Department

of Mathematics and Statistics

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
MSO202A/MSO202 Assignment 3 Solutions
Introduction To Complex Analysis

The problems marked (T) need an explicit discussion in the tutorial class. Other problems are
for enhanced practice.

1. (a)  z z dz , where C is the counterclockwise oriented semicircular part of the circle z  2 lying in
C
the second and third quadrants.
z
(T)(b)  z dz , where C is the clockwise oriented boundary of the part of the annulus
C
z
2  z  4 lying in the third and fourth quadrants.
(c)  ( z  2a ) n dz , where C is the semicircle z  2a  R, 0  arg( z  2a )   .
C
Solution:
 3
(a) A parametric equation of C is z  2ei ,   . Therefore the given integral is
2 2
3 /2

zz dz  8i  d  8 i .
C  /2
z z z z z
(b)  z dz   z dz   z dz   z dz   z dz
C
z AB
z BEC
z CD
z DFA
z
2 2 
2ei 4ei
4
   x dx 
4


2
2e  i
2iei d   x dx 
2

0
4
4e  i
4iei d
A B C D
8 32 E
 6   6   4
3 3
  F
(c)  ( z  2a ) n dz =  R n ein iR ei d  iR n 1  ei ( n 1) d (i )
C 0 0
n 1
R
[(1) n1  1], for n  1  0.

n 1
The right hand integral in (i) is obviously  i for n+1=0.
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1
2. Evaluate the integral  dz , in each of the following cases:
C z
(a) C is the counterclockwise oriented semicircular part of the circle z  1 in the upper half plane
and z is defined so that 1  1.
(T)(b) C is the counterclockwise oriented semicircular part of the circle z  1 in the lower half plane
and z is defined so that 1  1.
(c) C is the clockwise oriented circle z  1 and z is defined so that 1  1.
(d) C is the counterclockwise oriented circle z  1 and z is defined so that 1  i.
Solution:
ln z (  2n )
(a) The two distinct values of z , z  r ei , are given by z  exp( i ), n  0,1.
2 2
1  1  n  0. The parametric equation of C is z  e , 0  t   it


1 1 [eit / 2 ]0
 dz   i ( t / 2) i eit dt  i  2(i  1) .
C z 0
e i / 2
(b) 1  1  n  1. The parametric equation of C is z  eit ,   t  2
2
1 1 [eit /2 ]2
 dz   ei (t /2) i e dt  i
it
 2(1  i ).
C z 
i/2
(c) 1  1  n  0. The parametric equation of C is z  eit , 2  t  0.
[e  it / 2 ]02
0
1 1
 dz     i ( t / 2) i e  it dt  i  4.
C z 2
e (i / 2)
(d) 1  i  n  0. The parametric equation of C is z  eit , 0  t  2 .
2
1 1 [eit /2 ]02
 dz   ei (t /2) i eit dt  i  4.
C z 0
(i / 2)

3. Without actually evaluating the integral, prove that
1 
(T)(a) z
C
2
1
dz  , where C is the arc of the circle z  2 from z = 2 to z = 2i lying in the first
3
quadrant.

(b)  ( z 2  1) dz   R( R 2  1), where C is the semicircle of radius R > 1 with center at the origin.
C

Solution:
1 1 1 1 
(a) Length of C   , and on C ,  2
z 1 2 1
2
 z
C
2
1
dz  2   . (by ML‐Estimate)
2 1 3
(b) Length of C =  R , and on C, z  1  R  1 . Consequently, the desired inequality follows by ML‐
2 2

estimate


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4. (T)Does Cauchy Theorem hold separately for the real or imaginary part of an analytic function f(z)?
Why or why not?

Solution: No, Cauchy Theorem need not hold separately for real or imaginary part of an analytic function.
Consider, for example f(z) = z and C : z  1. Then,
2

  cos i e
i
Re z dz  d  i
z 1 0
2

 Im z dz   sin  i e
i
d  
z 1 0

5. About the point z = 0, determine the Taylor series for each of the following functions:
(T) (i ) z  2i (ii ) Log ( z 2  3 z  2)
Solution:
z
(i) z  2i = 2i (1  )1/2
2i
11 
  1 2
i / 2 1/ 2 1 z  22  z 
 2 ( e ) [1      
2  2i  2  2i 

11  1 
  1  ....   n  1  z n
 .... 
22  2     .....]
 
n  2i 
n
1 z   1.3.5.....(2n  3)  z 
 (1  i )[1      (1) n 1   .
2  2i  n 2 2n n  2i 

(ii) Log (z2 – 3z + 2) = Log (1 – z ) + Log (2 – z) + 2 m i , for some m.
z
= Log (1 – z ) + Log 2 + log (1 – ) + 2 m  i , for some m
2
zn
= Log 2 + 2 m  i ‐  ‐ 
 
 z/2  n

n 1 n n 1 n
Therefore the Taylor series of Log (z – 3z + 2) is given by
2

1 zn
log (z2 – 3z + 2) = log 2 + 2 m  i ‐  (1  n )
n 1 2 n
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6. About the indicated point z = z0, determine the Taylor series and its region of convergence for each of
the following functions. In each case, does the Taylor series necessarily sums up to the function at
every point of its region of convergence?
1
(i ) , z0  1 (T) (ii ) cosh z , z0   i (T) (iii ) Log z , z0  1  i
1 z

Solution:
1
1  z  1  z 1
n
1 1 
(i)  1 
1 z 2  2   = 
2 n 0
( 1) n 
 2 
 . The region of convergence of its Taylor series is
1 1
z  1  2. The Taylor series sums up to at every point of z  1  2 , since is analytic at every
1 z 1 z
point of z  1  2 .
(ii) cosh z = cosh (z ‐  i +  i) = cos (i(z ‐  i) ‐  ) = cos (i(z ‐  i)).

( z   i)2n
Therefore, cosh z   . The region of convergence of Taylor series is whole complex plane. The
n 0 2n
Taylor series sums up to cosh z at every point of the complex plane, since cosh z is analytic at every
point of the complex plane.


 dn  n 1
(iii)  n Log z   (1) n1 , for n  1, 2,......
 dz  z 1i (1  i ) n

(1  i ) n
 Log z  Log (1  i )   n
( z  1  i ) n .
n 1 n 2

The region of convergence of the Taylor series on RHS is z  1  i  2 . However, the Taylor series does
not sum up to Log z at every point of z  1  i  2 , since Log z is not analytic on negative real axis, a
part of which is contained in the disk z  1  i  2 , while the sum function represented by the above
Taylor series is analytic at each point of this disk.
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dz
7. (T)Evaluate the integral  z ( z 2  1) , for all possible choices of the contour C that does not pass
C
through any of the points z = 0,  i .

Solution: Let curve C be oriented counterclockwise in the following cases. For clockwise oriented C the
value of the integral will be negative of the value obtained in these cases.
dz
Case1 (C does not enclose any of the points 0,  i ): In this case, I =  = 0, by Cauchy Theorem.
C
z ( z 2  1)
Case2
When C encloses only the point 0,

I = 
 
(1/ z 2  1 )
dz = 2 i , by Cauchy Integral Formula.
C
z
Similarly, when C encloses only the point i,
(1/ z  z  i ) 1
I =  dz = 2 i    i
C
z i i  2i
and when C encloses only the point ‐i,
(1/ z  z  i ) 1
I =  dz = 2 i    i .
C
z  i i  2i

Case3: When C encloses only the points 0, ‐i,
(1 /( z 2  1)) (1/ z ( z  i ))
I dz   dz, where C1 and C2 are sufficiently
C1
z C2
z  i
small circles around 0 and  i respectively.
1
 2 i 1  2 i    i , by Cauchy Integral Formula.
i  2i
Other cases, i.e. when C encloses only the points 0, i or –i, i are treated similarly.

Case 4 (C encloses all of the points 0, i, ‐i): In this case
(1/( z 2  1)) (1/ z ( z  i )) (1/ z ( z  i ))
I dz   dz   dz ,
C1
z C2
zi C3
z i
where C1 , C2 and C3 are sufficiently small circles around
0 ,  i and i respectively.
1 1
 2 i 1  2 i   2 i   0.
i  2i i  2i
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8. (T) Use Cauchy Theorem for multiply connected domains and Cauchy Integral Formula to evaluate
the integral
cos  z 2
 dz , C: the circle z  3 oriented counterclockwise.
C
( z  1)  z  2 

Solution: Let C1, C2 be the counterclockwise oriented circles of sufficiently small radius centered at 1 and
2 respectively. The integrand is an analytic function in the region lying between the circles C and C1, C2
Therefore, by Cauchy Theorem for multiply connected domains,

cos  z 2 (cos  z 2 / ( z  2)) (cos  z 2 / ( z  1))
 ( z  1)  z  2  dz =  ( z  1)
dz   ( z  2)
dz
C C 1 C 2

cos  z 2
cos  z 2
 2 i ( ) z 1  2 i ( ) z 2  4 i . (by Cauchy Integral Formula)
z2 z 1

9. Evaluate
e2 z
(T)(a)  dz , C: the circle z  2 oriented clockwise
C z ( z  1) 4
sin z
(b)  dz , C: the circle z    1 oriented counterclockwise
C ( z   ) 2n

Solution:
(a) Using Cauchy Theorem for multiply connected domains,
(e 2 z / ( z  1) 4 ) (e 2 z / z )
Given Integral   dz   dz ,
z 1  ( z  1)
4
z  1
z
2

where z  1 , z  1   2 are sufficiently small clockwise oriented circles.
e2 z 2 i d 3 e 2 z
 [2 i ( ) z 0  { ( )}z 1 ] (by Cauchy Integral Formula for nth derivatives)
( z  1) 4 3 dz 3 z
2 i d 2 n 1 2 i
(b) Given Integral =  ( 2 n 1 sin z ) z   (1) n
2n  1 dz 2n  1

10. If u is a harmonic function in z  R and 0  r  R, show that
2
1 i
u (0) 
2  u (re ) d .
0
Solution: Let v be the harmonic conjugate of u in z  R so that f(z) = u + i v is analytic in z  R . By
Cauchy Integral Formula
2
1 f ( z) 1
f (0)  
2 i z  r z
dz  
2 i 0
f ( rei ) i d .

Now taking the real part on both the sides gives the desired result.