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Weights and Swell Factors of Earthwork Materials

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Vital information when estimating and grading for any construction.

Material classifications are in accordance with commonly held international

standards

2.21 Top Soils

2.22 Water-holding soft materials

2.23 Easy diggable materials, like sand and gravel without clay content

2.24 Medium penetratable materials like gravel and well shot materials over 2 1/2" and lighter than 2.26
classification

2.25 Moist sand and gravel with high contents of wet clay. Still diggable with spade.

2.26 Heavy soils, like tough to penetrate clay and 2.25 classification materials in dry state. Not
penetratable with spade.

2.27 Breakable rock and similar i.e., deteriorated rock, soft limestone, shale, etc.,

2.28 Heavy rock, not deteriorated or cracked. Has to be shot to be dug.

bank swell loose

Weight of materials 1) swell in %
lb/cuyd/kg/m3 factor lb/cuyd/kg/m3
Basalt 5000/2970 52 0.66 3300/1960
Bauxite, kaolin 3200/1900 33 0.75 2400/1420
Carnotite, uranium ore 3700/2200 35 0.74 2750/1630
Cinders 1450/ 860 54 0.65 950/ 560
Clay - natural bed 3400/2020 22 0.82 2800/1660
dry 3100/1840 24 0.80 2500/1480
wet 3500/2080 24 0.80 2800/1660
Clay with gravel - dry 2800/1660 17 0.86 2400/1420
wet 3100/1840 19 0.84 2600/1540
Coal - anthracite, raw 2700/1600 35 0.74 2000/1190
washed -------- 35 0.74 1850/1100
ash, bituminous coal 1000-1500/590-890 8 0.93 900-1100/550-830
bituminous coal, raw 2150/1280 35 0.74 1600/ 950
washed ------- 35 0.74 1400/ 830
Decomposed rock 75% rock, 25% earth 4700/2790 42 0.70 3300/1960
50% rock, 50% earth 3850/2280 33 0.75 2900/1720
25% rock. 75% earth 3300/1960 24 0.80 2650/1570
Earth - dry packed 3200/1900 26 0.79 2550/1510
wet excavated 3400/2020 26 0.79 2700/1600
loam 2600/1540 23 0.81 2100/1250
Granite - broken 4600/2730 64 0.61 2800/1660
Gravel - pitrun 3650/2170 12 0.89 3260/1930
dry 2850/1690 12 0.89 2550/1510
dry 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") 3200/1900 12 0.89 2850/1690
wet 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") 3800/2260 12 0.89 3400/2020

Weight of Materials bank loose

swell in % swell factor
1) lb/cuyd/kg/m3 lb/cuyd/kg/m3
Gypsum - broken 5350/3170 75 0.57 3050/1810
crushed 4700/2790 75 0.57 2700/1600
4700-6400/2130-
Hematite, iron ore 18 0.85 4000-5400/1810-2450
2900
Limestone - broken 4400/2610 69 0.59 2600/1540
crushed ----- ----- ----- 2600/1540
Magnetite, iron ore 5500/3260 17 0.86 4700/2790
Pyrite, iron ore 5100/3030 18 0.85 4350/2580
Sand - dry, loose 2700/1600 12 0.89 2400/1420
damp 3200/1900 12 0.89 2850/1690
wet 3500/2080 13 0.88 3100/1840
Sand with clay - loose 3400/2020 26 0.79 2700/1600
compacted ----- ----- ----- 4050/2400
Sand with gravel-dry 3250/1930 12 0.89 2900/1720
wet 3750/2230 10 0.91 3400/2020
Sandstone 4250/2520 67 0.60 2550/1510
Shale 2800/1660 33 0.75 2100/1250
Slag - broken 4950/2940 68 0.59 2950/1750
Snow - dry ----- ----- ----- 220/ 130
wet ----- ----- ----- 860/ 520
Stone-crushed 4500/2670 67 0.60 2700/1600
Top soil 2300/1370 44 0.69 1600/ 950
Trap rock - broken 4400/2610 49 0.67 2950/1750

1) Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.

Tests must be made to determine specific material characteristics.

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