28 july 1972

Vol. t77, No. 4046

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MEDICAL SYSTEMS

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 28 July 1972 SCIE NCE
Vol. 177, No. 4046

LETTERS Academic "Soul Searching":W. A. Maesen and S. J. Maesen; Medical School

Finances: R. Fein; S. S. Lee; Pain Inhibition: S. E. Trent; Solution
of UpA Structure:N. C. Seeman et al.293

EDITORIAL Shortchangingthe Disadvantaged Student: A. B. Grobman.297

ARTICLES Holography, 1948-1971: D. Gabor..299

Bee and Wasp Venoms: E. Habermann..314
Residuals Charges for Pollution Control: A Policy Evaluation: A. M Freeman III
and R. H. Haveman..322

NEWS AND COMMENT Nuclear Safety: Damaged Fuel Ignites a New Debate in ABC.330
Medical School Admissions: A Raw Deal for Applicants.332
DES: A Case Study of RegulatoryAbdication.335

RESEARCH NEWS Carbon Monoxide: Natural Sources Dwarf Man's Output.338

BOOK REVIEWS Isaac Newton's PhilosophiaeNaturalis PrincipiaMathematicaand Introductionto

Newton's 'Principia,'reviewed by M. S. Mahoney; Butterfliesof the
AustralianRegion and AustralianButterflies,A. B. Kiots; Comparative
Virology, F. Fenner; Books Received .............................. 340

SOARD OF DIRECTORS M1NAREES GLENNT. SEABORG LEONARD M. RIESER DAVIDBLACKWELL LEWISN. BRANSCOMB
Retiring President, Chairman President President-Elect RICHARDH. BOLT BARRYCOMMONER

VICE PRESIDENTS AND MATHEMATICS (A sics (s) CHEMISTRY (C) ASTRONOMY

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SECTION SECRETARIES John W.Tukey HerbertFriedman MartinPaul GeorgeB. Field
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AND PHILOSOPHY (1.)
Dale B. Harris James s. Coleman Mendelsohn
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LinwoodF. Tice RoyL. Loevorn . , Jacob E. Goldman LloydK. Johnson
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REPORTS Petroleum Hydrocarbons:Uptake and Discharge by the Marine Mussel Mytilus

edulis: R. F. Lee, R. Sauerheber, A. A. Benson.344
18.6-Year Earth Tide RegulatesGeyser Activity: J. S. Rinehart.346

Air Pollution: Sensitive Detection of Ten Pollutant Gases by Carbon Monoxide and
Carbon Dioxide Lasers: L. B. Kreuzer, N. D. Kenyon, C. K. N. Patel.347
Second-OrderScatteringfrom the Sea: Ten-Meter Radar Observationsof the
Doppler Continuum: G. L. Tyler et al.349
Sea Level at SouthernCalifornia: A Decadal Fluctuation: J. Namias and
J. C. K. Huang.351
Rare-EarthOxides of Manganese and Cobalt Rival Platinum for the Treatmentof
Carbon Monoxide in Auto Exhaust: R. J. H. Voorhoeve et al.353
Spongy Mesophyll Remains in Fossil Leaf Compressions: A. Chandrasekharam. . . 354

Cochlear Inner and Outer Hair Cells: Functional Differences: P. Dallos et al.356

Systemic Absorptionof IntrauterineCopper: T. Okereke et al.358

Hemoglobin Adaptation for Fast and Slow Water Habitats in SympatricCatostomid
Fishes: D. A. Powers.360
Evoked Potential Correlatesof Response Criterion in Auditory Signal Detection:
D. D. Paul and S. Sutton.362
Biting Attack Elicited by Stimulationof the Ventral MidbrainTegmentum of
Cats: R. J. Bandler, Jr., C. C. Chi, J. P. Flynn.364
Technical Comments: Two-Photon Decay of Metastable Hydrogenic Atoms:
R. Novick; Eye Marks in Vertebratesas Aids to Vision: W. N. Charman;
R. W. Ficken, P. E. Matthiae, R. Horwich; Emmonsiella capsulata:
Perfect State of Histoplasma capsulatum: K. J. Kwon-Chung; Limitations
of the Hildebrand-Batschinski ShearViscosity Equation: L. D. Eicher and
B. J. Zwolinski.367

COVER
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NewmanA. Hall RobertW. Berliner Joseph L. Henry
RaynorL, Ounconibe P. Douglas Lawrason Sholom Pearlman 353. [C. E. Miller, Bell Laboratories,
INFORMATION AND STATISTICS (U), . ATMOSPHERiC AND HYDROSPHERIC MurrayHill, New Jersey]
COMMUNICATION (T) W. Duane Evans SCIENCES(IV)
AndrewA.. Ames EzraGlaser John A. Knauss
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. between or among parties; it is also a
function of the respective institutional
goals viewed over time and within local
ground rules. For example, the actions
of the purchasers of medical care-
levels; Blue Cross and Blue Shield;
more than 1000 commercial insurance
carriers-can determine many cost al-
ocation decisions. The many regulatory
agencies also exert considerable infiu-
ence, and their regulationschange with
great frequency.
Cost allocation must necessarily be
, . directed at assuringthe viability of the
> complex organizationin all its parts. If
a purchaser or a regulatory agency
,... suddenly decides that it will no longer
pay for a segment of the product line,
one must either discontinue that seg-
ment or, alternatively, reallocate the
costs to other segments. This becomes
a continuous juggling process, often
dictated by expediency rather than by
rational approaches. If the priorities
change in Washington or in the state
house, the medical center must respond.
This is just as true in the research and
"""'" educationsectors as it is in the medical
care sector, but the latter is the largest
component.
How much should be charged to the
patient, to the student, to the house
officer, to the research fellow, to the
community,to the nation for each item
of service?How much is each prepared
to pay, and through which vehicles of
payment? Costs must be allocated in
part on the basis of willingness of
someone to pay.
In the absence of clear, consistent
policy, and in the presence of a myriad
of categorically financed activities, the
finances of the medical center and its
criteriafor cost allocation will continue
to be chaotic.
SIDNEY S. LEE
Harvard Medical School,
Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Pain Inhibition
Current Occidental interest in anal-
gesia by acupuncture should be in-
tegrated with recent work on the in-
hibition of pain and temperatureper-
ception in humans.
White sound (a random mixture of
pain caused by dental drilling or ex- Department of Biology,
traction (1). Skin stimulationproduced Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
by immersing the opposite hand in Cambridge 02139
water suppressed causalgic hand pain
(2). Pain and hyperthermiain the right
hand and arm of a man with a left
parietal lobe cerebral lesion were
reduced and eliminated by stepwise
increases of vibration or pressure
stimulationappliedto the oppositehand
(3). This inhibition of pain was later
explained by the postulation of a pain
gate in the substantiagelatinosa of the
spinal cord, a gate which is closed by
the predominance of large over small
fiber activity in the input to the spinal
cord (4). Whetherthis theory can also
be applied to audioanalgesiais yet to
be shown.A recent applicationhas been
the utilization of electrical stimulation
of the posterior columns of the spinal
cord for the diminution of intractable
pain (5).
SUMNER E. TRENT
South Central Mental Health Center,
Box 334,
Jamestown, North Dakota 58401
References
1. w. J. Gardner, J. C. R. Licklider, A. z.
2. weisz, Science 132, 32 (1960).
M. Bender, Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 54, 5
3 S E. Trent, J. Nerv. Ment. DIs. 123, 357
(1956).
4. R. Meizack and P. Wall, Science 150, 971
(1965).
5. C. N. Shealy, J. T. Mortimer,5. B. Reswick,
Anesth. Anaig. Cleveland 46, 89 (1967).
Solution of UpA Structure
In the interest of historical accuracy
we feel obligated to comment on the
letter of Rubin, Brennan,and Sundara-
lingam (28 Apr., p. 355). The state-
ment by their group that their solution
of the crystalstructureof UpA [uridylyl
(3',5') adenosine hemihydrate] was
completeby the time of the 1971 Amer-
ican CrystallographicAssociation meet-
ing in Ames, Iowa, is at distinctvariance
with the remark made by Sundaralin-
gain at that meeting. In his role as ses-
sion chairman,Sundaralingamstated, in
comments following our presentation,
that his group was working on the
structure,but that they had not as yet
managed to solve it.
NADRIAN C. SEEMAN
JOEL L. SussMAN
Department of Biological Sciences,
Columbia University, New York 10027
HELEN M. BERMAN
Institute for Cancer Research,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
SuNG-HouKIM
SCIENCE, VOL. 177
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 Reprintsof the followingselectedmaterialfrom Science are for sale to our readers.Numbersin parenthesesfollowingthe date
indicate total number of pages. If you wish a reprintthat is not includedin this list, please contactAAAS.
1) P. H. Abelson, "Death from Heroin," 12 June 1970(1)
2) D. Alpertand D. L. Bitzer, "Advances in Computer-Based Education," 20 March 1970 (12)
3) R. C. Atkinsonand H. A. Wilson, "Computer-Assisted Instruction,"4 Oct. 1968 (8)
4) B. Berelson, "BeyondFamilyPlanning," 7 Feb. 1969 (12)
5) J. Blake, "Population Policy for Americans: Is the Government Being Misled?," 2 May 1969 (8)
6) J. D. Carroll, "Science and the City: The Question of Authority," 28 Feb. 1969 (12)
7) A. M. Cartter, "Scientific Manpower for 1970-85," 9 April 1971 (8)
8) T. C. Chamberlin, "The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses," 7 May 1965 (8)
9) F. E. Cheek et al., "Deceptions in the Illicit Drug Market," 27 Feb. 1970 (1)
10) A. 3. Coale, "Man and His Environment," 9 Oct. 1970 (8)
11) A. Crancer, Jr., et a!., "Comparison of the Effects of Marihuana and Alcohol on Simulated Driving Performance," 16 May 1969 (4)
12) B. Crowe, "The Tragedy of the Commons Revisited," 28 Nov. 1969 (8)
13) B. D. Davis, "Prospects for Genetic Intervention in Man," 18 Dec. 1970 (8)
14) N. I. Dishotsky et a!., "LSD and Genetic Damage," 30 April 1971 (12)
15) C. Djerassi, "Birth Control after 1984," 4 Sept. 1970 (12)
16) C. Dierassi, "Prognosis for the Development of New Chemical Birth-Control Agents," 24 Oct. 1969 (8)
17) C. A. Doxiadis, "Ekistics, the Science of Human Settlements," 23 Oct. 1970 (12)
18) C. A. Doxiadis, "Man's Movement and His City," 18 Oct. 1968 (12)
19) P. R. Ehrlich and J. P. Holdren, "Impact of Population Growth," 26 March 1971 (8)
20) H. F. Eichenwald and P. C. Fry, "Nutrition and Learning," 14 Feb. 1969 (8)
21) L. Eisenberg, "The Human Nature of Human Nature," 14 April 1972 (8)
22) L. Eisenberg, "Student Unrest: Sources and Consequences," 27 March 1970 (8)
23) D. Gabor et a!., "Holography," 2 July 1971 (16)
24) M. J. Gilula and D. N. Daniels, "Violence and Man's Struggle to Adapt," 25 April 1969 (12)
25) M. I. Goldman, "The Convergence on Environmental Disruption," 2 Oct. 1970 (8)
26) 0. Hardin, "The Tragedy of the Commons," 13 Dec. 1968 (8)
27) C. Holden, "Community Health Centers: Growing Movement Seeks identity, Storefront Therapy and More," 10 and 17 Dec. 1971 (8)
28) L. E. Hollister, "Marihuana in Man: Three Years Later," 2 April 1971 (8)
29) E. H. Land, "Addiction as a Necessity and Opportunity," 15 Jan. 1971 (4)
30) L. B. Lave and E. P. Seskin, "Air Pollution and Human Health," 21 Aug. 1970 (12)
31) L. Lemberger et a!., "Marihuana: Studies on the Disposition and Metabolism of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Man," 18 Dec.
1970 (4)
32) H. L. Lennard et a!., "Hazards Implicit in Prescribing Psychoactive Drugs," 31 July 1970 (4)
33) L. Marx, "American Institutionsand Ecological Ideals," 20 Nov. 1970 (12)
34) S. Milgram, "The Experience of Living in Cities, 13 March 1970 (12)
35) N. E. Miller, "Learning of Visceral and Glandular Responses," 31 Jan. 1969 (12)
36) L. W. Moncrief, "The Cultural Basis for Our Environmental Crisis," 30 Oct. 1970 (8)
37) R. S. Morison, "Science and Social Attitudes," 11 July 1969 (8)
38) E. P. Odum, "The Strategy of Ecosystem Development," 18 April 1969 (12)
39) G. H. Orians and E. W. Pfeiffer, "Ecological Effects of the War in Vietnam," 1 May 1970 (12)
40) 3. Platt, "WhatWe Must Do," 28 Nov. 1969 (8)
41) M. Roche, "Notes on Science in Cuba," 25 July 1970 (8)
42) E. Rubia and C. S. Lieber, "Alcoholism, Alcohol, and Drugs," 11 June 1971 (8)
43) 5. Scarr-Salapatek, "Race, Social Class, and IQ," 24 Dec. 1971 (12)
44) R. E. Schultes, "Hallucinogens of Plant Origin," 17 Jan. 1969 (12)
45) R. Shinnar, "System Approach for Reducing Car Pollution," 24 March 1972 (4)
46) N. H. Spector, "Alcohol Breath Tests: Gross Errors in Current Methods of Measuring Alveolar Gas Concentrations," 2 April 1971 (4)
47) J. J. Spengler, "Population Problem: In Search of a Solution," 5 Dec. 1969 (8)
48) P. Suppes and M. Morningstar, "Computer-Assisted Instruction," 17 Oct. 1969 (8)
49) F. H. Tschirley, "Defoliation in Vietnam," 21 Feb. 1969 (8)
50) A. T. Weil et a!., "Clinical and Psychological Effects of Marihuana in Man," 13 Dec. 1968 (12)
51) J. Weizenbaum, "On the Impact of the Computer on Society," 12 May 1972 (8)
52) L. White, Jr., "The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis," 10 March 1967 (8)
53) D. Wolfie and C. V. Kidd, "The Future Market for PhD's," 27 Aug. 1971 (12)
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 28 July 1972, Volume 177, Number 4046 SOlE r*I0E

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR

THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE
Science serves its readers as a forum for the
presentation and discussion of important issues
related to the advancement of science, including Shortchanging the Student
the presentation of minority or confficting points
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Disadvantaged
on which a consensus has been reached. Accord- Some univ.ersitiesare providing remedial courses for young people
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are affiliated.
of American higher education. In addition, many universities recognize
Editorial Board that most students from the inner city have had experiences different
1972
ALFRED BROWN FRANK P ESS from those of traditional students, and sensitive faculty members often
JAMEs F CROW FRANK w.
PUTNAM
THOMAS KUHN WALTER 0. ROBERTS try to make those experiences educationallymeaningful in the classroom.
ELuort W. MONTROLL Universities deserve to be strongly supported in both of these efforts.
1973 A few of these universities, with the best of intentions, push their
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RUDOLF KOMPFNER EDWARD 0. wiLSON so, modify the fundamentalnature of the university. For example, some
DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, Jx.
institutionsgive graduationcredit for the completion of remedialcourses,
Editorial Staff arguing that the student has done the work in college (and so should
Editor
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throwing away
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ComputationalSolid State Physics. A
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Frank Herman, Norris W. Dalton, and
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A SpecialistPeriodicalReport.
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* * Handbook of Neurochemistry. Vol. 5,
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SCIENCE, VOL. 177
 Your old counter and

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The new Heath/Schiumberger SM-114A Scaler extends the
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Threepushbutton-selected rangesallowdivisionof inputfre-
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flat bottles,the Rollacellutilizescylindrical vesselsthatprovide transmission of frequencies from 10 MHz to 100 MHz with a
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be rotatedsimultaneously at anyspeedbetween0.1 rpmand8 rpm. between 40 MHzand 600 MHz.
Because
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availablewitha built-inrollerdrivefor precise up to 2 V rms. The lV P-P output will drive virtually every
controlof temperature as wellas speed.The counter on the market,and with only 50 mV required from the
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utaretic FisheriesResearch Board
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THISCOMPETITION
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Edited by MENAND WOMEN
Louis 0. Quam The Pacific Biological Station contributes primarily to the com-
mercial and recreational fisheries program and also to th
environmental quality program of the Fisheries Research
Board.
the extensiveresearch The Director will be required to plan, develop, coordinate, and
manage the research program of the Station, to provide scien-
title leadership and to foster a research environment conducive
to a high level of research productivity.
Qualifications required include a doctorate degree, or equiva-
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Knowledge of the English language is essential.

Further information and the appropriate application forms can

AAAS be obtained by writing to the:

BIo-PHYSIcALSCIENCESPROGRAM
PUBLICSERVICECOMMISSION OF CANADA
AMERICANASSOCIATION for the OTTAWA, ONTARIOKiA 0M7
ADVANCEMENT of SCIENCE CANADA
1515 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
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372 SCIENCE, VOL. 177