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San Ignacio de Loyola University Alex Sanchez, PH.D., P.E
San Ignacio de Loyola University Alex Sanchez, PH.D., P.E
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5/11/2017
Three Views Presented in Contract Documents to Show
Earthwork Construction Features
1. Plan View
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Three Views Presented in Contract Documents to Show
Earthwork Construction Features
2. Profile View
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
3. Cross Section
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Earthwork Volume Calculations
Cross Sectional Methods
Trench Excavations
Average End Method
Plan Area Methods
Four Corner Method
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Trench Excavations
Volume = Cross Sectional Area x Length of Trench
EXAMPLE: Find the volume (bank measure) of
excavation required for a trench 0.92m (3 ft) wide, 1.8m
(6 ft) deep, and 152m (500 ft) long. Assume that the
trench sides will be approximately vertical
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Average End Method
L A1 A 2
Volume, CF
VF 2
A1 , A 2 Area of Two Adjacent Sections
L Length between A1 & A 2
A2
A1 L
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Mass Diagrams
Shows two curves:
A continuous curve representing
the profile of the existing grade.
A continuous curve representing
the accumulated volume of
earthwork plotted against the
linear profile of the roadway.
Tells Us:
Quantities of Materials to cut and
fill
Average Haul Distances
Types of Equipment that should
be considered
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Mass Diagrams - Definitions
Cut – volume of excavation for a given cut
Fill – volume of material to be added to an existing
terrain for a given fill
Waste – volume of material that is required to be
hauled off site
Borrow – volume of material that is required to be
brought on site.
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Mass Diagram
Cut
Borrow
Fill
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Mass Diagrams
Cut
Fill
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Mass Diagrams
A peak on the curve represents a point where the
earthwork changes from cut to fill.
A valley (low point) on the curve represents a point
where the earthwork changes from fill to cut.
When a horizontal line intersects the curve at two or
more points, the accumulated volumes at these points
are equal.
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Mass Diagrams
Turning Points
Balanced
Points
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Mass Haul Diagram
The mass haul diagram can be used to determine:
Proper distribution of excavated material
Amount and location of waste
Amount and location of borrow
Amount of overhaul in kilometer-cubic meters
Direction of haul.
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Relationship of Profile Grade and Haul to
Mass Haul Diagram
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5/11/2017 Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
Mass Haul Diagram - Considerations
The project should be broken down to sections not to exceed 5
km in length. This allows the designer to work with smaller
sections, solving the individual problems of each section
involving drainage, grades, erosion control, and earthwork
distribution.
Free haul is defined as the maximum distance through which
excavated material may be transported without added cost above
the unit bid price.
Prior to the use of high-speed pneumatic-tired earth moving
equipment, free haul distances were limited to approx. 1000
meters, but distances of up to 2000 meters are not uncommon
now.
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Mass Haul Diagram - Considerations
Special conditions on a project may require longer hauls, where
restrictions do not allow excavation or borrow in the immediate
area.
Some contracts do not provide for separate payment for haul
and/or overhaul.
Haul and overhaul figures shall be made available to prospective
bidders to assist them in determining their excavation bid price.
A note on the mass haul diagram, in the plans, or in the
specifications shall state that the contractor may be required to
haul material a specified distance, or within balance points
shown on the plans, without additional compensation.
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5/11/2017 Dr. Alex M. Sanchez
The Economical Limit of Haul
The economical limit of haul is defined as the distance through
which it is more economical to haul excavated material than to waste
and borrow. The following formula is presented as a guide to assist
the designer in determining the economic limit of haul:
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Balancing Earthwork Using the Mass Haul
Diagram
Next figures show three situations where the
balance line can be at the top, bottom or at
the center of the mass curve.
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Balancing Earthwork Using the Mass Haul
Diagram – CASE 1
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Balancing Earthwork Using the Mass Haul
Diagram – CASE 2
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Balancing Earthwork Using the Mass Haul
Diagram – CASE 3
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Balancing Earthwork Using the Mass Haul
Diagram - Observations
Case 3 where the balance line is located at the center of the
mass curve is not necessarily the ideal situation in all cases.
The profile grade should be studied along with the mass
haul diagram to determine where it will be more
economical to haul towards back stations (Case 1), towards
forward stations (Case 2), or to haul equally towards back
and forward stations (Case 3).
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Balancing Earthwork Using Borrow and
Waste Determined from the MHD
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Mass Diagrams
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Dr. Alex M. Sanchez