Chapter 2-1

2.1 exp€riments 4,5,6 shoψ that the gain is approxι

The minimum number of pins re4uired by dual- mately ιω v/v.
The missing entry for experiment
op-amp is 8. Εach op-amp haδ 2 iηput ιerιninals #3 can be predicted as foΙΙows:

: b: l'Φ : 0.oI V.
(4 pins) and one output terminal (2 pins). Another
6\ τ'"
2 pins aτe required for poινeι
A lα)
similaΙly the minimum number of pins required
by quad-op-amp is 14:
(a)ι': ι._ Ua= 1.Φ_0.01 :0.99v
4x2+4xl+2:14 The missing entries for experiment #7:

t't
161 ,," : :ΣJ!
lα)
= _o-051 V

Refer to fig Ρ 2.2 (c) v. = v, + ,, : 5.10 - 0.05i = 5.049 V

τJ' : ιJ'x lK
lκ+lM = ,r.
I All the resιuts seen to be reasonable.
'1οοI
: 1u.L 2S
o,:1,
' ' l0ο1 i: G.(ι _ ι')
'
A: lωlμ : R.G.(ι _ v')
'
=10οlx1 GainA: ι'
= R^G.
2 υ2_ vl
A = 2Φ2ΥN =2Χ1σX10Χl0r
: 20'ωο v/v
t1

+
Γ-*
ι|

9r,..
Ι
υ":2.0ΦV + ==
z : - 1.000 V τ'
For ideal op amp
ν.: ν : _l.000V
Measur€d voltage at positiνe input : _ 1.010 ν
2.6
Amplifiergain A= oo
!+-a- z.": : !(q + ν')
l vSin (2π60)ι
1

z
- _ l.010_2.0ω
(' l.ω0) :
ι, 0.0l Sin (2zιi000)ι : ι ,_ υ
- 1

:2ΦνN ?ι= Ucι _ z,/2: Sin(l20tr)l - 0.Φ5 Sin

2πnnt
2A ι'= ι- * υ,l2: Sin 120r, + 0.005 sin 200οr,ι

# 2.1
R (G"' ,, _ c.' , Refer to Fig. 2.4
υ
': ')
υ': !':1ιι.: sιR (G-" υ, c.,ι')
ο.(x) o.0ο 0.α) 0.α)
ι.00 l.0ο o.oο ο.O0 '. = νn(c. o2+ ι2 G^ υ1*
\ιc.'')
3 (a) 1.OO (b) t.00 (oz - ιl\
υ.: ιLR G.+ '3c^
4 l.α) l.l0 0.10 ! 0.1 Ι01 ιιd

2'ω _o.οl _ο.99 (ν' + υ'\

5 2-Ol 99
+ '
iιRΔG..+
6 t -99 2.Φ ο.0l 1.00 ι0o ' 2u,cu
7 5. to (c) (d) _5.lο νve haνe v, = Α. z,, I d- ι",
=> Ao
: 1ιRG^, Agμ : |Ι''RΔG^
 CΙιapιeι 2_2

Α, 2.to
CMRR - 20 Iorl | = 26 1onΞ.
"|Aru| " ΔG. There are four possibiιiιies:

20log,,, Α, : 80 dB + A,ι = 10ι

1ο kΩ lο kΩ
AcM _ ΔG.
' ' : lοrxll: lo
A" C'^- ' ^'^ lω
CMRR _ :ο IonΞ.
"
= 26 1on
--J-
"ο.l
_ 6ρ
/ |00
^G^
2,4
Circuit 1ι J υ
'\νtν'
R'"(kΩ) o: : _2νΝ 1o kΩ

- l00 = _lο lo
10

b -lo lo
c -t0 10

d _ιο 10

νinual ground no currenι in l0 kΩ

2.9

R2= l0 kΩ lo: '0.5 ν/v Rl" = l0 kΩ

Rr= 10 kΩ

Closed loop gain is 1 lo: _0.5 vΔr'

ιι 20 kΩ

τl R' l0 kΩ
vι Rι l0 kΩ

For τr,: + l.Φ0V

'υ,,= Aυ,: +1 x 1.α)ο
: _1.ω0v
The two resisιors are 19ι, resistors

r!)
\ r, /.,"
_ _l0(l_0.οt)
l0( I + 0.01
= _0.98 V/V
ιο : _2νN :
)

R," 5 kΩ
11) _ _|0(l+0.οl ) _ _ι-02 ν/ν
\ υll.,' l0( I -o.ol)
Range is 0.98 ιo l.02 vΔy' 2.1 T
G: -l V/V b. G = - lOv/v
c. c : -0.1 v/v d. G: lΦV/V
e-
 Chapter 2-3

2.12 ΞR2 = 19.95 Rt < ι Mο

a. G: -l V/V: =Rz:lokΩ For laΙgest possibιe inpuι resistance choose
*=*, R, = 1Mο
b' G : _2νN : l MΩ -sο.t
n,'
19.95 -
ιο
-R, R. : lOkΩ, Ru:20kΩ
Ξ -------:
Rt'=, R' = R, : 50.l kο
c.G= -0.5 V/V
2.15
: Rr=R, :20kΩ, Ra: 10kΩ

_,..'-Ι-l--Γ-
Rι',
d. G: _1ωv/v
=
-R, + R. : 10kΩ, Rz = 1Mo _Rz_'1Φ:
Rr
___--Ξ
'.

G:9= lο
vi Rr l0
2.t3 v-: l0Y ,hΦ:0, ν-!: _5v
2.16

'.: Ι0k
z1 lk = lο v,/v
ι.: _1oιι
= 10 x (0.5)

ln the figure
oo
i'' : 2kΩ -5
2kΩ -
25mA

9: _ινlν = -Rz Rr= l0 kΩ

Rr

=tR2:4Rr
Toιal resistance used is 1ω kC!
.'.Rl+R2: lωkΩ
R,+4R,=lωkΩ
R, = 20kΩ
and R, : 4ρ, : 36 1ρ

2.14
Gain is 26 dB

o-(u-) o-(-5)
l0 kΩ tο kΩ
: +0.5mA
i3: i"- i,= -2.s 0.5
: _3 mΑ
This additionaι current is suppliΘd by the op amp.
+
η 2-17

π,(r +ft)
16;r;11 : &: R1
r.?Ξ)
Rl lω./
26 dB : 20 log lcl
So 2X is the tolerance on the closed loop gain G
G:1o26'20=19.95
: _ρ'gsνlν : _R,
G:-tooYandx=1
.''9
ιι Rl Gain νaτiation - 102 <G <-98
 Chapter 2-4

2.18 R, : l0o kΩ
-υn + υo
Rz=5kΩ
Rι : lωl9___-]φ
_ιο
: 1.66 kο
Rr=l5kΩ ]ω-
2 kΩ resistor coηneοted to input be shυnted ιo
achieνe 1.66 kΩ is R., then
/ R'
1.66 = 2 kΩ i| R 2 kΩ
R,+2ko
+R. : 9.76 kΩ

,-R,R,5
2.20
υi Rι R| 15

,, = oY ι',: ι":5Υ
For :t l 7o on R|, R,: RΙ = 15 t ο.l5 kr} Rr= 1ΦkΩ
Rl=1kΩ
R'?:5:!005k(l

"" : 'R, = ls&+

',--ξ, R, ts x llΣ
t5.t5
vr

=υ<tsxΞΣ
" t4 85
Ξ4.9v<r,<5.lv
For τl, : _ ι5:t 0.l5 v la.εs x j€Σ u' !" = _& = _tοονrv
t5-t5 ur Rr
Ξ,Ξl5.!5Χl!Σ
"
siηceRt"=lkΩ:Rl
14.85
.'.R2=ilxlΦ:lΦkΩ
94.85U<ι,=5.l5V b. op. Amp has open loop gain of 20ω v/v

2.19 o, : _! whereΑ:2α)ociνen

: lo Αpply KcL at note y,

Α
-7lrt -
300 υι-ι| _ ι|_ υo
!":
-50 v/v Rι R2

ι,,= 1 and solνe foτ 9

Then subsιitute
'AυΙ
-lo
5ο
_R2
!: : Rt
Rz= 1Φ kΩ
η r *(I * &') .ι
\ R,/ A
_1ω/l : _66.4ν/Υ
=
r+lr\ +]Φ)^
1 .' 2ο(n
|

+
c. ι.et RΙ' .: R.llRl \rhete R, : l kf}
ιb
Need9:'1ωvΛr'
Αgain apply KcL at node V,, and R, is replaced
by Rr'
Αpply KcL at node yl
ιη_V1 τ1_ ι,, υι 7'1 xι_0o
Rr
- R2 Ri R1
_ ι)| yι :-oo= ιο
R| = R2ιι substitute for τ,ι and 14 and Substiιute
λ 20ω
01 -ao
 Chapter 2-5

and τ,' : _ j9- 2.23

' lοο
solνe for Rl'
(-% - ".\
- uοοo/
R,': R,x\lω
f -% _,,)
\2ω0 ') +
-t I η
- 1ω κ l00 2ω0
_ I _1
20ω
Rr' : 0.9495 kΩ υ.: _Aυ : ι _i'R'
.'- 0.9495 kΩ _ R' ll R'R' _ R'
R - Rι+R, i,R,: v (1 +A)
l+R, -. _ i,R:
= 1kΩ 1+Α
"'Rl
Solve for ξ Again 1,,: iRl + τ,

& : 18.81 kο _4ι

Useξ = 13.31 19- 18.80 :t 17o
=;n.+; 'l+Α
SoR.-: !: R.+ Rz
2.21, '" i, A+l
output voltage .anges from - ι0 to + 10v and
openloop gain is 200ο v/v
2.4
.'. voIιage aι inνenting input terminal Ψill νaΙy
6:
,,:'(R2/R|'
υo
ΞJ! 19 --!q. closedlooDρain
16η i.e _5 mv ιo l5 mν.
2ω0 2ω0 .. LJ_!/&
1
ThUs ιhe νirtυal gτounι ψill depan by a maΙimum
oft5mV Gain Errοr ε: ljl&lj-i
Α
x trn
2-22
o.t%

too, (' - ιoo(t +ft) ro(r +ft)

ft)
Gain with resistance R,"

a)ForΑ: c,: Ul=0

ι. = 'i' R,
R,=9:-RF
ιi
+
η
R,":Ψ:o
ιi

b) ForA-finiιe|
",
= -Ψ' ι" = υ, i,Rp
R2
t' R,R," \
+u._
" A!'_j,RFΞR.-Ψ__Ro
- i, ιR, *R"J
,** .-
1+&
Rr
n':!: Rε l+
' ii 1+Α
 chapιer 2_6

The effect of Rla in ιhe denominaιor is νery smaιl'

I I+ frlRr
so ψe neglect ιhis ,'] =l A I

,-(t+lΔ) L fr
I

|'- Α
R2/Rr + Rr.) R:lr, , R, \ + R,/RJl
.: πι fuR. J: ηι' R'/
R,
1 l

l+--: Ι+--:
R,
__Γ_ ,*_;- R. ι+-j_ R"
'*
RI
To resιore ιhe gain to its norninal νaιυeof }.
Rl
use
l_,, A

R" €,Rr
l+--i Rr
RΙR,. _
π' Α solving fo. Α we get

sο R|" =
lrn
.------_.l
R,
'00
, : (,-frχ: l)
€

: ιI - c.-,-,l
/I \
1)
ι-
b.G,n.in.l = lΦ : ,R2
Rr
R''=2kΩ=R'
''
'ξ R':2kΩ
R,' = R. R G' - R2/ Rt' R,: lωR, : 2ωkΩ
Again G.-", : - l0o and ε... :
lt
109o
1+ltR2/Rr'
Α
..,4 : (l - G",,.'.,,)l:
/1
- l
\
Ιn order for G' : G: \€ l
'|

^
(,: R,' =--f,,
-R,/'
= rl _ (_lοo)r(δl _ l)
l+l+R2lRl', Rι
A :l0lx9
R, R. Α : 909 V/V
"' R,+R.
( r'f:-in,n.jt) 2,27
- . Δlcl /lcl l+ R,/Rt
R,R. *ι r-
ιal-
=R,'R'-11 1 Α
ΔΑ / Α
^ ) ιιl 4]9] : o.5%. ^Δ : soq" 'LR| = 100
G Α
(R| l )Α ' ΑR. t * n.,
R, + R.
'RιP,^, 0.ω5_ι+1ω
R'Α=η+cR'+G& .5Α
R,. _ A-c A = 1ο1(.5) _ 10.1 k
Rr 1+G (.ω5)

2.26

a. Equaιion 2.5 c =
ttn - R2/ Rl
r*(r*&lze
\ Rι/
and Gn,,.,nu, : - R2
Rι
Gain error
.:lc
' c*,'-,1 :l c -'l
I c"".'" I lc-,,"", I
 Chapter 2-7

224 (nz ll n:)

From example 2.2 (n, ll Rr) + R4
!" = -!ι( ι*&n&'l R,R.
υ1 R,\ R2 R.-) " RrRr + RrR4 + RrRl
ιΙere R| : R:: R1 : 1MΩ
v, _ RrR,*RrRn*RrRo
#,:1'+ +i)__β-lγ) z, R2R3

.,R. Rn
o'. IMΩ R,. R,
ιι Rι
lM .,Rn.Ro
f.:
' - (u'*z\ ιo : 1)o/υ' : R, R,
\v, I
ιι ιι / ι' _R|
R2
u.9 : y
20ο
= &('*&*&)
R,\ Rr Rr)
n,= _ |M :5.o5
' (_2ω+2\
kΩ
231
o' :
ι'r'
ιrV = '2o Υ A)R, R
R, = (R ||R)+f =
ξ-ξ: r
n'=_ |M :55.6kΩ
' (-20+2t R)+f :
R: = (Rz ll η+ξ= (R || R
lMΩ _-
υl zYρ':_
"-1_ Υ ' t2+2) Rη: (R: ll R)+r: (R || R)+f : R

b) v: : RΙ|Ξι|: Ι
R/
R,/R, = |QQQ,ρ,: lωkΩ ΞRt : l0ο0 Ω
Ι0 _ ι 1 ι - 2l+νι+2ιxξ: Rι,
a)R.:R,:l0oΩ 2
_Rr(t, Rη RI + RΙ : RΙ2.,a Ι2 = 2ι
υl ". _ *Rl) : _1666
l'ι R, \ R2 R.'l
Ιι= Ι1+ Ιn = 4Ι+ι2+4Ixξ: RΙ1
ΙfR.=R, -R._ l(nκ -π' = -!!9j-
lω0 - 2 _-
lωΩ RΧ2Ι +4!xξ: nι'-ι' = ιι,
ζ: R| :1ωkfl Ιa= ΘΙ+4Ι)ι4:8Ι
230
Ιιz 1r:
i,:!."=-i,R,:-9R,
'RΙRl' R!2 PJ2 Ν'2
t 3 o
υ'
Sο --.1 :
R. οr -_
z, : R.
___
--:
ιι Rl ι' Rι

l,1l /,tl 1,1I Ι4

c)v,=dR=-/l?
ι z: _ι, R _ _2ΙR
R : '4ΙR
': -Ιj
1,

ιo_ _ι''R+Ιnξ: - 4/R 8/E

2
: -8/R
 Chapter 2-8

2-32 Αssume Ιinear operation for op-amp

a./. = l_Ι : ο.l mΑ .'.y-: y : οv

' lοK
ι:1l :0.1 mΑ n,' : ]Σζ : Is ιο
.l mA
/2X l0kΩ = /lX1ΦΩ=V,
Aρain1-
' iΙ
3'l m _,,Α/Α
... r. : r. x !!-!!
lff) Ω
ο.l m
isneeded

Thking a loop th.ough the input ιerrnina|s:

= 0.1 X1Φ +ov-ilRι irRr:0wherei: iI
: l0 mΑ
and

Now1,.:ζ+ζ: l0.l mA i2= i1 i1

and η: /, X lokΩ:0.1 x 10kΩ: l V i1R1 : R2Q1 i)
tι. V' : & ν.: lo'1' R' + v"
lι' +
- irR,
0, lu
"ι_- -fi.l _ lω
o 1-(-ll)
m R,
Here _ l3 is loιvesι νalue of ζ -0.1
So R. * : 1.39 kΩ ο.Im_3.ι m '
c. lα)Ω<&<lkf) J .ι, : p'
1, stays fixed aι 1ο.l mA'.'. ΙL : Ι2andΙ2
is fixed so R2 will b€ smaller than RI
v': v'- RLιl'= l _ Rι Χ 10.l lεt R, : 566 ρ
&: lωο'ζ: ο.01 v;Rl:lkΩ' p,:
v.: 9.1ν ,I Ξ9Φ = lsιο
.. -9.1 V <4< 0.01 V
R'-."* : i2 = (iΙ _ ,ι) : -3 mΑ

2_73
y,: ( 3m)(5ω): 1.5v
1.5 3.l m(Rι) + 12 : 0
R,. = (Ι2 l.5) = ].4kΩ
-1.1 m

7 ι,[}n, ]

Lεt i, = 6.1 .o
iι : 3'1 mA
 Chapιer 2_9

234 Ρotentiometer in the middΙe:

ι| 1o kΩ ι|' Rι. ".=_{ 5 *Σ*l)

.-t --) ν| \5+R] lω l
lΓ_
!ι : _ι'tl νlν

236
Rr=50ιο

ι!1gs'r: 1g;,
a' =
'l0kΩΧri:R(,; rJ /R, q+ R, R, \
,,Ι |oΙΩ : ,, = _ιd iΣυΣ+ lιυ\)
R=
Iι_|l
ι:!ψ
lυ ιι ιι
- !.lιkΩ
: -t_ l5o 1), i _5ο?rr + _50rrrl\
b. Ιnput Resistance Rt =
ο'!
=9 = oο \lω'lω'|Φ')
ιι ιι
Ξ_|/U| +:
.t \
outputResistance ρ" : ls : % : - \z) rr2|
lno
Now v, = 2γ -6 υ"= _2ν
c. & : l kΩ arrd v. in the range of t 10 v
Γz + 1, _zll
i, + lOkΩ x l,. _ i,(I ιο ._L r " L 2 'J
,\ i, lo ιο'))
V": R,

= r,(ι kΩ X l0 + 10kο)
:20Κx i' 237
!-ι : i' a17 ',, = 112
20 R1

.. 2ο k()= ;,' - ,=l2=

20 kΩ - 0.6 mA < i, < o.6 mΑ

d. From part a
--]2-
i,: 10 i,: 10 x 0.2 m

235
Rr: lωkΩ_ ro<9< -r Y The ιγeighted output of summe, circuit is
"iV /R. R.
1t : -lJ r,+Jr.
\

R,:R,
" ' \R, R, ')
I

= 1φ1ρ
and in problem
b:--&(R,*&*r')
"" : -(2".*2\
v, R, \R. R' )
_R, _ \ ' 2)
- 0+1:
fl,'r,Rr' _l=9f, _ lωkΙt
i'=!!andι=!2
' Rr ' R)
lta:10kΩ.+a = Io Since i,, r, < Mor Mnput signals
ιi
.'. Rl, R2 Σ 10 kf,)
_ "ι kΩ' l0kΩ
'-(l0 & 'lookrt ''\
"/ &
ιl"." = 2. if R, = tOkΩ.R.- 20k{!
R,
+1ο: r!! + 1.!)+R' = ι.l2kΩ
\R, I' & = 1=*' :2R' = 4o kΩ
R.2'
 Chapter 2-10

238 R,:&,=l0kΩ
υ
'':
_(2ι + 4r, + 8r,) Rr:&.:5kο
'
R,' R" R. > ιο kf) c) 1,. = (v, + 5?,)
\=z.\=η&:ε
R, R, Rl
R] : ιo kΩΞ Rr : 80 k!l
R':20kΩ
R':40kΩ
239
a)r.:_(r,,+2τ'+3ιl,\
&:'=n,='οιο.
Rl
R,: l0 kο
& = z=n.: sιο
R1 *, = 'oJn
&:,=ρ.:]!ιο
R, ', R": lOkΩ
-1
R,, : 2 kf)
d) v,' = _6 ι,
f,ε= l0 kΩ
R,=Ψ

&, : l0kΩ
R":5kΩ
&,:3.3K
b) τl. = _(v, + ι2+ 20 j+ 2υ) :
R, 1.67 kΩ
suggested confi guraιions:
ι\ ι'': _(2ι'+2v,+2ι.'
lb

R,: l=R': lg1ρ

Rr
Rr: l=R, = lρ 1ρ
R2

&:
R1
2ΞR''2: ψ kΩ υ": (3 ιl, + 3ι,)
R, : 2ΞR.: l! kΩ
R4
.,)
 Chapter 2-11

10 ko

Ιn order to have coeficiΘnt : 0.5. connect oπe

ιhe input resistors to ι.. 9 : 0.5

ι'I
For summer circυiι we should haνe

\:ι^a\=z
Rr R2
Select R. : 2&: 2Dkdt
Thus R, : 1ρ 1ρ
andi/:R'=20kΩ
2.41
υ
"
:
υ, Ι 2ι _ 3v, _ 4τ. : ConsideτFig. 2.1l.
"
Accordiπg to eq. 2.8 For a Ψeight€d sυmmer
ciΓcuit:
,R,R- R_i_ R, i
υ- =
" 'R,Rl,+ z'1Ξ1]J τ"-! υ"J
τ'==
'RrR, ',Rt 'Ro

2-4ιl R" R._, R,R,_, R,_, R,_^

ππ_"ππ "π ''π-'
assυme:

R3 = 13.3

For v, and u 1, we assume

τ,l=3sinω, Ra=10kO
v:: 1.5 V
The output signaι should be
Rι = l0kΩ+R.:40kf,}ΞR]: 40
3
τl.:'3sinωr-3 = ll.3 kΩ
ι,' : ]sin ιot l R,r40_r&xΦ:r
ιb = Ι.5 V l
}r": 3sinωt_3 R, R, R) Rb
R,:40kΩ, R' : R,: R": l0kf,
 Chapter 2-12

2.42
Refer ιo equaιion 2.8 and figure 2.l1 and make
_12 V <," <ο=&
t6
appΓopriate change for ιhis problem.
(20x1+2x l +22x 1+2rX Ι)
υ : 2Si\ (2τ ωl) + 0.0l sin (2?, X l0ω t)
'
ι : 2S|n (2τ σ}t _ o.0ι sin (27, X l000 ι) _Ξ9 _ 12 \,r'hen a" = aι = 42 Ξa. Ξ |\νe
' t6
we wanι at ιhe outpuι ," : lα) r|_ 1o0 r. haνe ιhe peak νalue at ιr".
From equaιion 2.8
+ RF : 12.8 kΩ

.. : .'(ftχft)_ -(ft) 2.44

.& &
R, R, =,oo

and &: l0O

R1
Νoψ choose νaΙue οfR. and ιhen οbιain oιher +
values.

Equation 2.9

'! : v aR'
υι Rι

".9:t:t*&
υι Rι
setR,:0Ω'R,:10kf}
Ιf R2 : 100 kΩ
b. '" " ,,R,: R!
R.=5ωR.=104kΩ
& : t. seιR =R': l6kΩ
s;n"" &. & = lω Rl
R, Rt
:.R":Rb:Rι:1ωkΩ c. b. :ll=l+&
Rr
The output signal is
υ.: lΦ v, ' lω U. = 1ω X 0.ο2 sin (2σ X
& = 10, SetRl = lOkΩ'&: lοOkΩ
Rl
100Ο 0
: 2 sin (2π X lωο r) d. 'o 1ω:1+&Rt
ι|
and _2 < v < 2 which is less ιhan ιhe limiι of
alov '
R2 99. seι R, |oιΩ.R.:9qοkΩ
Rl
2.43
This is a weighted summer circuit:

,. (Rιιt' + Rrι,l * RΓl,,+π,ιJ

R. \ i:=
ιπ η & ' 10 kΩ

. ιo:5ιxon ι2:5τΧa'
we maν \νnte:
' o' : 5ιX aι ,l : 5rrx d.

Rl = l0kΩ ?!

4r az* or) shon_circυit R,:

'\t6 a fl * 4 2)
'," = -R-(!! υo:2

""" 916 l2oaιl+2la|- 21a2Ι 2\α1

 Chapter 2-13

short-circuiι R,:
_. 1/RP,
*'!/R-+,/l I
'' Ro"'

o"n: (ι
where:
'ff)(*,# ' ',#' #""^)

R ρ : Rpι ll R", ll ... ll R,,

\νhen all inputs aΙe present:

ι.=1 7lo: ιoΝ + 7]oP

: -(o&*'*
fr"' * )*

(,--ξ)('*, *fr^,*
2.46
ι |: υ : 1'o: R Χ i' i: 100μAwhen )
tl) ι,': _2υ } υ,, * 2υ n
+R: 10 : "'
0.1 mΑ
l00 kΩ & _ z. π.,,: ΙOkΩ+R. 2okΙ}
R,,

ξ
Αs indicated, i only depends οn R and υand ιhe
meter resistance does not affect i. ('-ffχo) : '-zχ: ι=>n,":
2.47 (ι . &'Ι(&') _ z+ι!L: z+ρ-'
\ R]ν,,\RP2'' '' = !ι
Refer ιo ιhe circuiι in P 2.47:
a) Using sυperposiιion' we first set
ρz R 2

ιP| = τP2''. : o. The outpuι νoltage that where R" = ΙiLΙ& 1;nno.;nn 4-1
' "RPt+ RPz
resulιs in respons€ to v/νΙ. ν,ν2, ... ι,^/n is: Note that ifthe results from the last 2 constraints
ΓR.
,oN: -Jffirr,';""r' R, *
RF l differ. we 'ιvould use αt addiιional resistor coΙΙ-
***, 1
necιed from the ρositiνe input to ground. (Rrc)

Then ιγe s€t !ινι : υιz = ... : o, ιhen:

kΩ
Rπ : Rνι || Rlγ, || RΝ1 ... Ri/,
2ο
|| |1

The circυit simplifies to:

",,μ: (rι * &),

R"l
op,

I li RPι ' llRP2

ι*,-J-*Ι*l-*,_ι R. *' ._tR"" !pt
' η'' η'' π
2,q
ι.: ιn+3υ''_2(ι"+3υ')
Refer to Ρ2.47

!ι = zir n',' _ t0kΩ>R. = 20kΩ

Rrt
&
R"o= u=*.,.
: ?9 :
"- 6 :.: ιο
Rπ : Rιl || Rr. = 10 K l| 3.3 k: 2.48 kΩ

(t * R''lR" = l Ξ9'l&
\ Rλ./R, =(l\ +
2'48 )RP'
: l +9.06 Rρ : Rρl
R, : iΠ ll RPz |ι RP.. Ξ RP
 Chapter 2-14

l'l_ι
Rρl R"z Rro
(I_ Ι.)9 _ .ι+o.oο} .3+Rρ2::Rι
\ Rll ) Rρι R",

R,, ll R,,: 'J,'f"

9+ 5
= 2.2sRp.
RP : 2'25RP || RPι'
+ : 2.25 R"o+ R"o :
Rp + Rpo 1.8 R"
Rr: I0kΩ=Rr6:18kΩ
R",:9X10k:9οkΩ
RE:3Xlok:30kΩ
Rr = 20 kfι oo
= ι +R, : Ι + I -' : t +1- t
υl Rι χt

.υo _|
V1
0s.τ<l+->9=l
1b 1η

Αdd a resistor as shown

νο ' {l -τlΧ lOkO
τ - '_ ;-Ζτkfl + R
*,(f,).".:
2.49 "
-
R.
τ:o'19:1t ,, l0 kΩ
'R,+Ro R
υ Un_U R'ι lο = 10 kf}
R'R:"-ι =":"(ι R,) R
F(orη the tΨo above equations: R:lkΩ
u" Rl \: 1+R2/Rl
v, =(,'fr\/
\' n,,/\r, + no/ 1+ R1lR4
tΟ kΩ
2.50
Refer ιo Fig. 2.50. setting ?, : o, \μe obtain the

output component due to τ, I as:

1] .i = _2o ν
seιιing U ! = o, we obtain ιhe ouιpuι component
duΘ to v: as:

ou,:u,(t-Ψ)(#h):r*
,^ = .l0 i'ι *10)
" ,,'l+lοι l)
The ιotal output νolιage is:
1,^: ι,
'',
+ ι''':2Δ(ιl'_ ι') υ6: loυ,
For v, : loSin 2π x ωι _ 0.ι sin (2rr X 1ω0 0
,: : losin 2rΙ X ωι + 0.1 Sin (27 X 1α]0 r)
ι/., = 4sin (2'Ι Χ l0ω r)
 chapter 2_ι5

2s3 ο.99ο ο.9ο9

o.999
?.(+)
Gain -Δ.1% _1% _g'lqο
eιτοr

2s.5
for an inverting amplifier
a) Source is ci_nnected direcιly.
R.=R,. C:-&Rt
υ-:
" lgXl:10t o.οsq v fol a non-inverting amplifieΙ:
νn
' tk(): 9!99 : 6.699.a
i': r R, =Φ c:'*& RI
cυrrent supplied by the source is 0.099 mA.
case v/v
Gain Rtn Rt R2
b) inserting a buffer
a _ι0 1010kΩkf) 100 kο
b _1 lωkΩ 1ωkΩ l00 kΩ

υo
c -2 50 kο 50kο tωkΩ
d +1 lο kfl 10 kf,
kΩ
lοv e +2 10kΩ 10 krΙ
f +ll lοkΩ 1οο tΩ
c _{.5 lokΩ 10kΩ 5 kf)

i.:1qJ:lοmA
" ιΚ 2.56
current supplied by the source is 0.
The load current iιcomes from ιhe power suρply Α:50V/Vl*&=tovnr
Rr
of the op-amp.
ifR,:1ρ1ρ=*l:ΦkΩ
2.54 AccordiDg to η. 2.11:

,.R,
n_!o Rι
I + RJR,
A
6= l +98/10 : ]9: ε.::vrv
'I f I +9ο/lο |'2
50
ιn order to compensate the gain drop,
we can shυnt a resistor ψith Rl.
-
νo=υι_i Compensated:

oo: I
ut t+! I*(Ψ*99)
R"1: 10 =
\t0 R.n/
A
..9ο.9ο
error of Cain magnitude
l0 R.h
|ψ 50
l"' lli- _1 1ο X (510R,λ + 90Rsh + 9o0)
A+ I
= 5ο X (l0R"h + 90Rsh + 9οo)
10οο !(χ) Ιo
lωRsh : 36ω Ξ R,t : 36 kΩ
^($)
 chapιeΙ 2'16

9ο kΩ "τ= l0: 6, 1γ7γ; ιl0 1ο2 1o3 l04

Α(v/v) l0 162 103 1ο4 lα5

2.Sa
for non_inverιing ampΙifier, η. 2.l l:
ΙfA = l00 then:
G_ Go .. _G,_G*l0ο
Go
r+29
lο
= Ι0: ν/ν '*9ρλ
;;@1ω
Uun.οπριπraleι! s.ο9
1.t for inνerting amplifier, Eq. 2.5:

G: Go ..:Gr_σrl0o
..90.90 ,,1 co Go
l0 36 A
l+Ψ+Ψ case Go Α(v/v) c e%
lο 16
1ω (v/v) (v/v)
_t25: ι 1.l v/v a-1 l0 -0.83 t6
1.125
b I l0 0.91 9
2.57 c_llω 'ο.98 2
cλ G)A ι |Χl <Ι
c: Go G^
:9-
co Ιtlο : -!!- d l0 l0 550
1+9ρ t +99 _l0
A e lω 9 l0

1+--s
G^ f _lο lαx) -9.89 l.t
n l0οΞ Α > l']@ r] g+1 0.67 l3
G. = λ cn \ r - l
-_L
2

AV
.+A>GγF ιγhereF: l0ο-l - !ψ
2.59
x'ι Refer to fig. Ρ2.59. when potenιiom€ter is seι to
the bottom:

_ ιs + --ΞjjL _ Ι0.714 ν
" 2ο+ ι0ο+ 20
F \γhen set to the top:

z-_ _15+ 30Χ20 lo.7Ι4 ν

Thus foι: " 20 + t(n+20
Ξ -ιο.714< υr''= * 1o.7l4
'τ = 0.0l: Go (v/v) 1 10 l02 lσ lοa
poι has 20 tum, each tum:

Α(v/v) 1o4 1o5 |Φ lo7 1o8 l,^: 2Χ 10'7|4 : t.οτν

"20
too high to
be pracιical 2.60
Rl : R: : lokΩ' R, : Ra : loοkΩ
r = 0.1: co (V/V) I l0 102 lO3 loa
ΕοUation2.|s&=&:lο
'RrRr
Α(v/ν) |ο3 loa 1ο5 106 lο7
From equation 2.16
R1
,ο:πηd
τ= l: 6, 1γρy1 l ι0 1ο2 lo3 lΦ
Α(v/v) lο2 lο3 1oa 1ο5 1Φ
l = !ρ = &: rlu
ia Rι 'o
From ηuaιion 2.20
R,o:2R,:2xtOkΩ:20kΩ
 chaρter 2-1'7

2.62
Refer to fig P2.62:
considering that υ : υ+i

u'+-_T=:;9υo = υ2_ιl|
ot :
,. onlv: R, :
'ι R

The tιvo resistance ,atios }Rrana }Rl diffef by 1%

...& = ο.sq&
it Rr
Νow for the case from Α"- and Α7 fιom eqυalion 2.l9

^..:
(π+π)(,-ft,fr)
: lωlω ν, only: R, :2:zn
x(r
{ lo \
.ο.qq&.&,i
R.ι R1l
Ι

i4ο.:0.0ο9
NegΙecting the effect of resisιance variation on Α,
R'
"R,t0 : JlQ = tο vlv
tr':
CMRR : 20 log| Α, I

lΑ"'l
: 20 ιoρl |0
_i0.ο09l |

= 60.9 dR
,s bet\γe€n 2 ιeminals:
2.61
: R,:lr:2R
Ιfνr'e assume R1 R1, Ra: R2, then

ea' 2'20: R'" _ 2R, Ξ R, = ?9 : to ιlr

2
(Refer to Fig. 2. 1 6)

uι = b: l V/V+R. _
ι''RΙ lOk(!

Rr:Rz=Rr:Ra:lokt)
- P _ 2νινΞR2-
b)Αd_Rι 20k(} _ Rι

l?1 : ft.,: 16161

c| Ad = ξ'z = lΦ V/V+Rr _ l M!! -

"RΙ Ra

RΙ:R1 :10kΩ
d)Αl' = * - O.5 V/V+R: = 5kΩ = Rη
Rl
RΙ = R3 : lokt)
 chapιer 2-l8

] connected to boιh τr l & U2:

R,:!ι:R
ι)'
υ+ = 1ι ::

^. iR, : R,
slnce
Rι il-'

l*':s+l+RΙ RlΞR: _ R.
R, R,,

2.65
ηuation 2.l9
A"':!9=(rhχ'-ftft)
I (t R,. Rl)
,* &t Rr R4/
R1

R,
,'* "ιπ ρ. + Rl

" n., -* n.
._lιmr",Ra_ _ I : ".. R:
'l π l?, + R, RΙ Rι Rr + R,ι Fοr Α l ιοιι & and & haue ιo be al ιhe
R" + u" R, RI
i=i,+i,='"' R| R.+R4 Rl + R4 minimum νalues
Αl1 resisιors are 1ο t.τ7o
if we reΙ'lace & : ιγ;ιιι & : t& :
R'')
' Rl Rr \Rr R,/ l0 !9lj
Ι - f! = l0 _.r
... -τ & urα
I0 +
1= 1 *
l0 r=R:=10+,
|

R, Rι+R2 Rr+R4
10+τ R' 10*,
Ξ R5 = (Rι + Rr) |l (R1 + R4)
chα)se m'inimum νalues

2,64
ir _ 10_-r R: _ 10_.τ
π'l0+,'π ιo*ι
_;#-,(, jt)
Ιn oιder ιo haνe an ideal differential amp:
R"+Rr _ R" +R1 .Α..."'
R2 R4 i3,i,
'' lο+,
R,/RΙ + ]_ R,/R3 + 1

RrlRr R4/R1 | .. ir( t0 r r;'j - 110 - r121 _ 2x

'*-π'ι ιο|, , lοι,
-{
-5
 Chapter 2-19

foΓ worst case, minimum CMRR φe haνe co max_

imize the denominator. ιηhich means:
R1 : R1"(1 +e) R] : Rr"(l -e)
R, : Rrn(l - €) R, : R.n(l + ε)
Neglecιing ιhe effeaι of resistance νariation
π.n {2o : ξμ: κ
a."R= Δ = ι R'n R't,
-| + | l+ε + 11-ε
: ,*ι, _ ,obc(:) cι'rnn : ωωε 2Κ'_a 2Kl
-- -- +€
1+€_ 1_€
|ι Ι € Ι+€
CMRR : 20 |oc
_ €'z)_l ( l €z)|
-
|',t(l
'
20 los lr + ll
l4cl
for e2 << l.
2.66
Refer to fig 2.16 and φ.2.i9:
k: Aainn: 1ω' € : 0.ol
if
!9! = 6s 66
CMRR = 26 lnn-o()4
^"-
=
πh(,_*fr
Ιn order ιo calculate Α,r, \λ/e use sup€Ιposition
2.67
principle:
R' R' ι _ R'\
Αr: l00
υo _ ι ηπ
",ι = -πιl
+
υn|
7ivr π, R, R,
l' : \ ι
\νe assume = ,h"n =
R,Rr"R
ιhen replace : i: lΦ
", ""^_ξ
Ria:2R1 = 20kΩ+Rl : 10kΩ
"r: o.-*ξ CMRR _ 80db .20 bρ_ !!=9 !ι : ιo,
Α.. Α..
νo: _ R, + R.
?.rr,,
+ r",
+ Α", :
πv". 6.ρ1

1+& - &=R':
Α,' = l0o -R, ' ιMΩ
R'
*ιo l + RzlR'

t+η 2 t*& Refer ιo ι, 2.t6: CM RR = 26 1on taJ

R. R.t '"4e
_ R' Γ R, /R" l ιrl,, R'Γ_l+ R./R'. + lr CMRR:104
ι'^
2R,l ---l------.
---:-| | + + --Ξl ' lυ
" RrlRr { tl " Rrl Rr,/R4 + I I '"'

l.------a-

Ad
Ξ€ = l0 ' Χ 0.25

&Γ, * :'1Ι' i :l weassυmedeat|ier *& : ft "*

l = ,o ,o,' 2RlL R'/R'ιRrR.'.l
+ l l
CMRR - 20 tonΙ Α,
_lΑ.. | (, _ }: ιω=9ifRι _ lOklε
L'' 'ι' ππ/ ΞRa = lM(!
R'
}€
π-'
l!&Γz,&,*,,*.ll R?'lMΩi€
CMRR _ 20 tos l2RrLR, ' 'll _ n, lo I t e

I_&.η
R, Ro
l I wiιh ο - o'25%
I I

l, , !R, , lR,,l 2.68

:
CMRR 20 r)ρ|' 2Rr' 2Ro| Refer to Fig.P2'68 and η.2.l9:
-l Rr .R: L (,
""' :
Ro r: R,\
I n, n. I Rr + R1\' Rt R4)
 chΔPΙet 2_2o

'tω+lωlmι'
_ r, l0ο.|ω\
lοοlrmJ ""2
= υt2
l00ΠΩ_llδτΩΞ-ll
(' lωkΩ \
&: & ι' ' loοτπl ιo κt/
Refer to 2.17:
RΙ R.'
Ξη]: ι/ot 1 υo2 : ' υι * ιιzΞ Aa : I
=54,., = -:
R,
I
Now \ir'e calculaιe Α".:
b) Since Α.- : o,

lω kΩ
i,'}
}Ioιο

ιff) kΩ Ιl lο kΩ
theo if we apply v- to vι, and v|,' υ.: o. "a -Ι(-M
l00 kΩ || lo kΩ - l0ο kΩ
. ",4

y" : ,_- lΦ
Therefore_
' '- lα) + l0ο
V": ν" υ^ lωkΩΧ,;and

si.niru.l'l o" = 3c
2
z^ _ 1ΦkΩ X l0 X τlo
l'' }
we know η: ζand _2.5 < vn < 2.5 UΛ' ,Ι.M + vn * lo X ιo
Ξ-5=I/cΦ=5
c) we aply the sup€φosition principle ιo calculate
4..
1'.,, is the output νoΙtage when , |, = o
:r,""(-r*rz (lω kΩtωkΩlo llkΩ)ιοkΩ \
+ ιω kΩ, ||
1,.'2 is ιhe output νoltage when v,' = o
_L : 1., =e
-R" Utt :
vnl = _;l ι,lι Now \re calculate 1,"u range:
_25 Ξ υD < 2.5 .,a
."
lοο kΩ ll l0 kΩ
1ωkΩ kΩ || t0 kΩ) _ l0ο kΩ
( 10o
_30V < ι"." < 30 V

2.69
Refer to Fig. Ρ2.69; rve use sυpeφosition:

ul
βl
 Chaptet 2-21

Calculate _ -Γ?!'! R' l 2,,.'L& n ηgκ'l

""
τ,/
",:

_ Ψ: ι'+*-Ψ _Ψ L2Rt ' '," R, R" R, 'J

" 2'22 Fo"ι
: .4.' = -2&Γt + &l
- "o2
_υ2 u R,L R"J
2.71
'-β trι'!2,l-β
υo Uo| l "., _ a) Refe.toη.2.17: ,4a :ft=l.conn"","
β_1
: I
Ul)
and o together
l β(v2_ a)

,aol
^d_ υtq_ |-p 25 kΩ 25 kΩ

A': 1.oΥ /Υ Ξθ _ ο.9 _ R5

Rr'Rn
Ri1 : 2R : 2 MΩ=R : 1 MΩ Αd=t

R.+R.<Ξ=ρ.
lω
1R. s lο kΩ
&:6.8kΩ &:680Ω
6'8
-g:' 6.8 + 0.68 --ο.g υ) 9: _t vrv
i)

i, Rt

,}: v so \νe can consider v', , a νirtυaΙ i0 A : +t vnr

short: il : υ,o/2R'=i, = !!
2Κ ι

ι'':i"':!μ 25 kΩ 25 kΩ
2R'
ιhen:
_!ia
i7R2+υ^"+irR, - 0 + zr, : r,
,(l

ι- : ι:ι 7Rz
"R"Rl
The circuit on the left ideally has infiniιe inpuι
i' : i'+i_ : υia +υ,a Rι resistance
" 2R, Rc R,
y9 : +2νN
it : io+ i" : i, iiD

..a ιo : _fi'3R1+ ιu^ Ι \Rr|

[2LR2 + υΒAι
 chΔpLer 2-22

2.73
Refer to Fig. 2.20. a.

& _ ,u'
The ρain ο[ ιhe firξι staρe is: r
ι Ι + R|/) ,,

t 14 v :
ιhe opamps of th€ firsι stage satuΓaιe at
'14 Υ τ'Ξ +14 vΞ _14 v < 10l ι.". = +14 V
=
_ο.14 v < rtc. < 0.14 v
=9
ΑS explainΘd iη the texι, ιhe disadvantage ofcir-
cuit in Fig. 2.20a is ιhaι τ,Ι,.M is amplified by a

gain equal to ,* * in the first sιage and

1' η&)
ιherefore a very small U"- range is accepιable to
aνoid saturation.
b) Ιn Fig. 2.20b' rνhen U".isapplied,ιl for both
A' & Α, is ιhe same and ιherefore no cuπenι
flows through 2R,. This means νoltage at the oυt-
put of Α, and Α, is the same as v,".'

iνr1:
τ,2 +1vrv - 14 < υ,,< l4+-14<Ui.m= l4
This circuit alloΨ for bigger range of u...
!=,,
2" 2.74

:1 7ιi| : ιcf,' 1'ιιl2

2 ι'2 : τca + υ,1/2

Refer tο fig. 2.20a.

2.12
_ (2 _ outpυt of ιhe first stage: (1 * _ *,,l
2 + 0.04 sin Φ, 0.ο4 sin ωr)
2Rt
ft)ι,".
: 0.04 sin ιυι mΑ (, * _ ,,,,l
ιl, : 2 * o.04s'nωl + R,ι : 2 + 0.o4sinωl ft)ι,".
+ 50 X ο.04 sin ω,
: 2 + 2.04 sin ω, v. (, + *,,,,l
ft)ι,-
ι, : 2 _ R, i :2
_
0.04 sin ιυl
50 X 0.(μ sin ω,
0.04 sin ω,
: (ι + : f *&it
ft)",=.axrl
v^
:2
. ν^
2.ο4 sin ω,
_! ν^
v.
_| ι_ο2 sin ωΙ v ,+ : (, ,
fr),..-a.^,,, '* t
U. : Uι _ v^ : 4.08 siη ιυr V CMRR : loc = o (First stage)
'ο |*
No'ιν consider fig. 2.20.b

This ιlgure is for 2.72

Rι= 10 kΩ
4ο ιηv
Φ
+2ν Rr= l0 kΩ

R: = l0 kΩC

Rr= l0 kΩ
 chapteτ 2_23

: 2o1 νN
ι^-:L:o'oz
'_ 5ο
Uoι : Ucm oo,r+!ft,ι us : :
CMRR 20 loρ|20| |
"lo.o2l
sο dB

/nt : ?c- _ξ('-f,) The cancιusion is that ιaΓge CMRR can be

achieνed by haνing laΙge differentiaI gain in the
ι,'Ι fi.sι stage_
υ-1 : ι'' _ R' Χ
Ui2
' 2R'
2.16
:o-_a!ιaρ'!!L
'- 2 '2R, Α,.'. of ιhe second sιase is
-R, & : 0.5

R" \
Un2: Uιm*iι'/ ,*πJ
1'ι
Rι :1ω kΩ' i3 20ο kΩ :
we use a series configuration ofRlΡ aηd
: kΩΡot
!oz_ aοι : * (r * ,r,, : l+L R, (Ρot); Rι 1Φ
:
(Fixed)

ft)- Rt
Minimum gain

-.-'-_%.. (,.ft)=.'|.,.-{hl
\2/
CMRR : ,"-l*l : zoωc(l *ft)
Ιn 2.2Φ, ιhe common mode νoltage is noι amplι
1=Α,,Ξ i(nΞl : o.s(r -π;ft-)
fiω and it is only propagated to the outputs ofthe +RΙε+ 1ω : 2R2 (1)
first stag€.
Malιimumgain - lω = o.5 (' _
#;)=
Refer to figure 2.20b. 2&: |99 RΕ ('2)
B4νation 2.22, (1)'(2) ΞRtF = 0.505 kΩ:0.5kΩ
l'" _ \( R:') lω kΩ(, kο) & : 50.25 kο : 50 kΩ
R.\' ' R'] = lω kΩι l
loo
5 kΩ /
= 2| νN 2.77
The commοn mode gain Α- is zero b€aause of ιhe al!!:
,r
| *?9 =:νrν.
lυ
differencing action ofthe second stage.
Α_:0 uc: Ξ: _:vrv
CMRR: zolog |Αa| = o τo lo
lΑ..Ι
Ιf all resistors are :t l7" differential gain Αd will b) υ. : υg_ ι" : ξ|l^a!9 : 6yμ
7tA
Ιemain almosι ιhe same but Α- \γill not be zero.
υι(V')
To calculate Α"., apply ζ.ιo both inputs and at
both output termiηaIs offirst sιage y_ ψill
appear. Now one can eνaluate v" by analyzing
second sιage. The second stage analysis has been
done in problem 2.65. Αs shown in 2.65, ifeach
1Φ kΩ resistor have tx% tolerance, the Α- of
the differenιial amplifier is:

Α". : which is a|so the oνerallΑ..

5ο

Χ:I l'^^=Χ:f=o-ο2
'- 5ο 5ο
CMRR: ω locl2ll = Φ.4 dB
lf2Rι =lkΩ
R' ι R'ι : lω kΩ / l0o kΩ\
π ι'* π,, lω kΩ ι' 5oo ,
 ch^ρler 2_24

c) τ,h and l,, can be 114 v or 28 v Ρ-P.

va(ι) -28 < ι,,< 28 or 56 vP-Ρ-

η'.-. : Io.ε v: {J2

1.5

2,78

-1.5

Refer to Fig. P.2.78-a:

since ιhe inpuιs ofthe op_amp do noι draw any
curτenι, ,, appeaιΙs across Rt

.
'. --01R
Fig. P2.78.8
ιρ: Z}o
'\λi
e use supeφosition:

v^ Zιιoι
υ on]|y:vB= --! :
2

zιi"ι :Ι!_i^|(Ζ,+R)
ur
'2- ----
Rr &
υ,(η +τl,:i',R+i_,:1
.', R
Now if only (_ ι,) is applied:

- ----a-.zli.'' 'n = ----- z- zι)

υ' l i,,' )/ (R +
lB
υA : ιB+ _ι1+ zLio: : i,'2R + ioζL

ι'=i'R=ι-'__-L
',. R
The toιal current due ιo both sources is:

;:i +i 1'r:y)
=υJ
fRR
The circuit in Figure P2.78(a) has ideally infinite
input resisιance, aηd if requires that both termι
nals ofζ
be available' while the othercircuiι has
- 1.5 Ιlnite inpUι resisιance \rr'iιh one side otΖ
gΙounded.
 Chapter 2-25

2.79
,,(s): _l _ I ,ο(r) : _ lo + 1flaι
sCR jwCR c)
';(S)
= I0+Ι.ι
1

jννx1xlo 9X lωX lo] c

a'
o-ι
= '1 : Ψ-, : loa rad/s and : 1ο+1
υi J|ο RC
1= J9 v"(r) reaches o at , : l0RC:1ο
"2τ = 1591 μ,
u.(r) reaches 10V at, : 2s
b. i = ι( j) : jΞ
I
This indicaιes a
2.Eι
of9σ
lη _ _]=
phase i.e. output Ιeads input by 90"
if |T| = lω V/V tor/- l kΗz,
.. b : Ψ, if ιhe fιequency Φ is decreased
ιoRC
then for |T| = l v/v, /has to be l kHzX ιω =
by a factor of lo, the ouιpυt \rill increase by a fac- ιω kHz.
tor οf 1ο. AΙso
d. The phase does not chaηge, it wiιl be the same
relation as in part b. Rc:4ιιT 2τΧlkΗzΧlΦ : l.59μs

Lao 2.42
Rh : R, Thus R : l0ο kΩ.
lπ: ι
ιοRC=111 -=l. Rc
<o : l(χχ).167" : Ι*6 : -----.!-- : lgπF
Rc lω0 X 1Φ2
ιγith a 2v-2ms pulse at the input' the output falls
iinearly until , = 2ms at ιγhich

υ-_ υ'- 1 = ---Ξ, = _2,

υ^
cRc
= --! νo|ts
R":R:1ωkΩ where , in ms
Time constaηt Rc is
Thus v, = _4 γ
Rc : 0.l5Ξc: 0'1 _ ο'1
R kο
] hen _ lv 'ω
dc inpuι is applied the cuπent Ι is υl(ι)

/ = -Ι v = _
-]-L : Iο,..η
R lωK
The voιtage r,. rises lineaily. Ιfat l: o, v. : l0 v
then

voQ)

(ms)

ι0v
 chΔρtel226

η(v)

, (ms)

(ms)

with yΙ : 2sin 1ω0, applied at the input'

τ,^(r) 2 Υ ___-J_ sin( ιωο, - q0")

l0οο Χ Io ,

z/,,(r) = 2sin (1ω0, + 90') a) \γhen no Rι

2.83 tt _
?,_ιl) = ----:||-dι 62_8l o< r<ο.ιms
R,"=R:20kc) RCI
lrl = ωRc
-l: lar :
?.(ο.l) 6.2s v
ω:2nx l0kHz+C = b) ν/ith RΓ: v"(r) : 7,,1οο;1i - e-ιlcRr1
2eτx1okΗzΧ2oΚ
(Refer to pg. l Ι2)
C : 0.796 nF
Refer ιo discussion in page l10. .la-)= lΧR.' Ivx2M _ _lα,v
2οK
ι-" : Rι / R
ιi I+SCR.
and ιhe finiιe dc _
ρain is -&_
R ,,'(r): _100(l e ιll'5)
There fore for 40db gain or equiνalently 1ω v/v
η(ι)
wehaνe':& : lω v/v
R
ΞfΙ, = l0οΧ20k:2Mf}
The comer frequency i.,
L=-l=-
/ IζF

_--J- : 628 ΙΙ7

0.796m Χ 2M
, (ms)

vr (v)

) "rlonenιial

2.U

Foro<Ι<0.5ms: τ,.,(Ι) - U. _ I'

π;ro,
, (ms)

?l{rl=o_ ι ι
RC --_ !ms
ι"(0.5) : _0.5 v
 Chapter 2-27

ιι(υ\

, (ms)

Then foι 0.5 < , < 1 ms' ιhe curΙent Ιlo\νs in the
opposite direction ,. τiser linearly reaching oo at ,
:lms.
For τ': !2υ'.
we obιain ιhe to||oψing \λ/aveform: (assuming
ιime consιant is the same)
Ιf ζ
is also doubled, then the waνefoιm becomes
υ.(ι) ιhe same as the first case where τ, , = :i: 1 V and
&.:lms.

, (ms)

, (ms)

forο.5<t<1ms:
2,t5
ι/' (, )= ι,_{o.5)-Ι[_ra,
" RCI Each pulse lowers the output voltage by:
0.5

_ 10μs _
1''lι|: o.5+ aι._ο.5)
RC #f'"= l0 μs
RC 1ms '6.,,
'l l ms)
r,_( : 0.5 + ρΞ : ο v Therefore a total of ιο0 puιses are required to
cause a change of Mn ,"(r).
Another ψay of thinking about this circυit is as
folloιvs:

for o < , < o.5 ms a curτent / : lJ 1o*,

R
through R and c in the dire€tion indicated on ιhe
diagram. Al time t'qr'e \λτite:

ι'ι = _cυ^ιΓl+υ^ιιι _ _!ι - -!ι

cRc
ιγhich indicates that ιhe ouιput voltage is linearly , (ms)
decreased, reaching -0.5 Vat , :
0.5 ms m
l0
-20
-30
 Chapter 2-28

,,,(2)
ι|
R

l-ΕΙ 22 = R2 ll
,, l
+ and Z' = R,
v .:2 "(L)
ι,,,
= Z': Y|
'
Y2 ' 1+
|/R| Γ- 'Vo1
o'l.* ηlr
ιι Zι
R7
sc v^:
" _Vo_l"
(RrlR,) ]t'
I + sCR2 ,,o vo vo vt
-Rζ
η-
v
This function is of a sTc' loιv pass circuiι haνing

a dc ρain of _ & and ]-dB freouencν v^Γr*a* I l=

-ι.nc, yr
"Rl "t AO AORC'J RC'

"
I
cR. vo : RCs
n,.:n,=iοιο
dc gain : 20 dB : 10
vι
(' .;(' .
#")
.'. lο _ &=f' = l0R, _ l0okΩ
R, '
I
vo : RC"
vι |
ιA^RC, + Rc. + !l
AoRC{ "

Yo:-#''o"t/':-
vΙ Rcs(iqo+ l)+ l Rcs(Αo+ l)+
Ao
l
tt
lι (Loψ_pass STc)
lι
l!
tt
Dole freouencν - Rc(Αo + l)
tt
tl The ideal integraιor only has a'poιe frequency at
the origin. The above poΙe frequency makes it a
(kΗz) more stabΙe circuit.

ΙfT=cR then ω =
2τr (Recall
that ω : 2d
T
3dB frequency at l0 kΗz and f t.
T
.'. ωo : 2r'X l0 X l03 _1
CRt vo : _1_ _1 I

vΙ scR jωCR ilcR

C: 0.5 nF ,T
2r.x10x
l03 Χ 1α) K
Unity gain frequency aι lα) kHz '(*l) TCR
=
2π'CR 2?ΙcR

:---:-159
I
 chapιer 2_29

For AO = l,0Φ: 2.90

_l'οο0
ηn-i<''ω'l *
'l'-" R=10 kΩ

- ,. α)0 : --159
(J-zn1'rl,m)" + ι'
2.8E

9(r): sRC: -sxo.o1 xlo-uxtoxi0'

: -lO as

i.1 = _i.x lo '= - -w x to'a

u-9o
ι

|:e|
dι
':rΦ:ο_lXlο-ux.lnn" '

l'rl = t ιvhen ιν : toarad/s

: O.lx10-6x 2
=
| ,,1 0.5 x lo-l
orl= 1.59 kΗz = 0.4 mA
for an input l0 times this ftpquency, the output The peak value of the oυtpυt sqυare waνe in = iR
will b€ 10 times as large as the input: ι0v p€ak- :0.4mΑΧ10kΩ
ιo_peεk. The Cj) indicates ahat ιhe output lags the :4V
input by 90". Thυs

υ6Q\ : _5 sin ( lo'5, + 9o') volts Vι(v)

2f9

, (ms)

vo{ η

, (ms)

The output ιvave has ahe same frequency as the

input signal
The aνeιage νalυe of the outpυt is zem
To increase the valυe of the output to
uo = _cnΨ l0V:4Vx2.5
ιhe valυe ofi? has has to ω increasω by 2.5 times
therefo.e: : 10KX2.5 = 25kΩ
For0<r<ο.5:
z^:_lmsxlV
" 0.5 ms
= 2ν
and Uo =0 otherιι,ise
 chapter 2_3ο

2.9r _(R2lRΙ)J
-
RC : lO']s ψhen r+-l-
c = lomFΞ R : lΦkΩ RtC
oo :
sRc, 19(jrr) : jνRC
οi υi

φ = '90" always
If |ιοal

l'ol -'=r- I = lkrad/s

lηl unity Rc
cain is lο times the fre-
the unity gain, when :
quency is 10 times the unity gain frequency. Sim-

ilarlγ for w = a krud/r. gain is o.l ν/v

' lο
. ιlor

ψ: lο krad/s, gain: lov/v)

for high frequency C is short circuiιed, f (|Ηz)
oo= R = lσ)=R': lkΩ
υ; Rι
ιlo _ RCs _ lO-]s
u, RtCs+ 1 l05s+l
This is ιhe transfer funcιion of a single time con-
Ξ ιrrdb = lωkrad/s or
sιanι high pass fi|ιer haνing High frequency gain
f .',16 = l5.9 kΗz
: (R2ιRJ J_
.o = R,C'
and 3dB lieqυency at .

Αt high frφuency the inpυt impedance

abbroaches R| as zo _1- b€f,omes νery small

' j'C
select Rι : l0 kf,}

Gaiη : 4ο dB : 1ω v/v
R: : lω
For a sain of
'Rl Ιω.

for unity gain:

and Rι : l0 kcl
.'. R2 : l0kΩX lω
ll0 s; "r* tl+,,, : 1.01 krad/s
: 16
: tMο
if w = l0.lkrad/s: I'al : l0.l _ 10. For a 3dB freqυency of 5ω Ηz
t.0t It
_95.7'1" _L : 2, 15φ
φ= Rrc
2.92
C: 1
2πΧ5ΦXR, =
12nF

From the Bωe-ploι the gain & reduces to uniιy

υi
Δt5Ηz
,*^Ιλ_J 2-93
Refef to the circuiι in ΓιgP 2'126:

= -Zz = - I :,
oo
ιι Zι Z'Υ' (*, *
*!)(or;. ".,)
Zr : n,*!,2, :Rz oo:- R2/ Rl
l .eL ,sC
(, *;fi)ι' *,*,.,l
Cain : υo: Z-2
=
_R2
υi Zι π,nl
, sC
 chaρter 2-3 l

7]Λ ' . _R./ R'

" (, -
,+a;},
+ ih,R2c2'
_ R2/ Rι
_
('.ft)(,.,;)
where w,' I --,:
= R,C, I
' RrC,
a) for ιv = u, << ιr:, ,,,=.(t*fr)
υ^'' _R'/R, -R'R' .R' ι,,
-|'Jlυ)=-:--Ξ:#
η (l + Ξ] |/J$l
: 'Rt'ν, νν -o.ι: "..(r
*$)
\ jwl
b) for w, << w << ιv2
uor : 4 mV

υι'i.\ _-
u-9(
& 2.95
R|
voJ : i:2 mV
,o : 0.0ι sinω, X 2ω
c) for w >> w2 and ν2 >> w1:
+ ,os X 2ω
: r(frχ*) :2sinωrao4v
'"ιi,l=ffi;ffi
from the resuIts of a), b) and c) ψe can dΙaψ the 2.96
Bode-plot: Ιnput offset voltage = 5 mv
outpuι dc offset γoltage =
r+l 5 mv X closed ιoop gain
:5mVXl00Ο
- 2ωb/decade
The maximum ampιifier of an input Sinusoid thaι
results iιΙ an output p€ak amplifier of 13 _ 5 = 8v
is given by:

,.:
' _!-
l0ο0
= 3-γ
RzlRι Rι]Rι Ιfamplifier is capacitively coυpled then
1?
1+:r l+:-
-.i_ w2
a.,, =
ffi: 13 mv

HP STC LP STC
2-yΙ

oesiεn: = looo (ω dB gain in the mid-

ft
fiEquency range)
R;n for r.ι >> w, |'4mυ
:Rl:1kΩ+Rr:1μρ 1.4
""
/1 :lΦHz+w1 = 21τΧlω _ι
100
RtC t

= C,
: 1.59 ,P 2.98

MΩ
f1 : |0Ηz='w2 : 2τx Ιox l0r : I
10

i, c,
=+ C, : 15.9 pF

2.94
Ιnverting confi gυration
 chΔpter 2-32

(ΙB|+ ιB)l2 1r,: l t0.05 μΑ' z,,. : 0

^)ΙB:
open input: 1r2:la0.05μΑ
ιo: υ++ R2l31 : *
τlo5 R2l61 From η. 2.45:

9.31 = vos + 1ωωrrι (1)

/rrRi + Rr(/sr - u,fr)
inpuι conn€cted to gΙound:
For Ιr' = 0.95 μΑ. Ιφ: 0.95
υo: L'++r,(l,,+ff) a)

υo= 0.95 X5 + |ω(l.o5 o.οs - _ι,*, ο)

=,,,"(ι*&+n,l,,) : 57.5 mV
9.09 = aos X lο1 + 10ο00 Ι8t Q) b)For /r, : 0.95 μΑ. 1g2 = l.05 μA
(1), (2)
Ξ 10oUο. : _o.22=> ιr," : ι1ι' : l.o5X5+ lω(o.95 1.o5x*X9)
-2.2 rοΥ
9 /rl : 93ο nΑ : 42.5 mV
Ιg=Ιg=)!Qntr. Ξ πΥ
42.5 mv
= υ6Ξ 51.5
b) ι". : -2.2 .γ From ιhe discussion in the text we kno\ir' ιhat to
minimize the dc outpuι voltage resultiog from the
l0 MΩ inpuι bias cυπenι, \νe should make the toιal Dc
resisιance in the inpυι of ιhe op-amp equal. Cur-
renιly. the negative input se€s a resistance of

R, 1l R,: sl ,*: lοkf,} Ψhile the pos-

itive inpuι ιerminal sees 5 k(l soυrce.esisιance.

R= l0 MΩ Therefoιe Ψe should add 5 kf,} source resistance.
Therefore ιve should add 5 kΩ series resisιor to
the posiιive input ιerminal to maιe the effecιiνe
c) Ιn this case, since R is too Ia.ge, we may Resistance 5 kΩ + 5 kf} = l0kΩ Theresulι-
ignore z;,r, compare to the νolιage drop across R. ing z6 can be found as follows:
η,. << R/r, Also Eq 2.46 holds:

R, : l?, || π,
υo ' _ΙιιX lo I looιrs| ,,,,#) -

therefore from Eq. 2.47: (1rr-1r2)X100

ιo : ΙosΧ R2+ Ios : 0.8 : Ιosx lΦ :
7]o a0.1 X lΦ = 1l0 mV
l0 Mο
Ιos : 80 nΑ
rb: t10mv
[f ιhe signal source ιesistance is 15 kΩ, then the

2.φ rcsistances can be ηualized by adding a 5 kΩ

resistor in series wiιh ιhe negatiνe input load of
the op-amp.

ιω kΩ
1ω kΩ 15 kΩ
9
5 kfΣ
 chapιer 2_3]

: (.,_Ψ)
o.45 μA

5l
ι+ = -ιB7x (l0kο|l l MΩ) = '0.45 μAX9.9kf}
-4.46 mV
ιoz : Υ+* ιlo"(l,' + ft)]
[r
/ 4.,t6 mΑ\
=- 4.46 | lMΩXι0.55μΑ* .πιn-/
Rr: fl., : 1φ1ρ :99.5 mV
The Ψorst case dc offset voltage at the output is
t*&:zω
Rι
(99.5 + 404)mv :
503.5 mV

n,: lΦk: sοz Ω 2.102

' t99

-!- : 2o y lσ)= C, :
R,C' 5ω X 2r' X lω
: 3.l8 μF
_J- = 2l- x Iο+c. : I
R,, C, l0oKΧ2π'XΙ0o
: 0.16 μF

2-101

Τh€ output component dυe to vos is

o' : u' Ξ
,, : ,rr(t + !$!) : 19, ,r,
8mV
: 101 x4mV
Vor(in μΑ)
= 4ο4 mv lMΩ
The outρut component due to input bias curιenι
V6 : V1+ I uο x(;
/, is:
+
ft)
!"r: I"+19! : 2V." + ιuοx(Ιρr+2yos')
\l M t k )
I

R.= 1MΩ : 2ω3 vos

:2Φ3X4mV
Rl=l0kΩ =8V
For capacitively couρled input

vo

= -
β., Ψ)"^
: 0.55 μA
Ι"': Ι"-ΙΞ!2
 chΦter 2 34

Vt:V:V65 b) Largest output offset is:

Vo = Vo5 '.'i = O
V6 = l mVΧ 1ω+0.1 V:2ΦmV:0.2V
v'- _ y.. l c) For bias current compensation Ψe connecι a
vΔ_ v"+ !MΩx-j-]ΖΙ
IkΩ
ι0ωyo\ resisto. Rl in series with the positive inpuι termi-
nal of the op-amp, wiιh; Rl : RΙ || R,
= 1Φl Vos
= 1001 Χ4mV = 4.Φ4V r-" : ]!9
"" lο to n.η
:
A large capacitor placed in series \,r'ith l kΩ Rl : ιokΩ|| lMΩ:10kf)
resisιοr
The offseι cuπent alone result in an outpuι offseι
νolιage of
tMΩ lMΩ
losx : lox lO ex I x 106 : lOmV
R2
d)Vr:1φrnu+10mv:llomv

-'
I
2-l0s

Rl=ι0kΩ

V*=V = Ve5
Νo dc cιrrrenι flows ιhroυgh Rt, c branch
..Vo: VA+Vos See ηυation 2.39
R, = R, ll R' : lokοl| Ι MΩ : 9.9kΩ
= 2Vo51 Vρ5
Fιom equaιion 2.Φ
= 3V os
V6: I6R7andY6: o-2| Υ
= 3X4mV
: 12 mV
Rz= lMΩ
2.103
Αt 0'c, \γe expecι
:ξ l0 Χ 25 Χ 1000 μ= :t250 ιnV Rl=l0ιΩ
At 75'c, \νe exp€ct

:i10Χ50X1000μ::t5ΦmV
we expect ιhese quantities to haνe opposiιe po|ar-
iιies.

2-lιA

lMΩ ΙfV65:1mV
V- : Ι BxR\ ! vos

,",_
, ,82RrayOS , /srR] a yos
n, &

100 = 1+ft+nl = lo.l kΩ

= ,-*,(η1 -
il. .,θ - i)
Butf +I : 1

a) V, : l00Χ 1o'9X l Χ 106 : O.1 V Rr R2 R1

 Chapter 2-35

ι _ ,3'
ι +vos
_
'Dl π Ao fb(Ηz) f,Glz)

(Iιι'Ιιz): .3 : ,tlΞ! : tο.l μl lΦ 1Φ 107

1Φ 1 1Φ
so the offset currenι is :t0.1 μΑ
lΦ lΦ 1Φ
LlΜ
a) To compensate for the effect of dc bias cυπent 107 ΙαΙ 106

Ιj' we can consideι the lollowing model lο

2x los 2x106
lMΩ
2.1αB
Εη.2'25:
t Ao
ζ λ: Ι + jv'lwb =l^l:

Αo: 80dB, Α :40db@/: lωkΗz

_
\.fnl- zοlog}l
[*($
-^i
20 |og
- lAl - 2ololAo 2oloΕA
:86 4Δ: 46 dΒ
simiιaΙ ιo the discussion leading ιo eqυaιion
l ' rlω}Hzγ : _
(2.46) we have: \ /" ι (|99.5)2+ ''f" 0.501 kHz
: i|ι Rr:10kΩl| 1MΩ+R',:9.9 1ρ
R1
fo: Sot Hz
f, : Aofυ: 1.995 X lo'1 X 50ι
86 dB
= 9.998 MHz : 10 MΗz

2.109

tdx
b) As discussed in section 2.8.2 the dc ouιput
. voιιage of ιhe inlegraιor ιvhen ιhe inpuι is

gτounded is: vo : vos(l * &) * l,rn,

vo : : mv(ι - lonΑ X l MΩ
ibγ$)-
Αo = .8.3 X lo] v/v
= 0.303 V + 0.01 V
Vo : 0.313 V Εq' 2.25| A : Ao
-
t+iL " f
2.ι07 "
e4.2.281

+ f' : λofι
 Chapιer 2_36

X tor 2.|ι1
5.t x l0ι : 8.3
* * ('*7Ι")'
' G*". _ != _roΑn- |oav/v
,(Ι
f-(!!q_ξηJ'
= 2.65 fι = |06ltz
f6: 60.1 kΗz Eq.2.35:

: : ιρ, 2rr λ 106

f,: Aofι = 8.3 X l03 x 6o.',.kl'z 5o3 MHz ι''υυ
l+Rrf' = l+20
2.110
: 2ιτ x 4'Ι.6 kΗz
\ir'e have: J y6 : 47.6 kΗz
Αo(db) = 2ο dB + Α(db) F4.2.34ι
: 20 log10 Ξ Ao : loA
20 db υo- _RzlRι _ _2o
u,_ 1+ s t *-llΣ-
a)Αo: 1ρx3x l05: 3X lo6Hzv/v 2πΧ |06
,,.(r.&)
,\
A= l+ Ao
RI
_ls=rc-
,Ι

jflfυ=lι*;/l _+:
_ o.l/',dhΞ|Uol
| "ΙbΙ A "r l9.9 v/v

6 X.tO'] ,q, ",l n/t + l 1ο. t 1'

./ = |o/\.hΞ|Uo| = + = l9.9vΛr'
: 60.3 Ηz Jl + lω|'il
'+ 'f ι

f,: Aofu = 3x 106x6o.3 = 180.9 MHz 2,1t2

"/, = l0 MΗz and cιosed loopgain
b)
: l *R,: lωv/ν
Α :5οX lο5 X lοv/v+Αo: l0X50Xl05 Rι
: 50 X lο6 v/v r'''' _ Ι' - lO MΗr tω kHz
R- α)
-4l _ lo-*J!]! _ .!Φ+!n _ lΗι
l

I /,,1- *A
I + --i
l, Rl
fo
f ,: Aof υ: 50MΗz υ| J|! : t00
--------7-
' t+j/_
J 1dB
c)Α:ι5ωv/vΞΑo=15ΦVΛr' t-L
-5:' 1-,
|' * 4l = IοΞo't }
lο" .]Φ : lokΗz f tot
= [u
l lhl lι For 6 : -6"
/6= l50ΦX 10K:15oMHz -f = "/:on x tan6" : 10.51 kHz
Φ : 84'' f : /3dBXtan84' : 95l kΗz
d)Αr:16rlω:1ω0vΔr'
_ 2.\t3
|' , n| |oΞ
o'l ) loa = lυ MHz
Γos = 7o
l Jbl Jι al & = _ lω ν/v. """
r,-. = lΦ kHz
R'
/, : lοο0 X l0 MHz : l0 GHz
η.235:

e)A : 25 v/mv x lο : 25 X 104 v/v ,, : ,.,n(l - r, : lω k x l01 = l0.l MHz

fr)=
l, ,4l _ Ι0.92'5!Hz = _ 2.5l kH,
Ιι'l .!Φ..> f o
1 ]ι ιl l l *&
- lω v/v. /ι,jb - lΦ kHz

f, = Aof ι: X loa Χ X = ΜHz

:
25 2.51 103 62'7.5
r, = r,.(r *ft) ,ovιr,
 Chapter 2-37

c) 1+fr : 2vlv, /366 : lokΗz

"
: -J- * ι91on : 50 Χ tO6 + /laι = 7.96 NlΗz

:10MHzX2:2oΜΗz : : :
/, (r + 10 Χ 7.96 79.6 MHz
ft)n,'
Φ _ft : -2VlV, /.,oo : 10kΗz 2.117
a) Αssume two identical stages, each wiιh a gain
/, : loMHz(l +2) : 30MΗz
Go
function:c : Go
= 1+ jflΙ.
-fr : lωov/v, /3db : 2okΗz
l+iy"φι
o
f : 20 kHz(| + lω) : 20.02 MHz
'
ηl+ ft:rvπ,/316:lMΗz
lMx1: lMHz

will dΙop by 3db when:

-9,(r : -r, : Τhe gain
s) -rv" I MHz
ι , (Φl' =
"/2.
Note 3db = 2Olog.E
/,: l M(ι +|):2ΜΗz
1.oo : r,^[rt _ ι
2.114 b) 40 db = 20 log σo + Go : lω: 1+*
Rι
Gain:1*&: sε v/v Ι' :lMHr:
Rl f''.: l6ιH,
: t *R,
lω
/10, 8 kHz
RI
J':96x8=768k}Ιz c) Each stag€ should have 20db gain or
for f3dΒ : 24 kΙΙz
ιI} R! = lo and ιherefore a ]db frφuency oι
6r;n : E9 : 12 ΥtΥ
24

2.115
.r,: $ = ιo'ιl"'

f' = | ΜΗz The overall froo |o' {^Γ2 : | '

64.35 k|1z :
lcl : 1 f,
which is 6 time greateι than the band\γidth

n;7
= rulP,r.
"'" achieved using single op amp.
*(-ιΥ
Γ *(-' (case b above)

2.118
|Gl : 0.99+/ : o.l42 ΜΙ1z
The folΙower behaves like a low-pass sTc circuit Ιι _ lω y5 : 5Φ MHz ifsingleop-ampis
wiιh a ιime constant : --l -: ln. used.
' 2π Υ |o6 2τ' ψith oμ_amp that has on|y f, : 4o Ν|Hz
'
tr : 2.20 : 0.35 μs (Ref€r to Apρendix F) ιhe possible closed |ω ρ gain aι 5 MΗz is|

l.ηl :19 = 8v/v

2.1ι6
To obtεin a overall gain of 10ο, three such amplι
l +& = lov/v. R, : lιΩ. R, : 9kΙt fier cascaded, ιrould be required. Noιγ, if each of
RΙ
the 3 stages, has a lo\γ_frequency (d) closed loop
Ιf \νe consider 5τ the time that iι takes for the
output νoltage to reach 99% ofits final νalυe, ρain K. ιhen iιs J_db freouencv ιγ l Φ MΗz .
ιa
then:sτ:100nsΞτ:2οns
 Chapter 2-38

Thus for each stage ιhe closed loop gain is:

Set v:: o,

vο _ RllRl
vl - l+Rt/R1
ωt
which atf= 5 MHz becomes: , f, f. R,
1,.- = ----j-L = "-r- srnceJ =
2
I
..R. R,
Rl
. (*)'
setη:o' v. : zν.=\
.R, = z

,
JrdR -
f, f,
R, - I +2
I + --r
R2
k= 5.7
: f_,
Thus [οr each cascade sιaρe: r,-. _ 1q l
5 '''Ι

f16:1ΜΗz 2.121
The 3-db frequency of the overall amplifierr, can The peak νalυe ofthe largest possible sine wave
thaι can be applied at the input wiιhouι ouιpuι

clioninρ is: Ξ-.!2Υ

lα)
- ο.ιzv = l20 mv rms

γ31ug = !29 = 35 ηγ
Jz

2.119 2,122

R,
a)π = t. "/ldb: J, : f, l(nkΩ
R' I+ι
RI

GBP=GainX"fiυι
1b
GΒP : k Ιb
I +t
L

b)l+ft=ι/',,1b: Ιl
k
a)le,:1Lρ
cΒP : k+: f, for τ., = 16γ. = J9
,"'tm
uP : 0'l V
The non-inνerting amplifier realizes a higher
cBP and iι's independent of k.
when oυιρυι is aι iιs ρeaλ. r. _
lο
-'::: _ 16 .o
2.1?,0
_ lo 0- l mΑ ιherefore l'
_ l0 + 0.l
Iω kΩ
: 10.1 mΑ is well υnder i.,.", : 20 mΑ.
v1 b)Rι: lωd)
lf oυιout is iιs oeak' 1, _ J!! _ l0omΑ
v1
at
" 0.t
which exceeds i"* : 20 mA. Therefore ξ cannoι
go as high as 1ο v. instead:

U.e sup"φorition ιo iaIuate f,.,, for each case. 26.1

_ = 1-Ξ,:-=5o-', - 20 =2v
-9-
lrn Ω lωK ι0.0l
 Chapter 2-39

u" = 3-: v : 2o mv 5p = (ο.9 - 0.1)Ρ : 0.8-{ l0 : 40 v/μs

' l0ο
o.o2
ι, o.2

c)R, _ ?. t''-'.:20mΑ_ lοv-L l0v 2,125

R..,n lω Κ _ 29J
sloDe of the ιrianρle \νru" = sκ
T/2
20 _ 0.l : _JL 9 ρr.," : s62 ρ
Λι.ι^
Thur?9x2:
τ
lgV/us
2.123
op Αmp slew rate :
0 ν/μs Ι
Ξr _ 4 ι,.s o. f _ lT _ 25okH,
will take
For ιhe inpυt pυlse to rise 5v|, it
s
For a sine ψave τ h: υ .Sin (2π x 250 X 1o'r)
^_
!0 Φl = 2π\25OX |ol;, _ sR
.'. The minimum pυlse width : : dι l.,,
W 0.5 μs
- - !οX
'" Iο6
'_
=9 r"
2τx l0r X 250 -
The output will be a triangular with 10 V/μs slew " t.-t/rv
rate

2.126

= lo"in-ι+Φ _ tο-"o.-ι=Φ
υι (V)
,"drdl
: l0 ιo
The highesι frequΘncy at which this outpuι is pos_
sible is ιhat for which:

99| SR+ l0rυ,", ω/ lo+οΞωma!

dι l.,,
|-ξ* w _Ξ :6x10'1
Ξf = 45.5 kΗz
^ι'
2.127
a) v, :
0.5, v. = 10 X 0.5 = 5V
ouιpuι distortion v/ill be due to slew_Rate limita-
tion and will occur at the frequency for which
d,"l : SR
dt 1.""

ιυ-"'Χ5 = 6' = 2,/ loξ rad,is Ξ /mΔ"

lο
-_] : 31.8 kHz
2-lu
b) The output Ψill distort at the value ofY that

resutts in Φl = SR.
dι l,"^

0.9 τl,=10u'sin2πΧ20X1σ
0.5
d""| : lo'ιl.Χ2τX2oΧ lor
dι l...
1/'lo 6
0.1
Thυs ,,. = _ 0.795 v
' 10 X 2π'Χ 20 X l0r
c) v, _ 50mV υ. = 500mV _ 0.5V
W=2μs sleιry rate beΦns aι ιhe frequency for which ωx
ο.2w:
,, + r,. = ο.4 μs ο.5 : sR
ι,:ιF=0.2uS
 chapteι 2-40

ιvhich siνes ω. _ !/l0 6 _ 2 X 106 radlsor

ο5
/: 3l8.3 kHz. Ηoιγeνer the small signal 3 dB
frequency is

f''- _ f' _2X106 2ΦkHz

R,
I + --l
!0
RI
Thus the useful frφuency range is limited aι 2ω
kHz.
d) for/: 5 ktlz, the sleψ Rate limiιaιion occurs
at the νalue of η given by

ω X t0ι = SR+υ' _ l/|o 6

2τ / 5 \ !0ι\ l0
: 3,r8 V
such an inpυt voltage' however would ideally
resulι in an outpuι of 3l.8v \νhich exceeds ι4'.",.

y.'-' : ν
ThUs j-9_EΙ : I v Deak-
lο
 chapteΙ 3_ 1

3.1 Using the expression in (3.2) using

No: ι" : 1.5 x 1Ol7 P atoms/cm3
B:7.3x lorsCm rK 3': 3.5T : 21"c : 273 +27 : 3ΦΚ
seV/K:
* = 8.62X l0 Ε": 1.l2Υ 'we At 3Φ Κ, π, : 1.5 x lgiο/cmr
haνe:
Phosphofoυs dop€d si
T : -70"C : 203 K:
ιι, : ρr: 19I67"a]
n, =
'Ν 2.67 x l0'cm ll t = 5.33 x ιο '8
(t.5x loro)i
o-=ll
ι'n_ ΝD - = 2.25x roaxcm.
Thaι is, οne oυt of every 5.33 x 10|8 silicon lo16

atoms is ionized at this temp€ratuΙe. : p": 2,25 x

Hole concentration lOa/cm3
T : 0'C: 213 Κ: T : |25"c :273 + |25 :398Κ
n',N_ l.52 X loecm ι: 1 = ].05 x l0 |o
At398K, ni : BT3ne ΕEι2Κτ)
T = 2o'C : 293 Κ: : 7.3x 1015 x 13931]r" ιlliι:,ι.ιlxlο
5xloε;

a.'Ν 8.60X lOocm r: 1: 1.72x lOrr : 432 x l}tzlcm3

Τ = l00'C : 373 K:
n,2
\
P.= Ν, 2.2] ιo-lcm'
n._ X l0l2cm ιl 1 _ 2.87x lo
'N l.43 " At 398 K' ho|e coηceηtration

7 : 125'C: 398 K: P^:2.ΔXιoglcm3

3.6 (a) The resisιivity of silicon is given by (3.t7)
1
'Ν- x x l0 rl
n, 412 t0r2 cm ': = 9.45 For inιΙinsic silicon'

3.2 Use equation 3.2 to find ,, P:n_ni=1.5xtQlοcm3

ιι' : BT3n e'E8l(.2Κτ' Using μ, = 1350 cm2lvs and

Substiπting the νalυes given in the problem p, : 480 cm2lVs, we have:

'ι ι"ι(l ' a"l. ln 5".*) ρ : 2.28 Χ 1o5 Ω_cm.
a, : 3.56 x loΙoι30o.1!']e
: 2.2 x 106 carriers/cml
Usinρ
"AR = o.4 wiιhl=0-0l cm and

3.3 since 1γr>>ni, we can write Α: 3 x 1O-8 cm2' ιγe haνe

Po-Νι = lOΙ8cm 3.
R: 7.59 Χ ιο9 Ω.
Usiπg (3.3) we have
(b) ,ι, - ΝD : 1016 cm
3
:

n = !!t :2.25 x lo2 cm-r. 2

p" = 'ιi = 2.25x loacm

1

3.4 Ηole conceηtraιion in intrinsic s, : ,.i

ni:BT3neΕ8ΙΚτ Using μ, = 1110 cm2Λy's aπd

\rιω\ μρ : 4ω cm2lv's, ιγe haνe:

: 7.3 Χ lot5(3ω)32
ι'ιzιιzxε'οzxιo
" ρ:0.56ο-cm;R: 18.8kΩ.
: l.5 x l0lο holeycm3
(c) a, - lv, : lο'8cm 3;
Ιn phosphorus doped sr', hole concentration drops
beloιγ intrinsic level by a factor of l 07
po :
o'2 : 2.25 Χ lo2 cm'3
.'. Hole concentration in Ρ doped s, is

μ. :
": :
p_ 1.5 x-loro x lorcm r Using l l lO cm2lVs and
1.5
lο'
Ρhosphorus doped Si so
ψ : 400 cmz/Vs, we have:
rο-cm;R = 188Ω.
nn = Νo : Pnno: nι2 ρ:5.63 Xlo
Αs expecιed, since ND is increased by lω, the

nh :
:,
n' ιp'
( I._5 x !oΙ0l2 resisιiνity decreases by ιhe same facιoι
I5 x !O'
 chapιer 3_2

E = lv
2
1;n, :lι ν/cm
(d) pρ-No: acm = l01
1016cm l0 μm l0. l0
Need 'Ι6,in = l m^]μfi1 :qNDμoΕ
: 2.25 X lOa cm-l
ρ= 1.56 Ω-cm; R: 52.1 kΩ _ l.6 Σ |o |o
ΝD Y l.15o / l0ι
'9r'o '
l0'cm"
(e) since ρ iS giνen to be 2.8 X ι0'6 Ω-cm, we

R = 9.33Χ lo-'?f}.
=Ξ Ν D: 4'63 X 1o|7/cm3
direcιly calculate
3.Ι 0
3.7 Electric Field
-. 5V 5V
n,t (1.5x lor")2
10 μm lOx l0 6m o-, - - : 2.25 x l.a/cm,
ND tο|6
: 5V From Figure p3.10
10x lO acm
: 5000 V/cm Φ : _10"p-_ p','-_ _
'|o"
Ρ,.
d-τ lV 6.lxloo
since o.1 μm : 0.l x l0 cm
a

Φ _ loxX2.25Xlo1
dr ο.1 X104
: 2.25 x l0t1
Ηence

+5 V- Jι' : _οD Φ
' μdx
:
: _ 1.6 X ιo '9 x 12 x (_2.25 Χ 1o|1)
v2 a.ir, = μ,,Ε 480 X 500ο
: o.432 Νcm2
= 2.4 Χ 1Φ cm/s
υn ι,ih : [ιnΕ: 1350 x 5οω
D" : η : ν,
:6.75 X lο6 cm/s 3.11ηuaιion 3.2l
lL. ll' ρ
τ,,_ 6.75 X 1ο6 : 2.8125 or Dn = μnvTaΙ\d DP: μPvT
υP 2.4 x 106
ι': 2.8125 υn Doping
μ, lιP D,l Do
Concentration
oι aIterηaιiνeιy, Caffiers/cm. cm,/V.s cm,/V.s
it can be shown as
Ιntrinsic l 35ο 48ο 35 t2.4
υ':!"Ε:μ,_1350
l 10ο 400 28.5 10.4
uo ΙlnΕ L\ρ 480 1Ο'"

: 2.8Ι25 l0'' 7οο 260 18.1 6.7

l0'- 360 15ο 9.3 3_9
3.E Cross section area of Si ba(
:5Χ4:20μm2
acm,
3.12 Using (3.22) 1v" : l0'" cm' andζ :
since lμm: l0 we get rli :
1.5 Χ 1ρl0 grn ] ψ9 hnνg ζ, = 695 mY
: 20 x l0'8 cm2 Using (3.26) and €s : l1.7 Χ 8.85 x 10 '' F/cm,
currenι Ι = Aq (ρμ,, + rμ,1)ε
Ψe have w: 42A x
|σ' cm = 0.424 μm. The
:20x10 8x1.6x10re exιension ofthe depιetion width into thel, andΡ

(t0|ξ x 5ω | lot x 12ω) x lv , regions is giνen in (3.27) and (3.28) respectiνely:

l0 \ l0 ' t' =w No =o2r2um

: 16 μA Nr+ND
: No
3.9 Jdirι : q (nμi + ρμP) E ' /' w'λr + Ν,, = o2|2ιm
Here n : N, and since it is η - Si, one can assume Since both regions are doped equally, the deple-
ρ << n and ignοre the ιerm ρμl, Αlso tion region is symmeric.
 Chapter 3-3

Using (3.29) andΑ :

106 cm1the charge magnι 3.14 charge stored Q, : aΑxΝ
ιude on each side ofthejunction is: Here x= 0.1 μm : 0.l X l0 a
cm
Qr : 3'39 x 'ισ\1 c. ,{: l0μm X 10μm: 10 Χ ιο acm
Xl0Xl0'cm
3.13 From table 3.1 :1ΦXl0ocm2
yr at 3α)" K : 25.8 mV Sq or: 1.6 x 1o_l9 x lω x 1o_8 Χ o.l
Using equation 3.22, built in voltage yo
xlo . x 1016
v" = v'h(rya!4!:
1 n,.
25.8 \ l0 Ιι =16 fC
/
3.15 Equation 3.26 lV :
,n[ lo'o x lo't I
l( l.s , l ο'o)'.Ι since ΝΑ >> l{D

= 0.633 V wΞ

u" : o_f;!.",

Ηeιe W: 0.3 μm : Χ ι0 'cm

0.3
4)2
1.6 Χ ιo-ι9 X 1016 x (o.3 X 10
SoVρ:
2XΙ_MX10 Ι2

: 0.69 V

ΧP xn Q, : A ι (ψ" w - ιq1ι'ι o1 w
* 11 o)
Depletion \rith Since iy'1 >> N,^
<- equation 3.26 3.t6vo: v, lnf&&)
1 ιli.

,= /z,, ι.α* ιο'1 l' l 1rn.o',.

Ιf lVΑ or lVD is iηcτeased by a factor of 1 0, then
neιγ value of yo wiιι be
{ l.oγ lo '" \106 loι5,'
Ν1N")
= 0.951 X 10-'cm = O.95l μm v, : v, ln(l0
tr,')
Use ηuation 3.27 and 3.28 ιo find η and x/
The change in ιhe value of Vρ is
X:w ΝΛ _ ο_95ι X 10'u
'' Νι| Νo lο|6+ Ιο|5
: ln( ι0)

: 0.8642 μm ln(N,Υ,'l
t n,t
'
Χ':w Nι+Νo Νo = 0.95l y toιs
'' !0|6 lιo|5 3.17 Using (3.22) with e= 10Ι6cm-3,
= 0.8642 μm Νr,: 1016cm_3,aπdni= 1.5 x 10t0, we have
use ηuation 3.29 ιo calculate chaΙge storω on Vo : 635 mY
eiιher side
Using (3.31) and yi: 5 Y ιγe haνe
0, __ on(#:#") W wherejuncιionarea W _ 2.83 Χ 10'cm : 2.83 μm.
Using (3.32) with Α : 4 X 1σ6 crn1, Ψe haνe
: 4oO μm2 : 4ω x Io_8cm2 Qr: 4'l2 Χ |σ" c'

= 4ω x ιο.8. ,.u, '" ,"[ι;τlο'".lo''

'" ^ ,o , ,d.]
) 3.18 ηυation 3.3ι
: v,l
]?(;;+fi)ιv,+
:lTG;ilFπh
= 0.951 X lO-a
Ηence'
oj:5.53Χlol4c
 Chapter 3-4

3.2| n, = ΒT3Ι2e-EolΙ2Κτ'
Αι 30ο K,

l\(
η]
| + a.lv^
s ιN, N"l " n, = 7'3
.,' tz.,υ.
y |o''x (lω)''' z" "'(
ln .. .")

E4uation 3.32 : 1.4939 x l0lo/cm2

ο, _ *. t u, ,,'1uι 30ο K1 : 2.232 x 1o2ο

f (!u!n,
)
o .

_^FΛm;τq
'n * Αt 305 K.
^ "
-ι lr'Jr'rnz' ," ''
η':7.3 ι tοl)x (3o5)''' /e ""J

=2.152 x l0ro
_
^β*1141γ.μψ1 K) : 4.63l x
,ι,'?(at 3o5 lO20

=Qn l *!ι
vο
.n
,,'(ut 305 K) :
2-ls2
,r,2(at 3ω Κ)
3.22 ηuation 3.39'
= Qtn
'.,0(#!u"")u, ι _ ιqn,'(!+,
' ' \ι,,ΝD
&)1"'"
L"N
l)
oΙ
3.19 ηuation 3.39
' l, vlν'ι
soι : Aι'nL-Ξ-L!ρ ll
Ι : Aqni2(ξ;* " 'L"No
ξ;)"''"' ''
]" :1aη'z_Ρι1"ν'uτ
''L.No I)
Here 1, : lon'
, , !,u {nu'ut- I )
" LrNo.
Fot p* n junction y'vΑ >> ND
Ι'' = Aοn2 2u r"u'u' ,', _11
L'Ν o '..Ι -Ι''= tron''!-r"u'u,
' 'L,No
Ιu %.ι'
Ι" = D' Lι'ND
ιν^ For ιhis case using equaιion 3.41

1' - oon''!ι_ _ lon. lο_8.,n2' ,.u,,0

'o
l0.- lο.- l0I8
20 5 l ο'u 1ο
X (l.5 X 1olο)2
Ιu:ιo 10X10 4Χ1ο16
:3.6 X lo 15
Α
Νow / : /ρ+ Ι. : 1Φ Ι.+/,= l mΑ ν1ν_
Ι: Ι'(e '_l):o.5xlο'
1_: LmΑ: O.Φ99 mA
" lοl Ιο 'l/.
3.οxi0 |'|e ι
,.1 vil)r9.
Ιo : |'Ι" = 0.990l mA l|_o.sxlo'
\

ι/
Ξy v
3.20 Equation 3.41'' : o''i;(+η- V, =
= 0.6645
Y
:ft;) 3.23 12
Raιe power dissipaιion of diode = 0.25 W
2Φμm2:2Φxl0 3 cm2 Ιfcontinuous current '7' raises ιhe poΨer dissipa-
2ωX10 3ΧΧ 1.6X l0 ''x11.5 x lο"'1' tion to halfthe raιed νalue. ιhen

l0 12νxΙ 1xo.zsw
5 x lo-o x 1o''
+
x lo
l8
x lo'o
.2=
10 't Ι= Ιo.42 mA
:1.44X lO 6A For raιed value of0.25 w. the currenι will ω
0'25 W : Ι x |2
1 : 20.8 mΑ
= 1 .44 x 1o 16
Χ e1lx|
l 25'9

='79 μλ
 chaρter 3_5

Ιf in 20 ms, breakdown occers only for 1 0 ms' substifute for α from equation 3.43
then during l0 s the cuπeπt can be

, ,,'l
o E*.-!o!o
?9
10
zο.ε _ \Ι "'ΝΑ + /νD
X J€s
:41.6 mA z^]n. + η Γs'
3.24 ηuaιion 3.48,

',':oFffiψ
:
v, ιr, ln(ΝoΥ'')
t n,'

= 2.5.9 X t0 . , ,n[ tο'" x lo'' ) : €sΑ

[1t.s x Io'oy'/ w
:0.635 V
3.27 Eqυation 3.57,
C;. : 4ΦX 10'8
c.: lΙ)l
1.o4X1o_t2Xl.6X1ο \/10Ι" X loΙ5\ I

:43.7
.rι l0t" + l0I110.635 ro pr = [----':-),
\ Χ lο -.'
25_9
r , ro '
f F
q : C' τΙ: 10X 1o-'' x25'9
' : 43.7 f F

-y" : 259 pS
Γ |+ ---:-
ο.635 ForΙ=0.lmΑ
: 14.65 fF c,: ΙjΞlxl
3.25 Equaιion 3.49' c': =Ξ':'
Χ ιo '.'z') X
(,-ξΓ (259 ο.1 X ιo r
\ 25.9 x to '''
ForYi=lV ar: OU'O, :1pF
3.28 Εquaιion 3.51,
('.#)' -'ρ LΙ (lo x ιo n)'
= 0.45 pF
6'ι,_ --π-
ιcm
note Iμm:10
Forη=loYc;: -qqξ : lω ns
('.#)' Qp : τpΙ ρ

:0.25 pF =lωX1o'xo.2xιo'
= 20Χ 10
l2c
3.26 ηυation 3.43
c' = [!!|ι
.: o Γ*^-!'! "
Λ/ "'NΑ + λD
Equaιion 3.45 1
lφ x lο-' 1 r o.2 x I0 ,
\zs.q r lο '/
' 2Jvo+ vR
772 pP
 chapιer 3_6

3.29
a,

Pn.np
ln-regron
L- p"(x")
λ
fut-- o^,*,
no({
nο {x)

2',"
',^

{_ _ _ -1πp"
'":ψλ^
ll

I
-Wp Xp o Xn Wn

f T:Ι:;"--l I

l ι,enειh of p and n fegion

l

b. The current / = 1, + /,
Qo: Aqxξιn'ιx'l_ n'.lι',
Fiηd curτent component 12 ''l
p'1x'1 : ρ."ev/u' τ'd l,,'', : )
2
: lιοtι'."u"' - ρ'.lψ'' x')
Ι\n
λ^ : o.. + 1eν/v' _ l11w _ X'1
Io: AJo: AqD,,fi L
oo
'

dι - P"(.X") ρ""_P..e '_P"" : ont*,r.

L, Χ.11eu', _l1
dx W"-X" W"-X"
(w"_ x^'2 ι
("ν/u _ 1Ι _'
- 1 '
'"
'* w,- x, η
_ n;(e '- l) .!4.,-
2 D"
u
ror lry->> Χ^
π"ιw- "

Φ
'ι μ = AoDvdι ^dodΙ
' " dv 'dv
= tron,, _ Ι) x
,--!4 X"ΙΝ
' ' \w" q""t' t)
But 1 : Ιr ("u'. _'|)
Similarly dΙ Ιse '

l"-
,
Aqn!
D
-i x1"v/ν-' l) dvη
" 'lWo Χ,,']Ν ι
-Ι
_ντ

'Γ Γ)
''n''' ------------ι:-
= Aοn''|
D-I
+ ---'''''''''''!! soCo=1t'L
|ιw; x lη' lw', xρ'ΝA] vτ

(e - l\
d.-," = !w: tr to'' _ 8., lo,/F
The excess change, Qr,, can be obtained by mul- 2 t0 25_9a 1ρ'
ιiplying ιhe aΙea of the shedω triangle ofthe solνe for η
p"(r) distibution graph by Aq. W" : 63'25 μτι
 chaριer 4_l

4.1 4A
(a)

t-5 v

The diode can be reverse-blased and thus no cur-

ιent would ffow. or forward_blased ιvhere currenι
would flow. ve+=|0ν vp_:0ν
(a) Reνers€ biased / :
oΑ V, 1.5 : γ /: 1 kH3
(b) Foward biased / : 1.5Α yD : 0v
(b)
4,2
(a) Diode is condυcιing and thus has a ov drop
across it. consφu€nιly

: 0.l mΑ
1ο kΩ
(b) Diode is cυt ofι
V: 5V /=OA
(c) Diode is conducting
yp+
=0v yρ- =
_1ov
/= kH:
1= 5_(_5) :0.t
1
mΑ
10 kΩ
(c)
(d) Diode is cuι off.
V=_5V /=oΑ
43
(a)

o, y'"u'oo
+1V
vo=0V
Neither Dt nor D2 conducts so the.e is πo oυtput.
+2ν
(d)

Ι : 2 _(_5)
2kΩ
= 3.5 mΑ
-5V

Vρ,= 10v yp_

= 0v /=1kH3
Both Dt and D2 conduct when Y, > 0

+,='-l*" (e)
:2τοA

D,\
' 'cιltοlT
 chapι€r ,ι-2

Vr+ = 10V yρ =_10v /= l kH3 ο)

Dr conducts when τ,/> 0 and D2 conducts when 1,/

< 0. Thυs ιhe oυιput follows ιhe input.

(η

Vo+= 10V Yr=-5V /= I kH1

when ,/ > 0, the outpuι follo\λ,s the inpuι as DI is
conducιing .
Vo+= loV vP-=oν f= 1 kΗr when va < 0, Dt is cut offand ιhe circuit b€comes
_Dl is cutoff when ι/Ι < 0 a volιage divideι

G) (k)

-10v
yρ+=οv yρ_=_lov /=1kΗ1
D| shorts ιo gτound \ιhen ,/ > 0 and is cυt οff

Vr. = lV V,-=-9V /= I kH3

when U, < 0 \r,/hereby ιhe output follows τrr

when ι/ > o, Dl is cutoff and D2 is

(h)
conducting.The output becomes 1 V
\Ιy'hen ,/< 0' DI is conducting and D2 is cuιoff.
The output becomes:-

4.5
Uo = 0v - The οutput is aΙways shorted to grcund
as Dι conducts.rhen z/> 0 and D2 conducιs when
Forζ<3V.D1 is on and D2 is off J ir=0
?lζ0. For η> 3 ιDl isoff and η is on +ιε = 60 mA.

(η V'(ι)

i"( 0i
ri
Vr+=loV yρ-=_5v /= 1kH3
When υ1> 0, D1 is cutoff and vρ follorvs z1

When τ1< 0, D1 is conducting and the circuit 60 mA

becomes a voltage divider \γhere the negative
0
φak is
IkΩ . tοv: 5v l'6,n"o1, = Φ mΑ
l kΩ+ lkΩ
 Chapter 4-3

= mΑ : 24.2 mA
(b)

'"o'", Ψ.60 +.1 v

For μak ζ reduced by 107o
ir,n""r, = 60 mA
kΩ 3-(-3): ml
: mΑ : 23.5 mA
1ο
15
o.+

Ψ.60
'"o""'
i\. o.+ .r
4.6
1:Omn,f, Dr D2
Cutoff Conducting

ο 0 0 0
_3+ ο.4 (5)
0 I 0 1

I 0 0 I

I 1 1 I
-3V
Ι=AB y=A+B 4.10
-τ and, aΓe ιhe same fo. (a)
A=B
, and y aΙe opposite if A * B (l0 || 20) kΩ

4i
The case for the highest current in a single diode
is when only one input is high:
V,=5v
ν
J<ο2mAΞRΣ25ιΩ
R
: O.15 mA
(ι0|| 20) + 20
4.8
The maximum inpυt current occurs when one v = (
,,2o
1011 20) + 20
x4=3v
input is low and the other two aΙe high.
Σ_j s o.t mn (b)
R
R>50kΩ ',y'= i5 _ ''= _ο's v
ι/
4.9
V+
(a) l0||ιo 5kΩ cutoff 10|lι0 5 kΩ

l0 x 6 Ι=0A 5(l0)
10+ 10 10+ t0
5kΩ * ξ:o.u.o Ι :2.5Υ Ι

1:0.3m4 4,11

n=Ψ-&'=..4γn
50

Conducting
ψff=o.:,"l The laΙgest reνerse voltage appearing across the
diode is φual to ιhe peak input voltage
-3V l2o^Γ2 : 169.'Ι ν
 chapιer μ

4.12
4.14

Vι(ι)

,,:|,,
'2' 3ν

-l v
voG)

2ν
D staΙts to conduct when ι,a > 0
v;k"8): l.5 ν

.oφ"rt1 : 30 mΑ
i6,,ur, : 15 mΑ

4.13
For ξ > 0V: D is on, Vρ = |'' io=Vi / R
Forη<οv: Disoff' vo=o' iD=0

viG)

2ν

2ν

voΘ
aν

Ιo : 2o mλ
""oo':
1r,o,*, 10 mA
condυcιion occurs
diωe voltage: Vρ : V9:
Ιeverse V1
z1 : Αsinθ = ι2-conducιion across D occurs
Vr ι^^"l: 2 Υ For a condυcιion aηgle Qτ _ 2Θ) that iS 20% ofa

cycιe
ιτ_2Θ _ |
2τ5
θ:0.3zr
 chapter ι5

Α: 12 / sinθ : 14.83 v
;. Ρeak_ιo-peak siηe waνe voιtage xt"cl Vr[mV]
=2^=29.67ν -40 20
Given the aνerage diode currenι to be
0 23.5
l IAsinΦ _ 12
d6 = !Φ mA 40
2nJ R
21

ι50 36.5
l Γ_ |4.83cos6 _ |2Φ1Φ o'1τ
2τL R ].=o.." for yΖ = 25 mv

R:3.75Ω r: 16.8"C

Peak diode current =

A - 12 : o.75 A 4.18
R
Ρeak rcνeΙse voιtage : A + \2 : 26.83Υ
For resistοrs specified to only one sigηigicant .'. 10ω 15 : Ιs
"'"0025
digiι and peak_to_peak voltage to the nearest voΙt ι = 0.173 V
then choose A :
atυ : o.7Υ
l5 so lhe peaΙ{o-peaΙ sine
wave voltage: 30V and R=
3 Ω
conduction staτts aι U, = Asinθ = 12
i: Ιr"o.,'o'.': l.45x 10l2/s

15sinθ : l2
4.19
θ = 0.93 rad o1Ιν-
coηduction stops at 7_θ il=l,e '= ιo_'
.'. Fracιion ofcycle ιhaι cuπenι flows iS
n_2Θxlω:2o'5 qi
Iι : e sΞ
l>: ..''--
2ττ :.r υ.o.25

10-'
=2O%
Αverage diode current = :
iz 0.335 μA

+Γ-u-*g]|=,,,,: "u,"o 4.?,O

Given ID and yD in a forψard_biased diode, ιγe can
Peak diode currenι
_ 15_12 _ ιΑ find /, Usiηg: Ι, _- Ιo' e " ' using v, : 25
3
Peak ιeνeιse voltage : x 10 16
mv, we have ! s= 3.46 A , which ιγe
A+12:27Υ can use to calcυlate the following diode cυπents:
Vo:0''71 vΞ/D: ο.746 ιrιη
4,16
Vr: 0.80V=1ρ :27.32ΙnA
V RED GREEN
Vo: O.69 V+1, : 6.335ιntr
3ν oΝ oFF - Dι condυcts yD = ο.ωvΞID :9.l1 μA
O OFF OFF - No cυπent flows ι-€t a decrease by a factor of 10 in /D result in a

-3V OFF ON - D2 conducts decreas€ of vD by Δv :

Ιo: Ι
o'n'
,eu
vDl vτ Δv/vτ
4.11
b|o = Ιr''uo ^v)/vτ : ιse
v, :Ψ
q Taking the Ιatio of the aboνe two φuations' we
whereι:1.38X1o-'3J/K have:

T = 273+x'C lo: e '=ΔV:57.56mV

l9c
4 = l.ωΧ lo
Thus the result is a decrease in the diode νoltage
by 57.56 mV
 chapter,ι-6

4.21 4.23
u9 Vτ The νoιιage across three diodes in series is 2.4 v:
,s can be found by using I s : JD' e ι
thus the volιage across each diωe must b€ ο.8 v
Let a dec.ease by a facιor of l0 in /D resυlι in a
decrease of V2 by ΔV :
Using Ι, = /.e " ' . ιhe required currenι is
found to be 7.9 mΑ.
lf l mΑ is dra\νn away from the circuit'
1D will be

6.9 mΑ. ινhich rγouId giνe yD= ο.794v giving

ιn . lνι' 6vl lτ . vo'ντ ιν vτ
-:ι-":ι."
lο " an οUιpuι volιage of 2.]9 v Thus ιhe change in

Taking the ratio ofthe aboνe two equations, Ψe

outpuι νoΙtage is
l0.Ι5 mV
have:
424
1ο:ro''"=Δv:6ο.v Connecιing an identical diode in paΙallel φould
Thus the result is a decrease in the diode voliage reduce ιhe current in each diode by a factor of 2.
by 60 ιnV wriιing expressions for the cuπenιs' \νe haνe:

vD: o1o V,/, = 1Α+/r:1.ρ7X lοl2A:

|UΙο of Ιo giνes Vο=o.64Υ ι^ lνD 5|l vτ VD'Yτ -Δv vτ
:=ι"ρ:ι"P
yD: 0.65 Υ'Ιo: 7 mΑgrs: 7.69 x l0_I5Α; 2'
Vo=o'59 Υ Taking the raιio of the above tιra φuations' Ψe
10Ψο of Ιο Biνes
have:
vD: 0.65 v'/D: lo μΑ = /, : 76.9 X l0 Ι8Α;

l0% oflo gives Vo 0.59 V

2:e 'ΞΔy = l7_6mν
=
Thus the resυlt is a decrease in the diode voltage
vD __ o3o V, /, = 16 mΑ+/s : lo_7 X l0 l5A: by 17.6 mY
l0% oΙ Ι ρ giνes Vp= 0.ΦΥ
4,25
4.22 we can write the following KcL ηυations for the
νDlvτ diοde currents:
using Ι s : ]D'e Ιρ2: l1_ Ι2: mΑ
)

/s can be found by 8
Let an increas€ by a factor of 10 in /D resuιι in an Ι91 : Ι2:2 rnA
increase of yD by Δv : we can write the folιowing KvLequations for the
diode voltaφs:
lo= Ιse" ' V= Vρ2_ Vρ1
lf ,2 has saιuration cuπent Is. then Dι, which is
loΙo: Ι3e(vD+Δv)/vτ : 1r"vo'vτ '"ιv/vτ l0 times laξe, has saturation cυrrent 10/s. Thus
Taking ιhe ratio ofthe above two φuations, ιγe we can write:
have:
- - |
οι'Vτ
lο: ω,nv
"o'"'=Δy:
Thus th€ resυlt is an increase in ιhe diode νoltage
by 60 mV toι = lol<e "' '
vD : o.1o V' /, : l0 mA=9rs : lo.7 Χ lo_l5A: Taking the raιio of ιhe tψo equations aboνe' we
/DX10givesvD:0.76ν haνe:
Ι^'
:=4=-P . l |Vnι |ol'!ι l v'vτ
vD = o3oV, 1r: l mΑ+/5: l-07X lo_'5Α; Ιo, lo l0
ID : 0''76 Υ
X l0 giνes Vo +v :92.2mν
Vr: 0.8OV, Ie: 10A+Is: 2lοΧ l0 15Α; To instead achieve y : 50 mι we neω:

/D X 10 giνes Vo : 0.86 v
ΙD2 _ ΙI_ 12: -|onn,ronr, = 6.739
Ιo, Ι2 '|o
Vo: 010 V,/, = 1ρρAΞ/s : 1ο.7X lo-|8Α; Solνiηg the above equation wiιh r/ still at 10 mA,
/D X ι0 gives Vo : o.'Ι6 Υ we find 12 : 5.75 mΑ.
 Chapter 4-'7

4.26 520 rnv

we can write the folloψing KcL equations for the 520 kf)
diode currents:
Aι ω'c, 1 4μA
Ιoz = |0mA_V/R =

Ιo' = V/R
vy'e can \Ι/Ιite the folloιηing KvL ηuations for ιhe
diode volιages:
v : vo, vo,
we caΙΙ write the folloι'iηg diode equations:

. - Voιl|τ

. . Voι'Vτ 480 520 mV

Taking the ratio of the two φuations aboνe,we

have: Vz = 48O + 2.3 xIx 25 lol4
Ι'oz _ |oπ|, R= _ νr : 514.6 mV
Io, '
--V/
V /R "'vD2-νDι|/vτ "ν Vρ7:4μA X520kf}:2.08v
To achieνe y = 80 mY we ne€d'
et ο"c.l : l ,'l
/D2 _ lοmΑ_o.o8/R _ -o.oq/0.o254 _ 4'
Ιo, o.o8/f
23.1
Vz: 5Φ-2.3xlx25|oΕ4
solνiηg the above equaιion 're haνe
: 525.4 mV
R: t94 Ω.
^4: !x 520 : o.ll v
v",
427
For a diode condυcting a constaΙt cuπent, the
4.29
diωe γoltage decreases by appΙoximately 2 mv
FoΙ a diode conducting a constant curΙ€nt, the
μr increase of l ' C. diode νolιage decreases by approximaιeIy 2 mv
T : _2o"c corresponds to a temperanΙ.e per increaseof 1" C.
decrease of Φ' C ,ιγhich results in an increase of Α decrease in yD by 100 mv corresponds to a
the diode voltage by 80 mV Thus yD = 770 mV junction ιempera|ure increase of 5οo c.
T: +1o" C corresponds to a t€mperature The power dissiparion is given by:
incΙease of 50' c , ιγhich resυlts in a decrease of PD :
(ts A)(0.6 v) = 9 w.
the diode volιage by I Φ mV Thus Vo = 590 mV. The thermal ιesistance is given by:
5ο" c
= 116" (: / \ν
4.8 PΙ'
^T 9 w

+Ιov
430
'[,
, Given two different voltag€y'cυπent measu.ements
foτ a diode- we can write:
Rr 2 kdι
+
Ιo, : Ι reno'' ''
Ιo, = Ι o"'u'
reu
Dr
Taking ihe ratio of the aι'ove two equations, we
have:
_ νo)/v'
:
D2
i: ""
_
= V ol V oz r,
^(E)
Foτ /p = 0.5 mΑ, we have:

ΔV : Vτ,,(oΞ#a): _248mV
Αt 20"c :

Vnt:Vz=520mV ΞyD=552mv
Rl : 520 kΩ For ID = 1.5 mA, we haνe:
 chapιer 4-8

ι
\y _ y" |n(
l.5 X lo Α.) _ _z-zο.ν τ, : o.6v. i : ι. ?
' \ lοΑ )
Ξ yD : 580 mv = lO t2 eo6t0n2s
ΑssumingνD changes by _2 mν per 1' c : 0.03 mΑ
increase
:
τl 0.65 V, i: 0.2 mΑ
c
,:
iη t€mperanrre, ιγe have, for :t25" chaflges:
: Ξ
0.7 V, i:1.45 mA
For ID 0.5 mA, 5ο2 mv < v D 602 π|ν
Make a skeιch showing these points and load line
ForlD : 1.5 mA, 530 mV = YD < 630 mV and deιermine ιhe operaιing point. The poiπts for
Thus the oveιaIl range of yD is between 502 mv the load line are obtained using equation 4.7
and 630 mY ,
ιD
voo- vo
R
4J1
Giνeη t\i,io different voltage/currenι measurements
for a diode. we haνe: i(mA)
νoι\'vτ
ι-2!
- ,' "'uo' '-u^, v^ _ u,t,(P)
For ιhe firsι diode, witb ,D : 0.1 mA and
Vo : '7σ) mv, we haνe:

1, : 0.5 mΑ: 1.0

ο.8

ΔV : Vτ : ,10 mv Ξ yD = 74o mv ο.6

0.4
',(3j) o.2
1D : l.5 mΑ: 0 υ (v)
0.4 0.6 0.8 l.ο
Δv = v'' rn(!Ξ) _ 67.7 mV+ v^ _'761'1 mν
\0.1./ From this sketch one can see thaι the operating
For the second diode, rvith point must lie beιwe€η ,: 0.65 v to
Ιo = Ι A andvD = 7(n mv, wehaνe:
/D : 0.5 mA:
Fori:0.3mΑ,,:u,'(i)
ΔV : Vτ,"(ψ,ψ) = _ l90 mV = Vo = 5l0 mV
: 0'025 Χ Ιn|
/1\
---::
/, : l'5 mA: lο ''l
I
\

: 0.661V
ιv _ v,'\tl
ln(0'Ψl5) = luz.u mν Ξ vD
Fori=0.4mA, r: ο.668 v
Now ψe can refine ιhe diagτam to haνe a better
= 537 .4 mΥ
Fοr ωth ID : 0.5 mA and 1D = l.5 mA, the
estimate

difference b€ιween ιhe two diωe !olιages is

23ο mv since' fixed diode current, ιhe diode
for a
νolιage changes with temp€lature at a constant
.aιe (_2 mv per'c temp. inc.ease). ιhis voltage
difference ψill be independent of temperaιure !

4i2
R=lkΩ

voo
1V
0.660 ο.664 0.67

/s= l0 lsA: l0 12 From this graph we get the operatiηg point

mA
i: 0.338 m' ι = 0.6635 V
calculaιe some poinιs
 chapter ζ9

Nou, one compare graphical resυlts with the expo-

1^:1 -07 :1.5mA
nential model.
x1
" ο.2 k{)
Αti:0.338mA b) Diωe has 0.7 ν drop at l mΑ current. Use

"=
,,'(i)= o.oδXl"(η+) φuatiοn 4.5
υ7: ι|+ι:v'ωε(?)
: 0.6637 V
The differeηce between the exponential modeι 1 v:0.7V
and graphicaι resυIts is : 0.6637 _ 0.6635 i: 1-0.7 = 1.5 mA
: 0.0002 v o'2 Κ

= 0.2 mV 2υ= o'7 *z.:rο.οzsl"ε(f)

433 : 0.7101 V
R=lkΩ ' _ t _ 0.7101 = l.4494 mλ
0.2

+ 3 υ:0.'7 + 23 Xο'o25loc(ι!#)
: 0.7093 V
_
;= l 0.7093 : 1.4517 τnλ
0.2 kΩ

/s:l0"A:l0''mA 4 υ = 0''1+ 23 X o.o2sloc(l 4i37)

Use Ιteraιive AnaΙysis procedure
v
t vo:11.7v,r, : 'i*' :
= 0.7093
0.3 mA
i_l-0.7ο93:|4517mΑ
ο-2 kΩ
2 v": v,h(?): o.orsh(-g+) sιop aS we are getting the same resυIt.

= 0.6607 V 435
we first find the νalue of Ιs for the diode, given
,, ='_ofΨ': 0.3393mΑ
by:Ιs: ιDe " ' wiιh/r= lmAand
3 vD = o.o2sh(qΨ) : o.oε:ε v Vo = O.7 V This gives /s : 6.914X lO_16 Α.
Ιn order ιo have 3.ο v acfoss the 4 series-con-
,": t-ffut':0.3362m4 nected diodes, each diωe droρ musι be 0.75 V
Αpplying this νolιage to the diode gives cυrrent
4 vD _ 0'o25kl(9!Ξe] = 0.6635 v /p = 7.39 mΑ. 'ιlr'e can then find ιhe resistor νalue
\ / Ι0 '" using:

η = 'loiff" = 0.3365 mΑ ρ: l0V_3v

7.39 mA
- ra.r r'
sιop here as we are geιting almost same value of
Ιpaτ,d Va 436
constant νoltage drop model:
434 using ,D.: 0.7 V + ir, : v - 0.7

2οο Ω υsins υ^: 0-6v+i^' _v 0'6

For the difference in currents to vaη/ by only

+
1%+
lv io, = Ι.o|io'
v-0.6: 1.01(v-0.7)
V = 10V
ForV=2V&R = lkΩ
 Chapter 4-10

Aι y^ - 0_7 ν ι^' = 2 I
o'1 _ I._t mA
43E
Refer ιo example 3.2 - coNsTΑNT VOLTAGE
DRoΡ MoDEL
y^ _ 0.6 ν i^' 2 _ 0'6 l.4 mA (a)
I

2=lj:l.οε +lοv
ioι l-3
Thus ιhe percentage difference is
8% @t.εο-I:
0.86 mΑ
1ο kΩ
*Θ'o i '0 =,o.o
437
v:ovΘ
Ανailabl€ diωes haνe ο.7v drop aι 2 mΑ currenι
Since 2YD = 1.4 V is close to 1.25 V
@ o.; v
Use /v paΓallel pairs of diωes ιo spliι ιhe l mΑ
currenι eνenly.

'lο v

lmΑ
)i 7
7
\
\
+

v
(b)

+lοv

The νolιage drop across each pain ofdioder is

v .'. volιage drop across each
1.25

61o6" _ !Ξ _ 0.625 v Eοuaιion 4.5 is

)'
Vz_Vι = 2ryrloc(i)
ιν^-v'\/ν^
lz: lιe '
(ο.625 υ7l/υυ]5
^
-!0v
: 0.Φ957 mΑ
so current thΙough each branch is 0.09957 mA
,^'
"' - l0 ι t5l0) - 0.7 - t.29mΑ
|
lmA\νill sr,ιiι
' in = 0.09957 = l0.M
τ,D = - l0+ l.29(10)+o.7 : 3.6V
branches.
choose N = 1ο 4i9
There a.e 10 pain ofdiodes in parallel (a)
.'. Need 20 diodes
curreoι ιhrough each pair of
diodes :1ΞΔ: o.l .,n
t0
1o kΩ
.. Voltage across each pair

: z*Γu + z..lv.loρΓ9J)l
-\ 2./l
t
: l'25M Υ

5V

-5+0-7: -4.3V
5+4.3
l0
0.93 mΑ
 chapιer 4_l l

(b)

, Cutoff

10 kο

v
v
I
Ι

-5V
-5V
s-/(10): sv
οΑ V = 2-0.7
:1.3v
(c)
, _ r.3-(-5)
: 3.15 mA

(b)

-5V
. 4.1 +5 : 9.3 mΑ
t0
v:5-0.7 D2
(d)

Ι:5_l.'l:1.65mA
V: |+o.7:1.1 Υ
{r
4.41
v (a)

*
tT'' :oou*9
-5V
Θo.7 v
Ι:oΑ

-3V
 Chapter 4-12

(b.) 4.43

-"*:-9J:o.rsrmA
l0 kΩ

o0A+ lt.2.ι5 + 0.'τ: 0.5.15 vΘ ;_ _ Ui.,",L_0'7=sο--

-,ncικ R
v:-3+0.3s3(s) R - l2o {2 o.'| : 3.]8 kΩ
v= l.235 v Θ 50

Reνe.se νoltage : \2o rt : rcgJ ν.

The design is essentially the same since the sup-
3V ply volιage >> 0.7 v
4.44
4.42
use exponential diode model to lind the percent-
(a)
age chaπge in ιhe currenι.
(l0 ||
20) kΩ

i^' (ν' ν 1'lvτ Δ"lvτ

t20\ =:e
Ioι
6" \τl For +5 mV change

Ψ:"5ι15:l.22l
Ioι
qο chΔnge
_-!_ !]- :
ι = (|οl| o.l24 mA : ior_ io'
x 1ω : 1Ξ?LJ 1 1U0
20) + 20 ioι l
V:2oΙ:2.48Υ : 22.1%
For -5 mV change
(b)
iΡ_"5n5=o'zιz

qο chΔn1e : 'oz._'ol y 1φ : 0.818_ l X ια)

Ι:0Α loι I

<-- 5kο : - la.\%

Maximum alιo\γable volιage signal change when
V+ ιhe cuπent change is limitω to t 1ο%.
so ιhe cuπent varies from 0.9 ιo l.1
3V 2

Ι :2.5Υ Ι iot
:
For0.9 Δy = 25 lπ(o.9) _2.63 mV
Forl.1 Δy : 25 ln(l.l) : +2.38mv
.'Ξ<]
"rtnrf '2 2 For :!:|oΨo cuπent change ιhe νolιage signal
change is from _2.63 mv to +2.38 mν
../ = oA
v:' 22 ] = -ο-s
 chapter Ζ'_l3

Nowυr:5mvx 25mV,
25 mV + 10'l
: ο.α)5 x 0'025
ο_o25 + lο],

1mΑ o.|22 roν

Ten diode connected in parallel current operates 0.1 ιηΑ 1.0 mV

at a total current of 0. ι A. so the current through
1μΑ 5.0 mV
each diode : QJ : o.oι l
1ο
- l..
roaυo=;vs:rJx-; .- o.ο25
small signal Ιesistance of each . o(ns + lo'Ι
diode = L:25.V: z.s Ω +Ι:25ι'A
iD 0.οl Α
ηuivalent resistance, Req, of 0 diodes connected
1
4.47
in parallel As shoιγn in Ρrob 4.46
n = 4: o.zs a ιο vτ 0.025
'q |ο
υι ντ + Rsι ο_o25 + tο4,
Ιf theιe is one diode condιΙcting 0.1 Α cuπeηt,
then ιhe small Signal resistance of this Herelts:10kΩ
61o6" : 4ΞY : 2.5 ρ The cu.τenι changes aΓe limiιω t l0%. using
0.1 A exponential model Ψe get
This value is the sam€ as of 10 diodes connecιed
in parallel. -!!: P :09ιοl_l
iot
Ιf 0.2 Ω is the resistance for makiηg connectioη,
the resistance in each Δι = 25 x lο-rIn(b-2)
\in'l
ana ιιe.e
branch : ra + O.2 = 2.5 + O.2 = 2.7 dl,

For a parallel combinaιion of l0 diodes. equiνa-

lent resistance, Req, is For 0.9mA ΔV : _2.63 τnΥ

nq :2!:
lο
o,zta Foι l.1mΑ ΔV : 2.38 mV
The va.iation is _2.63 mv to 2.38 mv foΙ t 10%
Ιf ιhere is singιe diode conducting alI the 0.l A νariation Το obtain the ιimit on ιhe i!Ιpua signal,
curτent. ιhe connectioη resistence needed for ιhe divide this by the gain given in the problem.
singιe diode \γill be = o.21 o.25 = o.02 Ω Δoo _ 2.63 mv ιo 2.38 ι2l
" (ι6lι1)
^,," υ1lq υ6Ιυ,
4.6
The dc cuπenι / flows ιhrough ιhe diode giνing
Νow for ιhe given νalues of (v6lvr) caΙculate Ι
and Δrs using φuation (l) aΙd (2)
rise ιo ιhe diωe resis,-"" .,(= L) ano ,n"
"\ ι]
small_signal equiνalent circuit is repfesented by ιo /in mΑ v, in mV

&
0.5 0.ω25 -5.26 to 4.76
0.1 o.0225 -26.3 to 23.8
0.01 0.2475 -263 to 238
ο.0o1 2.4975 -2630 to 2380
Lx r, V,ll
"^: ' ,r*R, "Vτ'o
Ι"
vτ
"yΙ+/Rs
 Chapter 4-14

4.48 4.49

when both DΙ and D2 aΙe conducting ιhe small_

signal model

r
rιl

The currcnι ιhrouρh each diode is t

a.
"2
v τ 2v, 0.ο5
since cl and c2 are large capaciιors, ιhey are "ιlι
replaced by a short circυit foΙ Ac. t
vτ From the equivalent circuit
7]o f,ι2 _ lm_Ι _ Ι ιo: R
7li= tιι|+ rιι2 _ R
* v'
\k lm 1,i R + (2ro||2ro\ R+r,ι
Ι ιrn_Ι
Noψ 1is expressed in mA
υo
1? : / where 1is in mΑ

0μA 0
NoψI= oμΑ, 19: o
υi
lμΑ 5ο kΩ 0.167

/: lO μA, ls: lor10 3:0.0lV l0 μΑ 5kΩ o.66-Ι

: μΑ, ls:
r:0'lV lΦ μΑ 5ωΩ
ιι tωΧt0
o.9524
1 l0o
lmA 5οΩ 0.995

1= 5Φ μA, k: sωx ΙO ] = 0.5V

υι 10 mΑ 5Ω 0.9995

1 : 900 μΑ, 19:sοoxl0r:0.9V

= 1σ μA 1s = l0οo r l0_3 = lV

ηυivalent circuit
 Chapter .1- I 5

b. For signal current ιo be limited ιo !lo% ol Ι

(1is the biasing currenι) the change in diode νolt-
age can be obtained from the eqυation

+2.5- +2.5-

;Φ' "';)
l0 mV

b: : ο.9 to l.1
Ι "ouo'u'
Δυo : _2.u' mv to +2.3 mv
: :t 2.5 mV
so ιhe signal νoltage across each diode is limited
to 2.5 mv \νhen the diωe cuπent .emains vr'ithin 4.50
l0% of the dc bias cuπent.
.'.3o: l0 _2.5 _2.5:5πΥ
: ΞJI! : 0.5 uA
^n6; t0 K
Th€ cυrrent through each diode
: 9Σ *l : 0.25 uΑ
2
The signal cuΓrent i is 0.5 μΑ' and this is 10%
of the dc biasing currenι
.'. Dcbiasingcurrent /: 0.5 Χ lo : 5 μΑ
c.Now/:1mΑ
.'. 1, : ρ.5 ,o
Maximum cυrrenι derivation l0%
.'_ i,' : 0'5 : 0-o5 mΑ
lο
aιd i
= 2io = 0.l mA
.'. Maximum ,o : i X 10 kο
: 0.1 x10
Each diωe exhibits 0.7 v drop aι 1 mA cuπent.
Αlso Q of each diode υsing diωe exponential model ινe haνe

: L: soο ,,- r, : V-' fn(!)

ΙD \i, /
Αccording to current νariations (see the figure) and Ut : 0.7v, il : 1mΑ
ιhe ac νolιages across diodes are shown and
ι1 :2.63mΥ + 2.38 mv + iv +z:o.7+y-ι"rj)
' ιl'/
= l.Φ5 V : 7ω + 25ln(,)
calculaιion for different values of vo
υo : o' io = 0, the cuπent / : 1mΑ,
diνides eqυaliy in D3, D4 side and Dt, D2 side.
 Chapter 4-16

i,: l': i' = i':1:2 ο.s.l ,.'"(v)

ι/ : 7ω + 25 ln(0.5) :683 mv
0: !1 : ι::683mV
From circυiι
ι!: Uι+tr1+τ/o: 683+683+0: οv
Fοrr^ - lν_i- - lο|κ - o-lmΑ
Because of symmetry ofιhe circuit

i' _ i' _ Ι+!

22 = 6.5+0.ο5 = o.55mΑ
and ia = i, = ρ.45

7ω . 2.5ln(!] _ 685 mv
\l'l
7,Δ = 7ι| = 7ω + 25ln(i!) : 680 mv

ι,'(υ'
(mA) (mΑ) (mΑ) (rηv) (mv) v, } τιlnV
ο o 0.s 0.5 683 683 0
+1 0.1 0.55 o.45 685 680 1.005

+2 o.2 0.6 0.4 -647 677 2.010

+5 0.5 0.75 0.2s -693 665 5.028

+9 0.9 0.95 ο.05 -699 425 9.O74

+9.9 0.99 0.995 0.ω5 -7ω 568 ι0.Φ

9.99 0.999 0.999s 0.α]05 -7ω 51ο 10.18

t0 I I ο 7οο 0 lo.7

ι]t = _ι1
U2+τrο: -0.680
+ 4.51
+ 0.685+ I = 1.0ο5 v Representing diode by the small signa! resis-
tances, the circuit is
similarly othe. values are caIculaιed in the table
foι boιh posiιive and negative νalues of τ,,,
The largest valυes of r., on posiιiνe and negaιiνe
side are +l0 V and -10 V resμcιiveΙy. This
restrictioπ is imposed by the current 1 1 mΑ : +
A similar ιable can be generated for the negaιiνe ιi + C
νalues. Ιt is symmetricaI.
For V, > 10, τb wi1l be saιuraιed at l0 v and it is
because/:1m4.
Fοr Ι ο.5 mΑ_ will satυraιe at 0_5 mA Χ lo K = ,, _-vt
= " ιo
5V

I
ιb= - _ 1

υ. | 1+scr,

Phase shift = -,rn - '(sC'a)

\1./
 chapter 4_ ι 7

= tan Ι(ωcrd) b. Ιf m diωes aτe in series

ΔVo
: ιan
\ ,./
,r..!] Δy+
mra :
mrι+ R
mVτ
mvτ+ ΙR
For phase shift of 45" mV

45 . ιan '(zτ xιαlx tοJX toΧ o'ofs)

_ o'-'
\
rο 'x
'{"!Ι'":'ru-
ΔVo _ vτ
+I = 151 ιιΑ : 2.68 mV/V
vτ+v+ -
^v*
o.'7
Noψ Ι νaries from
f ι,ι to r57 x 10 μA Form:3
Range is 15.7 μA to 1570 μA ΔVo _ mVτ
Range ofphase shift is 84.3" to-5.71' Δy* mvτ+lo mxo.7

ror4l?=smv
4s2 /ι mΑ

v* - 0.7 5mv
i.". -Lx
ΙD vτ+v''o.7= mΑ
t0.025.- lο _o_7 l'-mv
l Ι" 0.025 + !0_ 0.7l -mΑ
Ι D:-- 4.987 mA
/,3 5 mA

^
_vt-o.1 ro 0.7
ΙD 5 mΑ
R = 1.86 kΩ
Diode should be 5 mΑ diode
c. For m diodes coηnect€d in series
^ ΔVo rι! _ vτ/ Ι
- v- , v'-o1m
Δy* R + rd
R+J "R
Ι
v-
_ vτ ΔΙ1.d r' : mx -!
" ΙD
ΙR+ vτ

: V* 4& : - I
FoΙ no load 1
R
vo so no,v
ΙL 1.f
R mrγ
Io * Ιo
-o'7m
v* mVτ

: _.vt
ΙD mVτ
v+ - o.'7 m

y* -0.7m
: -av,
ΙD v* -o.7m+nv,

Small-signal model
 Chapter,tr-18

4.53 10 - 0_7
ΙD 5 mA
R = l.86 kΩ
Diode should be 5 mΑ diode
c. For m diodes connecι€d in series

, v' 0.7 m
'o_-____F-
v-
ΙD

so now Δf __
t,1
1

R mr,1
Io + Ιo
v* - 03 rn mVτ

^V,
lo mV7
Small-sign-al model y*-0.7m
a. From small-signal model
: mVτ v* _o.'Ιrr,
Δv o Ι, (r2|| R) Ιοv' o.7 m+mvτ
ΔVo : _ι,'l| nl -
4s4

b.Atdc 1ρ
v+ - o.j +5V
=

__ I
lι
rι R

l^ Ι^
-__-__,!_ + ,,:!
vτ
v+ - o.1
vτ '' l
I D vτ
v+ - 0.7

ντ v+ - o.j Diode has 0.7 V drop at 10 mA cuπent

'D vτ+v'-o'7 v., = 1.5 v \γhen i, : l50 Cl
ν1v-
ΔV'=
/. 'V
F.,. s
mA
10x 10 ] : /s.ο7'n025
v, v*-oi
.ι'e' _ζXy,-v- ,5mv
Ξ/s: 6.9l X lο_ι5Α
oJ= rΑ
l0_0.7 l_. volιage drop acfoss each diode = jjlζ = 0.75 V
Γο.025 -
L l, 0.025 + l0 ο.7l .A
Ιo-_ 4.987 mA
:.ιo:1r"v|vτ = 6.9i Χ 10 "'" "n'""'n"
/ρ: 5 mA : 73.9 mA
/ι=1.5/l50:10mΑ
 Chapter ,r-19

Ι: Ιo+ I': 73.9 mΑ + 10 mΑ Ioι _ ' o"' " n'

w"h^"" 2v'tacause there aΙe 2
: 83.9 mΑ π_'
.'.ρ:5-ι's : 4l.7 Ω
diodes
83.9 mΑ Δv /2 vτ
_3 ,o9
Use small signal model to find voltage u, when 10 to
load resisιor, Rι, has loΨeι valυes
Fo. a, : ,v,h(f6) : -60.2 mv
,'" : V, :0.025 _
Ιo 7].9 0._]4 Ω 10 ^v
8, Δv: zy-ιn(!]
when load is disconnecιed all the cuπent / flo\rs lο ' \1ο., = ιl.2 mν
through ιhe diαle.
Δy" γaΙiation is _ω.2 mv to _ l l.2 mv
.'./r:7: 33.9 rO Peak ιo peak ripple : -ω.2 ( ||.2' = _39 mV

""
: ur"(:oη): o.o25 Χ .(S3#) .'. ιoad Reρuιaιion
'
: ΔV
Δl'
o :
5
39

,, : 0.753 V : -7.8 mV/mA

So No load, ,, = 2V,: 2 Y 0.753 = 1.506 V. Using l5 mΑ source, i.e / : 15 mΑ
Ιncrease in voΙtage 1.506 : _ l.5 : 0.ω6 v Νow the diode cυrrent changes from 8 (: l5_7)
Now load is changed to 13 πΑ (= l5_2)
R.: tgoΩ: l': lΞ: ls,,,l, Δyo : 2yτh(l3!) : _24'3 mΥ
Iο0
The diode curΙent reduced by = l5 _ 10 : 5 mΑ
.'-^vo: _5 mΑxrr: _l.7
ΔI'"
24.3
mV Loaα reρυlaιlοn
_2l
" ^v \1
R' =75Ω: lΞ:26rna
7, = _4.9 mv/mΑ
75 =
Diode current reduced by 20 t0 : l0 mΑ
clearly ιhe l5 mΑ cuπeηt source provides lower
.'. Δvo : - 1q ra = _ 10 Χ 0.34 : _3.4
load regulation but it is at the cost of higheΓ cur-
mV
rent and higher power dissipation.
R,:50Ω: 1,: lΞ:36.a 5ο
The l0 mA current source ιγill be a better choice.
For l0 mΑ soυrce when ιhe load cυπenl νaries
Diode cu.rent reduced by 30- l0 : 20 mA oνer full.range' i.e from 2 to 7 mΑ; the output
Δvo = _2o r7: 6.8mV νoltage νaΙiation is Δ% = -39 mV.
4-56
4J5
+5V

τg: l.5 V + Δι5

ΙoI

l50 Ω

I.varies from 2 to 7 mΑ

Both diodes are 0.7 v. l0 mΑ diodes

First find % wiιh no ιoad, i.e 1ι : 0 and 1 :
To supply a load cuΙΓedt of 2 to 7 mΑ, the curτent
1..
Ι must be greater than 7 mΑ. so ι can b€ only lο Use iteration to fiΙld v" and /,
mΑ or 15 mΑ.
No\ν leι us eνaluate load regulaιion for both 10 r^=5-:-9Jjl:zome
" 18ο ll
mA and 15 mΑ sources, l0 mΑ source:
Since 1. varies fmm 2 to 7 mΑ, the current ID ψilΙ
v2- vt = 2.3v,bE(?)
varry from 8 to 3 mΑ
'
.'. I = Ιι+In
 chapιer 4 2ο

Vz : 0.7 + 2.3 x 25 Χlo-r Χ loc(?8) v2 : v|+ 2.3vτbB(?)

:0.7l'7 ν
o|r{
: o'1 + 2'3v -' bρ(24.4\
'\
'"
=
' "' : 23.19 πA
:
Ι0./
0.722 ν
V, : O.? + Z.lY- 79) 5.8 2 x 0.722
' 'ι ιο
' tnn(23 ./
180
: 0''72|6 ν : 24.2 πA
ιo = -2'_x0.lzιε:
5 Doing one more iteraιion, almost same value is
19.76 mΑ
obtained
:. o : n'722 Υ' Ιo : 24'2 mA
V':
V

' o:] + z'ιv. πn(|9'76\

-\ 10 Now \rr'hen l50 Ω load is presenι
.,

: o.'7l7 Υ Ι,' 2 \0.'122 = 96 mA

t50
,^ _ 5_2Χ0'717 - t9.8l mΑΞ, So ι.: A)-9'6 : 14.6 π|^
" 18ο
Ιt is almost similar to earlier result' \νe stop iιera- .'.vo: o1 + 23 x v, bc(ff)
ιion here
V o :
v aηd ,D : 19.8l
o.'ll1 mA = 0.7095 V
Sovo=zΧo.717=1.434Υ Vo: 2 V o='|.42 Υ
.'. Loaded output νoltage : l.42 Υ
a. Load of 150 Ω is connected e. Ρercentage change in output νoltage

1':0'717xz:9.56mΑ
' 15ο
- 1.42
5.8
ι.301
4.2
X |m
:. Iτ' = Ι| 9.56 : 19.81 9.56 = lo.25 mΑ ='Ι.4%

so noψ 4.57
v. :
vo : 2vo : zlo: + 2.3v. r"c(l!#)l
(a) v-o + r.Ι-τ

l0 = 9.6+Γ"X50Xlo'1
: 1.,ω1 v r.:8Ω
Αs found earlier, ινith no load y" : l.434 v Po\ir'er aaιing:
V' : V-o! r-x2Ι',
b.

c. with 150 Ω load connecιed aηd % is lowered :9.6+8Xl0oΧlor

by 0.l v ofiιs nominal value. : lO.4 V
vo : - 0.1 : v
1.401 1.301
P: l0.4 X 100 Χ 10-3: 1.o4W
volιage across each diode : l.3ol/2 : 0.6505 V
a Δνl vτ (b) V. : V.ρ +
ln = lO < lO 'e ' where
r_1.1

9'l=v,,,+30Xl0xι0_3
Δy _ l.401 - l.30l _ ο.05 v η"=8.8v
2
η: 8.8 + 30 x 20 x 10 3:9.4V
v: P:9.4x20Χ l0 3:188mW
,," = !..10|
8.7mΑ
l_50 Ω (c)6.8:6-6 + 2 Χ 1Ξr
:. I: ID +/. = ,4 16.1 /.7 : 1Φ mΑ
., New value of 5V supply : V"= 6.6+2Χ2uJx 10 3:7V
l80 Ω X 16.l ΙnA' + vo= 4.2ν P:'1 x2ΦΧ 10-3:1.4W
so the 5 v supply can be Ιowered to'4.2 ν (d)18:17.6+r.X5Χl0_3
d. New value ofthe νolιage supply = 5 +
Γ.:80Ω
(5 4.2) _
v. No\λ, do ιhe problem again as
5.8 ι,:17.6+ 80X 10X 10 ]:18.4V
done in the begining and in paπs a and b. Ρ : 18.8 x 10 x l0_3 = 184 mW
/^:5.8_2Χ0.7
" = 24'4mA
18ο
 chaρlet 4_2l

(e)1.5: V.,,+ 1.5 x 200 x 10 3

r.:30f'
v- = 1.2Υ /r* : 0.5 mΑ
Vz:'7.2 + l.5 X 4ω X lo_3 : V
7.8
Vz: '7-5 ν
P:7.8X4Φx 10 3
= 3.l2Vr'
Ιz: 12 mA
458
(a) Three 6.8 V zeners provide 3 X 6.8 20.4 V : 7'5:V2ρ+12Χ30X1o_3
wiιh 3 x 10 = 30 Ω resistance. Neg|ecting R, we Ξ vzo = 7.|4 ν
haνe
Load Regulation = _3ο mν/mΑ. 1-: a :
' t.2 6.25 -ρ,
5.l v zeners we use 4 diodes to proνide
(b) For sELEcT / : 10 mΑ so that
20.4νwiιh4x.10_ t20 Ω resisιance. /. = 3.7mΑ \Ιr'ΗΙcH Ιs > ,zκ
Load.e8uIatioΠ = l20 mv/mA
4.59
R:10-7.5:25oΩ
. 10
82Ω For ΔV+ : :tl V

9'o^ _
ΔV : ll , X I.2 || 0.03
^
δ25o+ (|a-l οJ-'
: 10.1 v
THUS yo : +7 .4 ν 'Γo +7 .6 ν
wΙTΗ y* :llv ΑND ,.:0
v-: v.^+ 1l- /, x o.o-l
small-signal mod€l ο.25

From the smaΙl-signal model Ξ-' vo : 7.55 ν

Δ,o 5
Δr, = 5+82
5
87
Now Δτι : 1.0 V

.'. Δvo : : x t.o

;Δvs εΣ
: 57.5 mV

4.60
V, : V'o+ r'Ι"'
9.1 :vzo+ 5 x 28 x 10-3
V"o: a.96Υ
νz: vzo + 5/. : 8.96 Χ 51"
For 1' : 10mΑ η:9.0l v
For/z : lω mA V.:9.ι6ν 9V
9-7.155
ο25 t
!

4.6t

_ lo_ 7.5 250Ω = 7.38 mA 25o Ω

lο
= 7.ι4 + 0.03 X 0.5

JR,
{

^ 7.ι55
"MΙN 7.38 _ ο._5

: 1.o4 kο and V, : 7.155 γ

 chapteτ 4_23

_
< l5 (9.825 + 7(0.ω5))
13.5 V 25
S 205.6 Ω.
.'. use i : 205 Ω

(c) Line reρυιaιion _ 7 _ mv

' 205+7 _]1
V
!25% chΦge in vs = :t5 V
V6 chaπges by :t5 X 33 : :t165 mV
*165
coπesDondinρ to
t0
X ιω - * |.65%

(d) Load Regulation : (rzιl R)

: _(7|l 205) : _6.77 {ι
or 4.77 νl^
Loψest output voltage = 8.83 V Δv o = 6.17 x 20 mA': _ 135.4 mV

: tz 30 corresDondins ιo _0'l354 Χ lω : _1..l5%

-
Line Reρulaιion
R * rz
=
3ω+30 t0

:96mV (e) The maximum zener cuιτent occurs at no

v
load 1ι = ο
Load Regulation : -(rrll : gf = aηd the sυpply aι
R) -29.1
2ο + !ιzοl
4'
: zs ν.

4.64 Vr: VroΙrrΙ,

(a) Vzτ : Vzo * r'Ιzτ
l0 : V ro + 1(O.O25) 25Υ
+ Vro = 9.325 Y

(b) The minimum zener cuΙrent of 5 mA occurs

when ,ι : 20 mΑ and ys is aι its minimum of
2αl _ 0.25)
= l5 v. see the circuit below:

t5v

)ξ_v-
:9825+7x--:-----:L
205
2O5 V, : 26519.925\ +',t(25) - 1V,
9vz = |0.326 ν
_
P-:
'\205lo.326 Χ r25
10.326)
1

_ (Vzo
: 739.4 mW
+ rzΙz)
r -15
20+5 Αltemate circuit to calcυlate yz
 chaρtel 4-24

V2x: 9.825 Υ
(b)
:1dι

,
ιz 25_ νzo -0.7 v
250+7
_ 25 - 9.82.5
205+1 _ 12ν
71.6 mΑ
O
9.825+0.0716Χ7 (c) The diode conducιs aι an angle
V
10.326
as aιΦve!
o : .in-,l9J) : ]-}4o & sιo's
\12 )

4.65
aιιτ_θ: |'76.65"
Thus ιhe conducιion angle is π 2θ
: I73.111" or 3.025 rad.
π0
ιt _ 0.7)dΦ
Uo.,,": :-.l | (t2sinΦ
' zτJ
θ

: lt- l2"o,δ _ 0_76lΙ o

2τ'
_ ltιz , 2cosΘ _ o.?(7 _ 2Θ)
using the constant voltage drop model:
2τ' |

: _4.572 Υ
vDΔ
ideal :0.7V rD:0 (d) Peak cuΓrenι in diode is:
t2 -
0-7 _ 2.5j mA
t.5 x Iol

(e) PΙν occurs when ,s is at iιs the peak and

ιo:o'
ΡΙV : l2V
(a) uo = ι, + 0.7 V, For vs = '0.7 v
0, ioι ι. = 0.7 V
 Chapter ,1-25

4.66
,r: ξ
',
: !_ο'mτ
1

t2 : O.43 T

ιo(aνe') = 1Χ area of shaded triangιe

= !"es 0.7)r(;,,,)

=Ι , l.ε, rl!
r\4) ο.οz)

ι,b ID(,' lmΑll/vΙ

o'1'A ν
i"
iD( ι mΑ)
4.6A
_ I'D(at lmA) = v.ln ideal v
υD
i2λ ο.7

υI' = υt'taΙ ι.l1 * v, tn["/{l

-'.]
L lο

= νs_ υD(al lmA)_vrln(f)

ιγhere R is in kΩ
4.67

to = l2J1 - o.1 : 16.27 ν

conduction begins aι
υr:12{7i16=6.1
,: tt '(#)
: 0.M12 rad
conduction ends at τ- θ
.'. conduction angle = π _ 2Θ : 3.06 rad
The diode conducts for

lΦ x tοο = 48_7% of ιhe cvcle

n_0
ι(
V" *" _ !- | (l2J2sinΦ _ 0.7)dΦ
' 2τJ
0

= 5.06 v
;r.*. : '?"" : 5.0,6 mA
2.5

First find rr and ,2

2.5 _ O.'7

!ι'
4
+ rl = 0.07 'Γ
 chaPteΓ 4_26

4-69
Ρeak νoltage acfoss R : Drt 2V o

Dl : l2^Γ2 l.4
J' : 15.57 V
12ν lkΩ
1 ^
J.
'. ιzν ^,D'

Cont.

6 : .;n ,-14 = 0.0826 rad

t2J2
Fraction ofcycle that Dt & D2 condυct is
n_2Θx1Νl = 4l '4Eo

Note D3 & D4 condυα in the other half cycle so that

: 94.8% conduction inte.vaΙ.
is 2(47.4)
;o _ 2rt _ Voo = 16.2'7 Υ
ther€
τ0
: ";n '-9a ^r
' ?
6 ιo^''= (lzJzsinΦ 2vD)dΦ
ιτJ |
cοnduction starts at
12J2
Θ
= 0.M12
'
τad
and ends at π _ θ- conduction
: 1t nrtcosΦ l.4Φ]; '
7τ
angle : τ _ 2Θ :
3.06 rad in each half
cycle. Thus the fraction of a cycΙe for which one
_ 2(|2{2cosΘ) _ l.4(τr 2θ)
of the t\,r'o diodes conau"t : 2(3'Φ) x tα.l : 9.44 Υ
2ιr
: 1- : 24 :
vo.arε g.44 -a
9'Ι .49ο

Noιe ιhat during 97.490 of the cycle ιhere will b€

".'ε R l
conduction. Holreνer each of the two diodes con-
4-1t
ducts for only ha|fιhe ιime, ie. for 48.770 of ιhe
cycle.
τ0 J.. -r
tt +
ν^ ".^ l l ιιzJzsinΦ _ ο.7) dΦ R
τJ t-

Itt
I a+
= Ι0.l2 V 1J

i^_-:lο'|2=l0_l2mΑ
rko
Refer to Fig 4.23.
Foτ2V9g<<V''
4.70
uo : ?V,
*"'ππ 2v oo = ?γ, _
'.o
(a) For τt, = 10 V
"'.
: 1.4 : 17.91 v
Ξ'l
u
'
D\
Tums Ratio : Ψ-Φ = g 'ιll ,o ι
t'7.91
 Chapter +27

(b) For vρ',". : 100 V

v, : 101.4 : 1s9.3 v l'r v.-
;t Ja,

iι
D4 R
Tums Raιio _ Aort :1.g65 tol
159.3 Jο +
3Y, D2
4.12
Refer to Fig. 4.23
For 2Vpn<< V,

v..", = ?v, - 2v o" : 2v t.4

(a) For ξ,n , = l0 V

rcν=?-v" l.4

'..v': 11.4|;) = l7.9ν

Tιrms ratio = !4-&' : 9.5 ,o 1

Ι7.9
(b) For yonνs = l οl0 v
lωv=2.y"_1.a

+y":tοι.4rΞ):t59v
" \2)
o,,',- _ ||1v.sinΦ - o.τ)dΦ : 15
Turns ratio = Ψ!2 : ι 'ol ,n ι
ιτJ
159
=\_o:l: ιs
4.73 assumω ys >> 0.7 v
nort !. rcsο. 24rt ! nqo
v."2= 15+0'77τ: :z-'66 Υ
Ξ turηs Ratio = 5:l
ThuS νoltage acrosδ secondafy winding
n.=24rt-ιoq"
"2 = 2vs : 49.32 ν
PlΥ = 2V 5|^^' _ Voo ιroking at Da

PΙΥ : Vs_ Vδ
: 2xΨ X 1.1 _ o.7
= vr + (vs - 0.7)
: 36.6 V :2Vs-O.1
using a factor of l.5 for safeιy we select a diode : 48.6 V
having a PIV rating of55 V Ιf οhoosing a diode, allow a safety maΙgin of
4:74
l.5ΡIV = 73v
The circuit is a full ιγaνe rectifier with centre
4-15
tapped secondary winding. The circuit can be ana-
lyzed by Ιooking aι ι$ and ιo seperately.

v.+
 chapιer 4_28

(c)(i) use eq (4.31)

ιD'""c: Ι,'(1-"ffr)
Vo.*J,, l2(Vp Voo)
-τ-ι'-"^]01ψ"-r"",
:
ff('."8)
_
DδL
: 233 mA
(1) ι],
= (v P v F4. φ.28)
(ii) ip : !$1l +
o.|(vP_ vDδ: ψ"_ voδtn "', "'."D-ω)

= 735 mΑ
:
: vp
l66:t ρ'F voo
0_lλ60\I0- NB next user /, = yΡlR
R

(ii) for vP vDο

v, : o.οl(V, ,"δ : ψ# but heΓe aΓe used iD' a"e =

(a)
\ir'hich is more accurate. 'v,
u ,.l\
zτ Fιv
η)
v
: vP_vDo_'vΓ (d) (i) iD'p"^k = l,(t +
^l
(i) vo'.,ε

= 12{2 o.7 \rtzJ1_ o.llo.ι _ t5.42(t + 2, E\

l0' \ 'i 0.1,,

= (2rt_ o.,z)(1 _
: .ι49 mΑ
Ψ)
: 15.5 V (ii) i2',""1 : trΨ(, - r"ffi;
ii) vo""_q = ι'ιz{z oιl(ι Ψ) : 1455 mΑ

= 16.19 V 4,76

(b)
(i) v, : 0.1(Vp_ v"a: !#Ρ
i) using eq (4.30) ιve have ιhe conduction angle = The facιor o[ 2 accounιs'for dischrge occurin8
.Μ=,!2v.lψo_ν-1 οnlν half of ιhe οeriοd Tn : L
2t
c = .=-l^- l, μF
(2FR)0.l 2(60) loι X 0.l
8.1..]

= Joj
: 0.447 rud
(ii)c:____ι-:-=833μF
2(ω) ι0'0.0l
.'. Fracιion ofcycle for

conduction 0'447 X 1ω (a) i1 V6 = Vt - voo I

- 1ιl
:7.1%
: (Vρ_ Vo ,r(,- Ψ)
o.'7)
ιii) ωΔ/ : 2"6.61(Ve :0.141 rad
: _ 0.t)
= 9!!1
y n0 :
( t6.2?)l I
τ)
Fracιion of cvcle
' 2ιτ
2.25'Ιo

(ii) yo = (t6.27)(l _ : lο.lo v

$)
 chapιer ,1_29

(b) 4ia
(i) Fraction ofcγcle _ 2ιυΔι , v
" 0.7
2zt 'φ
:@",*
Nιτ 120 Vrms
: :J2(ο.l) > lΦ = |4.2%
60Hz

(ii) r.ltonrocy"t" :'ΨΡ' r*

: 45%
υo'p"uι = Vr_Vp6: 16

Vp : 16"1 Υ
(c) use eq (4.34)
v.-.: ξ : rI.ε
(i)io.."s= ι'(t.ffi| J2

: τ
(Vp- v Dot;i
= E(l *" Ε.1 : D44 rιA
(b\ V. E4(4.28\
I\ 2(0.1)-/
^/
^ t6
(ii) ie',".:
Ψ('- "#) =:ro.ι ωXCX150
C:889μF
(d) use φ(4.35)

Ιiliρ - 2",___L-) - 23.ι mΑ

1,'(1 ,
' Jz1ο'I1,,
v
ιιυio = ι'(ι *z,Ξ') _ 735 mΑ
\ /o'02 ' vo-voo

4.71
-vP
1) ι, : g.71γ"_ Voox2) : v P2v
2fcR
po

discharρe occυrs onlν oνer !7 _Ι :

2 2f PΙV Vp_ vDo_v'ι2+vP
(Vp-2VDd : = vo'Δ'ε+vP
^ I
83.3 μF
: 15 + 16.7

(iil c : V
= ----!-:8]3 ιr.F 31.7
2(0.01)/R
FoΓ a 50% safety ma.gin PΙV : 1.5 x 31.7
: 41 .6 Υ
Φ) (i) Fraction ofcyc1" : 19&11go
(d)io'^ε:
',('-'ff|
(ii) Fracιion ofcycle
using /. : = *e ιaue
ξιε f;
: ]@Χ
Nπ
Iω : 4.5%
;".-= *(, ."P)
(c)i) iD'a"e :
Ψ(' *,fi) : ,'o,e : I.36 Α
(ii) i2'"". = Ε4μ + nt^!-o.oz1 = 356 mΑ (e) io,ρ""ι : ι r(ι + zo

(d)(D ?o :
Ψ(' - z"
fi) = zzz -ι rso\+z. ^,t@\
|5!ι
2t
,'',; : ι5i9(r - r",ffi): 7o4mA 2.61 A
 chapιer ,ι-30

4.79 4.80
vr= 15 :l l v, R= l50Ω
Dl

J -l
ξ= rοv
.v" ο7v cΞ Ξ R.
v
i, = 16 + 2y oo = 17.4y
t-
J+ RMs seconday volιage = .j-:j: = |2.3 v

,tilfE
'ι J2
Ι)

(a)λ,: v 16

.'.i,s: 16 +Υoo:16;Υ
RMS Voltage across secondary
_ 2x t6.7
J' v,,: 15 x I v R: l50f)
= 23.6ν

(b)η= vP
2fcR
l6
2 X ω X c X 15ο
c = 444.4 μF
note: we got ιhe same valυe for c as ιhe fu|Ι waνe
rectifieΓ as dischaΙge is over ιhe same amι of ιime
T/2 and the peak is ιhe same _ι6 V
c)

(b) Using Eq.(4.28)

.. v- 16
' )fcR 2l6οΧcXt5ο
c= 444.4 μF _ 16"Ι ν
PΙV : (Vρ _ vDo' + vP (For D|) voltage aι anode
for D3
Y of D,=0 Vω
= 2(16.7) - O.7 PIV=16_(_Vοo) :_vDυ
: 32.7 ν :16+0.7
.'. Using a 50 % maτgin
: 16.? V
ΡΙv= 1.5(32.7)= 49 v
Α|lowing a 50 7o margin = 16.7 Χ l.5
(d) Using η (4.34)
= 25ν
iρ..,r= Ι1-( I + τ ^]i nl zν 1
(d) Using 4.34

= .11(r
l50\ *. fJ-)2) i2."'r= l1-( l + τβ 11
^l2λ "tzv
= 0.734 = -jiΙ |+ n1l6/2x)\
l5ο'
(e) Using η.(4.35) = 0.734
iρ'^^'= Ιll + zn^[_vrlzv'1
(e) Using (4.35)

]Σ(l + 2. E\,2Ι ir.."*= /.( l + 21τ Jτ;-/2v Γ')

= l50\ 12
= l.36Α
 Chapter 4-31

*zoΓwz'z) . ι0 ο.9}
|ftιl T/4 Δ,
l.36Α = o.o2325T
^ι
= 0.02325 ms
4.E1

(c).'. Charge gained during condυction :

Chaηge lost duιing discharge
C i".",ξ Δr= cη
, _ Cur_
_ -i]-- lωXlo 6
------------_-_-
Xo.93
'..aνι
ο.02.]25 X l0
= 4.ο Α
aD'ιιp
io,",g=i",u,.+i".,.
R
toY η = 4.6 a M= 4.rnr
t 1ω

ι (d)r...ar= cψl
il l",nn*, nr.noοu.,ιon
I
aot
c
aι
=lΦXt0-6X40X1or
t<_T _ lms +t

iρ''",= i6 .,* * iη.,,

During the diode's ofiintervaΙ, the capacιor dia-
chaΙges throυgh the resisιor R according ιo : =4+υo.^u'/ΙΦ
e-"Rc _ T/cR) = 4+9.3/lα)
v"= 9.3 = 9.3(ι
j.η= _ 9.3(l _ T/cR) = 4.O9 A.
9.3
Note that in this case iD-! : iD-. during to the lin-
- 9.3Τ ear input (ι is constant and iι is approximately
CR constant).
o1
= -jj1
fcR
ΝB ιhi( ic F,ο{4'l8l
4-42
= ο.g3v Refer to Fig P 4.73 aηd let capacitor c be con-
nected across each of the load r€sistors R. The tlvo
υn'^""=Vo_Voo lΙ2ιη supplies, η* and τlg are identical. Each is a full_

= 93 ! ο.q; ιγave r€ctifier similar to ιhat baδed on the center-

2 tapp€d-transformer circuit for each suρpιy' ιhe dc
= 8.84 V outpuι is 15 v and the ripple is l v peak{o-peak.
Thus τ6: 15 :t l/2 V Ιt folloιrys that the peak
(b) νalue of ζmusι be l5.5 + ο.7 _ l6.2V

l0.v .'. Voltage across secofiary =2(16.2)

9.3 . = 32.4 Υ
9.3
:
-
8.4
v, RMs across secondafν
'rt=
32Δ= 22'9γ ,-"

Tιrms Ratio = Ψ= s'zι,ι

22.9
Use η.(4.35) to find
ia.^^'= Ι/| + 2τ]vJff')
= ο.2(1 + zτ tz'
"Γss
= 3.7O A
 chapιeΙ 4_32

v- 4.U
' 2fcR ,Ι > 0 D| coΠducts D2 cutoff
η (4.28) vr<oD|cuιoff
1
DISCHARCE OCCURS OVER 7,' 2=
2f D.conducts
' - k=
ltl
-l
^ 15.5
2 x60x75
where 20o mΑ = ]l
R

R= .!Ξ= 75 Ω
0.2 vt
C= 1722 μF a)υι: |v
Consider rJ when looking at PIV
ι6:oV
υA: _o''ιv
Κeeps D, off so no current flows through R

virtυaι gnd as fdbk is closed ιhrough D,

ΡΙv oνer Dl
(b) τ' : 2y
υ6:0V

PΙv= iη1 + J, υ = 0V
= 15.5 + 16.2= 3ι.7 v. (c) υι : lv
Allowing for 50 % safety margin
ΡΙV= x v
1.5 31.7= 4'1'6
υ1 : 1.7Υ
use Eq(4.34) to find

ip''""= Ι γ(| + τL_v"lzν11

ι = oV
- vinuai gnd as negaιive feedback is closed
= o'2(l + τΓl5'5/2') throυgh R.
= 1.95 A (d) ιι: _2ν+υo: 2ν
4-83 ι1 : 2.7 Υ
υ"=υι(l+R/R) v :0V
= 2η when ιhe diode is conducting
(a) z,:11 γ υcι=2Υ υq: l.7Vι : η:lV
4.85

(b) v,=2 γ νo:4Υv^:4.'lΥ ι :2Υ

a.

(c) rl: tv τ,. = ' l2v - diode is cυι off +2ν

uo=0V
ι=oV
(d) υ': 2y ιι:_l2Υ vo:ov U :ov

l0v lkΩ
5V
Diode staΙts condυcting when v, :2.5 V
Diode conducιs fully ιvhen η :2.7 v
5V

ιlρ."', : 5 V
 Chapter 4-33

b. Diode δtarts conducting ιγhen ,, : _ 1.5 v and

conducts fully Ψheη ,, : _ 1.3 v
+2ν
voΝ'

lkΩ

Diode stops condυcιing when U, : l.5 v and after

ιhΔι νι : υn

v"N) d.

2.7
tkΩ
2.5

_2ν

Diode conducts for vΙ < _2.7 Diode stops con-

ylσ) ducting for q> -2.5 V

V, (V)

v'(Υ) Vr (V)
2.7
2.5

t.5

ylσ)
4.U
For 2.5.< η < 2.5 both D, andη are off arΙd

tkΩ For υ' > 2.5 v

'
the diοde D| is oN aηd it satu_
rates for ,Ι > 2.7 v at a νalue of 2.7 V The satυ_

mιionaι ι,,'2_ 2ι + !ΚΧ 1 m= 3.2 V

-2ν
 chapter ,ι_-34

+2ν

D|oFF D| & 12 DΙ oN
D2ON OFF D2OFF

4-88

lkΩ

-2ν

y" ιv)

Each diode has 0.7 v drop \Ι/hen conducιing

The zener has 8.2 v drop \νhen conducting. so
the limiteι ιhreshoιds are

4.E7 !(2 x O.'l + 8.2) :x9.6 V

+2ν

v, (v)

**n

4-89

I kfl

Diodes have 0.7 V drop at l mΑ currenι

.. For diode D,
i^ ι|o-ι\1\/ντ
lmA
- ι|^U - |l'7't ν-
io: t\ |ο '"
 Chapter 4-35

ιo=o..1 +r.'(#)
10 KΩ
iDΧ t kΩ
Using ιhese equations calculate ?, for ιhe different
νaIues of τr., FoιD2υ,: ,o_iDx l kο

υ" (|η ι' (η

ο.5 y 0.s003
,,"r 1 ο.6 o.62

o.7 1.7 t0 KΩ
I

0.8 55.4

0 ο
*0.5 _ο.50ο3

-0.6 -o.62
D2 on
-o.7 1.7

-0.8 - 55.4

ι/" (v)

Ιn the lirniting region

,o: lΦ0 -n.r'
,/ 10οο + R
R Ξ 52.6 d'

vι(v)

lt is a hard limiter wιh a gain K : 1 and L, : 0.7 V,

L: 0.7V
4.92
4.η
a.

10 KΩ va

ο.l mA diode
 Chapter 4-36

Diodes exhibit 0.7 V drop at 0.1 mA . . y" the

o.7 o.t 1.4 1.9
voltage drop across a diode when conducting is
o.73 o.332 1.46 3.t2
Y-ln( iD
v^ = o? +
" ' \o.l mA/l rna
o.74 o.495 - 1.48 -3.955
o''])/vτ
io : O.1 x e(v in mA For Vo > 0
0.75 0.718 - t.5 -5.19
D, and D, arc oFF and Ι, = ο

: v'
I
'
1, = r K()
Vo: Vg* 5/, ιisι ofρoints for yΑ > 0

/ (mΑ) Vι= V, ye(ν)

V οι'Vou η(v)
(v) +vD3+
Voι
0.4 -o ο ο.8 ο.8
V,η (V)
0.5 o-0οoο3 -0 t.0 l.o
0.6 o.(n2 0.ω2 t.202 t.212

o.1 ο.l ο-l l.4l l.9l

0.73 o.332 0.332 '!.792 3.452

0.715 ο.4ο6 ο.406 1.876 3.91

o.14 0.495 0.495 1.975 4.45

o.7 45 ο.6ο5 ο.605 2.O95 5.12

3kΩ
v, (v)

-2

4
_2ν

-5 For Currents ir, > I mA

υoι = o"Ι Υ
: 0.71 v, sο that v1 > 5.7 V
l'βl. νD|
List of points for η< 0
υ6:1.1l+lKxiDi
Ι' v"(\η v^ l'7t.
= l-?l + 1
(v) (mA) "ι'_ 4

o.4 -o 0.8 _ο_8 ι^=!+l.2a25

0.5 -ο l.Ο - t.o
slooed'o
' =.1
0.6 o.(n2 t.2 - 1 .2t dιιι 4
 Chapter 4-37

Table l for υ1 > 5.? V

}Ιere 1, : 6.91 X 10 16Α

ι1(V) ι"(η - loz (5)

5.8 2,1325 ιρ_3kΩΧio'

Table 3
6 2.1825
7 1.0325
Ye(v) ,odΑ) iρ2(A) ιoz(Υ) v,(v) η(v)
8 3.2825
_2.ω1 7.2xt0- t6 l0-6 o.527 2,524 -2.531
9 3.5325
-2.O1 lo-1s 1ο'5 0.585 2.595 -2.625
10 3;1825
-2.10 3.8x l0-r4 tο-4 o.642 -2.7U -1.O24
Points for _ l0 = ιrΙ = 6 are caιculated as shown
in tables 2 and 3 -2.2 2-l x10 12
o.2x lo 3 0.659 -2.459 3.459
Diodes exhibiι a 0.7 v drop at a cυπent of l mA
- 2.5 33.5X l ο_8 0.5Χ lo_3 0.682 -3.r28 -4.624
-2.6 l8X tο_6 0.6x 1ο_3 0.687 -1.247 -5.087
ι" = |o _ tX Io-] :6.9l X lο |6Α
-2.7 l.7X lο-3 0.713 -3.413 -8.5 r6 c
' vn/vr o,7 /0.025 l x 1ο-3

Table 2 2.7 | 1.5x 1o-3 2.2x tO-3 o.720 -3.43 -to

Foι z, > 0 diode D2 not conducting
'
, so iD2 = 0

ior(A) u,(v) v1(V)=4K

'or(V) A- For small ip2,D3 is OFF, D2 is ON, i2 flows
id l + τη",

1ο- 10 o.291 1.297 -1.291

through 1 kΩ resistor
B_ D3 starts conducting when ther€ is 0.5 v drop
ιo-6 o.521 1.524 I _5313 across D3

ο.584 1.595 t.625 C- V6 = 2.7 V , the 0.7 v across D3 clamps the

Ιο_5
volta8e across R3 and D3 controls ιhe cuΠent iD2
I O-4 o.642 1 .'7 42 2.M2
2.7 5.'Ι vo{9
lo-3 o.'l
4
o-2xto 2 o.717 2.7 t7 8,717
3

o-5Χ 1o-2 o.74 s.14 20.14 2 ιΙcrc Dι λ!s almsι consιa'ι

νoltlg€ dfup ard i|' i:
I

,,, : v.|"(ξ) ΙΙσ€ voιn8e _ _ 3-4 Y '_? 4 6 810

YrN)

Υo:νoι+lKXrDl -2
-3
ιl,:3Κio'+vD|+1Κ.iD|
-4
=4Κ.ioι*,ιoι
4.94
caΙculation for ,,, ,, etc. \Ρhen D, and D] are con-
dυcιing. Αlso ,, < 2.5y
FoΓ table 3, use ιhe following
ν : vΛ+2 (1)
φuaιions
η \-/Λ "_ΞF-Γ--
ior: ι,
"''o''u'
(2) lοv.-. +
ιD2 : ιD!+. vA+2
l kσ
.^.
ιJ, ιo^/Σν' o-ι +

"',: v'h(T) φ) Ανerage (dc) νalue of output = 1O'Γ2

= 14.14 V
 Chapter 4-38

4,95
:
(a) lool lvrl " "c"''
+1ον aι lhe end of T, t: T' υo=v,1
\rhere

v; = 1vr1
" ''""''
: ιu,ιt'' r"l
(b) = lv'(t - fi7)
+20ν Noιγ
Vtt + lV 21 : 20-Vt + |V1|_αv'-20(l)
0v and

(c) ]v]| + v, : 2oΞv|+ |v2|_ 2α|v7| = 20

(2)

from (l ) & (2) we find that

Vt:2Vt
(d) -ΠΙ_," Then usiηg (1) aηd noglecting α yι yieΙds
3|v2ι: 20Ξ|vr|: 6'67 Υ
Yr : 13.33 v

-ΓLΓ_.'
The result is:

+ 13.33 V
(e)

+10v

(c)
l0v
+18V
(f) Here there are ιwo differenι time constaηts
inνolνed. To calculat€ ιhe output leνels Ψe shalΙ 2ν
ageΓate the discharge and charge waνe forms.

During7l, τ;o : Vι e'τlRc (h) Using a meιhοd similar ιo that employed for
case (f) above we obtain
A t=Tι:T=ιa:v|
+13.33 V

_6'67 ν

<-T1*'Ι'2'

Where for f<< CR

yl = y,(l - T/cR) : V'(l - α)
\νhere α << 1
During the period T: