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Date: 2018-02-11 18:22 UTC

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 KINETIC ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM (KERS)

In automobiles, about 80% of energy is wasted in different forms. [0]

Kinetic energy is one of
the energies which is wasted during the time of braking the vehicle. During braking, kinetic
energy is converted into heat energy which dissipates into the environment. Kinetic Energy
Recovery system also known as 'KERS' stores some of this wasted kinetic energy during
braking & returns it while accelerating.

KERS was first introduced in 2009 through the series of 'Formula One' motor sport by Max
Mosley. KERS has basically 3 main components :
(i) Motor-Generator Unit (MGU) : It's a single unit which has both motor & generator.
MGU supplies power to the batteries while braking & when KERS button is pressed it returns
power from batteries & supplies that power to the engine.

(ii) Power Control Unit (PCU) : It has basically two functions; one is to invert & control the
supply of current from the batteries to MGU & the other one is to observe the conditions of
each cells in the battery.

(iii) Power Storage Unit (Battery or Flywheel) : This unit stores power & supplies power
when required. Battery is used in Electrical KERS whereas Flywheel is used in Mechanical
KERS.

[0]
Working principle of KERS is quite simple. During braking, a car dissipates a lot of kinetic
energy as heat; KERS stores that energy & converts that into power. KERS operates on two
cycles; one is 'Charge Cycle' & the other one is 'Boost Cycle'. When a car brakes, the wasted
kinetic energy is captured by an actuator unit from rear brakes. This captured energy is then
allowed to pass through PCU & finally to the storage unit. The storage unit is usually
positioned in the center of the car for proper balancing by minimizing impact.

Based on the way of conversion of energy, KERS can be classified into the following two
types:
(I) Mechanical Kinetic Energy Recovery system: In this system, basically flywheel is used
as power storage unit. The idea of recovering energy using flywheel was first given by
Physicist Richard Feynman in 1950. During braking, KERS unit spins up to capture the
wasted energy using a transmission system; PCU sends this to the flywheel where this inertia
is stored for using when required. When needed, driver presses the KERS button to overtake
or defend & PCU releases the inertia from flywheel back to KERS unit for obtaining extra
HP.
(ii) Electrical Kinetic Energy Recovery system: In this system, basically battery is used as
power storage unit. During braking, KERS unit spins up to generate current; PCU sends this
charge to the battery where this charge is stored for using when required. When needed,
driver presses the KERS button to overtake or defend & PCU releases the charge from
battery back to KERS unit for obtaining extra HP.

Mechanical KERS has got some advantages over Electrical KERS. In Electrical KERS
energy conversion efficiency is 31%-34% whereas in Mechanical KERS, energy conversion
efficiency is 70%. Electrical KERS is not completely safe as Lithium-ion batteries heat up
during charging process & current is associated with it but Mechanical KERS is completely
safe from this perspective. Batteries take about 1-2 hours for complete charging but in
flywheels it's not needed.