزار(‬
‫‪Antitrust‬‬ ‫ﺿﺪ اﻧﺤﺼﺎر )ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺿﺪ اﻧﺤﺼﺎري(‬
‫‪international standard of‬‬

‫‪industrial classification‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ‬
‫)‪(ISIC‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻓﺮوش ﻣﺸﺮوط‬
‫‪tied selling‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻓﺮوش ﮐـﺎﻻ ﺑـﻪ ﻣـﺸﺘﺮي ﻣـﺸﺮوط ﺑـﻪ اﯾﻨﮑـﻪ وي ﮐـﺎﻻ ﯾـﺎ‬
‫‪bundling‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي دﯾﮕﺮ را ﺧﺮﯾﺪاري ﮐﻨﺪ‬
‫‪geometric) physical) law‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ )ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ(‬
‫‪ray average cost‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪monopoly power‬‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬

‫‪papandrew index‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﭘﺎﭘﺎﻧﺪرو‪ ،‬اﺑﺰاري ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﻗﺪرت اﻧﺤﺼﺎري‬
‫‪Lerner index‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻟﺮﻧﺮ‬
‫‪market concentration doctrine‬‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﺑﺎزار‬
‫‪superior efficiency hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺪرت ﺗﻼﻓﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ ﮐﺮدن اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻃﺮف دﯾﮕﺮ‬

‫‪countervailing power‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ‬
‫‪predatory pricing‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺗﻬﺎﺟﻤﯽ )ﻏﺎرتﮔﺮاﻧﻪ(‬
‫‪pricing in industry‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري در ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬

‫‪bid rigging‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﮑﺎري ﺑﻨﮕﺎهﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮي از رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺘﯽ‬
‫‪limit price‬‬
‫‪limit pricing‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺣﺪي‬
‫‪limit quantity‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺣﺪي‪ ،‬ﻗﯿﻤﺘﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻨﮕﺎهﻫﺎي ﺗﺎزه وارد ﻗﺎدر ﺑﻪ ﮐﺴﺐ ﺳـﻮد‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺣﺪي‬
‫‪Cartel‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺗﻞ‬
‫‪export cartel‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﮐﺎرﺗﻞ ﺻﺎدراﺗﯽ‬
‫ﮐﺎرﺗﻞ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮاﻓﻖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮐﺸﻮر درﺑﺎره ﻗﯿﻤﺖ و‬

‫‪international cartel‬‬
‫ﻣﯿﺰان ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫‪heterogeneous products‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻫﻤﮕﻦ‬
‫‪conglomerate‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
‫‪vertical restraints‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺘﻬﺎي ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
‫‪interlocking directorate‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬

‫‪deregulation‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮرات زداﯾﯽ‬
‫‪learning curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬
‫‪Brand‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ و ﺑﺮ ﭼﺴﺐ ﺗﺠﺎري‬

‫‪brand competition‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬رﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ و ﺑﺮ ﭼﺴﺐ ﺗﺠﺎري‬
‫‪Entry‬‬ ‫ورود‬
‫‪Absolute cost advantages‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪاي‬
‫‪entry condition‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ورود )ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار(‬
‫‪ineffectively impeded entry‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ ورود ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ اﻧﺤﺼﺎر‬

‫‪social cost of monopoly‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻠﺚ رﻓـﺎه ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﯿـﺎري ﺑـﺮاي اﻧـﺪازه ﮔﯿـﺮي ﻫﺰﯾﻨـﻪ اﺟﺘﻤـﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪triangle welfare‬‬
‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪economic freedom‬‬ ‫آزادي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪positivism‬‬ ‫اﺛﺒﺎتﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
‫‪ethical economics‬‬ ‫اﺧﻼق و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫‪assymetric information‬‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎرن‬
‫‪experimental economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آزﻣﺎﯾﺸﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬
‫‪Islamic Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
‫‪planned economy‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي‬
‫‪evolutionary economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﮑﺎﻣﻠﯽ‬
‫‪command economy‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد دﺳﺘﻮري‬
‫‪defence economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد دﻓﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪Bioeconomics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬
‫‪art, economics of‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻫﻨﺮ‬
‫‪Economic Model‬‬ ‫اﻟﮕﻮي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪Economic man‬‬ ‫اﻧﺴﺎن اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

‫‪Economic Anthropology‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﺴﺎن ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪American Economic Association‬‬ ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬

‫‪Equality‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي‬
‫‪European Union Budget‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ اروﭘﺎ‬
‫‪bourgeoisie‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮرژوازي‬
‫‪ex ante and ex post‬‬ ‫ﭘﯿﺶ از وﻗﻮع و ﭘﺲ از وﻗﻮع‬
‫‪economic history‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪ceteris paribus‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎت ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ‬
‫‪Wealth‬‬ ‫ﺛﺮوت‬
‫‪Asset‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬داراﯾﯽ‬
‫‪population cycles‬‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ‬
‫‪animal spirits‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮي ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﯽ‬
‫داﻧﺶ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫‪Economics‬‬
‫‪Economic Theory‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪Normative Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻫﻨﺠﺎري‬
‫‪Normative Economics‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻫﻨﺠﺎري‬
‫‪Positive Economics‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Positive Economics‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪commerce‬‬
‫ﺗﺠﺎرت‬
‫‪commodities‬‬
‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‬
‫‪bureaucracy‬‬ ‫دﯾﻮانﺳﺎﻻري‬
‫‪Welfare‬‬ ‫رﻓﺎه‬
‫‪capital structure‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬

26 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
non-governmental organizations ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ دوﻟﺘﯽ‬
non-profit organizations ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮاﻧﺘﻔﺎﻋﯽ‬
Capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
artificial neural networks ‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ ﻋﺼﺒﯽ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﯽ‬
absorptive capacity ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺟﺬب‬
Philosophy of Economics ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
Physiocrats ‫ﻓﯿﺰﯾﻮﮐﺮاتﻫﺎ‬
Effective books in economics ‫ﮐﺘﺎبﻫﺎي اﺛﺮﮔﺬار در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
long-run and short-run ‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎهﻣﺪت و ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪت‬
Nominal and real quantities ‫ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﺳﻤﯽ و ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‬
Benefit ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ‬
Private benefit ‫ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Social benefit ‫ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
anomalies ‫ﻣﻮارد ﺧﺎص‬
Theory of value ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ارزش‬
axiomatic theories ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪﯾﻬﯽ‬
Self Interest ‫ﻧﻔﻊ ﺷﺨﺼﯽ‬
economic epidemiology ‫ﻫﻤﻪﮔﯿﺮي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agribusiness ‫ﮐﺴﺐ و ﮐﺎر ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

Farmers Income ‫ درآﻣﺪ ﮐﺸﺎورزان‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Agritrade ‫ﮐﺸﺎورزي ﺗﺠﺎري‬
Agricultural Associations and ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻞﻫﺎ و ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

Institutions
Agricultural economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

Market and Competitiveness in
‫ ﺑﺎزار و رﻗﺎﺑﺖ در ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Agriculture
Agricultural production Economics ‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Agricultural Information ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

System
Agricultural Inputs ‫ﻧﻬﺎدهﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural laws and ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ و ﻣﻘﺮرات ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

regulations
Agricultural Management ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural Marketing ‫ﺑﺎزارﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural policy ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

Agricultural Mechanization ‫ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺰاﺳﯿﻮن ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Agricultural Price ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural Taxes ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural Subsidies ‫ﯾﺎراﻧﻪ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural Support ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural Products market ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
Agricultural Stock Market ‫ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻي ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

Agriculture Processing Industries ‫ ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻠﯽ ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Farming Systems ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﻬﺮهﺑﺮداري ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

‫‪28‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬
‫‪Food Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻏﺬا‬

‫‪Food Security and Food Aid‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬اﻣﻨﯿﺖ ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ و ﮐﻤﮏﻫﺎي ﻏﺬاﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Forest Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺟﻨﮕﻞ‬
‫‪Range Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺮﺗﻊ‬
‫‪Risk and Uncertainty in‬‬ ‫رﯾﺴﮏ و ﻋﺪم اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن در ﮐﺸﺎورزي‬

‫‪Agriculture‬‬
‫‪Rural Development‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Sea Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد درﯾﺎ‬

‫‪Fisheries Economics‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺷﯿﻼت‬
‫‪Water Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آب‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ‬

Pollution ‫آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ‬
Acid Rain
‫ ﺑﺎران اﺳﯿﺪي‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Pollution abatement costs and
expenditure ‫ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪﻫﺎ و ﻣﺨﺎرج ﮐﺎﻫﺶ آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Acid Rain ‫ﺑﺎران اﺳﯿﺪي‬
Entropy ‫آﻧﺘﺮوﭘﯽ‬
Flypaper effect ‫ﯽ‬‫اﺛﺮ ﮐﺎﻏﺬ ﺳﻤ‬
Greenhouse Effect ‫اﺛﺮات ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬
The first principle and the

second principle of ‫اﺻﻞ اول و دوم ﺗﺮﻣﻮدﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ‬
thermodynamics
Ecological Economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﻮمﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬
Environmental Economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ‬
Natural Resource Economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
Recycling ‫ﺑﺎزﯾﺎﻓﺖ‬
Waste ‫ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬
Waste treatment ‫ ﺗﺼﻔﯿﻪ ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Maximum sustainable harvest ‫ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬
Free access ‫دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ آزاد‬
Stockholders ‫ذيﻧﻔﻌﺎن‬
Biome ‫زﯾﺴﺖ اﻗﻠﯿﻢ‬

Biodiversity ‫ ﺗﻨﻮع زﯾﺴﺘﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Bio magnification ‫ﻫﻢاﻓﺰاﯾﯽ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
Ecosystem ‫زﯾﺴﺖ ﺑﻮم‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ‬
‫‪ecological capital‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‬
‫‪Carrying Capacity‬‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ ﺑﺮد‬
‫‪Pollution haven hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه آﻟﻮدﮔﯽ‬
‫‪Clean Energy Technology‬‬ ‫ﻓﻦ آوريﻫﺎي اﻧﺮژيﻫﺎي ﭘﺎك‬
‫‪Merit goods‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﺳﻮدﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫‪Greenhouse Gases‬‬ ‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎي ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪاي‬
‫‪Ecotourism‬‬ ‫ﮔﺮدﺷﮕﺮي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
‫‪Green Taxes‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎتﻫﺎي ﺳﺒﺰ‬

‫‪Pollution Tax‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ آﻻﯾﻨﺪه‬
‫‪Environmental regulations‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮرات زﯾﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ‬
‫‪Non- renewable resources‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬
‫‪Renewable resources‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺪﯾﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮ‬

‫‪Stock resources‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ذﺧﯿﺮهاي‬
‫‪environmental Kuznets curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ زﯾﺴﺖﻣﺤﯿﻄﯽ ﮐﺰﻧﺘﺰ‬
‫‪Protected area‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪Fertility rats‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺑﺎروري‬
‫‪Energy subsidies‬‬ ‫ﯾﺎراﻧﻪ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬
‫‪Rent‬‬ ‫اﺟﺎره ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬
‫‪Rent Control policies‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﮐﻨﺘﺮل اﺟﺎره ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Tenure‬‬ ‫اﺷﻐﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺮف‬

‫‪Dwelling‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ ﮔﺰﯾﺪن‬
‫‪Occupancy‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮف ﻓﯿﺰﯾﮑﯽ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Tenancy‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮف واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ ﺑﻪﻏﯿﺮ از ﻣﺎﻟﮏ‬
‫‪Homeownership‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﮏ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Real Estate‬‬ ‫اﻣﻼك و ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼت‬

‫‪Developer‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه اﻣﻼك و ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼت‬
‫‪Commercial Property‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﮏ ﺗﺠﺎري‬
‫‪Residential Property‬‬ ‫ﻣﻠﮏ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Federal National Mortgage‬‬

‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻓﺪرال وام ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬
‫)‪Association (FNMA‬‬
‫‪Mortgage-Backed‬‬ ‫اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار ﺑﺎ ﭘﺸﺘﻮاﻧﻪ رﻫﻨﯽ‬

‫)‪Securities (MBS‬‬
‫‪Primary Mortgage Market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار رﻫﻦ اوﻟﯿﻪ‬

‫‪Secondary Mortgage‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار رﻫﻦ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ‬
‫‪Market‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬وﺛﯿﻘﻪ‬
‫‪Collateral‬‬
‫‪Default‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪم ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ دﯾﻮن‬
‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬

‫‪Housing Finance‬‬
‫‪Real Estate Financing‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ اﻣﻼك و ﻣﺴﺘﻐﻼت‬
‫‪Affordable Housing‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
‫‪Low Cost Housing‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ارزان ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫‪Housing Voucher‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﮔﻮاﻫﯽ ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬
‫‪Vacancy‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﯽ از ﺳﮑﻨﻪ‬

‫‪Natural Vacancy Rate‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﺮخ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻟﯽ از ﺳﮑﻨﻪ‬
‫‪Privatization in housing‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ ﺳﺎزي در ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬

‫‪markets‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﮑﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Public Housing‬‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬
‫‪Housing Policy‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬

‫‪Site and Services‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬زﻣﯿﻦ و ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬
‫‪Income Mixing‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﮐﻨﺎرﻫﻢ ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮارﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ درآﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪Hedonic Pricing Index‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻫﺪاﻧﯿﮏ‬

‫‪Appraisal‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ارزش ﯾﮏ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Neighbourhood‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﺎورت‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺴﺎﯾﮕﯽ‬
‫‪Income to Price Ratio‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ درآﻣﺪ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺑﻪ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻓﺮوش‬
‫)‪Loan to Value Index (LTV‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ وام ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﯽ ﺑﻪ ارزش واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Social Housing‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﮑﻦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬

‫‪Social Rental Housing‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﮑﻦ اﺟﺎرهاي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪Housing Stock‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Saving and Loan‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯽ و اﻋﺘﺒﺎري ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬

‫‪Association‬‬
‫‪Fannie Mae‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻠﯽ وامﻫﺎي رﻫﻨﯽ ﻓﺪرال‬
‫‪Housing Starts‬‬ ‫واﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﮑﻮﻧﯽ آﻏﺎز ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﺪه‬

‫‪Permit‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺟﻮاز‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻮز‬
‫‪Mortgage‬‬ ‫وام ﻣﺴﮑﻦ )رﻫﻦ(‬

‫‪Mortgage Insurance‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﺎزﭘﺮداﺧﺖ رﻫﻦ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
Externality (‫آﺛﺎر ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ )ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
Liberalization ‫آزادﺳﺎزي‬
contingent valuation ‫ارزشﮔﺬاري ﻣﺸﺮوط‬
Tax incidence ‫اﺻﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
Ability to pay principle ‫اﺻﻞ ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬

Equal absolute sacrifice principle ‫ اﺻﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻣﻄﻠﻖ اﯾﺜﺎر‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Equal marginal sacrifice principie ‫اﺻﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ اﯾﺜﺎر‬
Equal proportional sacrifice ‫اﺻﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻧﺴﺒﯽ اﯾﺜﺎر‬
The benefit principle ‫اﺻﻞ ﻓﺎﯾﺪه‬
Budget principles ‫اﺻﻮل ﺑﻮدﺟﻪﺑﻨﺪي‬
excess burden of taxation ‫اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺑﺎر ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
Tax credits ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
Public choice
Mean voter ‫ رأي دﻫﻨﺪه ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Majority rule ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اﮐﺜﺮﯾﺖ‬
Unanimity rule (‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه اﺗﻔﺎق آراء )ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﻫﻢاوازي‬
Collective decision making ‫ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮي ﺟﻤﻌﯽ‬
Collective rationality ‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯿﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﯽ‬
collective goods ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﺟﻤﻌﯽ‬
Size of government ‫اﻧﺪازه دوﻟﺖ‬
Fairness ‫اﻧﺼﺎف‬
burden of the debt ‫ﺑﺎر ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬
Public debt ‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

Debt management ‫ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
National debt ‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ ﻣﻠﯽ‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Budget‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬
‫‪Budget surplus‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎزاد ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬
‫‪government budget constraint‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﯿﺪ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ دوﻟﺖ‬
‫‪Budgeting‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪرﯾﺰي‬
‫‪Zero base budgeting‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﻮدﺟﻪرﯾﺰي ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎي ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫‪Performance budgeting‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪرﯾﺰي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Current budget‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ ﺟﺎري‬
‫‪Capital budget‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ ﻋﻤﺮاﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Pareto optimality‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﯿﻨﮕﯽ ﭘﺎرﺗﻮ‬
‫‪First best‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ اول‬
‫‪Second best‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ دوم‬
‫)‪Social insurance (security‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬

‫‪Pensions‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻮق ﺑﺎزﻧﺸﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
‫‪Tax base‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫‪Transfer payment‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯽ‬

‫‪Negative taxation‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬
‫‪Social welfare function‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ رﻓﺎه اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬

‫‪Social preferences‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺤﺎت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪deficit financing‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﺴﺮي‬
‫‪Tax allowance‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﯿﻒ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ )ﮐﻤﮏ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ(‬
‫‪Budget liquidation‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻎ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬
‫‪Tax compliance‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﮑﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫‪Tax evasion‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻓﺮار ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Tax avoidance‬‬ ‫اﺟﺘﻨﺎب ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪income destribution‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ درآﻣﺪ‬

Generational accounting ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري ﺑﯿﻦﻧﺴﻠﯽ‬

Government Intertemporal budget ‫ ﻣﺤﺪوﯾﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ دوﻟﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
constraint
Intergenerational transfers ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻت ﺑﯿﻦﻧﺴﻠﯽ‬
Moral hazard ‫ﺧﻄﺮ اﺧﻼﻗﯽ‬
Welfare state ‫دوﻟﺖ رﻓﺎه‬
Deadweight loss ‫زﯾﺎن ﻣﺮده‬
Tax rate structure

(proportional, progressive (‫ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪي و ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﯽ‬،‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻧﺮخ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت )ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺒﯽ‬
regressive) ‫ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Flat tax rate
Budget classification system ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬
Market failure ‫ﺷﮑﺴﺖ ﺑﺎزار‬
Intergenerational equity ‫ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺴﻠﯽ‬
X inefficiency x ‫ﻋﺪم ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ‬
Peacock-wiseman hypothesis ‫ واﯾﺰﻣﻦ‬-‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﭘﯿﮑﺎك‬
rent seeking ‫ﻓﺰوﻧﻪ ﺧﻮاﻫﯽ‬
Wagner’s law ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن واﮔﻨﺮ‬

Arrow’s impossibility ‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ اﻣﮑﺎنﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي آرو‬
theorem ‫ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ اﻣﮑﺎنﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Impossibility theorem
‫ ﻗﻀﯿﻪ اﻣﮑﺎنﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Possibility theorem
shadow pricing ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺳﺎﯾﻪاي‬
Pareto efficiency ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﭘﺎرﺗﻮ‬

Public good ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
Social good ‫ ﮐﺎﻻي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Voluntary provision of public
goods ‫ ﺗﻬﯿﻪ داوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫‪Pure public goods‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬

‫‪Impure public goods‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
‫‪Congestion‬‬ ‫ازدﺣﺎم‬
‫‪Non-rivalry in consumption‬‬
‫‪Tiebout model‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖﻧﺎﭘﺬﯾﺮي در ﻣﺼﺮف‬
‫اﻟﮕﻮي ﺗﯿﺒﻮت‬
‫ﮐﺴﺮي ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬
‫‪Budget deficit‬‬
‫‪Budget surplus‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎزاد ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ‬
‫‪Debt finance‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ از ﻃﺮﯾﻖ ﺑﺪﻫﯽ‬
‫‪Monetization‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﭘﻮﻟﯽ ﮐﺮدن ﮐﺴﺮي‬
‫‪government borrowing‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﻘﺮاض دوﻟﺖ‬
‫‪Club goods‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﺑﺎﺷﮕﺎﻫﯽ‬
‫‪Excludability‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎءﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬
‫‪Rivalry‬‬ ‫رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪Public good, pricing‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‪ ،‬ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري‬
‫‪Adverse selection‬‬ ‫ﮐﮋ ﮔﺰﯾﻨﯽ‬

‫‪Advantage selection‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺰﯾﺖﮔﺰﯾﻨﯽ‬
‫‪government ownership‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ دوﻟﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫‪Tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﺧﺰش ﺑﯿﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ؛ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺧﺰﯾﺪن‬
‫‪Bracket creep‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻼش ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Tax effort‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺸﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Tax heavens‬‬
‫‪Neutral tax‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺧﻨﺜﯽ‬
‫‪Tax incentives‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻮقﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪tax shelters‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﭘﻨﺎﻫﮕﺎه ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪taxation‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪taxation of capital‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ از ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫‪taxation of corporate profits‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ از ﺳﻮد ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪taxation of foreign income‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ از درآﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
‫‪taxation of income‬‬
‫‪taxation of the family‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ از درآﻣﺪ‬
‫‪taxation of wealth‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده‬
‫‪time inconsistency‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ از ﺛﺮوت‬
‫ﻧﺎﺳﺎزﮔﺎري زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Indirect tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬

‫‪Ad valorem taxation‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ارزش‬
‫‪Unit tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ واﺣﺪ‬
‫‪Inheritance taxes‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ ارث‬
‫‪Value added tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ ارزش اﻓﺰوده‬

‫‪Viable integrated VAT‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮارزش اﻓﺰوده ﯾﮑﭙﺎرﭼﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪Payroll tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮق و دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬
‫‪Property tax ,estate tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ داراﯾﯽ‬

‫‪Land tax‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫‪Income tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ‬
‫‪Corporate income tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ ﺷﺮﮐﺖ‬
‫‪negative income tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ درآﻣﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬
‫‪Capital gain tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ ﻋﺎﯾﺪي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫‪sales tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮوش‬
‫‪Expenditure tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ ﻣﺨﺎرج‬
‫‪Consumption tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺑﺮ ﻣﺼﺮف‬

‫‪Sumptuary taxes‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺨﺎرج‬
‫‪Social security tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺗﺄﻣﯿﻦ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪progressive and regressive‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪي و ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﯽ‬

‫‪taxation‬‬
‫‪Double taxation‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺘﺎﻧﯽ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ‬

‫‪Cascade effect‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺛﺮ آﺑﺸﺎري‬
‫‪Pool tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺳﺮاﻧﻪ‬
‫‪Public finance‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Excise taxes‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎتﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ‬

‫‪Pigouvian taxes‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﭘﯿﮕﻮﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Harberger triangle‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻠﺚ ﻫﺎرﺑﺮﮔﺮ‬
‫‪deficit spending‬‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎرج ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺴﺮي‬
‫‪Unemployment benefit‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎي ﺑﯿﮑﺎري – اﻋﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
‫‪Peak load problem‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ ﺑﺎر‬
‫‪Free rider problem‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺳﻮاري ﻣﺠﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Principal and agent problem‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻣﺪﯾﺮ و ﮐﺎرﮔﺰار‬
‫‪Utilitarianism‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Benthamite utilitarianism‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺑﻨﺘﺎم‬
‫‪government regulation‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮرات دوﻟﺘﯽ‬
‫‪Laffer curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻻﻓﺮ‬
‫‪Lorenz curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻟﻮرﻧﺰ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي درآﻣﺪي‬
‫‪Income inequality‬‬
‫‪Atkinson index‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﺗﮑﯿﻨﺴﻮن‬
‫‪Atkinson index‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ اﺗﮑﯿﻨﺴﻮن‬
‫‪Gini index‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺟﯿﻨﯽ‬
‫‪Gini index‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺟﯿﻨﯽ‬
‫‪Social discount rate‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻨﺰﯾﻞ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪Tax rate‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫‪Lump-sum taxes‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﻣﻘﻄﻮع‬
‫‪Marginal tax rate‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫‪Average tax rate‬‬
‫ﻧﺮخ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫‪Effective tax rate‬‬
‫‪Zero rate tax‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت‬
‫‪Ramsey’s proportionate reduction‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
‫‪rule‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ رﻣﺰي‬
‫‪Ricardian equivalence‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي رﯾﮑﺎردوﯾﯽ‬

‫‪theorem‬‬
‫‪Subsidy‬‬ ‫ﯾﺎراﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮق و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
Regulation ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﻘﺮرات‬
Regulation of Market Entry ‫ ورود ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Regulation of Information ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
Regulation of Product Safety ‫اﯾﻤﻨﯽ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت‬
Antitrust Law ‫ﺣﻘﻮق )ﻗﺎﻧﻮن( ﺿﺪ اﻧﺤﺼﺎر‬
Competition ‫ رﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Natural Monopoly ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
Monopoly ‫اﻧﺤﺼﺎر‬
Coalition ‫اﺋﺘﻼف‬
Discrimination ‫ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ‬
Crime ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﺟﺮم‬
Criminal Law ‫ ﺣﻘﻮق ﮐﯿﻔﺮي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Economics of Crime ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺟﺮم‬
Efficient Punishment ‫ﻣﺠﺎزات ﮐﺎرآﻣﺪ‬
Tort Law (‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺮم )ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ‬
Traditional Tort Law ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Economics of Tort Law ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺣﻘﻮق ﺣﺎدﺛﻪ‬
Calculating Economic Damage ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Corporate Law ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ‬
Contract Law ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻗﺮارداد‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Economics of Contract ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻗﺮاردادي‬
Contractual Choice ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺎﻣﺪﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻧﺸﺪه‬
Unforeseen Contingencies ‫ﺗﺨﺼﯿﺺ رﯾﺴﮏ در ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ‬
Risk Allocation in Contracts
‫ﺗﻔﺴﯿﺮ در ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎ‬
Interpretation in Contract Law
Employment Law ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﮐﺎر‬

Property Rights ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬
Private Ownership ‫ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Joint Ownership ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﻣﺸﺎع‬
Cooperative Ownership ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﯽ‬
Economics of Property Rights
‫ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Efficiency of Property Rights
Privatization ‫ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Protecting Property Rights ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽﺳﺎزي‬
Domain of Private Property ‫ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺣﻘﻮق و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫‪Efficiency Versus Equity‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻤﺮو ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬

‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي‬
‫‪Intellectual Property Rights‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﻓﮑﺮي‬

‫‪Patent‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺣﻖ اﺧﺘﺮاع‬
‫‪Copy Right‬‬ ‫ﺣﻖ ﻧﺴﺨﻪﺑﺮداري‬
‫‪Brand‬‬ ‫ﻋﻼﯾﻢ ﺗﺠﺎري‬
‫‪Law and Economics‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬

‫‪History‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﻪ‬
‫‪Economic Analysis of Law‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺣﻘﻮق‬
‫‪Methodology‬‬ ‫روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬
‫‪Rational Choice Theory‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻋﻘﻼﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Comparative Analysis‬‬
‫‪Political Economy of Law‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪاي‬
‫‪Development and Law and‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق‬
‫‪Economics‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫‪Bankruptcy Law‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق ورﺷﮑﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
‫‪Optimal Structure of the Law‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻄﻠﻮب ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ‬
‫‪Public Enforcement of Law‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ اﺟﺮاي ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ‬
‫‪Justice‬‬ ‫ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ‬
‫‪Corruption‬‬ ‫ﻓﺴﺎد اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪Coase Theorem‬‬ ‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﮐﻮز‬
‫‪Litigation‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺟﺮﯾﺎن دادرﺳﯽ‬
‫‪Theory of the Firm‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﻨﮕﺎه‬
‫‪Transaction Cost‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬

‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺎر و ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ‬
Labor Unions ‫اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﮔﺮي‬

(‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام )اﺷﺘﻐﺎل‬
Employment
Long-term employment ‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Employed ‫ﺷﺎﻏﻞ‬
Part time employment ‫ اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﭘﺎره وﻗﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Informal Employment ‫اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯽ‬
Underemployment (‫اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﻧﺎﻗﺺ )ﮐﻢ ﮐﺎري‬
Time -related Under Employment ‫اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﻧﺎﻗﺺ زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬
employment, full ‫اﺷﺘﻐﺎل ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬
Asymmetric information ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻘﺎرن در ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬
contract theory ‫ ﺗﺌﻮري ﻗﺮارداد‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Strikes ‫اﻋﺘﺼﺎب‬
Labour economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺎر‬
dependency burden ‫ﺑﺎر ﺗﮑﻔﻞ‬
Labour market ‫ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬

Labor market segmentation ‫ ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
Internal Labour markets ‫ ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر داﺧﻠﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Primary and secondary labour ‫ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر اوﻟﯿﻪ و ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ‬

markets
informal labour market ‫ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯽ‬
Dual Labour markets ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﮐﺎر دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
Enterprise ‫ﺑﻨﮕﺎه اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Productivity ‫ﺑﻬﺮهوري‬
Frictional Unemployment ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري اﺻﻄﮑﺎﮐﯽ‬

Unemployment ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
Unemployment measurement
‫ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Disguised Unemployment\hidden
42 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺎر و ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ‬
unemployment ‫ ﺑﯿﮑﺎري ﭘﻨﻬﺎن‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬

Involuntary unemployment ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري ﻏﯿﺮ ارادي‬
Involuntary Unemployment ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري ﻏﯿﺮ داوﻃﻠﺒﺎﻧﻪ‬
Undisguised Unemployment ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري آﺷﮑﺎر‬
Cyclical Unemployment
‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري دوره اي‬
Structural Unemployment ‫ﺑﯿﮑﺎري ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري‬
Unemployment insurance ‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
Labour market discrimination ‫ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ در ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬
Trade unions ‫ﺗﺸﮑﻞ ﻫﺎي ﮐﺎرﮔﺮي و ﮐﺎرﻓﺮﻣﺎﯾﯽ‬
Layoffs ‫ﺗﻌﻠﯿﻖ ﯾﺎ اﺧﺮاج ﻣﻮﻗﺖ‬
Job search ‫ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮي ﮐﺎر‬

Matching ‫ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر ﺑﺎ ﺷﻐﻞ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Search theory (new perspectives) (‫ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ )ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪازﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
economically active population ‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ در ﺳﻨﯿﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖ‬
ageing populations ‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻨﺪ‬
Employed Population ‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﺷﺎﻏﻞ‬

Non economically active ‫ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻏﯿﺮﻓﻌﺎل از ﻧﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
population
Collective bargaining ‫ ﻣﺬاﮐﺮات ﺟﻤﻌﯽ‬،‫ﭼﺎﻧﻪزﻧﯽ ﺟﻤﻌﯽ‬
Sticky wages ‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﯽ ﻣﺰدﻫﺎ‬
Minimum wages ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺰد‬
self employed ‫ﺧﻮد اﺷﺘﻐﺎﻟﯽ‬
efficiency wages ‫دﺳﺘﻤﺰد ﻣﻔﯿﺪ‬
threshold wages ‫دﺳﺘﻤﺰد ﻫﺎي آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ اي‬
flexible wages ‫دﺳﺘﻤﺰدﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻌﻄﻒ‬
Industrial relations ‫رواﺑﻂ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬

Normal work Hours / Hours of ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﮐﺎر ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف‬

Work
work Hours/ Hours of Work ‫ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﮐﺎر‬
discrimination ‫ ﺗﺒﻌﯿﺾ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Actual work Hours /Hours of Work ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﮐﺎر واﻗﻌﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
labour market policies ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬

regulatory policies ‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻤﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
passive labour market policies ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﻓﻌﺎل‬
active labour market policies ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻌﺎل‬
Ease of Doing Business Indexes ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺖ ﮐﺴﺐ و ﮐﺎر‬
Key Indicators of the Labour ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﮐﻠﯿﺪي ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬

Market
Leisure ‫ﻓﺮاﻏﺖ‬
Decent work ‫ﮐﺎر ﺷﺎﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬
Entrepreneur ‫ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻦ‬
Non-market work (‫ﮐﺎر ﻏﯿﺮ ﺑﺎزاري )ﺑﺪون ﺑﺎزار‬
Public employment agencies ‫ﻣﺮاﮐﺰ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت اﺷﺘﻐﺎل‬
‫ﻣﺰد‬
Wage
wage determination ‫ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺰد‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Centralized wage-setting ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺰد ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
Decentralized wage-setting ‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﺰد ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ‬
Wage structure ‫ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﺰد‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
system compensation ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺟﺒﺮان ﺧﺪﻣﺎت‬
Nominal wages ‫ ﻣﺰد ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬،‫ ﻣﺰد اﺳﻤﯽ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Profit sharing ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ در ﺳﻮد‬
Green jobs ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻏﻞ ﺳﺒﺰ‬

44 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﺎر و ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ‬
gross birth rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﺎم زاد و وﻟﺪ‬
gross motrality rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺧﺎم ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﯿﺮ‬
Natural rate of unemployment ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﯿﮑﺎري‬
total fertility rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﺎروري‬
Labour Force Participation ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬

Rate ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﻧﺎﯾﺮو‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
NAYRO rate
‫ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر زﻧﺎن‬
female labour force participation
Malthus’s theory of population ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯿﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻮس‬
Labour market institutions ‫ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬
Forced or compulsory labour ‫ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر اﺟﺒﺎري‬
Labour ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﮐﺎر‬،‫ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬

Labour demand ‫ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Labour supply ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬
Decent Work Index ‫ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﮐﺎر ﺷﺎﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن‬
comparative statics ‫اﯾﺴﺘﺎي ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ اي‬
Accelerator principle ‫اﺻﻞ ﺷﺘﺎب‬
Pigou effect ‫ اﺛﺮ ﺛﺮوت‬/‫اﺛﺮ ﭘﯿﮕﻮ‬
Crowding out (‫اﺛﺮ ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ )ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬

Fisher effect ‫اﺛﺮ ﻓﯿﺸﺮ‬
Value added ‫ارزش اﻓﺰوده‬
The open economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﺎز‬
Demand – side economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻃﺮف ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
Supply – side economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻃﺮف ﻋﺮﺿﻪ‬
neo-Ricardian economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻏﯿﺮ رﯾﮑﺎردوﯾﯽ‬
Macroeconomics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن‬
new classical macroeconomics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬
Keynesian macroeconomics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن ﮐﯿﻨﺰي‬
new Keynesian macroeconomics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن ﮐﯿﻨﺰيﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬
new institutional economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻧﻬﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬
Adaptive expectations ‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ‬
Rational expectations ‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات ﻋﻘﻼﯾﯽ‬
emerging markets ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎ )ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي( ﻧﻮﻇﻬﻮر‬
non-clearing markets in general ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮﺷﻔﺎف در ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

equilibrium
Depression ‫ﺑﺤﺮان اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Great Depression (1929) (1929) ‫ رﮐﻮد ﺑﺰرگ‬،‫ﺑﺤﺮان ﺑﺰرگ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Ricardian equivalence ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي رﯾﮑﺎردوﯾﯽ‬

46 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼن‬
Covered interest rate parity ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه ﭘﻮﺷﺶ داده ﺷﺪه‬
Dutch disease ‫ﺑﯿﻤﺎري ﻫﻠﻨﺪي‬

Saving ‫ﭘﺲ اﻧﺪاز‬
Forced saving ‫ ﭘﺲ اﻧﺪاز اﺟﺒﺎري‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Solow residual ‫ﭘﺴﻤﺎﻧﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻮ‬
Technological progress ‫ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻓﻨﯽ‬
ergodic theory ‫ﺗﺌﻮري ارﮔﻮدﯾﮏ‬

ergodicity and nonergodicity in
‫ ارﮔﻮدﯾﮑﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮارﮔﻮدﯾﮑﯽ در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
economics
distribution theories: classical, ‫ ﮐﯿﻨﺰي و‬،‫ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮑﯽ‬:‫ﺗﺌﻮري ﻫﺎي ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬

Keynesian, Marxian ‫ﻣﺎرﮐﺴﯿﺴﺘﯽ‬
aggregate production function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻞ‬
aggregate supply function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﻞ‬

consumption function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺼﺮف‬
Automatic stabilizer ‫ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬
Research and development ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

(R&D)
Aggregate demand ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﮐﻞ‬
effective demand ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
Paradox of thrift (‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺧﺴﺖ )ﻣﻘﺘﺼﺪ ﺑﻮدن‬
fine tuning ‫ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
Inflation ‫ﺗﻮرم‬
Deflation ‫ ﺿﺪ ﺗﻮرم‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Inflation gap ‫ﺷﮑﺎف ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
Inflation rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻮرم‬
Hot money
‫ﭘﻮل داغ‬
Disinflation
Anticipated inflation ‫ ﺗﻮرم زداﯾﯽ‬،‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮرم‬
Hyper inflation ‫ﺗﻮرم ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽﺷﺪه‬
Hyper inflation (‫ﺗﻮرم ﻟﺠﺎم ﮔﺴﯿﺨﺘﻪ )ﺷﺪﯾﺪ‬
growth and inflation ‫ اﺑﺮ ﺗﻮرم‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬

‫ رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻮرم‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Demand – pull inflation ‫ﺗﻮرم ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻓﺸﺎر ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬
Cost – push inflation ‫ﺗﻮرم ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻓﺸﺎر ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬
GNP (Gross National Product) ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﻣﻠﯽ‬

Potential output ‫ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮه‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
real rigidities ‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‬
green national accounting ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري ﻣﻠﯽ ﺳﺒﺰ‬
Neutrality of money ‫ﺧﻨﺜﺎﯾﯽ ﭘﻮل‬
Harrod neutrality ‫ﺧﻨﺜﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﺎرود‬
Hicks neutrality ‫ﺧﻨﺜﺎﯾﯽ ﻫﯿﮑﺲ‬
income ‫درآﻣﺪ‬
National Income ‫درآﻣﺪ ﻣﻠﯽ‬
Business cycle ‫ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺗﺠﺎري‬/‫دور ﺗﺠﺎري‬

monetary business cycle models ‫ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺗﺠﺎري ﭘﻮﻟﯽ )ﺑﺎ دﺳﺘﻤﺰدﻫﺎ و‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
(sticky prices and wages) (‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه‬
political budget cycles ‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪاي‬
Real Business cycle ‫دور ﺗﺠﺎري ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‬
Political business cycle ‫دور ﺗﺠﺎري ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬
Classical dichotomy ‫دوﮔﺎﻧﮕﯽ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬
Liquidity preference ‫رﺟﺤﺎن ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﮕﯽ‬
Economic growth ‫رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

Endogenous growth ‫رﺷﺪ درونزا‬
Exogenous growth ‫رﺷﺪ ﺑﺮوﻧﺰا‬
Balanced Growth ‫رﺷﺪ ﻣﺘﻮازن‬
Unbalanced growth ‫رﺷﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻮازن‬
Recession ‫رﮐﻮد‬
Stagflation ‫رﮐﻮد ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
capital utilization ‫ ﺑﻪﮐﺎرﮔﯿﺮي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Human capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬
constant and variable capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ و ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
Investment ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬

Inventory ‫ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي اﻧﺒﺎر‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
inventory investment ‫اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدي اﻧﺒﺎر‬
irreversible investment ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﻏﯿﺮﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬
investment and accumulation ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري و اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬
Rationing ‫ﺳﻬﻤﯿﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي‬
Monetary policy ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬

Open market operation ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺑﺎزار ﺑﺎز‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Contractionary monetary policy ‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Expansionary monetary policy ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﯽ‬
Monetary policy instruments ‫اﺑﺰار ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
Stabilization policy ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﺖ‬

‫‪Income policy‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ درآﻣﺪي‬
‫‪Fiscal policy‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬

‫‪Expansionary fiscal policy‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﯽ‬
‫‪Contractionary fiscal policy‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ اﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﯽ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫‪Price index‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﻧﺎﺧﺎﻟﺺ داﺧﻠﯽ‬
‫‪GDP deflator‬‬
‫)ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ(‬
‫‪Consumer price index‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫‪Producer price index‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬
‫‪wage indexation‬‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺﺳﺎزي دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬

‫‪wage setting‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ دﺳﺘﻤﺰد‬
‫‪balance budget multiplier‬‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺮ ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺎدل‬
‫‪excess capacity‬‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
‫‪overshooting exchange rate‬‬ ‫ﻋﮑﺲاﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﻧﺮخ ارز‬
‫‪Open market operation‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺑﺎزار ﺑﺎز‬
‫‪Dual – decision hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫‪Unitary – decision hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي واﺣﺪ‬
‫‪relative income hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ درآﻣﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬
‫‪Keynes-Ramsey rule‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﮐﯿﻨﺰ‪-‬رﻣﺰي‬
‫‪Okun 's law‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اوﮐﺎن‬
‫‪Taylor ' s rule‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﯿﻠﻮر‬
‫‪Say's law‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺳﯽ‬

‫‪Golden rule of capital‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻃﻼﯾﯽ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫‪accumulation‬‬
Walras' law ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن واﻟﺮاس‬
factor prices ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬
Transmission channels of ‫ﮐﺎﻧﺎلﻫﺎي اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬

monetary policy
Tobin's q ‫ﮐﯿﻮي ﺗﻮﺑﯿﻦ‬
Inflation tax ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
computation of general ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

equilibria
Aggregate spenditure ‫ﻣﺨﺎرج ﮐﻞ‬
IS – LM model ‫ﻣﺪل آي اس – ال ام‬
Arrow- Debreu model of ‫ دﺑﺮو‬-‫ﻣﺪل ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ارو‬

general equilibrium
overlapping generations model ‫ﻣﺪل ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﻧﺴﻞﻫﺎي ﻫﻢﭘﻮﺷﺎن‬

of general equilibrium
The Diamond model ‫ﻣﺪل داﯾﻤﻮﻧﺪ‬
Solow growth model ‫ﻣﺪل رﺷﺪ ﺳﻮﻟﻮ‬
Neoclassical growth model ‫ﻣﺪل رﺷﺪ ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬

neoclassical growth theory (new
(‫ ﻣﺪل رﺷﺪ ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ )ﺑﯿﺎن ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
perspectives)
Mundell Fleming model ‫ﻣﺪل ﻣﺎﻧﺪل ﻓﻠﻤﯿﻨﮓ‬
Vintage model ‫ﻣﺪل وﯾﻨﺘﺞ‬
Harrod-Domar model ‫ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎرود دوﻣﺎر‬
Balanced growth path ‫ﻣﺴﯿﺮ رﺷﺪ ﻣﺘﻮازن‬

aggregation problem ‫ﻣﺸﮑﻞ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬

adding- up problem ‫ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﯽﺳﺎزي‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
aggregation (theory) ‫ ﺗﺌﻮري ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
certainty equivalence ‫ﻣﻌﺎدل اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎن‬
Aggregate supply curve ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﻞ‬
Philips curve ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻓﯿﻠﯿﭙﺲ‬

Expectation augmented Philips curve ‫ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﻓﯿﻠﯿﭙﺲ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
propensity to consume ‫ﻣﯿﻞ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف‬

Stochastic growth rule ‫ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬
NAIRO ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻧﺎﯾﺮو‬
Consumption theories ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺼﺮف‬

Permanent income hypothesis ‫ ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ درآﻣﺪ داﺋﻤﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Life-cycle hypothesis ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺳﯿﮑﻞ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
Keynesian consumption theory ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﯿﻨﺰ‬
Lucas critique ‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﻟﻮﮐﺎس‬
Circular – flow diagram ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺟﺮﯾﺎن داﯾﺮهوار‬
Inflation targeting ‫ﻫﺪفﮔﺬاري ﺗﻮرم‬
User cost of capital ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
adjustment cost ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ‬
autonomous expenditure ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬
Convergence (conditional, (‫ﻫﻤﮕﺮاﯾﯽ )ﺷﺮﻃﯽ و ﻏﯿﺮ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬

unconditional)
Learning by doing (‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي ﺿﻤﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮐﺎر )ﺿﻤﻦ اﺟﺮا‬

‫‪52‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫‪information cascades‬‬ ‫آﺑﺸﺎر )ﮐﺎﺳﮑﺎدز( ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Lender of last resort‬‬ ‫آﺧﺮﯾﻦ ﻗﺮض دﻫﻨﺪه‬
‫‪Real balance effect‬‬ ‫اﺛﺮ ﺗﺮاز ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‬
‫‪American Economic Association‬‬ ‫اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ اروﭘﺎ‬
‫‪Central banking independence‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‬
‫‪Barter Economy‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻬﺎﺗﺮي‬
‫‪classical economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬
‫‪Cash-in advance economy‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺑﺎ ﭘﯿﺶ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬
‫‪inflation expectations‬‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Central bank‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‬
‫‪European Central Bank‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ اروﭘﺎ‬
‫‪Bank of england‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن‬
‫‪deposit insurance‬‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﭙﺮده‬
‫‪Gibson paradox‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎرادوﮐﺲ ﮔﯿﺒﺴﻮن‬
‫‪Bimetallism‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ )ﻃﻼ و ﻧﻘﺮه(‬
‫‪Money‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮل‬
‫)‪Inside-money (outside- money‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﭘﻮل دروﻧﯽ )ﭘﻮل ﺑﯿﺮوﻧﯽ(‬
‫‪Fiat money‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮل ﮐﺎﻏﺬي‬
‫‪Commodity money‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮل ﮐﺎﻻﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Paper money‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﭘﻮل ﮐﺎﻏﺬي‬
‫‪High powered money‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮل ﭘﺮ ﻗﺪرت )ﭘﻮل ﭘﺎﯾﻪ(‬
‫‪Currency‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮل در ﮔﺮدش‬
‫‪decision theory‬‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮري ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮي‬
‫‪Liquidity preference theory‬‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮري رﺟﺤﺎن ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﮕﯽ‬
‫‪Money, quantity theory of‬‬ ‫ﺗﺌﻮري ﻣﻘﺪاري ﭘﻮل‬
‫‪Cash balances‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮاز ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫‪Demand for money‬‬

‫‪Demand for money: buffer stocks‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮل‬
‫‪Demand for money: Friedman‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮل‪ :‬ﺣﺎﺷﯿﻪ اﻣﻦ‬
‫‪approach‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮل‪ :‬ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻓﺮﯾﺪﻣﻦ‬
‫‪Demand for money: Keynesian‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﻮل‪ :‬ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﮐﯿﻨﺰي‬
‫‪approach‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺣﺘﮑﺎر‬
‫‪hoarding‬‬
‫‪Liquidity trap‬‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻪ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﮕﯽ‬
‫‪money illusion‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻫﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫‪Seigniorage‬‬ ‫ﺣﻖ اﻟﻀﺮب‬
‫‪endogeneity and exogeneity‬‬ ‫درونزاﯾﯽ و ﺑﺮونزاﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Real bills doctrine‬‬ ‫دﮐﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺮات ﻫﺎي ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‬
‫‪inflation dynamics‬‬ ‫دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Reserves‬‬ ‫ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ)ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي(‬
‫‪Deposit‬‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺮده‬
‫‪Demand deposit‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﭙﺮده ﺟﺎري‬
54 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
Monetary Policy ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬاري ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬

rule based policy ‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬاري ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Discretionary policy ‫ ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﮔﺬاري ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺘﯽ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Federal Reserve System ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺪرال رزرو‬
inflationary gap ‫ﺷﮑﺎف ﺗﻮرﻣﯽ‬
Bullionist ‫ﺷﻤﺶﮔﺮاﯾﺎن‬
Currency board ‫ﺷﻮراي ﭘﻮل و اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
International Monetary fund ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﭘﻮل‬
Multiplier ‫ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺮ‬،‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه‬
Supply of money ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﭘﻮل‬

Supply of money: Exogenous ‫ ﺑﺮوﻧﺰا‬:‫ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﭘﻮل‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Supply of money: Endogenous ‫ دروﻧﺰا‬:‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﭘﻮل‬
Monetary rule ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
Rules versus discretion ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ‬

discretion ‫ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﺖ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Monetary rule ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
Gresham’s Law ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﮔﺮﺷﺎم‬
Discount window ‫ﮔﯿﺸﻪ ﺗﻨﺰﯾﻞ‬
foreign exchange reserve ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ذﺧﺎﯾﺮ ارزي ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬

management
Currency school ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬
Discount rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺗﻨﺰﯾﻞ‬
Quantity theory of money ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﻘﺪاري ﭘﻮل‬

‫‪numeraire‬‬ ‫وﺳﯿﻠﻪ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ارزش‬
‫‪Inflation: cost of‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺗﻮرم‬
‫‪Inflation: cost of reducing‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻮرم‬

56 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ‬
customs unions ‫اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ ﮔﻤﺮﮐﯽ‬
economic integration ‫ادﻏﺎم اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Foreign exchange ‫ارز‬

Dollar ‫ دﻻر‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Euro ‫ﯾﻮرو‬
Yen ‫ﯾﻦ‬
yuan ‫ﯾﻮآن‬
Most _ favored_ nation principle ‫اﺻﻞ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي اﻣﺘﯿﺎزدﻫﯽ‬

Appreciation ‫ اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ارزش ﭘﻮل‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
International Economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬
Chicago Board of Trade ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺗﺠﺎري ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬

(CBOT)
Foreign Exchange Market ‫ﺑﺎزار ارز‬

Exchange Rate ‫ ﻧﺮخ ارز‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Foreign Exchange Market ‫دﺧﺎﻟﺖ در ﺑﺎزار ارز‬
Intervention ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ارز‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Real Exchange Rate
‫ﻧﺮخ ﻧﻘﺪ‬
Spot Rate
Forward Rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺳﻠﻒ‬
Nominal Exchange Rate ‫ﻧﺮخ اﺳﻤﯽ ارز‬
Clean Float ‫ ﻧﺮخ ﺷﻨﺎور ارز‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Interest rate parity ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﺑﻬﺮه‬
Purchasing power parity (PPP) ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻗﺪرت ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
Leontief paradox ‫ﭘﺎرادوﮐﺲ ﻟﺌﻮﻧﺘﯿﻒ‬
Kuhn- Tucker theory ‫ ﺗﺎﮐﺮ‬-‫ﺗﺌﻮري ﮐﺎن‬

Balance of Payments Theories

Absorption Approach to the Balance
of Payments ‫ﺗﺌﻮريﻫﺎي ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬
Elasticity Approach to the Balance of ‫ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺟﺬﺑﯽ از ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Payments ‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﮐﺸﺸﯽ از ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬
Keynesian Approach to the Balance ‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﮐﯿﻨﺰي از ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬
of Payments ‫ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ از ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬
Monetary Approach to the Balance of
Payments
‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺗﻐﯿﯿـﺮات ﻧـﺮخ ارز ﺑـﺮ ﻗﯿﻤـﺖ ﮐﺎﻻﻫـﺎي‬
Exchange rate pass through
‫ﺗﺠﺎري‬
International Trade ‫ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬

growth and international trade ‫ رﺷﺪ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
commerce ‫ ﺗﺠﺎرت‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
embargo ‫ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬
Balance of Payments
Balance of Payments: Trade account ‫ ﺗﺮاز ﺗﺠﺎري‬:‫ ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Balance of Payments: Current account ‫ ﺗﺮاز ﺟﺎري‬:‫ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬
Balance of Payments: Capital account ‫ ﺗﺮاز ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬:‫ﺗﺮاز ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎ‬
flow of capital ‫ ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
flow of funds ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‬
flows and stocks ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎنﻫﺎ و ﻣﻮﺟﻮديﻫﺎ‬
Tariffs ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎ‬
Compound Tariff ‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Effective tariff ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬
quotas and tariffs ‫ﺳﻬﻤﯿﻪﺑﻨﺪي و ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎ‬
Preferential tarrifs (‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي اﺿﺎﻓﯽ )ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺤﯽ‬
Import tariffs ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪﻫﺎي وارداﺗﯽ‬
Exchange Rate Determination: ‫ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬:‫ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﺮخ ارز‬

Monetary Approach
North American Free Trade ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺠﺎرت آزاد آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬

Agreement (NAFTA)
58 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ‬
Currency Substitution ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﭘﻮل‬

Dollarization ‫ دﻻري ﺷﺪن اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
SDR ‫ﺣﻖ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص‬
effective protection ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ‬
Terms of Trade ‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ ﺗﺠﺎري‬
Economic Cooperation (‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﻤﮑﺎري ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي )اﮐﻮ‬

Organization (ECO)
Trade policy ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﺗﺠﺎري‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖ ﻧﺮخ ارز‬

exchange rate policy
exchange control ‫ ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﻧﺮخ ارز‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
exchange rate volatility ‫ ﺑﯽﺛﺒﺎﺗﯽ ﻧﺮخ ارز‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Depreciation ‫ ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ارزش ﭘﻮل‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Devaluation ‫ﮐﺎﻫﺶ دادن ارزش ﯾﮏ ﭘﻮل‬
Breton Woods’s system ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺮﺗﻦ وودز‬
Gold Standard ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻃﻼ‬
European monetary System ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ اروﭘﺎ‬
Gold-Exchange Standard ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪ ﻃﻼ‬
Marshall _ Lerner Condition ‫ﺷﺮط ﻣﺎرﺷﺎل – ﻟﺮﻧﺮ‬
exports ‫ﺻﺎدرات‬
Sterilization ‫ﻋﻘﯿﻢﺳﺎزي‬
convergence hypothesis ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻫﻤﮕﺮاﯾﯽ‬
Law of one price ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻗﯿﻤﺖ واﺣﺪ‬
Smithsonian Agreement ‫ﻗﺮارداد اﺳﻤﻮﺛﻨﯿﻦ‬

‫‪Tradable goods‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري‬
‫‪Non_ tradable goods‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﺗﺠﺎري )ﻏﯿﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ(‬
‫‪Exice tax‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺤﯽ‬
‫‪International Finance‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﻪ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻞ‬
‫‪non-tariff barriers‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻪاي‬
‫‪Heckscher-Ohlin Model‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪل ﻫﮑﺸﺮ – اوﻫﻠﯿﻦ‬
‫‪Absolutes Advantage‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫‪Comparative Advantage‬‬ ‫ﻣﺰﯾﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬
‫‪J-curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺟﯽ‬
‫‪Free trade Area‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ آزاد ﺗﺠﺎري‬
‫‪Currency areas‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ‬

‫‪Optimum currency areas‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﺎﺣﯿﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬
‫‪Exchange rate determination‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﻧﺮخ ارز‬

‫‪systems‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺮخ ارز ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ‬
‫‪Adjustable peg System‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺮخ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ارز‬
‫‪Fixed Exchange Rate System‬‬
‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺮخ اﻧﻌﻄﺎف ﭘﺬﯾﺮ ارز‬
‫‪Flexible Exchange rate System‬‬
‫‪Floating Exchange Rate‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﺮخ ﺷﻨﺎور ارز‬
‫‪Crawling peg system‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺧﺰﻧﺪه ارز‬
60 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
Voice, exit and loyalty ‫ ﺧﺮوج و وﻓﺎداري‬،‫اﻋﺘﺮاض‬
Social Economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
Development economics
Modern development theory ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﺪرن ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
Classical approach ‫ روﯾﮑﺮد ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Orthodox approach ‫روﯾﮑﺮد ارﺗﺪوﮐﺲ‬
Institutional approach ‫روﯾﮑﺮد ﻧﻬﺎدﮔﺮا‬
Structuralism approach ‫روﯾﮑﺮد ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﮔﺮا‬
alternative approach ‫روﯾﮑﺮدﻫﺎي ﺑﺪﯾﻞ‬
Knowledge– based economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﻧﺶ ﺑﻨﯿﺎن‬
Dual economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد دوﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬
Informal Economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯽ‬
heterodox economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎرف‬
Institutional economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻧﻬﺎدﮔﺮا‬

new institutionalism ‫ ﻧﻬﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Old institutionalism ‫ﻧﻬﺎدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﻗﺪﯾﻢ‬
growth and institutions ‫ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎ و رﺷﺪ‬
transfer of technology ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻓﻨﺎوري‬

appropriate technology
‫ ﻓﻨﺎوري ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
biased and unbiased technological
change ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﻨﺎوراﻧﻪ ﺗﻮرش دارو ﻧﺎﺗﻮر‬
Industrial revolution ‫اﻧﻘﻼب ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
Secular crises ‫ﺑﺤﺮان ذاﺗﯽ‬
external debt ‫ﺑﺪﻫﯽ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬

development planning ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
anti-poverty programmes ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﺿﺪ ﻓﻘﺮ‬
Paradox of poverty ‫ﭘﺎرادوﮐﺲ ﻓﻘﺮ‬
Sectoral analysis ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞﻫﺎي ﺑﺨﺸﯽ‬
Technical change and measures ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﻓﻨﯽ و ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﭘﯿﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻓﻨﯽ‬

of technical progress
Social capabilities ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪيﻫﺎي اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
Economic development ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

Technological catch-up and economic
‫ ﺟﺒﺮان ﻋﻘﺐﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﯽ ﻓﻨﺎوراﻧﻪ و رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
growth
Sustainable development ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬
Import substitution ‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺰﯾﻨﯽ واردات‬
catching-up ‫ﺟﺒﺮان ﻣﺎﻓﺎت‬
Globalization ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن‬
growth accounting ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري رﺷﺪ‬
Good governance ‫ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﺷﺎﯾﺴﺘﻪ‬

Corporate Governance ‫ ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﺷﺮﮐﺘﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Public Governance ‫ﺣﮑﻤﺮاﻧﯽ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
Protectionism ‫ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
privatization ‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽﺳﺎزي‬
Poverty line ‫ﺧﻂ ﻓﻘﺮ‬
Poverty trap ‫دام ﻓﻘﺮ‬
Democracy and economic ‫دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺳﯽ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

development (... ‫)آﻣﺎرﺗﯿﺎﺳﻦ و‬
62 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
atomism ‫ذرهﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
Growth ‫رﺷﺪ‬
growth and cycles ‫ رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
growth, measurement of ‫ اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي رﺷﺪ‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
Schumpeterian growth ‫رﺷﺪ ﺷﻮﻣﭙﯿﺘﺮي‬
methodology of development ‫روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

economics
structuralism ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
social capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬

organization capital ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
cultural capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ‬
financial capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
symbolic capital ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﻧﻤﺎدﯾﻦ‬
foreign investment ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬

foreign direct investment ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
foreign indirect investment ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ ﺧﺎرﺟﯽ‬
human development index ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬

(HDI) ‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
Human resource development
‫ اﻣﯿﺪ ﺑﻪ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Life expectancy
infant mortality ‫ ﻣﺮگ و ﻣﯿﺮ ﻧﻮزادان‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
industrialization ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺷﺪن‬
Gini ratio ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺟﯿﻨﯽ‬
rationality ‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯿﺖ‬
Brain Drain ‫ﻓﺮار ﻣﻐﺰﻫﺎ‬

inverted-U hypothesis (income (‫ ﻣﻌﮑﻮس )ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي درآﻣﺪ و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬U ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬

inequality and (development
corruption ‫ﻓﺴﺎد‬
‫ﻓﻘﺮ‬
Poverty
poverty measurement ‫ اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي ﻓﻘﺮ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
origins of poverty ‫ﺳﺮﭼﺸﻤﻪﻫﺎي ﻓﻘﺮ‬
absolute poverty ‫ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
relative poverty ‫ﻓﻘﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬
extreme poverty ‫ﻓﻘﺮ ﻣﻔﺮط‬
vested interests ‫ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي ذيﻧﻔﻊ‬

rent-seeking and vested interests ‫ ﻓﺰوﻧﻪﺧﻮاﻫﯽ و ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي ذيﻧﻔﻊ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
social fabric matrix ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
microfinance ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﻪ ﺧﺮد‬
limits to growth ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺘﻬﺎي رﺷﺪ‬
classical growth model ‫ﻣﺪل رﺷﺪ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬
Intergenerational models ‫ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺴﻠﯽ‬
growth models, classical ‫ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮑﯽ‬،‫ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ‬
growth models, neoclassical ‫ ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮑﯽ‬،‫ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ‬
center and periphery ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰ و ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن‬
regulation and deregulations ‫ﻣﻘﺮراتﮔﺬاري و ﻣﻘﺮراتزداﯾﯽ‬

‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي‬
Inequality
growth and inequality ‫ رﺷﺪ و ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
inequality (international evidence) (‫ ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي )ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
inequality (measurement) (‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي )اﻧﺪازهﮔﯿﺮي‬
inequality between persons ‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﺑﯿﻦ اﻓﺮاد‬
inequality between the sexes ‫ﻧﺎﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﺑﯿﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﯿﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫‪natural and warranted rates of‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخ رﺷﺪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ و ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪growth‬‬
‫‪Theory of additional value‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ارزش اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
‫‪labor theory of value‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ارزش ﮐﺎر‬
‫‪growth theory‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ رﺷﺪ‬
‫‪unlimited labor supply‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪود ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر‬
‫‪dependency theory‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ واﺑﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
‫‪innovation‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮآوري‬
‫‪Convergences‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﮕﺮاﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Hamiltonians‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﯿﻠﺘﻮﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Knife- edge problem‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﻟﺒﻪ ﺗﯿﻎ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Ijara muntahia bittamleek ‫اﺟﺎره ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮط ﺗﻤﻠﯿﮏ‬

Ijarah thumma al bai' (hire purchase) ‫ اﺟﺎره و ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Ajr (‫اﺟﺮت )ﺣﻖاﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
Istisna ‫اﺳﺘﺼﻨﺎع‬
Islamic derivatives ‫اوراق ﻣﺸﺘﻘﻪ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Bai ‫ﺑﯿﻊ‬
Takaful (Islamic insurance) ‫ﺗﮑﺎﻓﻞ‬

Retakaful ‫ ﺑﺎز ﺗﮑﺎﻓﻞ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Tawarruq ‫ﺗﻮرق‬
Ju'alal ‫ﺟﻌﺎﻟﻪ‬
Hawala ‫ﺣﻮاﻟﻪ‬
Bai al Dayn ‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪ دﯾﻦ‬
Riba ‫رﺑﺎ‬
Rahn ‫رﻫﻦ‬
Zakah ‫زﮐﺎت‬
Sukuk (Islamic bonds) ‫ﺻﮑﻮك‬
Islamic equity funds ‫ﺻﻨﺪوقﻫﺎي ﺳﻬﺎم اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Bai' al 'inah (sale and buy-back ‫ﻗﺮارداد ﺑﺎزﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬

agreement)
Qard hasan ‫ﻗﺮضاﻟﺤﺴﻨﻪ‬

‫‪66‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺎﻟﯽ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Qimer‬‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺎر‬
‫‪Murabaha‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺑﺤﻪ‬
‫‪Musaqah‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎﻗﺎت‬
‫‪Musawamah‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺎوﻣﻪ‬
‫‪Musharaka‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ‬
‫‪Diminishing musharaka‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ ﮐﺎﻫﺸﯽ‬
‫‪Mudaraba‬‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرﺑﻪ‬
‫‪Muzara'a‬‬ ‫ﻣﻀﺎرﻋﻪ‬
‫)‪Hibah (gift‬‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻪ‬
‫‪Awkaf/Awqaf‬‬ ‫وﻗﻒ‬
‫)‪Wakalah (power of attorney‬‬ ‫وﮐﺎﻟﺖ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫ارزش‬
‫‪Value‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ارزش ﻣﺒﺎدﻻﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Transaction Value‬‬
‫‪Value in exchange‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ارزش ﻣﺒﺎدﻟﻪ‬
‫‪Consumption Value‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ارزش ﻣﺼﺮﻓﯽ‬
‫‪Value in use‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ارزش اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫‪Absolute value‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ارزش ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
‫‪Surplus Value – exploitation‬‬
‫ارزش اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‪ -‬اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬
‫‪Collectivism‬‬ ‫اﺻﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ – اﺻﺎﻟﺖ ﺟﻤﻊ‬
‫‪Individualism‬‬ ‫اﺻﺎﻟﺖ ﻓﺮد – ﻓﺮدﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Imperialism‬‬ ‫اﻣﭙﺮﯾﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ‬
‫‪Economic security‬‬ ‫اﻣﻨﯿﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪Motivation‬‬ ‫اﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ‬

‫‪Ethical‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺧﻼﻗﯽ )اﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪Non – material‬‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺎدي)اﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪material‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎدي )اﻧﮕﯿﺰه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪Economic stability‬‬ ‫ﺛﺒﺎت اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪vision‬‬ ‫ﭼﺸﻢاﻧﺪاز‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ‬
‫‪Materialism‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ دﯾﺎﻟﮑﺘﯿﮏ‬
‫‪Marxism‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎرﮐﺴﯿﺴﻢ‬
‫‪Proletaria‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﭘﺮوﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺎ‪ -‬ارزش ﺑﯿﮑﺎران‬
‫‪Class‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪Interested class‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ذيﻧﻔﻊ‬
‫‪Classes conflict – dialectic‬‬ ‫ﺗﻀﺎد ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺗﯽ ‪ -‬دﯾﺎﻟﮑﺘﯿﮏ‬
‫‪68‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎمﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻫﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪Economic bans‬‬
‫‪Pampering ban‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻬﯽ اﺗﺮاف‬
‫‪Prodigality ban‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﯽ اﺳﺮاف‬
‫‪Multiplicity ban‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﯽ ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺮ‬
‫‪Speculation ban‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﯽ اﺣﺘﮑﺎر‬
‫‪Usury ban‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﯽ رﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪Economic system‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﮐﻤﻮﻧﯿﺴﻢ‬
‫‪Communism‬‬
‫‪Cooperative‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Feudalism‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﺌﻮداﻟﯿﺴﻢ‬
‫‪Socialism‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ‬
‫‪Scientific‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬
‫‪Imaginary‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﻮﺳﯿﺎﻟﯿﺴﻢ ﺗﺨﯿﻠﯽ‬
‫‪Democratic‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎم دﻣﻮﮐﺮاﺗﯿﮏ‬
‫‪Islamic Economicsystem‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺳﻼم‬
‫‪mixed Economic system‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻂ‬
‫‪Slavery‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺮدهداري‬
‫‪Economic Planning‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

‫‪Central planning‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺎم ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰ )ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ و ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ(‬
‫‪Capitalism‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪداري‬

‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

Exploitation ‫اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬
Political economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ‬
Neoclassical economies ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬
stylized facts ‫ﺣﻘﺎﯾﻖ آﺷﮑﺎر‬
The invisible hand ‫دﺳﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﺮﯾﯽ‬
Economic Methodology ‫روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Neo-classical synthesis ‫ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬
Production, modes of ‫ﺷﯿﻮهﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
Infant industries ‫ﺻﻨﺎﯾﻊ ﻧﻮزاد‬
Laissez-faire ‫ﻋﺪم ﻣﺪاﺧﻠﻪ دوﻟﺖ‬
Keynes ‫ﮐﯿﻨﺰ‬
Economic schools ‫ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

Merchantilism ‫ ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺳﻮداﮔﺮي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Utilitarianism ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ اﻧﺘﻔﺎع ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
historical school ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ‬
Chicago School ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬
classical school ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬
Physiocracy
‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻓﯿﺰوﮐﺮاﺳﯽ‬
Institutionalism
Austrian school ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻧﻬﺎد ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
Keynesian school ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ اﺗﺮﯾﺶ‬
keynes 'General Theory ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﮐﯿﻨﺰي‬
Neo classical school ‫ ﺗﺌﻮري ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ ﮐﯿﻨﺰي‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Neo classical Synthesis ‫ ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Monetarists school ‫ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻖ ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮑﯽ‬
New classical school
‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﭘﻮل ﮔﺮاﯾﺎن‬
Real business cycle school
New Keynesian school ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬
Post-Keynesians ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ دور ﺗﺠﺎري ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ‬
Neo-Schumpeterians ‫ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﮐﯿﻨﺰيﻫﺎي ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺎ ﮐﯿﻨﺰيﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺌﻮ ﺷﻮﻣﭙﺘﺮيﻫﺎ‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺪﯾﺸﻪﻫﺎی اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی‬
‫‪production: classical theories‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮑﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬
‫‪production: neoclassical‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻧﺌﻮﮐﻼﺳﯿﮑﯽ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬

‫‪theories‬‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺷﻬﺮي و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬
‫‪Economics of Transportation‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬

‫‪Commuting‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬رﻓﺖ و آﻣﺪ‬
‫‪Urban mass transit‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺷﻬﺮي‬
‫‪Public transport‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Road pricing‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري راهﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Rural economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد روﺳﺘﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Land economy‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد زﻣﯿﻦ )از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺷﻬﺮي(‬

‫‪Land markets‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزار زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫‪Land development‬‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺧﺖ و ﺳﺎز در زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫‪Land use‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫‪Land Use Planning‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي زﻣﯿﻦ‬
‫‪Urban economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺷﻬﺮي‬

‫‪Systems of cities‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﺷﻬﺮي‬
‫‪Urban political economy‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺳﯿﺎﺳﯽ ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪Optimum city‬‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪City size‬‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪Spatial economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ‬

‫‪Spatial equalization‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻮازن ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫‪Regional economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬

‫‪Regional policy‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬
‫‪Assisted area‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺖ‬
‫‪Regional map‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬
‫‪Regional multiplier‬‬ ‫آﺛﺎر ﺗﮑﺎﺛﺮي رﺷﺪ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫‪Regional Development Plan‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬
‫‪Town clearing‬‬ ‫ﭘﺎﮐﺴﺎزي ﺷﻬﺮ‬

‫‪Grey area‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺑﯿﮑﺎري ﺑﺎﻻ‬
‫‪Crime and the city‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺟﺮم و ﺟﻨﺎﯾﺖ در ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪Decentralization‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰزداﯾﯽ )از ﻣﻨﻈﺮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺷﻬﺮي(‬

‫‪72‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺷﻬﺮی و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪای‬
‫‪Urban Sustainable‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار ﺷﻬﺮي‬

‫‪Development‬‬
‫‪Economic geography‬‬ ‫ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫‪Clustering of cities‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺷﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ‬

‫‪Parasitic city‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﻬﺮ اﻧﮕﻠﯽ‬
‫‪Specialization of cities‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﯽ ﺷﺪن ﺷﻬﺮه‬
‫‪Local Government‬‬ ‫دوﻟﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ‬
‫‪GIS data in economics‬‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪City‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﻮاع ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪Types of cities‬‬
‫ﮐﻼن ﺷﻬﺮ‬
‫‪Metropolitan area‬‬
‫‪Generative cities‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻟﺪ‬
‫‪Density‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ‬
‫‪Overcrowding‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﺮاﮐﻢ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺣﺪ‪ -‬ازدﺣﺎم‬
‫‪Central place theory‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪:‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻣﮑﺎن ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‬
‫‪Core region‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‬
‫‪Urban growth‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬رﺷﺪ ﺷﻬﺮي‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ‬
‫‪Urbanization‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزﺳﺎزي ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻓﻘﯿﺮﻧﺸﯿﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺳﮑﻮﻧﺖ اﻓﺮاد ﻃﺒﻘﻪ‬
‫‪Gentrification‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫‪Over urbanization‬‬
‫ﺷﻬﺮﻧﺸﯿﻨﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ از ﺣﺪ‬
‫‪Company town‬‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮك ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬
‫‪Growth pole‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐ رﺷﺪ‬
‫‪Regional trading bloc‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﺎري ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪاي‬
‫‪poles of development‬‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺐﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫‪Transportation Pricing‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري در ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ‬
‫‪Green belt‬‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺮﺑﻨﺪ ﺳﺒﺰ‬

‫‪Monocentric versus polycentric‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﺗﮏﻣﺮﮐﺰي در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪ‬

‫‪models‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‬
‫‪Access–space trade-off model‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺪل ﺗﺒﺎدل دﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﻞ ﮐﺎر و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬
‫‪Gravity models‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي ﺟﺎذﺑﻪ‬
‫‪Zoning and Land Use‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮرات اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از زﻣﯿﻦ و ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪي‬

‫‪Regulation‬‬
‫‪Migration‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮت‬
‫‪Migrant labor‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﯿﺮوي ﮐﺎر ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ‬
‫‪Urban renewal‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎزي ﺷﻬﺮي‬

‫‪worn-out/time-worn urban textures‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﺳﻮده ﺷﻬﺮي‬
74 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
arbitrage ‫آرﺑﯿﺘﺮاژ‬
limits to arbitrage hypothesis ‫ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ آرﺑﯿﺘﺮاژ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Financial instruments ‫اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬

warrant ‫ ﺗﻀﻤﯿﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
US treasury bills and bonds ‫اوراق و اﺳﻨﺎد ﺧﺰاﻧﻪ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬
short sterling contracts ‫ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻓﺮوش اﺳﺘﻘﺮاﺿﯽ‬
repo agreements ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت ﺑﺎزﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
risk-neutral probability ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل رﯾﺴﮏ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ‬
Option ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬
call options ‫ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
put options ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻓﺮوش‬
cash settlement ‫ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻪ ﻧﻘﺪي‬
exercise (‫اﻋﻤﺎل )اﺟﺮا‬
settlement price ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻪ‬
open interest
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎز‬
Option Strategies
straddles (spreads) ‫ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎي اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
strangles ‫ اﺳﺘﺮادل‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
synthetic put options ‫اﺳﺘﺮاﻧﮕﻞ‬
naked options ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرات ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ‬
Greek letters: delta, gamma, kappa, ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﯽﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬
theta, rho
‫ ﺗﺘﺎ و رو‬،‫ ﮐﺎﭘﺎ‬،‫ ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‬،‫ دﻟﺘﺎ‬:‫ ﺣﺮوف ﯾﻮﻧﺎﻧﯽ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Option Types
Asian option ‫اﻧﻮاع اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬
look-back options ‫ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر آﺳﯿﺎﯾﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
asset-or-nothing option ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرات ﭘﺲﻧﮕﺮ‬
as-you-like-it (chooser) option ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرات اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار ﻫﻤﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻫﯿﭻ‬
Bermudan options ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر دﻟﺨﻮاه‬
binary options ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﺮﻣﻮداﯾﯽ‬
stock index options
‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر دو ارزﺷﯽ‬
rainbow (basket) options
cash-or-nothing options ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻬﺎم‬
compound options ‫ﺳﺒﺪ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺧﺮﯾﺪ رﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﮐﻤﺎن‬
derivatives markets ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻧﻘﺪ ﯾﺎ ﻫﯿﭻ‬
exotic options ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﮐﺐ‬
Option Pricing ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺸﺘﻘﻪ‬
upper and lower bounds on option ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرات ﻋﺠﯿﺐ‬
‫‪prices‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري اﺧﺘﯿﺎر‬

‫‪put-call parity relationship‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ و ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻗﯿﻤﺖﻫﺎي آﭘﺸﻦ‬
‫‪Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process‬‬ ‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺧﺮﯾﺪ واﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻓﺮوش‬
‫‪binomial model‬‬
‫ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ اورﻧﺸﺘﯿﻦ‪-‬اوﻟﻨﺒﮏ‬
‫‪Black–Scholes model‬‬
‫ﻣﺪل دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪاي‬
‫ﻣﺪل ﺑﻠﮏ‪ -‬ﺷﻮﻟﺰ‬
‫‪risk-free contingent claim‬‬ ‫ادﻋﺎي ﻣﺸﺮوط ﺑﺪون رﯾﺴﮏ‬
‫‪valuation‬‬ ‫ارزشﮔﺬاري‬
‫ارزشﮔﺬاري رﯾﺴﮏ ﺧﻨﺜﯽ‬
‫‪risk-neutral valuation‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﯾﮑﺘﺎﯾﯽ ﺗﺎﺑﻌﯽ ارزشﮔﺬاري‬
‫‪uniqueness of valuation functional‬‬ ‫داراﯾﯽ زﯾﺮﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫‪underpriced asset‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬داراﯾﯽ ﺑﯿﺶ ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪overpriced asset‬‬
‫)‪rational valuation formula (RVF‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻋﻘﻼﯾﯽ‬
‫‪price-earnings ratio‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮد‬
‫‪dividend-price ratio‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺳﻮد ﻧﻘﺪي ﺑﻪ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫)‪net asset value (NAV‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ارزش ﺧﺎﻟﺺ داراﯾﯽﻫﺎ‬
‫‪intrinsic (parity) value‬‬ ‫ارزش ذاﺗﯽ‬
‫‪dividend growth models‬‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺪلﻫﺎي رﺷﺪ ﺳﻮد ﻧﻘﺪي‬
‫‪Gordon Growth Model‬‬
‫‪earnings / price (E/ P) ratio‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺪل ﺑﺎ رﺷﺪ ﮔﻮردون‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﺴﺒﺖ درآﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزار ﺳﻬﺎم‬
‫‪Strategy‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬
‫‪trading strategy‬‬
‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﻌﺮ‬
‫‪concavity‬‬
‫‪convexity‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪب‬
‫‪value-growth strategy‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬راﻫﺒﺮد ارزش‪-‬رﺷﺪ‬
‫‪momentum strategy‬‬ ‫راﻫﺒﺮد ﻣﻮﻣﻨﺘﻮم‬
‫‪momentum effect‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺛﺮ ﻣﻮﻣﻨﺘﻮم‬
‫‪market timing‬‬ ‫زﻣﺎن ﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺑﺎزار‬
‫‪style investing‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري ﺳﺒﮑﯽ‬
‫‪buy-and-hold‬‬
‫‪programme trading‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاﺷﺖ )راﻫﺒﺮد(‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪﮔﺮي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﺷﺪه‬
‫‪amortization‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬
‫‪Credit‬‬ ‫اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫‪credit markets‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزار اﻋﺘﺒﺎر‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫اﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎي ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري‬
‫‪pricing models‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻟﮕﻮي ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري داراﯾﯽﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪاي‬
‫)‪capital asset pricing model (CAPM‬‬
‫‪Sharpe–Lintner model‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺪل ﺷﺎرپ ‪ -‬ﻟﯿﻨﺘﻨﺮ‬
‫)‪security market line (SML‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎزار اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار‬
‫‪money market line‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎزار ﭘﻮل‬
‫‪linear pricing‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺧﻄﯽ‬
‫‪intertemporal capital asset pricing‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪل ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري داراﯾﯽﻫﺎي ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪاي ﺑﯿﻦ دورهاي‬
‫‪model‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ‬
‫‪beta pricing‬‬
‫ﺧﻂ ﺑﺎزار ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫‪capital market line‬‬
‫)‪characteristic line (in the CAPM‬‬ ‫ﺧﻂ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫‪Fama–MacBeth regressions‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮن ﻓﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﮏ ‪ -‬ﺑﺚ‬
‫)‪arbitrage pricing theory, (APT‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري آرﺑﯿﺘﺮاژ‬
‫‪approximate factor pricing‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﯿﻤﺖﮔﺬاري ﻋﺎﻣﻠﯽ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﯽ‬
‫‪arbitrage‬‬ ‫آرﺑﯿﺘﺮاژ‬
‫‪arbitrage in forward markets‬‬
‫آرﺑﯿﺘﺮاژ در ﺑﺎزار ﺳﻠﻒ‬
‫‪securitization of loans‬‬ ‫اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدارﺳﺎزي وامﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Bonds‬‬ ‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ‬

‫‪coupon‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﮐﻮﭘﻦ )اوراق ﺑﺎ درآﻣﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ(‬
‫‪face value‬‬ ‫ارزش اﺳﻤﯽ‬
‫‪Bond Types‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﻮاع اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ‬
‫‪zero-coupon bonds‬‬
‫‪treasury bills‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﭘﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫‪perpetuity‬‬ ‫اﺳﻨﺎد ﺧﺰاﻧﻪ‬
‫‪floating rate bonds‬‬ ‫اوراق ﻣﺎدام اﻟﻌﻤﺮ)ﺑﺪون ﺳﺮرﺳﯿﺪ(‬
‫‪index-linked (IL), bonds‬‬ ‫اوراق ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺷﻨﺎور‬
‫‪callable bonds‬‬ ‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﯽ‬
‫‪consols‬‬ ‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎز ﺧﺮﯾﺪ‬
‫‪yield to maturity‬‬ ‫اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﺎدام اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬
‫‪modified duration‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزده ﺗﺎ ﺳﺮرﺳﯿﺪ‬
‫‪maturity (redemption) date‬‬
‫‪bond rating agencies‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪت ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﺳﺮرﺳﯿﺪ‬
‫آژاﻧﺲﻫﺎي رﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪي اوراق ﻗﺮﺿﻪ‬
‫‪Leverage‬‬ ‫اﻫﺮم‬
‫‪levered portfolio‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﭘﺮﺗﻔﻮي اﻫﺮﻣﯽ‬
‫‪call market‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎزار ﺣﺮاج‬

financial markets ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬

financial market anomalies ‫ ﺑﯽﻗﺎﻋﺪهﮔﯽﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
financial market contagion ‫ﺳﺮاﯾﺖ ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
spot market ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻧﻘﺪ‬

spot contract ‫ ﻗﺮارداد ﻧﻘﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎزده‬
return
spot yield ‫ ﺑﺎزده ﻧﻘﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
internal rate of return ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺑﺎزده داﺧﻠﯽ‬
long horizon returns ‫ﺑﺎزدهﻫﺎي اﻓﻖ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬
excess (over risk-free rate) ‫ﺑﺎزده اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
holding-period yield ‫ﺑﺎزده دوره ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري‬
banking crises ‫ﺑﺤﺮان ﺑﺎﻧﮑﯽ‬

Exchange ‫ﺑﻮرس‬
Marker microstructure ‫ رﯾﺰ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﺎزار‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
tâtonnement process ‫ ﮐﻮرﻣﺎل‬-‫ ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﮐﻮرﻣﺎل‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
price limits ‫ﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
offsetting trades
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﺟﺒﺮاﻧﯽ‬
marking to market
margin accounts ‫ﺑﻪ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺑﺎزار ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﺮدن‬
delivery ‫ﺣﺴﺎبﻫﺎي ودﯾﻌﻪ‬
ExchangeTypes ‫ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ در ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻ‬
SEAQ (Stock Exchange Automated ‫ اﻧﻮاع ﺑﺎزار اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Quotations) ‫ ﺑﻮرس ﻗﯿﻤﺖﻫﺎي ﺧﻮدﮐﺎر‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
quote-driven markets ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﻈﻨﻪ ﻣﺤﻮر‬
secondary markets
‫ﺑﺎزار ﺛﺎﻧﻮﯾﻪ‬
primary markets
seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي اوﻟﯿﻪ‬
open outcry (‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ )ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺳﻬﺎم ﺑﺮاي دوﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎر‬
NYMEX (New York Mercantile ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺪه ﺑﺎز‬
Exchange) ‫ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻي ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮرك‬
NYSE (New York Stock Exchange) ‫ﺑﻮرس ﺳﻬﺎم ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮرك‬
over-the-counter, (OTC) ‫ﻓﺮاﺑﻮرس‬
London gold fixing ‫ﺑﺎزار ﻃﻼي ﻟﻨﺪن‬
London International Financial
‫ﺑﻮرس ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ آﺗﯽﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﻟﻨﺪن‬
Futures Exchange
London Metal Exchange (LME) ‫ﺑﻮرس ﻓﻠﺰات ﻟﻨﺪن‬
London Stock Exchange (LSE) ‫ﺑﻮرس ﺳﻬﺎم ﻟﻨﺪن‬
Chicago Board Options Exchange ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﮔﺮان اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬
(CBOE) ‫ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻي ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬
Chicago Mercantile Exchange ‫ﺑﺎزار دﻻﻟﻬﺎ‬
(CME) ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ اوﻟﯿﻪ‬

dealer markets ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻗﺎرهاي‬
initial public offerings (IPOs) ‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪﻫﺎي ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬
IntercontinentalExchange ‫ﺑﻮرس ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻧﻔﺖ‬
electronic communications networks (‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ دروﻧﯽ)داﺧﻠﯽ‬
(ECNs)
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪﮔﺮان ﮐﺎﻻي ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬
International Petroleum Exchange
(IPE) ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪﮔﺮان ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ در ﺗﺎﻻر‬
Internal financial markets (‫ﺑﺎزار ارز )ﻓﺎرﮐﺲ‬
Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) ‫ ﻓﻌﺎﻻن ﺑﺎزار‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
floor traders ‫ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬار ﺑﺨﺶ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
foreign exchange (FOREX) markets ‫ﺑﺎزارﺳﺎزان‬
Market Participants
‫واﺳﻄﻪﮔﺮان ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
public investors
market makers
intermediary
‫ﺑﯽﻗﺎﻋﺪهﮔﯽﻫﺎ در ﻗﯿﻤﺖ داراﯾﯽﻫﺎ‬
anomalies in asset prices
calendar effects ‫ آﺛﺎر ﺗﻘﻮﯾﻤﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
week-of-the-month effect ‫ اﺛﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﻣﺎه‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
turn-of-the-year effect ‫اﺛﺮ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﺳﺎل‬
January effect ‫اﺛﺮ ژاﻧﻮﯾﻪ‬
hour-of-the-day effect ‫اﺛﺮ ﺳﺎﻋﺖﻫﺎي روز‬
stock market crash
‫ ﺳﻘﻮط ﺑﺎزار ﺳﻬﺎم‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Wall Street Crash, 1929
stock market crash of 1987 1929 ‫ﺳﻘﻮط وال اﺳﺘﺮﯾﺖ‬
Black Wednesday, 16th September 1987 ‫ﺳﻘﻮط ﺑﺎزار ﺳﻬﺎم در ﺳﺎل‬
1992 (1992 ‫ ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ‬16) ‫ﭼﻬﺎرﺷﻨﺒﻪ ﺳﯿﺎه‬
cognitive dissonance ‫ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎريﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
disposition effect ‫ اﺛﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻠﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
insurance ‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ‬
Hedging ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ‬

Hedging Types ‫ اﻧﻮاع ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
speculative hedge ‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺳﻔﺘﻪﺑﺎزاﻧﻪ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
selective hedging ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ اﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﯽ‬
non-linear (dynamic) hedging (‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺧﻄﯽ )دﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﮏ‬
anticipatory hedging ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ ﭘﯿﺶدﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ‬
Hedgin Strategies
immunization (neutral-hedge) ‫ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋيﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
strategies ‫ راﻫﺒﺮد اﯾﻤﻦﺳﺎزي‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
perfect hedge strategies ‫راﻫﺒﺮدﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬
hedge ratio ‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
pure hedge ratio ‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﺤﺾ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬

optimal hedge ratio ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬
hedge funds ‫ﺻﻨﺪوقﻫﺎي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ‬
hedging pressure theory ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﻓﺸﺎر ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ‬
contingent claims analysis ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ادﻋﺎﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺮوط‬
security analysis ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار‬

fundamental risk ‫ رﯾﺴﮏ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Fundamental Theorem of Finance
‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
fundamental valuation relationship
(FVR) ‫راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي ارزشﮔﺬاري‬
technical analysis ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻓﻨﯽ‬

charting (‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﭼﺎرﺗﯽ )ﻧﻤﻮداري‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Merton–Black–Scholes analysis ‫ﺷﻮﻟﺰ‬-‫ﺑﻠﮏ‬-‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﻮن‬
linear risk tolerance ‫ﺗﺤﻤﻞ رﯾﺴﮏ ﺧﻄﯽ‬
risk sharing ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ رﯾﺴﮏ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ در ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬

Paradox
‫ ﻣﻌﻤﺎي ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
volatility puzzle
Siegel’s paradox ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺳﯿﮕﻞ‬
chain letters ‫ﺣﺮوف زﻧﺠﯿﺮي )ﺷﺮﮐﺖﻫﺎي ﻫﺮﻣﯽ( ﻣﻌﻤﺎي ﭘﺎﻧﺰي‬
Rabin paradox ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ راﺑﯿﻦ‬
pyramid schemes (‫ﻃﺮح ﻫﺮﻣﯽ )ﻃﺮح ﭘﻮﻧﺰي‬
Allais paradox ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ آﻟﯿﺲ‬
Ellsberg paradox ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ اﻟﺴﺒﺮگ‬
equity premium puzzle ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎي ﺻﺮف ﺳﻬﺎم‬
Grossman–Stiglitz paradox
‫ اﺳﺘﯿﮕﻠﯿﺘﺰ‬-‫ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﮔﺮاﺳﻤﻦ‬
discount ‫ﺗﻨﺰﯾﻞ‬
stochastic discount factor ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﺰﯾﻞ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Financial development ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬

Financial depth ‫ ﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Financial stability ‫ﺛﺒﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫‪credit rationing‬‬ ‫ﺟﯿﺮهﺑﻨﺪي اﻋﺘﺒﺎري‬
‫‪Bubble‬‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎب‬
‫‪rational bubbles‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺣﺒﺎبﻫﺎي ﻋﻘﻼﯾﯽ‬
‫‪intrinsic bubbles‬‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎبﻫﺎي ذاﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Tulipmania bubble‬‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎب ﺟﻨﻮن ﮔﻞ ﻻﻟﻪ‬
‫‪South Sea Bubble‬‬ ‫ﺣﺒﺎب درﯾﺎي ﺟﻨﻮب‬
‫‪geometric Brownian motion,‬‬ ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺑﺮاوﻧﯽ‬
‫)‪(gBm‬‬
‫‪risk-free (riskless) asset‬‬ ‫داراﯾﯽ ﺑﺪون رﯾﺴﮏ‬
‫‪Arrow securities‬‬ ‫داراﯾﯽﻫﺎي ارو‪-‬دﺑﺮو‬
‫‪composite assets‬‬ ‫داراﯾﯽﻫﺎي ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ‬
‫‪market manipulation‬‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮑﺎري ﺑﺎزار‬
‫‪fat tails‬‬ ‫دﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﻬﻦ‬
‫‪bear‬‬ ‫رﮐﻮد ﺑﺎزار ﺳﻬﺎم‬

‫‪bear spreads‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻧﺮخ رﮐﻮد‬
‫‪bull‬‬ ‫روﻧﻖ در ﺑﺎزار ﺳﻬﺎم‬

‫‪bull spreads‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻔﺎوت روﻧﻖ‬
‫‪market microstructure‬‬ ‫رﯾﺰﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺑﺎزار‬

‫‪restrictions on trades‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬
‫‪limit order book‬‬ ‫دﻓﺘﺮ ﺳﻔﺎرش ﻣﺤﺪود‬
‫‪market orders‬‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺎرشﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزار‬
‫‪credit risk‬‬ ‫رﯾﺴﮏ اﻋﺘﺒﺎري‬

‫‪bad credit risk‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬رﯾﺴﮏ اﻋﺘﺒﺎرات ﺑﺪ‬
‫‪debt-equity ratio‬‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﺪﻫﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺎن ﺳﻬﺎم‬
‫)‪market risk (basis risk‬‬ ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﺑﺎزار )رﯾﺴﮏ ﻣﺒﻨﺎ(‬
‫‪Risk‬‬ ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬

‫‪Risk Type‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﻧﻮاع رﯾﺴﮏ‬
‫)‪value at risk (VaR‬‬
timing risk ‫ ارزش در ﻣﻌﺮض رﯾﺴﮏ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬

unsystematic risk ‫رﯾﺴﮏ زﻣﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ‬
systematic risk ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ‬
event risk ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﯿﮏ‬
long-horizon risk
‫رﯾﺴﮏ روﯾﺪادي‬
idiosyncratic risk
Risk Measures ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﺑﻠﻨﺪ ﻣﺪت‬
stress testing ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﺧﺎص‬
stochastic dominance ‫ ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎي رﯾﺴﮏ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Hedging ‫ آزﻣﻮن ﻓﺸﺎر‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
risk compensation ‫ﺳﻠﻄﻪ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬
risk-avoidance hedging
‫ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
risky (imperfect) hedging
risk aversion ‫ ﺟﺒﺮان رﯾﺴﮏ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
relative risk aversion ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ اﺟﺘﻨﺎﺑﯽ‬
constant absolute risk aversion ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ رﯾﺴﮏ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
(CARA) ‫ رﯾﺴﮏ ﮔﺮﯾﺰي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
constant relative risk aversion ‫ رﯾﺴﮏﮔﺮﯾﺰي ﻧﺴﺒﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
(CRRA)
‫رﯾﺴﮏﮔﺮﯾﺰي ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‬
hyperbolic absolute risk aversion
Volatility ‫رﯾﺴﮏﮔﺮﯾﺰي ﻧﺴﺒﯽ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
variance ratio ‫رﯾﺴﮏﮔﺮﯾﺰي ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻟﻮﻟﯽ‬
implicit volatility ‫ ﻧﻮﺳﺎن‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Hansen-Jagannathan bounds ‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Shiller volatility tests ‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
excess volatility
‫ ﺟﺎﻧﺎﺗﺎن‬-‫ﺣﺪﻫﺎي ﻫﺎﻧﺴﻦ‬
‫آزﻣﻮنﻫﺎي ﻧﻮﺳﺎن ﺷﯿﻠﺮ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺳﺎن اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬
risk neutrality ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﺧﻨﺜﺎﯾﯽ‬

industrial organization of
financial markets ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎندﻫﯽ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
Securities and Exchange ‫ ﮐﻤﯿﺴﯿﻮن اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Commission (SEC) ‫ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﺳﻔﺎرش ﻣﺤﻮر‬
order-driven markets
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺑﻮرسﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
mutual ownership of financial
exchanges ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎﺗﯽ‬
operational efficiency ‫اﺗﺎق ﭘﺎﯾﺎﭘﺎي‬
clearing house
Portfolio ‫ﺳﺒﺪ داراﯾﯽ‬
portfolio risks ‫ رﯾﺴﮏ ﺳﺒﺪ داراﯾﯽ‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
mean-variance analysis
single-asset portfolio ‫ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
optimal portfolio selection ‫ ﭘﺮﺗﻔﻮﻟﯿﻮي ﺑﺎ ﺗﮏ داراﯾﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬

minimum risk portfolio (MRP) ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﭘﺮﺗﻔﻮﻟﯿﻮ ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬
portfolio diversification ‫ﺳﺒﺪ داراﯾﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ رﯾﺴﮏ‬
efficient portfolios ‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮعﺳﺎزي ﺳﺒﺪ داراﯾﯽ‬
portfolio efficiency
portfolio frontier ‫ ﭘﺮﺗﻔﻮﻟﯿﻮي ﮐﺎرا‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Tobin’s mean-variance model ‫ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺳﺒﺪ داراﯾﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
portfolio insurance ‫ﻣﺮز ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﺳﺒﺪ داراﯾﯽ‬
replicating portfolio ‫ ﻣﺪل ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﺗﻮﺑﯿﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ ﺳﺒﺪ داراﯾﯽ‬
‫ﮐﭙﯽ ﮐﺮدن ﭘﺮﺗﻔﻮﻟﯿﻮ‬
American-style ‫ﺳﺒﮏ آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎﯾﯽ‬
Financial Repression ‫ﺳﺮﮐﻮب ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
order ‫ﺳﻔﺎرش‬
stop-loss selling and buying ‫ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ و ﻓﺮوش ﺗﻮﻗﻒ زﯾﺎن‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
buying on margin ‫ﺧﺮﯾﺪ اﻋﺘﺒﺎري‬
speculation ‫ﺳﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎزي‬
gain (‫ﺳﻮد ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪاي )ﺳﻮد ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
dividends ‫ﺳﻮدﻫﺎي ﻧﻘﺪي‬

stock ‫ﺳﻬﺎم‬
unconditional equity premium ‫ ﺻﺮف ﺳﻬﺎم ﻏﯿﺮ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
tick size (‫اﻧﺪازه ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ)ﺗﯿﮏ‬
stock splits ‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ ﺳﻬﺎم‬
Market capitalization ‫ارزش ﺑﺎزاري ﺳﻬﺎم‬
stock price indexes ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﺳﻬﺎم‬
Value Line Composite Index ‫ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﺮﮐﺐ وﻟﯿﻮﻻﯾﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Standard and Poor’s 500 index 500 ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ س اﻧﺪ ﭘﯽ‬
Nikkei 225 stock index
225 ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﯿﮑﯽ‬
Dow Jones Industrial Average
(DJIA) ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ داوﺟﻮﻧﺰ‬
FT-SE 100 index 100 ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻓﻮﺗﺴﯽ‬
Performance ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬

Jensen’s inequality ‫ ﻧﺎﻣﺴﺎوي ﺟﻨﺴﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Carhart’s alpha ‫آﻟﻔﺎي ﮐﺎرﻫﺎرت‬
information ratio ‫ﻧﺴﯿﺖ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬
Treynor index ‫ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﺮﯾﻨﻮر‬
Sharpe ratio ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺷﺎرپ‬
risk premia ‫ﺻﺮف رﯾﺴﮏ‬
mutual fund ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاري‬

separation principle ‫ اﺻﻞ ﺟﺪاﺳﺎزي‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
mutual fund theorems ‫ﻗﻀﺎﯾﺎي ﺻﻨﺪوق ﻣﺸﺘﺮك ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ ﮔﺬاري‬
alpha-coefficient ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ آﻟﻔﺎ‬

beta-coefficient ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ‬
Lending Capacity ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ وامدﻫﯽ‬
subjective discount factor ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﺰﯾﻞ ذﻫﻨﯽ‬
finance ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
risk-adjusted performance ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎ رﯾﺴﮏ‬

(RAP)
efficient markets hypothesis ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎرا‬
(EMH) ‫ ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻣﻌﺪل ﻣﺎرﺗﯿﻨﮕﻞ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
equivalent martingale measure ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ روﯾﺪادي‬
event price ‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت روﯾﺪادي‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
event studies ‫ ﺻﺮف ﺳﻬﺎم ﭘﯿﺸﺎ وﻗﻮع‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
ex ante (conditional) equity premium
ex post (unconditional) equity ‫ ﺻﺮف ﺳﻬﺎم ﭘﺴﺎ وﻗﻮع‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
premium (‫ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ )ﺑﺎزار ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
efficiency ‫ ﺷﮑﻞ ﻗﻮي ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
strong form efficiency ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاران ﻧﺎﻣﻄﻠﻊ‬
uninformed investors ‫اﺛﺮﺷﺮﮐﺖ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬
small firm effect ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﻗﻮي‬
semi-strong form efficiency
‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﮔﺎم ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬
random walk hypothesis
price discovery ‫ﮐﺸﻒ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
performance risk ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬
orthogonality condition ‫ﺷﺮط ﺗﻌﺎﻣﺪ‬
noise trader risk ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﮔﺮان ﻧﻮﻓﻪاي‬
noise traders ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﮔﺮان ﻧﻮﻓﻪاي‬
model risk ‫رﯾﺴﮏ ﻣﺪل‬
mean reversion ‫ﺑﺎزﮔﺸﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ‬
martingale hypothesis
‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻣﺎرﺗﯿﻨﮕﻞ‬
market frictions
ex post rational asset price ‫اﺻﻄﮑﺎﮐﺎت ﺑﺎزار‬
frictionless markets ‫ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﻋﻘﻼﯾﯽ ﭘﺴﺎ وﻗﻮع‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Informational efficiency ‫ ﺑﺎزارﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون اﺻﻄﮑﺎك‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
‫‪informed investors‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ‬

‫‪fair game‬‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪﮔﺬاران ﻣﻄﻠﻊ‬
‫‪fair pricing‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺎزي ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﮔﺬاري ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ‬
‫‪law of small numbers‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻋﺪاد ﮐﻮﭼﮏ‬
‫ﻗﺮارداد آﺗﯽ‬
‫‪Future‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي آﺗﯽ و ﺳﻠﻒ‬
‫‪forward and futures contracts‬‬
‫ﻣﺎه ﻗﺮارداد‬
‫‪contract month‬‬
‫‪contract size‬‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه ﻗﺮارداد‬
‫‪theories of futures prices‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﯿﻤﺖﻫﺎي آﺗﯽ‬
‫)‪forward rate unbiasedness (FRU‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮرش ﺑﻮدن ﻧﺮخ ﺳﻠﻒ‬
‫‪equality of forward and futures prices‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي ﻗﯿﻤﺖﻫﺎي آﺗﯽ و ﺳﻠﻒ‬
‫‪synthetic futures contracts‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي آﺗﯽ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ‬
‫‪stock index futures‬‬
‫ﻗﺮارداد آﺗﯽ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻬﺎم‬
‫‪implicit forward rates‬‬
‫‪forward rate swap‬‬ ‫ﻧﺮخﻫﺎي ﺳﻠﻒ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪ ﻧﺮخ ﺳﻠﻒ‬
‫‪bid price‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﭘﯿﺸﻨﻬﺎدي ﺧﺮﯾﺪ )ﻣﻈﻨﻪ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ(‬

‫‪bid-ask bounce‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﻣﻈﻨﻪ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ‪ -‬ﻣﻈﻨﻪ ﻓﺮوش‬
‫‪bid–ask spread‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻣﻈﻨﻪ ﺧﺮﯾﺪ ‪ -‬ﻣﻈﻨﻪ ﻓﺮوش‬
‫‪price in stock market‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ در ﺑﺎزار ﺳﻬﺎم‬

‫‪closing price‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻗﯿﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﯾﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪dirty price‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ آﻟﻮده‬
‫‪brokers‬‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮔﺰاران‬
‫‪Securities and Exchange‬‬ ‫ﮐﻤﯿﺴﯿﻮن ﺑﻮرس و اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار‬

‫)‪Commission (SEC‬‬
‫‪credit rating agencies‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎت رﺗﺒﻪﺑﻨﺪي اﻋﺘﺒﺎري‬
‫‪behavioural finance‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﻪ رﻓﺘﺎري‬

‫‪winner’s curse‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻔﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن‬
‫‪Behavioural Bias‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮرش رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫‪group behaviour‬‬
‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬رﻓﺘﺎر ﮔﺮوﻫﯽ‬
‫‪survivorship bias‬‬
‫‪self-attribution bias‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻮرش ﺑﻘﺎ‬
‫‪memory biases‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮرش ﺧﻮد اﺳﻨﺎدي‬
‫‪Home Bias Problem‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮرشﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ‬

‫‪price misperception‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﯾﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎزار داﺧﻠﯽ‬
‫‪mental accounting‬‬ ‫درك ﻧﺎدرﺳﺖ ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬
‫‪gambler’s fallacy‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري ذﻫﻨﯽ‬
‫)‪loss aversion (LA‬‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺴﻄﻪ ﻗﻤﺎرﺑﺎزاﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ambiguity aversion‬‬
‫زﯾﺎن ﮔﺮﯾﺰي‬
‫‪short-termism‬‬
‫‪myopic behaviour‬‬ ‫اﺑﻬﺎم ﮔﺮﯾﺰي‬
‫‪overconfidence‬‬ ‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه ﻣﺪت ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ‬
‫‪habit persistence‬‬ ‫رﻓﺘﺎر ﻧﺰدﯾﮏ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
‫‪herding‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮا اﻃﻤﯿﻨﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Behavioural Theories‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎري رﻓﺘﺎر‬
‫‪regret theory‬‬ ‫رﻓﺘﺎر ﺗﻮده وار‬
‫‪prospect theory‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫‪market psychology‬‬
‫‪Behavioural Hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﭘﺸﯿﻤﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪over-reaction hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﭼﺸﻢ اﻧﺪاز‬
‫‪preferred habitat hypothesis‬‬ ‫رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﺑﺎزار‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺑﯿﺶ واﮐﻨﺸﯽ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺢ ﻋﺎدت‬
‫‪Macaulay duration‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪت ﻣﺎﮐﺎﺋﻮﻟﯽ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪ‬
‫‪Swap‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اوراق ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻮﭘﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
‫‪zero-coupon swaps‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزده ﮐﻞ‬
‫‪total return swaps‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﻧﺮخ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑـﺎ ﭘﺮداﺧـﺖﻫـﺎي ﺑـﺎ ﻧـﺮخ‬
‫‪plain vanilla interest rate swaps‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‬
‫‪commodity swaps‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪﻫﺎي ﮐﺎﻻﻫﺎ‬
‫‪currency (foreign exchange) swaps‬‬
‫‪swap agreements‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪﻫﺎي ارز‬
‫‪swaptions‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﺎت ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪ‬
‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪ‬
‫‪credit default swaps‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎوﺿﻪ ﻧﮑﻮل اﻋﺘﺒﺎري‬
‫‪risk-free rate puzzle‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎي ﻧﺮخ ﺑﺪون رﯾﺴﮏ‬
‫‪Financial market Deregulation‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺮراتزداﯾﯽ ﺑﺎزار ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
‫‪yield curve‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ ﺑﺎزده‬

‫ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
interest rate
‫ ﻗﺮاردادﻫﺎي ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
interest rate contracts
interest rate cap ‫ﺳﻘﻒ ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
interest rate floor ‫ﮐﻒ ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
interest rate options ‫اﺧﺘﯿﺎرات ﻧﺮخ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
Real Interest rate ‫ﻧﺮخ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
Natural rate of Interest ‫ﻧﺮخ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
Nominal rate of Interest ‫ﻧﺮخ اﺳﻤﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
Theories of Real interest rate ‫ﺗﺌﻮريﻫﺎي ﻧﺮخ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﻬﺮه‬
Loanable fund theory
‫ﺗﺌﻮري وﺟﻮه ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻗﺮض‬
Liquidity ‫ﻧﻘﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬

liquidity premium ‫ ﺻﺮف ﻧﻘﺪ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﮔﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
default ‫ﻧﮑﻮل‬
financial innovations ‫ﻧﻮآوريﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
financial intermediaries ‫واﺳﻄﻪﮔﺮيﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
bankruptcy ‫ورﺷﮑﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
cost of capital ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬

weighted average cost of capital ‫ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻮزون ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Modigliani–Miller theorem ‫ﻣﯿﻠﺮ‬-‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻣﻮدﯾﻠﯿﺎﻧﯽ‬
Comptetive cost of capital ‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ رﻗﺎﺑﺘﯽ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﻪ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
‫اﺗﺮاف‬
Hoarding (Speculation) ‫اﺣﺘﮑﺎر‬
Inheritance ‫ارث‬
Extravagance (Wasting) ‫اﺳﺮاف‬
Islamic economics ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Economy in Early Islam ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد در ﺻﺪر اﺳﻼم‬

Economy at the Time of the Prophet (‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد در ﻋﺼﺮ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺒﺮ )ص‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Economy at the Time of Imam Ali (‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد در ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﻀﺮت ﻋﻠﯽ )ع‬
Anthropology of Islamic ‫اﻧﺴﺎنﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

economics
Infaq in the Islamic Economic ‫اﻧﻔﺎق در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
System
Anfal ‫اﻧﻔﺎل‬
market in Islamic economics ‫ﺑﺎزار در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Islamic banking ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪاري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

Profit-Loss Sharing
history ‫ ﻣﺸﺎرﮐﺖ در ﺳﻮد و زﯾﺎن‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Interest-Free Banking ‫ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﭽﻪ‬:‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬
Interest-free banking (banking ‫ ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪاري ﺑﺪون رﺑﺎ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
without interest) ‫ ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ رﯾﺴﮏ در ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪاري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Liquidity management in islamic ‫ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﻧﻘﺪﯾﻨﮕﯽ در ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪاري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
banking
Firm in Islamic economics ‫ﺑﻨﮕﺎه در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Bayt al-Mal (Treasury) ‫ﺑﯿﺖاﻟﻤﺎل‬
Islamic insurance ‫ﺑﯿﻤﻪ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

Takaful ‫ ﺗﮑﺎﻓﻞ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
88 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
money in Islamic economics ‫ﭘﻮل در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Squander ‫ﺗﺒﺬﯾﺮ‬
Money Demand in Islamic ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي ﭘﻮل در اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

economics
Economic Development from

Islamic Perspective ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Sustainable Development from ‫ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﯾﺪار از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Islamic Perspective
Qoms ‫ﺧﻤﺲ‬
Religion and economics ‫دﯾﻦ و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬

economics of Religion ‫ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد دﯾﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Religious economy ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد دﯾﻨﯽ‬
Riba (Usury) ‫رﺑﺎ‬

Nature of Interest ‫ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ رﺑﺎ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Riba (Usury) in Early Islam ‫رﺑﺎ در ﺻﺪر اﺳﻼم‬
Profit and islamic banking ‫ﺳﻮد و ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪاري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Efficiency in islamic banking ‫ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ در ﺑﺎﻧﮑﺪاري اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Muslim producer behavior ‫رﻓﺘﺎر ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن‬
Muslim Consumer behavior ‫رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺼﺮف ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن‬
Methodology of islamic ‫روشﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

economics
Zakah ‫زﮐﺎت‬
Sadaqah ‫ﺻﺪﻗﻪ‬
Economic Justice ‫ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

Justice and efficiency
‫ ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ و ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Intergenerational and intra-
generational Justice ‫ﻋﺪاﻟﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻧﺴﻠﯽ و درون ﻧﺴﻠﯽ‬
Muslim's Labour supply ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﮐﺎر ﻓﺮد ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن‬
Rationality and Islam ‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﯿﺖ و اﺳﻼم‬
Gharar ‫ﻏﺮر‬
Fiqh al-Mua'malat ‫ﻓﻘﻪاﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
Philosophy of Islamic ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

Economics
Property from islamic ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ از دﯾﺪﮔﺎه اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
perspective ‫ ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Public property
‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ دوﻟﺘﯽ‬
state property
private property ‫ﻣﺎﻟﮑﯿﺖ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ‬
Islamic taxes ‫ﻣﺎﻟﯿﺎت ﻫﺎي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

Zakat ‫ زﮐﺎت‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Khums ‫ﺧﻤﺲ‬
Jizya ‫ﺟﺰﯾﻪ‬
Expenditures of islamic ‫ﻣﺨﺎرج دوﻟﺖ اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
government ‫ ﻓﻘﺮزداﯾﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Poverty alleviation
‫اﻣﻮر ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬
Public Affairs
Epistemology of islamic ‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

economics
Ontology of Islamic Economics ‫ﻫﺴﺘﯽﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
Awqaf (Trusts) ‫وﻗﻒ‬

Muslim's utility function ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﯿﺖ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎن‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻤﯽ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻤﯽ‬
‫اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬
‫اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ = ﮔﺎرچ‬
‫‪Autoregressive‬‬
‫‪ARCH‬‬ ‫اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳــﯿﻮ وارﯾــﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤــﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷــﺮﻃﯽ ﺗﻌﻤــﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻪ‬
‫‪GARCH‬‬ ‫آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪاي = ﺗﯽ ﮔﺎرچ‬
‫‪TGARCH‬‬ ‫اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ =‬
‫‪EGARCH‬‬ ‫اي ﮔﺎرچ‬
‫‪ARCH‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬
‫‪GARCH‬‬ ‫اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ = ﮔﺎرچ‬
‫‪TGARCH‬‬ ‫اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳــﯿﻮ وارﯾــﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤــﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷــﺮﻃﯽ ﺗﻌﻤــﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘــﻪ‬
‫‪EGARCH‬‬
‫آﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪاي = ﺗﯽ ﮔﺎرچ‬
‫اﺗﻮرﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺮﻃﯽ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ =‬
‫اي ﮔﺎرچ‬
‫‪Probability‬‬ ‫اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
‫‪Conditional probability‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬
‫‪Bayesian econometrics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﺑﯿﺰي‬
‫‪Bayesian inference‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﺑﯿﺰي‬
‫‪Bayesian methods in‬‬
‫‪macroeconometrics‬‬ ‫روش ﺑﯿﺰي در اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﮐﻼن‬
‫‪Expected value‬‬ ‫اﻣﯿﺪ رﯾﺎﺿﯽ‬
‫‪Chow test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن ﭼﺎو‬
‫‪Unit Root test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن رﯾﺸﻪ واﺣﺪ‬

‫‪Dickey-Fuller (DF) Test‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ دﯾﮑﯽ ﻓﻮﻟﺮ‬
‫‪Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن دﯾﮑﯽ ﻓﻮﻟﺮ ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫‪Davidson-MacKinnon Test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن دﯾﻮﯾﺪﺳﻮن – ﻣﮏ ﮐﯿﻨﻮن‬
‫‪KPSS test of stationarity‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن ﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾﯽ ‪KPSS‬‬
‫آزﻣﻮن ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ‬
‫‪Test hypothesis‬‬
‫‪Null hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ= ‪H0‬‬
‫‪Alternative hypothesis‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﯿﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ = ‪H1‬‬
‫‪Significance level‬‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري‬
‫‪Significance level‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﯽ داري‬
‫‪Wald test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن واﻟﺪ‬
‫‪Johansen – Juselius test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن ﯾﻮﻫﺎﻧﺴﻮن ‪ -‬ﺟﻮﺳﯿﻠﯿﻮس‬

Bayesian Statistics ‫آﻣﺎر ﺑﯿﺰي‬
Analysis of variance ‫آﻧﺎﻟﯿﺰ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬
Constant sum game ‫ﺑﺎزي ﺑﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
Chicken game ‫ﺑﺎزي ﭘﺎي ﻣﺮﻏﯽ‬
Non constant sum game ‫ﺑﺎزي ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻏﯿﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
cooperative games ‫ﺑﺎزي ﻫﻤﮑﺎري‬
Estimation ‫ ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ‬-‫ﺑﺮآورد‬
Maximum likelihood Estimator ‫ﺑﺮآوردﮔﺮ ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ راﺳﺘﻨﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬

Mean ‫ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Median ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
Mode (‫ﻧﻤﺎ )ﻣﺪ‬
Mean Squared Error ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﺠﺬور ﺧﻄﺎ‬
Covariance ‫ﮐﻮوارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬
nonlinear programming ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ‬
dynamic programming ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﭘﻮﯾﺎ‬
dynamic programming and markov
‫ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ رﯾﺰي ﭘﻮﯾﺎ و ﻓﺮاﮔﺮد ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي ﻣﺎرﮐﻒ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
decision processes
Best Linear Unbiased Estimator ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﺑﺮآوردﮔﺮ ﺧﻄﯽ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻮرش‬

(BLUE)
bootstrap ‫ﺑﻮت اﺳﺘﺮپ‬
Forecasting ‫ﭘﯿﺶ ﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
prediction ‫ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬
Function
concave function ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻘﻌﺮ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
convex function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺤﺪب‬
Monotonic function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﯾﮑﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬
Polynomial function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اي‬
Homogeneous function ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻤﮕﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Hamiltonian function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﺎﻣﯿﻠﺘﻮﻧﯽ‬
92 ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻤﯽ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬
Function Distribution t ‫ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
T distribution ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﭘﻮآﺳﻮن‬
Poission distribution
‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﮐﺎي دو‬
Chi-square distribution
Normal distribution ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
F Distribution F ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬
lognormal distribution ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻟﮕﺎرﯾﺘﻢ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
Bernoulli distribution ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﯽ‬
F Distribution F ‫ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Chi-square distribution ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﮐﺎي دو‬
Normal distribution
‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
T distribution
Poission distribution t ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﭘﻮآﺳﻮن‬
impulse response function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﮑﺲاﻟﻌﻤﻞ آﻧﯽ‬
operations research ‫ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ در ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت‬
path analysis ‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ‬
Bayesian estimation ‫ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﺑﯿﺰﯾﻦ‬
Bias - Consistency - Efficiency ‫ ﮐﺎراﯾﯽ‬- ‫ ﺳﺎزﮔﺎري‬- ‫ﺗﻮرش‬
lognormal distribution ‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﻟﮕﺎرﯾﺘﻢ ﻧﺮﻣﺎل‬
least squares ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت‬
Ordinary Least Squares ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﯽ‬

Generalised Least squares ‫ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Restricted least squares ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت ﻣﻘﯿﺪ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﺑﺮازش‬
Goodness of fit
‫ ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
R-Squared
Adjusted R-Squared ‫دو ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺪه‬-‫آر‬
Akaike information criterion ‫ ﺷﻮارﺗﺰ‬-‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر آﮐﺎﺋﯿﮏ‬
Schwartz Bayesian criterion ‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺷﻮارﺗﺰ ﺑﯿﺰﯾﻦ‬
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), ‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺑﯿﺰﯾﻦ‬
Akaike information criterion ‫ ﺷﻮارﺗﺰ‬- ‫ ﻣﻌﯿﺎر آﮐﺎﺋﯿﮏ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Schwartz Bayesian criterion ‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﺷﻮارﺗﺰ ﺑﯿﺰﯾﻦ‬
Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC),
‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎر ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺑﯿﺰﯾﻦ‬
‫‪Autoregressive moving average‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮد رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯽ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬

‫)‪(ARMA‬‬
‫‪Autocorrelation‬‬ ‫ﺧﻮدﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
‫‪Durbin-Watson test‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬آزﻣﻮن دورﺑﯿﻦ واﺗﺴﻮن‬
‫‪heteroskedasticity‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Durbin-Watson test‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬آزﻣﻮن دورﺑﯿﻦ واﺗﺴﻮن‬
‫‪pooled data‬‬ ‫داده ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺒﯽ )ﺗﻠﻔﯿﻘﯽ(‬
‫‪Panel Data‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬داده ﭘﻨﻞ )ﭘﺎﻧﻞ‪ -‬داده ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﯾﯽ(‬
‫‪Panel Data‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬داده ﭘﻨﻞ )ﭘﺎﻧﻞ‪ -‬داده ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮﯾﯽ(‬
‫‪Random effects‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺛﺮات ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬
‫‪Random effects‬‬
‫‪Fixed effecs‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺛﺮات ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬
‫‪Fixed effecs‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬اﺛﺮات ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫‪Decision tree‬‬ ‫درﺧﺖ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﮔﯿﺮي‬
‫‪Differentials‬‬ ‫دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ‬
‫‪Partial differentials‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ :‬دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ‬
‫‪Total differentials‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﮐﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫‪Chain rule‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه زﻧﺠﯿﺮي‬
‫‪Nonlinear Differential Equations‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت دﯾﻔﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻞ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺧﻄﯽ‬
‫‪Regression‬‬ ‫رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮن‬
‫‪outliers‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﭘﺮت‬
‫‪Spurious Regression‬‬ ‫رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮن ﮐﺎذب‬
‫‪full and limited information‬‬ ‫روش اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻣﻞ و ﻣﺤﺪود‬

‫)‪methods (FLIM‬‬
‫‪Box-Jenkins method‬‬ ‫روش ﺑﺎﮐﺲ‪ -‬ﺟﻨﮑﯿﻨﺰ‬
‫‪Generalized method of moments‬‬ ‫روش ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﻤﯿﻢ ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬
‫‪Markov chain Monte Carlo‬‬ ‫روش ﻫﺎي زﻧﺠﯿﺮه ﻣﺎرﮐﻒ و ﻣﻮﻧﺖ ﮐﺎرﻟﻮ‬
‫‪methods‬‬
‫‪nonparametric structural‬‬ ‫روش ﻫﺎي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎري ﻏﯿﺮﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏ‬

‫‪models‬‬
non-linear methods in ‫روش ﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ در اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﺳﻨﺠﯽ‬

econometrics
non-parametric statistical ‫روشﻫﺎي آﻣﺎري ﻧﺎﭘﺎراﻣﺘﺮي‬

methods
Monte Carlo methods ‫روشﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻧﺘﻪ ﮐﺎرﻟﻮ‬
Detrending ‫روﻧﺪ زداﯾﯽ‬
Simulation ‫ﺷﺒﯿﻪ ﺳﺎزي‬
Kuhn - Tucher conditions ‫ ﺗﺎﮐﺮ‬- ‫ﺷﺮاﯾﻂ ﮐﺎن‬
identification ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ‬
partial identification in ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ در اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﺳﻨﺠﯽ‬

econometrics
rationality, bounded ‫ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﻋﻘﻼﯾﯽ‬
causality ‫ﻋﻠﺖ و ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻟﯽ‬
Granger Causality ‫ﻋﻠﯿﺖ ﮔﺮﻧﺠﺮي‬
autoregressive and moving- ‫ﻓﺮاﮔﺮد ﺧﻮد رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮﻧﯽ و ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‬

average time- series processes
muopic decision rules ‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮي ﮐﻮﺗﺎهﺑﯿﻦ‬
Markov processes ‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﺎرﮐﻒ‬

‫ﻓﺮآﮔﺮد ﻣﺎﻧﺎ‬
Stationary Process
Correlogram ‫ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﮕﺎر‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Covariance Stationary ‫ ﮐﻮارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﺎﻧﺎ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Weakly stationary ‫ﻣﺎﻧﺎي ﺿﻌﯿﻒ‬
Nonstationary Process ‫ﻓﺮآﮔﺮد ﻧﺎﻣﺎﻧﺎ‬
Random Walk ‫ﮔﺎم ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬
Difference stationary process ‫ﻓﺮاﮔﺮد ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻞ ﻣﺎﻧﺎ‬
Yule-Walker equation ‫ واﮐﺮ‬- ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﯾﻮل‬
Quadratic form ‫ﻓﺮم درﺟﻪ دوم‬

Negative definite quadratic form ‫ ﻓﺮم درﺟﻪ دوم ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Negative semi definite quadratic form ‫ﻓﺮم درﺟﻪ دوم ﻣﻨﻔﯽ ﺷﯿﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬
Positive definite quadratic form ‫ﻓﺮم درﺟﻪ دوم ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬
Positive semi definite quadratic form ‫ﻓﺮم درﺟﻪ دوم ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬
Kalman and particle filtering ‫ﻓﯿﻠﺘﺮ ﮐﺎﻟﻤﻦ و ذرهاي‬
Euler's Theorem ‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ اوﯾﻠﺮ‬
Aitken’s theorem ‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ اﯾﺘﮑﻦ‬
Envelope Theorem ‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﭘﻮش‬
Central limit theorem ‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي‬
Gauss-Markov theorem ‫ ﻣﺎرﮐﻮف‬-‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﮔﻮس‬

fixed point theorems ‫ﻗﻀﯿﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
Data Mining ‫ﮐﺎوش داده ﻫﺎ‬

calibration ‫ﮐﺎﻟﯿﺒﺮه ﮐﺮدن‬
Optimal control ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻬﯿﻨﻪ‬

‫ﮔﺸﺘﺎورﻫﺎ‬
Moments
‫ ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Mean
Median ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻪ‬
Mode (‫ﻧﻤﺎ)ﻣﺪ‬
Mean Squared Error ‫ﻣﯿﺎﻧﮕﯿﻦ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺧﻄﺎ‬
R-Squared ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﯽ‬
Covariance ‫ﮐﻮوارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬
Covariance ‫ ﮐﻮوارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Variance
‫ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
logit, probit and tobit ‫ ﭘﺮوﺑﯿﺖ و ﺗﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬،‫ﻻﺟﯿﺖ‬
Lagrange method ‫روش ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬- ‫ﻻﮔﺮاﻧﮋ‬
Matrix ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ‬
Adjoint Matrix ‫ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ اﻟﺤﺎﻗﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Null matrix ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ﺻﻔﺮ‬
Singular matrix ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ﻣﻨﻔﺮد‬

Symmetric matrix ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن‬
Transposed matrix ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ﺗﺮاﻧﻬﺎده‬
Payoff matrix ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﯾﺲ ﭘﯿﺎﻣﺪ‬

Conflict and Cooperation ‫ ﻣﻐﺎﯾﺮت و ﻫﻤﮑﺎري‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
instrumental variables ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﺑﺰاري‬
Random variable ‫ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﯽ‬

Probability distribution function ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Cumulative Distribution Function ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﯽ‬
(CDF):
‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻮأم‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Joint probability function
Probability Density Function (pdf): ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﯽ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل‬
Variance decomposition ‫ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬
Linear Probability Model (LPM) ‫ﻣﺪل اﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺧﻄﯽ‬
macroeconometric models ‫ﻣﺪل اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﺳﻨﺠﯽ ﮐﻼن‬
Probit Model ‫ﻣﺪل ﭘﺮوﺑﯿﺖ‬

Tobit model ‫ﻣﺪل ﺗﻮﺑﯿﺖ‬
long memory models ‫ﻣﺪل ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪت‬
partial linear model ‫ﻣﺪل ﺧﻄﯽ ﺟﺰﺋﯽ‬
Vector Autoregressive (VAR) ‫ﻣﺪل ﺧﻮد رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮ ﺑﺮداري‬
Model ‫ ﺗﺠﺰﯾﻪ وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Variance decomposition
Classical regression Model ‫ﻣﺪل رﮔﺮﺳﯿﻮن ﮐﻼﺳﯿﮏ‬

Total Sum of Squares (TSS): ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻣﺠﺬورات ﮐﻞ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Explained Sum of Squares (ESS): ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ داده ﺷﺪه‬
Simultaneous Equations Model ‫ﻣﺪل ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎن‬

(SEM): ‫ ﻣﺪل ﮐﻼﯾﻦ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Klein’s model,
‫ﺗﺨﻤﯿﻦ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت دو ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي‬
Two-stage least squares estimation
Three-stage least squares ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎت ﺳﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ اي‬
logit model ‫ﻣﺪل ﻻﺟﯿﺖ‬

seemingly unrelated regression ‫ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﻪ‬

(SUR) model
nonlinear panel data model ‫ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻧﻞ ﻏﯿﺮﺧﻄﯽ‬
specification problems in ‫ﻣﺴﺄﻟﻪ ﺗﺼﺮﯾﺢ در اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﺳﻨﺠﯽ‬

econometrics ‫ ﺧﻄﺎي ﺗﺼﺮﯾﺢ‬:‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬
Errors in specification
Behavioral equation ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ رﻓﺘﺎري‬
Reduced Form Equation ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ﻓﺮم ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
Prisoner’s dilemma ‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎي زﻧﺪاﻧﯽ‬
principal components ‫ﻣﺆﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﯽ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮﯾﻪ ﺑﺎزي‬
Game theory ‫ اﻗﺪام‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Action ‫ﭼﺎﻧﻪ زﻧﯽ‬
Bargaining ‫ﻫﻤﮑﺎري‬
Cooperation
Sub game ‫ ﺑﺎزي ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
Collective action game ‫ﺑﺎزي اﻗﺪام ﺟﻤﻌﯽ‬
Symmetric game ‫ﺑﺎزي ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن‬
Game tree ‫درﺧﺖ ﺑﺎزي‬
Noncooperative game ‫ﺑﺎزي ﻏﯿﺮ ﻫﻤﮑﺎراﻧﻪ‬
Normal form game ‫ﺑﺎزي ﻓﺮم ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ‬
Strategy ‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي‬
Strictly dominated strategy
‫ اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻣﺆﮐﺪاً ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻠﻄﻪ‬:‫ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬
Pure strategy
Dominate strategy ‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬
Mixed strategy ‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻏﺎﻟﺐ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺮاﺗﮋي ﻣﺨﻠﻮط‬
saddlepoints ‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ زﯾﻦ اﺳﺒﯽ‬
White noise ‫ﻧﻮﯾﺰ ﺳﻔﯿﺪ‬
Cointegration ‫ﻫﻢ اﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﮕﯽ‬
Multicollinearity ‫ﻫﻢ ﺧﻄﯽ‬

‫‪98‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﮐﻤﯽ‬
‫‪Variance‬‬ ‫وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫وارﯾﺎﻧﺲ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﯽ‬
‫‪Heteroskedasticity‬‬
‫‪White test‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬آزﻣﻮن واﯾﺖ‬
‫‪Breusch-Pagan Test‬‬ ‫آﻣﺎره ﺑﺮاش – ﭘﺎﮔﺎن‬
‫‪Golgfeld –Quandt test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن ﮔﻮﻟﺪﻓﻠﺪ ‪ -‬ﮐﻮاﻧﺖ‬
‫‪White test‬‬ ‫ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ :‬آزﻣﻮن واﯾﺖ‬
‫‪Breusch-Pagan Test‬‬ ‫آﻣﺎره ﺑﺮاش – ﭘﺎﮔﺎن‬
‫‪Golgfeld –quandt test‬‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن ﮔﻮﻟﺪﻓﻠﺪ ‪ -‬ﮐﻮاﻧﺖ‬
‫‪Almom lag‬‬ ‫وﻗﻔﻪ آﻟﻤﻮن‬
‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﭘﻮل‬
‫‪International Energy Agency‬‬ ‫آژاﻧﺲ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫)‪(IEA‬‬
‫‪European monetary union‬‬ ‫اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ ﭘﻮﻟﯽ اروﭘﺎ‬
‫‪American Economic Association‬‬ ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎ‬
‫‪International Energy Forum‬‬ ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫)‪(IEF‬‬
‫‪Chicago Board of Trade‬‬ ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺗﺠﺎري ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬

‫)‪(CBOT‬‬
‫‪Federal National Mortgage‬‬ ‫اﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﯽ ﻓﺪرال وام ﻣﺴﮑﻦ‬

‫)‪Association (FNMA‬‬
‫‪European Central Bank‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ اروﭘﺎ‬
‫‪Bank of england‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﻣﺮﮐﺰي اﻧﮕﻠﺴﺘﺎن‬
‫‪European Union Budget‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ اﺗﺤﺎدﯾﻪ اروﭘﺎ‬
‫‪Chicago Board Options‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮرس اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﻪ ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬

‫)‪Exchange (CBOE‬‬
‫‪New York Stock Exchange‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮرس اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮرك‬

‫)‪(NYSE‬‬
‫‪Intercontinental Exchange‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮرس ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ‬

‫)‪(ICE‬‬
100 ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
Singapore International ‫ﺑﻮرس ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﭘﻮل ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮر‬

Monetary Exchange (SIMEX)
International Petroleum ‫ﺑﻮرس ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﻧﻔﺖ‬

Exchange (IPE)
Singapore Exchange (SGX) ‫ﺑﻮرس ﺳﻨﮕﺎﭘﻮر‬
Tokyo Commodity Exchange ‫ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻي ﺗﻮﮐﯿﻮ‬

(TOKOM)
Dubai Mercantile Exchange ‫ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻي دﺑﯽ‬

DME
Chicago Mercantile Exchange ‫ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻي ﺷﯿﮑﺎﮔﻮ‬

(CME)
New York Mercantile Exchange ‫ﺑﻮرس ﮐﺎﻻي ﻧﯿﻮﯾﻮرك‬

(NYMEX)
North American Free Trade ‫ﺗﻮاﻓﻘﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺠﺎرت آزاد آﻣﺮﯾﮑﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ‬

Agreement (NAFTA)
World Trade Organization ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ‬

(WTO) ‫ ﮔﺎت‬:‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬
GATT
Organization of Petroleum ‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺻﺎدر ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﻧﻔﺖ‬

Countries (OPEC)
Economic Cooperation (‫ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﻤﮑﺎري ﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي )اﮐﻮ‬

Organization (ECO)
Federal Reserve System ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﻓﺪرال رزرو‬
International Monetary fund ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ ﭘﻮل‬

‫‪Islamic equity funds‬‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺪوق ﺳﻬﺎم اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬
‫‪Securities and Exchange‬‬ ‫ﮐﻤﯿﺴﯿﻮن ﺑﻮرس و اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار‬

‫)‪Commission (SEC‬‬
‫‪Gas Exporting Countries‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﮐﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺻﺎدرﮐﻨﻨﺪه ﮔﺎز‬

‫)‪Forum (GECF‬‬
‫‪Islamic economic institutions‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎدﻫﺎي اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي اﺳﻼﻣﯽ‬

102 ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬
Accounting principles ‫اﺻﻮل ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬
Generally accepted accounting ‫اﺻﻮل ﭘﺬﯾﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬

principles
Double-entry accounting ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري دو ﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬

Government accounting ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري دوﻟﺘﯽ‬
Financial accounting ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري ﻣﺎﻟﯽ‬
Social accounting ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ‬
Auditing ‫ ﻣﻤﯿﺰي ﺣﺴﺎب‬،‫ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺮﺳﯽ‬
Double-entry bookkeeping ‫دﻓﺘﺮداري دوﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬
Fundamental accounting ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاري‬

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‫ﻣﺪﺧﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﯽ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬ 1

‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬/‫ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬/‫ ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬/‫ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬/‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‬

Effectiveness ‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﯽ آﻣﻮزش‬

Educational Evaluation ‫ارزﺷﯿﺎﺑﯽ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

Economics of education (‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش )ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﮐﻠﯽ‬

economic of e-learnings ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎزي‬

Economics of nonformal ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻏﯿﺮ رﺳﻤﯽ‬

economics of learning (‫ﯾﺎدﮔﯿﺮي‬-‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺗﺪرﯾﺲ)ﯾﺎددﻫﯽ‬

economics of university ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬

Economics of Educational ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻓﻦ آوري آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

economics of school ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺪرﺳﻪ‬

School choice ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺗﺤﺼﯿﻠﯽ‬/‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

Adult education ‫آﻣﻮزش ﺑﺰرﮔﺴﺎﻻن‬

Tertiary or higher education ‫آﻣﻮزش ﻋﺎﻟﯽ‬

General educations ‫آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﯽ‬

Education and knowledge-based ‫آﻣﻮزش و اﻗﺘﺼﺎد داﻧﺎﯾﯽ ﻣﺤﻮر‬

‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬/‫ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬/‫ ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬/‫ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬/‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‬

‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺑﺎزار ﮐﺎر‬

Education and Productivity ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺑﻬﺮه وري‬

eduation and income ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ درآﻣﺪ‬

Education and Development ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬

‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﯽ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اي‬

education and population ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺟﻌﯿﺖ‬

Education and Globalization ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺟﻬﺎﻧﯽ ﺷﺪن‬

Education and income / receipts ‫ درﯾﺎﻓﺘﯽ‬/‫آﻣﻮزش و درآﻣﺪ‬

Education and Economic ‫آﻣﻮزش و رﺷﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

Education and health. ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ و ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ‬

eduation and poverty ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﻓﻘﺮ‬

Education and ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﮐﺎرآﻓﺮﯾﻨﯽ‬

Education and Environment ‫آﻣﻮزش و ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺖ‬

Education and Consumption (‫آﻣﻮزش و ﻣﺼﺮف )رﻓﺘﺎر ﻣﺼﺮفﮐﻨﻨﺪه‬

‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ /‬ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ /‬ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬

‫آﻣﻮزش ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﯽ و ﺣﺮﻓﻪاي‬

‫ﺑــﺎزار ﮐــﺎر داﻧــﺸﮕﺮان )ﻣﻌﻠﻤــﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣﺪرﺳــﺎن‪،‬‬

‫‪Equality of educational‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

‫‪Spatial planning of educational‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي ﻓﻀﺎﯾﯽ واﺣﺪﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

‫‪outsourcing in education‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮوﻧﺴﭙﺎري آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

‫‪Budgeting in Education‬‬ ‫ﺑﻮدﺟﻪ رﯾﺰي در آﻣﻮزش‬

‫‪Educational voucher‬‬ ‫ﭘﺘﻪ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ )ﺳﻨﺪ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ(‬

‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬/‫ ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‬/‫ ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‬/‫ ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‬/‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‬

Cost - Benefit Analysis of (‫ﻓﺎﯾﺪه آﻣﻮزش)ﻧﺮخ ﺑﺎزده‬-‫ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ‬

Education production functions ‫ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ آﻣﻮزش‬

Education cost functions ‫ﺗﻮاﺑﻊ ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ آﻣﻮزش‬

ranking educational institutions ‫رﺗﺒﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﺎت آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

Mechanisms to allocate financial ‫ﺳــﺎز و ﮐﺎرﻫــﺎي ﺗﺨــﺼﯿﺺ ﻣﻨــﺎﺑﻊ ﻣــﺎﻟﯽ در‬

educational planning ‫ﺳﯿﺎﺳﺘﮕﺬاري و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي آﻣﻮزﺷﯽ‬

supply and demand in education ‫ﻋﺮﺿﻪ و ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎي آﻣﻮزش‬

‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ /‬ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ /‬ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ :‬ﺳﺎل ـ داﻧﺶآﻣﻮز‬

‫‪Benefits of education‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ آﻣﻮزش‬

‫‪The role of education in‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ آﻣﻮزش در ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺐ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬

‫‪government and private sector‬‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺶ دوﻟﺖ و ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯽ در آﻣﻮزش‬

‫ﻫﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﻫﺎي آﻣﻮزش‬

‫اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺧﻞ اﺻﻠﯽ‪ /‬ﻓﺮﻋﯽ‪ /‬ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ‪ /‬ﺿﻤﻨﯽ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮاﯾﯽ‬

‫‪Energy Economics‬‬ ‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎد اﻧﺮژي‬

‫‪Energy Safety‬‬ ‫اﯾﻤﻨﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫‪International Energy Forum‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﯿﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﯽ اﻧﺮژي‬

‫‪Primary Energy‬‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي اوﻟﯿﻪ‬