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Thermodynamics PDF
Thermodynamics PDF
FE Review Session
February 24, 2015
What is Thermodynamics?
E U KE PE
Entropy
1
T internally reversible
y y x y y
f g
m m
f g f
v xv (1 x)v v xv
g f f fg
u xu (1 x)u u xu
g f f fg
h xh (1 x) h h xh
g f f fg
s xs (1 x) s s xs
g f f fg
Superheated Vapor
Pv RT PV mRT nRT
Absolute temperature (K or R)
Absolute pressure not gage pressure
ft-lbf Btu
R R 1545 1.986
R lbmol-R lbmol-R
M J
8314
kmol-K
Ideal Gas (contd.)
For an ideal gas, internal energy and enthalpy depend only
on the absolute temperature
Use ideal gas tables to find property changes
u u u h h h
2 1 2 1
P
s s s R ln
0 0
2
2
P 1
Absolute temperature (K or R)
s C ln
p T
T 2
1
R ln P
P 2
1
C lnv TT2
1
R ln V
V2
1
Special Processes
T P v
2 2
1
T P
1 1 v 2
p P v V v
r2 2
r2 2 2
p r1
P 1
v V v
r1 1 1
V V dE
2 2
Q W m h gz m h gz CV
dt
CV CV inlets
2 2 exits
Q dS
m s m s S
CV
i i e e gen
CV
T CV
inlets
dt
exits
U PE KE
(W) Heat Interaction
(Q)
Closed System
(E = U + PE + KE)
No Mass Interaction
(m = constant)
Use appropriate sign convention for heat and work
interactions
» Heat transfer into system positive; heat transfer from
system negative
» Work into system negative; work out of system positive
Closed System Entropy Balance
Absolute temperature (K or R)
Clausius Inequality
S gen ,total
S S
total system
S surroundings
Stotal must always be zero (ideal reversible process) or positive ( real irreversible
process); Ssystem and Ssurroundings can be positive, negative, or zero
Energy Interactions – Work
W VdP
2
P=constant
W 0
n PV PV
PV n =constant
W 1 1 2 2
n 1
Energy Interactions – Work (contd.)
V
T constant
P
W PV ln 2
PV ln P
1
V
1 1 1 1
1 2
T constant
PV PV
1 1 2 2
k PV PV P
( k 1 ) / k
Pv k constant
k
W RT 1
1 1 2 2 2
k 1 k 1 P
1
1
Energy Interactions – Work (contd.)
W PdV
2
b
1
W P V V
P=constant
b 2 1
PV PV
PV n =constant
W 1 1 2 2
n 1
b
Energy Interactions – Work (contd.)
For an ideal gas inside closed system:
W P V V
V =constant P=constant
W 0 b b 2 1
T T V =constant
V V
P=constant
1 2
1 2
P1
P 2
T 1
T 2
V T constant
P
W PV ln 2
PV ln P
1
V
b 1 1 1 1
1 2
T constant
PV PV
1 1 2 2
Energy Interactions – Heat Transfer
where, x
T2
Important mostly in solids since ksolid > kliquid > kgas qcond ”
where, x
cond cond
conv s conv s s
where,
– qconv = Heat transfer rate due to convection (W)
– As = Area of surface (m2)
Energy Interactions – Heat Transfer (contd.)
V V 2 2
h h
i
i
e
e
2 2
w h h i e
Turbine decrease pressure (enthalpy) to produce work output (hi > he)
Compressor to increase pressure (enthalpy) require work input (hi < he)
Some SSSF Devices (contd.)
Throttling Valves
» Single inlet and single exit
» No work interaction (passive device)
» Adiabatic
» No potential energy change
» No kinetic energy change
h h
i e
PP
e i
Heat Exchangers
» Multiple inlets and multiple exits
» No work interaction (passive device)
» Usually no heat transfer to/from surroundings
» No potential energy change
» No kinetic energy change Exit Fluid 1
Heat gained by one fluid = Heat lost by the other fluid Inlet Fluid 1
Some SSSF Devices (contd.)
Mixing Chambers
» Multiple inlets and multiple exits
» No work interaction (passive device)
» Usually no heat transfer to/from surroundings
» No potential energy change
» No kinetic energy change
» Fluid streams mix directly
Isentropic Efficiency – SSSF Devices
w h h
actual
1 2
h h
turbine
Wactual w isentropic 1 2s
Wi sentropi c
V V 2 h h
2
2
1
2
1 2
V V 2 h h
nozzle
2s
2
1
2
1 2s
Isentropic Efficiency – SSSF Devices (contd.)
h P2
2a
w h h
2s isentropic
2s 1
h h
compressor
P1
w actual 2 1
V V 2 h h
1
2
2s
2
2s 1
V V 2 h h
1
diffuser 2 2
1 2 2 1
s
Basic Cycles – Heat Engine
Q T
Net work output Q
C
C
T
Q Q
H reversible only H
W
thermal
cycle H C
Q Q H H
Heat added
T T T
thermal ,Carnot
H
1 C C
reversible
T T
H H
Absolute temperature (K or R)
Q Q
COP C C
Q Q
RF
W cycle H C
T T T T 1
RF ,Carnot
reversible
H C H C
Absolute temperature (K or R)
Q Q
COP H H
Q Q
HP
W cycle H C
T T 1 T T
HP ,Carnot
reversible
H C C H
Absolute temperature (K or R)
1 2
refrigeration cycles such as vapor
compression cycle
v 1
1
v V 2 2
T
1
r
2
1
qin u3 u2
Heat addition 3
(v = constant)
q
thermal ,Otto
1 out
q in 4
2
qout u1 u4
1
Heat rejection
(v = constant)
s
Model for compression ignition
Diesel Cycle (diesel) engine
= 1 k r 1
c
v V
thermal , Diesel k 1
r 1 1 r c
MEP
w
q net net
v V q v v
v 1
1
2 2
1 out
T
1 2
1
r
qin h3 h2 thermal , Diesel
q in
Heat addition 3
Cut-off Ratio (P = constant)
v V
r
c
3 3
v V 2 2
4
2
qout u1 u4
Heat rejection
1 (v = constant)
s
Model for power generation using
gas turbine engine
Brayton Cycle
Pressure Ratio
1
constant specific heats
P P = 1
r
thermal , Brayton ( k 1 ) / k
2 3
r
p
p
P P T
qin h3 h2
1 4
Heat addition 3
q (P = constant)
thermal , Brayton
1 out
q
in
4
2
s
Model for power generation in
steam power plants
Rankine Cycle
thermal , Rankine
qin
h h
1 4
Model for refrigeration or heat pump cycles
h h h h
refrigerator
win 2 1
heat pump
win 2 1
Mass and Mole Fraction
Mass Fraction Mass of ith species
m
x i
i
x
i i
1
Mole Fraction Moles of ith species
n
y i
i
Total moles of mixture
n total
i
y 1
i
Mass and Mole Fraction (contd.)
Mixture Molecular Weight Total mass of mixture
m
MW y MW
mix
total
i i
n total
i
MW
y
i
x i
i
MW i
y MW
i
i i i
Mixture of Ideal Gases
Partial Pressure and Partial Volume
Partial pressure of ith gas Partial volume of ith gas
P V
y i
i i
h xh y h
i i i i i i
m air
p p p
air vapor
Psychrometric Principles (contd.)
y vapor , sat T ,P
p sat . vapor T ,P
v vapor T ,P
Dehumidification
m n M
fuel fuel fuel
M fuel
FA
= 1 for stoichiometric combustion
stoichiometric