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Week 8 Lecture Material
Week 8 Lecture Material
Part IV
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad Hoc Ad
andHoc
Sensor
and Sensor
Networks
Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur
Why Localization?
Tagging of sensor data with
location
Applications: Localized
Node
Target tracking
Unlocalized
Environmental monitoring Node
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 2
Challenges
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 3
Desirable Properties
High accuracy
Fast convergence
Wide coverage
Scalability
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 4
Challenges & Desirable Properties
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 5
Classification
Localization Techniques
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 6
Range Based Schemes
Range Measurement
With the help of reference node
RSSI
TDoA [Che08]
ToA
Without reference node
Euclidean distance
propagation technique
[Nic01]
Location Estimation
Lateration
Calibration : refinement of measurement Fig.: TDoA between two stations
Reference: [Che08] X. Cheng , H. Shu, Q. Lia ng , D. Du, “Silent Positioning in Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks”, IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp.
1756 – 1766, 2008.
[Nic01] D. Niculescu & B. Nath, “Ad hoc Positioning System”, Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM, pp. 2926–2931, Nov. 2001.
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 7
Range Free Schemes
Problem in range based schemes:
Cost of hardware required by range-based solutions may be inappropriate
for the underwater networks.
Solution : Range free schemes
Anchor nodes transmit messages containing location information & hop-
count to more than one hop neighbor. [Bul00] [Nil03]
Anchor node sends beacon signals of different power levels and the
location area of the node is estimated from the reply of the nodes.
[Cha06]
Limitation in the range free schemes:
Provides a coarse estimation of the location of the node.
Reference: [Bul00] N. Bulusu, J. Heidemann and D. Estrin, “GPS-less Low Cost Outdoor Localization for Very Small Devices”, IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, Vol. 7,
No. 5, October 2000.
[Nil03] D. Niculescu and B. Nath, “DV Based Positioning in Ad hoc Networks”, Journal of Telecommunication Systems, 2003.
[Cha06] V. Chandrasekhar and W. K.G. Seah, “Area Localization Scheme for Underwater Sensor Networks”, IEEE OCEANS Asia Pacific Conference, May 16-19, 2006.
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 8
Stationary Anchor-based Schemes
Stationary Anchor-
based
HYP UPS
Reference: H.-P. Tan, R. Diamant, W. K. G. Seah, and M. Waldmeyer, “A survey of techniques and challenges in underwater localization,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 38,
no. 14, pp. 1663-1676, 2011
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 9
Mobile Anchor-based Schemes
Mobile Anchor-
based
AUV-
UDB LoMoB DNRL HASL PL MSAL
aided
3D- LSL-
MALS DET
LDB
Reference: H.-P. Tan, R. Diamant, W. K. G. Seah, and M. Waldmeyer, “A survey of techniques and challenges in underwater localization,” Ocean Engineering, vol. 38,
no. 14, pp. 1663-1676, 2011
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 10
Mobility
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 11
Meandering Current Mobility Model
Meandering Current Mobility Model (MCM)
The acoustic sensor nodes are free floating sensor nodes with networking
capability
The nodes move by the effect of meandering sub-surface currents and
vortices
The nodes are initially deployed in a small subarea where they are released
Thereafter the nodes move according to the mobility model
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 12
MCM cont.
Meandering Current Mobility Model (MCM) (contd.)
In a mobile network connectivity and coverage vary when nodes move
Under MCM model, dynamic coverage and connectivity are the functions of
time
The oceans are stratified and rotating fluid
Vertical movements are almost everywhere
Vertical movements are negligible with respect to horizontal ones
The sensor nodes move on horizontal surfaces and vertical displacements
are neglected just like the models in fluid dynamics
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 13
MCM cont.
Meandering Current Mobility Model (MCM) (contd.)
Any incompressible two dimensional flow is described by a stream function
ψ
y − B (t ) sin( k ( x − ct ))
ψ ( x, y, t ) = − tanh
1 + 2 2 (t ) 2
−
k B cos ( k ( x ct ))
Where B (t ) = A + ε cos(ωt )
K: Number of meanders in unit length
c: Phase speed
B: Modulates the width of the meanders
A: Determines the meander width
ε: Amplitude of modulation
ω: Frequency
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 14
MCM cont.
Meandering Current Mobility Model (MCM) (contd.)
Two components of the velocity of meandering current (u, v) is given by:
∂ψ ∂ψ
u=− ;v =
∂y ∂x
u is the zonal (eastward) component of the velocity field and v is the
meridional (northward) component of the velocity field
These two velocity components provide the trajectory of the sensor nodes
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 15
Oceanic Forces Mobility Model
Oceanic Forces and Their Impact on the Performance of Mobile
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
This scheme, oceanic forces mobility model (OFMM), incorporates
Important realistic oceanic forces imparted on the sensor nodes
3-D movement of the nodes
Major oceanic forces
Gravity
Responsible for producing gravitational force
The pressure gradient force (PGF) is the result of varying weight of water in different
region of the ocean
Friction
Arises when a body moves past another body in contact
The force produced is called frictional force
Rotation of earth
Leads to centrifugal force and coriolis force (CF)
Reference: A. K. Mandal, S. Misra, T. Ojha, M. K. Dash, M. S. Obaidat, “Oceanic forces and their impact on the performance of mobile underwater acoustic sensor
networks,” Intl J. of Comm. Sys., Wiley, 2014 [DOI: 10.1002/dac.2882].
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 16
OFMM cont.
Oceanic Forces and Their Impact on the Performance of Mobile
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (contd.)
PGF ( F ) p
F c
= −2(ω× V )
→
: : Velocity of body movement of a sensor node
V→
ω: Angular velocity of the Earth
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 17
OFMM cont.
Oceanic Forces and Their Impact on the Performance of Mobile
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (contd.)
Gravitational
→
force ( F ) g
→
→
Fg = −g
g: Gravitational acceleration
Frictional force ( F r )
→ →
=ν ∇ V
2
F
ν : coefficient of dynamic viscosity
r
→
V : Velocity of body movement of a sensor node
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 18
OFMM cont.
Oceanic Forces and Their Impact on the Performance of Mobile
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (contd.)
Oceanic forces mobility model (OFMM)
Using Navier–Stoke’s equation [Pond and Pickard, 1978], we get the x-
component, y-component, and z-component velocities
Navier–Stoke’s equation
dV 1 → → → → →
= ∇ p − 2(ω× V ) − g +ν ∇ V
2
dt ρ
x-component velocity 1
v =
x
νt
y-component velocity 1
v =
y
νt
Z-component velocity
v z
= 2.35 × exp(− gνz )
Reference: S. Pond and G. L. Pickard, Introductory Dynamical Oceanography (2nd edn), Butterworth-Heinemann: Oxford (UK), 1978.
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 19
End of Module IV
Thank You!
NPTEL Course-Wireless
Wireless Ad HocAd
andHoc and Networks
Sensor Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 20
Security of Wireless Sensor
Networks - Part I
.
Wireless Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 18
Hello Flood Attack
Attacker employs a high power
transmitter which sends ‘hello’
packets constantly.
The nodes which receives these
‘hello’ packets, assume that the
received packets come from
neighboring node.
The nodes start communicating
with the attacker.
Attacker gains control over the
network
Hello flood attack
unstructured manner
One solution is key
registration system
Sybil attack. A single malicious node
behaves like multiple nodes.
Thank You!
Acknowledgement Spoofing
Intermittent jamming
Sensor network is not jammed continuously.
For a specific duration of time, message is transmitted and then blocked.
Deceptive jamming
Jammer continuously sends packets without any gap between two packets
It makes normal communicator fool to believe that the packets are coming from
authenticated user
Reactive jammer
When channel is not active, jammer remains silent.
When the traffic becomes active, immediately it starts sending signal.
Thank You!
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur
What is Wireless Sensor Node ?
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 2
Characteristics and Requirements
Some characteristics and requirements of a sensor node
Energy-efficiency
Low-cost
Distributed sensing
Operate in high volumetric densities
Be autonomous and operate unattended
Be adaptive to the environment
Wireless connectivity
Multi-hop
Distributed processing
M. A. M. Vieira, C. N. Coelho, D. C. da Silva, and J. M. da Mata, "Survey on wireless sensor network devices," Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2003.
Proceedings. ETFA '03. 2003, pp. 537-544
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 3
Design Challenges
There are several challenges in the design of wireless sensor node
Flexibility and redundancy
Scalable and adaptable structure design
Reliability
Energy-efficiency
Low-cost
Size
Source: M. S. Obaidat and S. Misra, “Inside a wireless sensor node: structure and operations,” in Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Ppess, 2014, ch. 2, sec. 2.2, pp. 17–18.]
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 4
Wireless Sensor Node: The Architecture
LCD Sensors
(optional) (1…N)
GPS
Power Supply
(optional)
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 5
Functional components of Sensor Node
MCU
DC-DC
Radio Sensor
ADC
Memory
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 6
Controller
Controller performs different tasks, process data, and control the
functionality of other parameters in the sensor node.
Source: M. A. M. Vieira, C. N. Coelho, D. C. da Silva, and J. M. da Mata, "Survey on wireless sensor network devices," Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation,
2003. Proceedings. ETFA '03. IEEE Conference, 2003, pp. 537-544 vol.1.]
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 7
Controller (Contd.)
Microcontroller
General purpose processor for information processing and
control
Optimized for embedded applications
Uses clock cycles efficiently
Low power consumption
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 8
Controller (Contd.)
FPGA
Reconfigurable
High processing capability
Does not have a fixed hardware structure
Parallel processing is one of the most important features
May be good for testing
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 9
Controller (Contd.)
DSP
Optimized for signal processing tasks
Easy to reconfigure
Easy to store data
Consumes more energy compared to microcontroller
Not suitable for wireless sensing application
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 10
Controller (Contd.)
ASIC
High performance for specific applications
Non-standard integrated circuits constructed for one specific
purpose application only
Overall design can be made into one integrated circuit
Reduced number of additional circuits
Not flexible
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 11
Memory Device
A wireless sensor node should have sufficient memory space to
perform the needed tasks.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 12
Communication Module
Communication module receives the transmitted data from
neighbor nodes and transmits to the sensed data to neighbor
nodes
Source Channel
Source Modulator
Coder Code
Channel
Source Channel
Destination Demodulator
Decoder Decoder
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 13
Communication Module (Contd.)
Medium options
Radio frequency
Optical communication (laser)
Infrared
Ultrasound
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 14
Communication Module (Contd.)
Radio frequency
Based on electromagnetic waves
Ease of use and integrality with other devices
Communication range is long
It has different penetration through the walls of the buildings or
houses based on the frequency.
Used in various medical applications.
Antenna size at least λ/4
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 15
Communication Module (Contd.)
Optical communication (laser)
Line of sight communication
Spend less energy than radio
Security since there is no broadcast and if a channel is
intercepted it would interrupt the signal
No need for antenna
Sensible to atmospheric conditions
Source: M. A. M. Vieira, C. N. Coelho, D. C. da Silva, and J. M. da Mata, "Survey on wireless sensor network devices," Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation,
2003. Proceedings. ETFA '03. IEEE Conference, 2003, pp. 537-544 vol.1.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 16
Communication Module (Contd.)
Infrared
Communication is usually directional
It travels only in straight lines
No need for antenna
Communication range is very short less than 1 meter.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 17
Communication Module (Contd.)
Ultrasound
Communication is usually directional
Pretty resilient to multi-path propagation
Very good ranging capabilities
Good wall penetration
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 18
Transceiver Characteristics
Transceiver has different unique characteristics
Service to upper layer: packet, byte, bit
Power consumption
Supported frequency, multiple channels
Data rate
Modulation
Power control
Communication range
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 19
Transceiver States
Transceivers can be put into different operational states, typically:
Transmit: Ready to transmit
data to neighbor nodes
Receive: Ready to receive
Transmit Idle Receive
data from neighbor node
Idle: Ready to receive, but
not doing so
Sleep
Sleep: The transceiver is
switched off condition
Fig. 4 : Transceiver states
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 20
Example: Communication Module
ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4)
Indoor/Urban: up to 100 (30 m)
Outdoor line-of-sight: up to 300 (90 m)
Low power and data rate
Low Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11) Fig. 5: ZigBee
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 21
Sensors
Main categories
Passive, omnidirectional
Examples: light, thermometer, microphones, and hygrometer.
Passive, narrow-beam
Example: Camera
Active sensors
Example: Radar Fig. 8: Temperature Sensor
Important parameter: Area of coverage
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 22
Wireless Sensor Operating Systems
Need for Embedded Operating System (EOS) in WSNs
Managing the resources
Providing an interface to user applications
Protected operation modes of the CPU
Process with separate address spaces
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 23
Wireless Sensor Operating Systems (Contd.)
EOS challenges
Small memory footprint
Efficient in power and computation
Lack hardware parallelism
Real-time
Robust
Diversity in applications and design
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 24
Wireless Sensor Operating Systems (Contd.)
Existing embedded OSs are based on
Event-Driven Model
Very simple mechanism and more popular in networking field
Consists of one or more event handlers
The handlers wait for an event to occur
Example: TinyOS and SOS
Thread-Driven Model
Process based
Processes run preemptively on the CPU in a seemingly parallel manner
Each process is given amount of CPU time
Example: Mantis OS and RETOS
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 25
Wireless Sensor Operating Systems (Contd.)
Event-Driven Model
Advantages
Concurrency with low resources
Complements the way networking protocols work
Inexpensive scheduling technique
Highly portable
Disadvantages
Event-loop is in control
Program needs to be chopped to subprograms
Bounded buffer producer-consumer problem
Source: M. Moubarak and M. K. Watfa,”Embedded Operating Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Guide to Wireless Sensor Networks, S. Misra, I. Woungang, and S. C. Misr
Eds.,Springer International press, 2009, pp. 324-327.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 26
Wireless Sensor Operating Systems (Contd.)
Thread-Driven Model
Advantages
Eliminates bounded buffer problem
Programmer in control of program
Automatic scheduling
Simulates parallel execution
Disadvantages
Complex shared memory
Expensive context switches
Complex stack analyses
High portable due to stack manipulation
Source: M. Moubarak and M. K. Watfa,”Embedded Operating Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks,” in Guide to Wireless Sensor Networks, S. Misra, I. Woungang, and S. C.
Misra, Eds.,Springer International press, 2009, pp. 324-327.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 27
Energy Supply
Recharging may or may not be an option
Low-cost
High-volume
Light weight
Less recharging-time
Long lasting
Two types of batteries
Primary batteries – not rechargeable
Secondary batteries – rechargeable, only makes sense in
combination with some form of energy harvesting
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 28
Energy Supply (Contd.)
Basic requirements of energy supply
Low self-discharge
Long shelf life
Capacity under load
Efficient recharging at low current
Good relaxation properties (seeming self-recharging)
Voltage stability (to avoid DC-DC conversion)
Wireless Ad-Hoc
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Hardware Platforms
System-on-chip (SoC) sensor nodes
Contains BWRC PicNode and Smart Dust, which are mainly
based on MEMS, CMOS, and RF technologies
Augmented general-purpose personal computers (PCs)
There are a variety of low-power embedded PCs and personal
digital assistants (PDAs), which usually execute off-the-shelf
commercial operating systems such as Win CE, Linux, or real-
time operating systems, and employ standard wireless schemes
such as ZiggBee (IEEE 802.15.4), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11), and
Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1)
Dedicated sensor nodes
Contains the MIT uAMP and Berkeley moto family
Source: M. S. Obaidat and S. Misra, “Inside a wireless sensor node: structure and operations,” in Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Ppess, 2014, ch. 2, sec. 2.8, pp. 26–27.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 30
Example of Sensor Node
System-on-chip (SoC) sensor nodes
Contains BWRC PicNode and Smart Dust, which are mainly
based on MEMS, CMOS, and RF technologies
Augmented general-purpose personal computers (PCs)
There are a variety of low-power embedded PCs and personal
digital assistants (PDAs), which usually execute off-the-shelf
commercial operating systems such as Win CE, Linux, or real-
time operating systems, and employ standard wireless schemes
such as ZiggBee, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth
Dedicated sensor nodes
Contains the MIT uAMP and Berkeley moto family
Source: M. S. Obaidat and S. Misra, “Inside a wireless sensor node: structure and operations,” in Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Ppess, 2014, ch. 2, sec. 2.8, pp. 26–27.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
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SWAN Sensor Node
Smart Wireless Applications & Networking (SWAN) designed in-
house a low-cost, energy-efficiency, and flexible wireless sensor
node
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 32
Specifications of SWAN sensor node
Specifications of SWAN sensor node
Processor : ATMEGA 324
Clock frequency up to 20 MHz
Power consumption:
Active mode: 60mA@5 Volts (Maximum including wireless
module ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4))
Sleep mode: 100uA@5 Volts
10 bits 8 channels ADC
Two USART
USB connectivity
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 33
Specifications of SWAN sensor node (Contd.)
Other specifications of SWAN sensor node
Programming port
I2C bus
SPI bus
32 pins for General purpose Input and Output
Power On/Off switch
Charging Switch
On board Power backup (Rechargeable battery)
16x2 alpha numerical display LCD
Wireless Module Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4)
Extra output 5 volt, 3.3 volt, GND Pins
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 34
Features of SWAN sensor node
Features of SWAN sensor node
More flexibility of each peripheral (such as LCD can be added or
removed easily, as per requirements)
User can change wireless module as per specific requirements
Any time, user can attach or detach any kind of sensor, actuator
with or from the node
As the node is programmable, user can use the node in different
applications changing the firmware of the node
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Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 35
Energy Consumption
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 36
References
T. Ojha, S. Misra, and N. S. Raghuwanshi, “Wireless sensor networks for agriculture: The state-of-
the-art in practice and future challenges," Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, vol. 118, pp.
66-84.
M. A. M. Vieira, C. N. Coelho, D. C. da Silva, and J. M. da Mata, "Survey on wireless sensor
network devices," Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2003. Proceedings. ETFA '03.
IEEE Conference, 2003, pp. 537-544 vol.1.
M. S. Obaidat and S. Misra, “Inside a wireless sensor node: structure and operations,” in
Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Ppess, 2014, ch. 2,
sec. 2.2, pp. 17–18.
http://www.atmel.com/Images/Atmel-42743-ATmega324P_Datasheet.pdf.
https://www.olimex.com/Products/Components/Sensors/SNS-DH11.
http://www.ebay.com/itm/FPV-1200TVL-CCTV-Security-Camera-CMOS-960H-IR-CUT-Filter-Mini-
Board-Module-3-6mm-/172227993924.
M. Moubarak and M. K. Watfa,”Embedded Operating Systems in Wireless Sensor Networks,” in
Guide to Wireless Sensor Networks, S. Misra, I. Woungang, and S. C. Misra, Eds.,Springer
International press, 2009, pp. 324-327.
M. S. Obaidat and S. Misra, “Inside a wireless sensor node: structure and operations,” in
Principles of Wireless Sensor Networks, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Ppess, 2014, ch. 2,
sec. 2.8, pp. 26–27.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 37
References (Cond.)
https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Wireless/Zigbee/XBee-Datasheet.pdf.
https://www.sparkfun.com/products/10822/.
http://www.ebay.in/itm/172380401207?aff_source=Sok-Goog/.
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 38
Thank You!
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur
Real-Life Deployment of WSN
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur
Real-Life Deployment of WSN
Development of a Sensor Based Networking System for Improved
Water Management for Irrigated Crops
AID: A Prototype for Agricultural Intrusion Detection Using Wireless
Sensor Network
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 2
Development of a Sensor Based Networking System
for Improved Water Management for Irrigated Crops
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 3
Introduction
Importance of water management
Excess or lack of water in an agricultural field damages the crop
production
Increased crop productivity
Save limited water resource
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 4
Objective
To develop and test low-cost wireless sensing network for
irrigation water management
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 5
Scope of the Project
Ensure food security of growing population
Save limited water resource
Available sensors and WSNs are mostly imported
Not programmable
Not flexible
Not sending convenient information to farmers
Costly
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 6
Final Outcomes
Understanding of WSN and database management
Development of low-cost WSN for monitoring and controlling
water for irrigated crops
Design of flexible and programmable wireless sensor node
Development of Short Message Service (SMS) based system
Development of sensors
Development of a remote server
System integration and its field testing
Analysis of results
Wireless Ad-Hoc
Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 7
Methodology
WSN System Development
Understanding of WSN & Database
Management
Development
Field Application
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System Architecture
The system architecture is divided into the following three
layers:
Sensing and
actuating layer
Remote processing
and service layer
Application layer
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Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks CSE, IIT Kharagpur 10
Integrated Design for Sensor Node
LCD Sensors
(optional) (1…N)
Wireless Actuators
Processor & Memory Unit
Module (1…N)
GPS Power
(optional) Supply
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Integrated Design for Sensor Node (Contd.)
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Integrated Design for Sensor Node (Contd.)
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Integrated Design for Sensor Node (Contd.)
Fig. 4(a): Sensor node deployed at IIT Kharagpur Fig. 4(b): Sensor node deployed at Benapur
Fig. 5: Designed driver circuit for water- Fig. 6: Designed water-level measurement
level sensor sensor
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Integrated Design for Remote Server
We developed three different types of servers to serve the
functionality of the system
Repository data server
Communicates with the
deployed
cluster-head in the field by using
GPRS technology
Web server
To access field data remotely
Multi-users server
Provides field information to
farmer’s cell phone through a
SMS Fig. 7: Architecture of the remote server
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Integrated design for remote server (Contd.)
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Experimental Setup
We experimented our developed system in paddy field at IIT
Kharagpur during December 28, 2015 to April 18, 2016.
Table 1: Experimental setup
Parameter Value
Area of each field 3x3 m2
No of sensor nodes 4
No of sensors and actuators of each 2 (soil moisture and water
node level) and 1 (solenoid)
Data sensing duration 1 sec
Data sending duration 2 hours
Wireless protocols ZigBee(IEEE 802.15.4) & GPRS
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Performance Evaluation (Contd.)
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Performance Evaluation (Contd.)
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection Using Wireless
Sensor Network
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Introduction
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
Collection of wireless sensor nodes
Sense some physical phenomena
Transmit the sensed data to a centralize unit or sink through
single-hop or multi-hop connectivity
Intruder detection system in Agricultural field using WSN
Generate alarms in the farmer’s house and transmits a
text message to the farmer’s cell phone
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Contribution
A prototype of intruder detection system, that generates alarms in
the farmer’s house and triggers then generation and transmission
of a text message, when an intruder enters into the field.
In order to perform experiments with the prototype, we develop
AVR micro-controller based wireless sensor boards.
We provide empirical results of the implemented prototype in a
real agricultural field.
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Problem Scenario
Source: S. K. Roy, A. Roy, S. Misra, N. S. Raghuwanshi and M. S. Obaidat, "AID: A prototype for Agricultural Intrusion Detection
using Wireless Sensor Network," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, 2015, pp. 7059-7064.
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Problem Scenario (contd.)
A set of sensor nodes is deployed in an agricultural field
Each of the boards is enabled with two type of sensors:
Passive Infrared (PIR)
Ultrasonic
When an intruder enters into the field through the boundary
(perimeter) of the field, the PIR sensor detects the object.
The ultrasonic sensor senses the distance at which the object is
located
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection
AVR Micro-Controller-based Wireless Sensor Board
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
Components of a AVR Micro-Controller-based Wireless Sensor Board
Micro-controller ATMEGA324PA-PU
ZigBee (IEEE802.15.4)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD 16X2)
Sensors
Passive Infrared (PIR)
Ultrasonic
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
Different Layers of AID
Source: S. K. Roy, A. Roy, S. Misra, N. S. Raghuwanshi and M. S. Obaidat, "AID: A prototype for Agricultural Intrusion Detection
using Wireless Sensor Network," 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, 2015, pp. 7059-7064.
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
Layer 1
Consist of Passive Infrared (PIR) and ultrasonic sensor. The PIR
sensor senses the intruder, and the node is activated.
The ultrasonic sensor measures the distance of the intruder
from field boundary
Layer 2
The sensed data from PIR and ultrasonic sensors are processed
by the micro-controller in this layer
The intruder is detected after processing
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
Layer 3
The detection information is transmitted to the sink through
single- or multi-hop connectivity, with the help of ZigBee (IEEE
802.15.4)
End-to-end routing of the information from the node to the
sink, is the responsibility of this layer
Layer 4
The GSM technology is used to generate SMS to the farmer’s
cell phone
Simultaneously, an alarm is generated in the farmer’s house
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
Detailed Procedure
All the deployed sensor nodes initially remain in the sleep
mode
After detecting an intruder, the node sends the information to
the sink.
A sensor node forwards the information through intermediate
nodes between the originator node and the sink.
A node that detects the intruder is known as MASTER node
A MASTER chooses another node among its neighbor nodes, as
the next hop, for forwarding the information.
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
To choose the next hop, a MASTER node considers the following
parameters:
Received Signal Strength (RSS) of the node at the next hop
Distance (D) between the MASTER node and the node at next
hop
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
After detecting an intruder, a MASTER node creates and
broadcasts a request message REQ
On receiving the REQ packet, all the neighbor nodes reply back to
the MASTER node with a reply message REP
Based on the REP message, a MASTER node calculates the
selection value S for each of its neighbor node i
Depending upon the selection value, a neighbor node is selected
for forwarding the information of intrusion detection by the
MASTER node.
The selection value Si is calculated as:
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AID: Agricultural Intrusion Detection (contd.)
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AID: Experimental Setup
Table 2: Specification of developed board
Components Value
Micro-controller ATMEGA 324PA-PU
SRAM 2KB
EEPROM 1KB
Flash Memory 32KB
Power Supply 4.8V
Clock Frequency 8MHz
Addressing Mode of ZigBee 16bits
Power Supply of ZigBee 3.3V
Compiler MikroC PRO for AVR
Language Embedded C
Rechargeable Battery Model No. GP1300 1.2V
Passive Infrared Sensor Model No. :HC-SR501
Ultrasonic Sensor Model No.:HC-SR04
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AID: Experimental Setup (Contd.)
Components Value
Number of Sensor Nodes 20
Field Size 36 m
Number of Gateway 1
Sink 1
GSM-based Alarm Device 1
Cell Phone 1
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AID: Experimental Field
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Performance Evaluation
Simulation Metrics
where
: Total number of detected intruders by AID
: Total number of intruders entered into the field.
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Performance Evaluation (Contd.)
Percentage of average activated nodes (P): Total percentage of
activated nodes require to detect an intruder. Mathematically:
where
N : Total number of nodes present in the network
n : Total number of activated nodes
: Total number of detected intruders by AID
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Performance Evaluation (Contd.)
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Performance Evaluation (Contd.)
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Performance Evaluation (Contd.)
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Thank You!
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