CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1. Purpose
‘This manual is designed as a guide for
military personnel engaged in the selection
and operation of pits and quarries.
2. Scope
@, This manual outlines methods and pro-
cedures used in exploration for an operation
of pits and quarries.
b. It provides information on equipment
required to operate pits and to supply crush-
ed stone; however, it does not cover opera
tion of this equipment.
c¢. The information contained herein is ap-
plicable to both nuclear and nonnuclear war-
fare.
3. References
‘The reader should have a knowledge of en-
gineer intelligence, engineer geology, control
of soils in military construction, explosives
and demolitions, and the utilization, capa-
bilities, and limitations of engineer equip-
ment. Appendix A lists appropriate texts.
4. Definitions ond Classifications
@. Definitions. Pits and quarries are sites
where select materials and aggregates suit-
able for construction may be obtained in
quantity.
(1) Pits are sites from which materials
can be removed, generally without
blasting.
(2) Quarries are sites where open ex-
cavations are made for the purpose
of removing rock which is suitable
in quality and quantity for construc-
tion, usually by drilling, cutting, or
blasting.
(3) Overburden is that waste material
which often overlies pits and quar-
Ties and which must be removed
prior to excavation of the construc-
tion materials below. The term is
commonly applied only to loose ma-
terials, but locally it may include
solid rock lying above some desired
material.
(4) Burden is the construction material
‘on the face of a quarry. Depth of
burden may be considered as the
distance from a charge measured
Perpendicular to the nearest free
face and in the direction in which
displacement will most likely occur
upon charge detonation
0. Classifications. Pits and quarries are
classified according to the type of material
contained in them and the methods of ob-
taining the materials as outlined in table 1.
Table 1. Classification of Pits and Quarries
Tope Materat Primary se condition
PIT:
Borrow Gelect soll other Embankment and Dry... - Earth moving equip-
than gravel and ——subgrades. ment, dozer, power
sand. shovel, rooter,
front loader, or
dragline.
Gravel:
(Bank-hill) Gravelandsand —_—Base courses, Power shovel, front
with clay. Surfacing, and loader or hand.
fillsTable 1. Classification of Pits and Quarries — Continued
(alluvial) Clean gravel
and sand.
Aggregate for
concrete and
bituminous
mixes.
Wet ior dry)
Miscellaneous Mine spoll, slag, Surfacing and
(dumps) cinders, ete aggregates
Quarry:
Hard rock’ Aggregate Base courses, Dry.
surfacing, and
aggregate for
conerete and
bituminous
mixes,
Medium rock? Aggregate Base courses,
surfacing
Soft rock" Cementaceous Base courses
material and surfacing
on roads and
airfields,
‘Hrd rook — ernie tra, cht, ent, te
!Medtum rock — some limewtane,
‘oft rock — soft coral, tuft ea
me limestone. seme sandstone, laterltr, ete.
Earth moving equip-
ment, dragline,
power shovel,
clamshell, or
hand.
Power shovel, front
loader or hand.
Drilling tools, blast-
ing, power shovel,
crushing, screen-
ing (and washing)
plant.
Drilling tools,
blasting, power
shovel and
crushing, screen-
ing (and washing)
plant.
Rooter, power
shovel, front
loader, earth
moving
equipment.
5. Suggestions and Recommendations
Users of this manual are encouraged to
submit recommended changes or comments
to improve the manual. Comments should
be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and
line of the text. Reasons should be given for
each comment to insure complete understand-
ing and permit evaluation. Comments should
be forwarded directly to Commandant, US.
Army Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Va.
22060.
(BS 1016-106.4.1-1993) - Methods For Analysis and Testing of Coal and Coke. Ultimate Analysis of Coal and Coke. Determination of Total Sulfur Content. Eschka Method PDF