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Write Up Bagong Formulass Cloy
Write Up Bagong Formulass Cloy
CHAPTER 1 ................................................................................................................................... 1
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND .................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Waste has been a major environmental issue everywhere since the industrial
revolution. Waste is item that people don’t need and discard. Waste that can be potentially
into new, useful products. This are done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have
Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste as a result of
burgeoning problem for national and local governments to ensure effective and sustainable.
includes papers and cardboards with 8.70%, plastics with 10.55%, metals with 4.22%, glass
with 2.34, textile with 1.61%, leather waste and other rubber with 0.37%. the special waste
etc., in recent times, garbage disposal has become a huge cause for concern in the world.
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adverse effect on the environment. Segregation here in our country is not usually practiced,
because it is time consuming for others, even though our bins are labeled as “biodegradable
The existing segregator machines in the market are usually 2-way stage. (Hatano et
al. 2010) This causes the worker or the person to segregate other trash like cans and food
wastes, organic waste and etc., more effort to separate them manually.
Wastes are usually the most common problem that people encounter nowadays.
This is estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally
reached 2.02 billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste
Management Market Report 2015, Davic C. Wilson et al.). Based on the study of Amrutha
Chandramohan (2012, November) shows the percentage covered by Paper and Plastic
(27% and 17% respectively). Even though organic wastes have the highest waste
percentage paper and plastic is the widely use materials in our everyday lives.
The Philippines generates about 10,000 million tons of solid waste per year and
only 12 percent of the waste is recycled and re-used. An average Filipino generates 0.3 and
0.5 kilograms (kg) of garbage daily in rural and urban areas respectively. (Solid waste
management in the Philippines, Eric O. Torres, 2012). 17 percent of all the wastes in the
Philippines come from the schools and universities, the schools had an average per capita
total waste generation of just over half a pound per day. The single-most common material
generated by schools was food waste 23.9% of the total waste generated. Recyclable paper
(cardboard, white office paper, and mixed paper) accounted for 23.5%. Plastic bottles
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(Mineral water bottle and soda plastic bottles) accounted for 19.3%. Soda cans accounted
Waste segregation and recycling are simple yet effective ways of reducing the
amount of waste dumped into our landfills. The economic value of waste is best realized
when it is segregated. In the Philippines, there are recycling centers but the process is
tedious and done manually. (Solid waste management in the Philippines, Eric O. Torres,
2012). The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003) was
approved in January 26, 2001 and came into effect on February 16, 2001. There are
guidelines implemented by the government with regards to recycling but these efforts have
yet to touch the mindset of the people. The segregation, handling, transport and disposal of
waste are to be properly managed so as to minimize the risks to the health and safety of the
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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Some people who are inattentive to sort their wastes in proper trash bins. Ignoring
Manual segregation process which is arduous cost more time and effort to the
facilitator. Previous existing waste segregator has a limit 3on what kinds of waste that can
The statement of the problems above is encountered and analyzed by the researchers
1. What is the performance of the existing Recyclable Waste Segregator in terms of?
a. Process Time,
c. Efficiency
2. What are the parameters to be set for the development of a 4 - Way Recyclable
Waste Segregator?
4. What are the designs and computations for the development of a 4 - Way
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Waste Segregator. The following objectives are needed to be done to make this study
possible.
needs to be developed.
Waste Segregator.
Segregator.
Segregator.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The Conceptual Process Diagram shown below is to plan the design and fabrication
Conceptualization
Data from Existing
Literatures
Applied
Engineering
Engineering
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Knowledge and
Skills 4– Way Recyclable
Design Drawing Waste Segregator
Figure 1.2 Conceptual Process Diagram
The recycling of the waste materials through the use of application of engineering
knowledge and skills based on the data and studies of existing segregation machines will
Segregator.
This study covers the development of the prototype of the design, testing and
evaluation. Designing and setting up a 4 – Way Waste Segregator must be very precise in
terms of process. The set-up of the parameters and the considerations specifically the
materials specifications will be selected. Four kind of recyclable wastes such as Aluminum
Can, Steel Can, Paper and Plastic Bottles can be sorted in the Segregation with small to
medium sizes of wastes along its weight. The segregating process that was used in the study
was based on densities and properties like. The researchers choose the University of
Perpetual Help – Calamba’s Zero - Waste Facility to conduct their study for the 4 – Way
Waste Segregator.
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The limitation of the 4 - Way Waste Segregator covers the following:
The volume for the plastic bottles to be segregate should range about 300 ml – 1L.
The volume for the aluminum can to be segregated should be below 330 ml.
The variety of paper like cardboards, boxes and other heavy duty and thick papers
cannot be segregated automatically through the use of 45° SlantConveyor Belt and blower
for its weight plus the gravitational pull will exceed the limit that the slant conveyer can
Aluminum cans with something left inside may be segregated into plastic bottle
The result of the study would be beneficial to the different concerned groups in the
following aspects.
wastes. Effective segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill which makes
To the University of Perpetual Help – Calamba, the result will help the
Facility and to lessen the segregation time that was manually done by the facilitators.
To the researchers, the process of their study will help them to enhance their
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To the Mechanical Engineering Students, this helps to motivate the mechanical
To the Mechanical Engineering Field, this will serve as proof of basis that
continuing innovation and a mindset to create better will make life easier.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
4 – Way Waste Segregator - a segregating machine that is more efficient than manual
Electric Motor - isan electrical machine that converts electrical energy into rotational
mechanical energy.
Magnetic Conveyor Belt - provide effective control of ferrous objects on high speed
Pulley – a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of
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Zero-Waste Facility –a facility at University of Perpetual Help –Calamba that is
responsible for proper disposal of wastes generated by the students of the University.
CHAPTER 2
In this chapter are the detailed descriptions of the related literatures, articles and
information which are read by the researchers for the study of the “4 - Way Recyclable
Waste Segregator: An Institutional Concept”, which had been the basis of analysis needed
to formulate a set of reference and furnish useful information and material data for
conducting the study, The review of literature includes the Related Literature and Studies
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Types of Segregation
c) Soiled – hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body
fluids.
A plastic bottle is a bottle constructed from plastic. Plastic bottles are typically used
to store liquids such as water, soft drinks, motor oil, cooking oil, medicine, shampoo, milk,
organic compounds that are malleable and so can be molded into solid objects. (Fobil J. N.
et al. 2005).
showed that plastic wastes accommodates 17% of the total wastes in the world.
RecyclablePaper Wastes
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Paper waste is material discarded after consumer use, such as old corrugated
together moist fibers of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them
into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing,
RecyclableTin Cans
Iron, steel, tin and aluminum are paramagnetic materials regardless of the
composition of the tin can; it will be attracted to a magnet. Tin is a soft, pliable, silvery-
white metal. Tin is not easily oxidized and resists corrosion because it is protected by an
oxide film. Tin resists corrosion from distilled sea and soft tap water, and can be attacked
by strong acids, alkalis and acid salts.(Bernardo et al. 2008, October 23)
RecyclableAluminum cans
copper, zinc, lead or titanium. It can be melted, cast, formed and machined much like these
metals and it conducts electric current. In fact often the same equipment and fabrication
methods are used as for steel.Aluminum naturally generates a protective oxide coating and
painting or lacquering can further improve this property. It is particularly useful for
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applications where protection and conservation are required. (Bernardo et al. 2008, October
23).
In this study the Automated Waste Sorter (AWS) and Mobile Robot Waste Deliver
System (MRWDS) are intended to automate the sorting process of steel cans, aluminum
cans, glass bottles and plastic bottles. This study describes the approach to implementing a
sensor array, for each corresponding material to be sorted, along with a conveyor belt as
the Automated Waste Sorter. The Mobile Robot Delivery System is composed of a line
following robot that is able to mechanically pick up an appointed trash bin and collect the
waste in the said bin and through the designed line path proceed to the receiving end of the
AWS and dump the collected waste. Through the use of the implemented systems (Maria
Karla Angel R. Gabriel, 2013, et al.) the group was successful in collecting and delivering
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Figure 2.1 Mobile Robot Waste Delivery System (MRWDS)
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the development methods and procedures that were used by
RESEARCH DESIGN
The researchers conducted several processes in terms of the planning designing and
observing and analyzing the performance of the proposed system. The researchers also
gathered information from previous articles, journals, studies and from other books.
local and foreign researchers, articles, journals and studies. Also in this stage, the
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researchers observed and analyzed the mechanism of the proposed system to base on what
The main step in order to achieve the desired result of the specific plan is the
designing. The design is included to the process in order for the researchers to create their
fashion, execute and construct the proposed system according to their plan in order to know
machines and includes some written information or researches that gathered to define and
achieve their goals. This uncovers several perspectives on the problem or opportunity
determining any barriers to successful performance and proposing solution system based
To enhance the performance, the researchers set the parameters that can directly
improve its segregation period and segregation capacity, which is to adjust the speeds of
The researchers analyze and identified the performance set up in waste segregator
segregators.
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To determine the parameters and performance of the existing recyclable
segregator the researchers identify the variables that can affect the
Capacity Time
Sensors seconds
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The main components of the 4 – Way Waste Segregator are Conveyor, Magnetic
𝐷2 𝑁1
SR = = D1 =2.54 cm
𝐷1 𝑁2
N1 = 26 Rpm
D2 = 7.62 cm
N2 = ?
𝑁 = 8.67 𝑅𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷1
V= 60
26
=π (0.0254 m) 60
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𝐷2 𝑁1
=
𝐷1 𝑁
(0.254𝑚)
𝑁 = 26
(3)
V-BELT SPEED
𝜋𝐷1𝑁1 𝜋𝐷𝑁
Vb = =
60 60
Where :
𝜋𝐷1𝑁1 𝜋𝐷𝑁
Vb = =
60 60
(𝜋)(0.0762𝑚)(8.67𝑅𝑝𝑚) (𝜋)(0.0762𝑚)(8.67𝑅𝑝𝑚)
= =
60𝑠 60𝑠
V – BELT LENGTH
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𝜋 (𝐷2 − 𝐷1)²
𝐿= (𝐷1 + 𝐷) + 2𝑐 +
4𝑐
C =Center distance between gear motor pulley and conveyor roller pulley 50 cm
L = V- Belts length
𝜋 (7.62𝑐𝑚 − 7.62𝑐𝑚)²
L = 2 (7.62 𝑐𝑚 + 7.62 𝑐𝑚) + (2)(50𝑐𝑚) + 4𝑐
L = 123.94 cm
ARC OF CONTACT
⁰·⁰⁹
103 𝑐 𝑣2𝑏 𝑉𝑏
Rated Hp = [𝑎 ( 𝑉𝑏 ) − − 𝑒 (106 ) 10³
𝑘𝑑 𝐷1
Where;
⁰∙⁰⁹
103 5.326 (6.81)2 6.81
Rated Hp = [2.684 (681𝑓𝑝𝑚) − − 0.0136 ( )] 10³
(1.14)(3) 106
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= 0.018 Hp
DESIGN Hp
Design Np = Nse Hp
Where;
=0.15 Hp
The table below is the list of component parts and its specification that are needed
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ITEM NO DESCRIPTION MATERIAL QUANTITY
USE
Steel
Belt
3 Pulley 4
Steel
Steel
7 Bearing . 2
8 Demagnetizing MM HE2320 1
Device kA/m
9 Blower Motor 1
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PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES
The following steps were used in the construction of the “4 – Way Recyclable Waste
Segregator.”
1. First gather necessary information and relevant data about all the materials,
machines, devices, and proper tools needed for the project study.
project study.
3. Then analyze and study the literature, articles, journals and relevant study in order
7. Visualize and design the research project based on what the parameters are set.
study.
12. Evaluation.
13. Revision
14. Finalization
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OPERATIONAL ABD TESTING PROCEDURES
The following procedures should be followed to the proper usage of the machine:
2. Make sure that all the components and parts are functional and in good conditions.
3. Assure that there are no any materials that will be a snag to the operation of the
wastes segregator.
5. Let the segregator to its job in segregating the wastes to its classification.
2. Make sure that all major parts are stable and properly installed.
3. Make sure that accessory a part are also properly placed and is stable.
4. Observe the surroundings of the segregating machine; assure that there will be no any
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5. If the machine is ready, turn the switch ON.
6. Observe if there are something unusual occurs just like large vibration, sudden buckling
and unnecessary sounds. (Conveyors, Blowers and Electric Motors are usually having loud
sounds but check if there is too much noise coming from it).
The instruments and testing used in this project study are basic statistics, surveying
in the University premises to gather data and information, seeking information to the
facilitators of the Zero Waste Facility of the University, applying formulas to determine
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