GMR Institute of Technology

Rajam, Andhra Pradesh

(An Autonomous Institution Affiliated to JNTUK, AP)

Department of Electronics & CommuncitionEngineering

Class 7th Sem. - B. Tech. (ECE)
Course Digital Image Processing Course Code ECE 4433
Prepared by Mr. G.Suresh, Assistant Professor
Lecture Topic 2D DFT and its properties
Course Outcome CEC433.2 Program Outcome PO2, PO6
Duration 50 min Lecture 12 of 45 Unit II
REMEMBER UNDERSTAND APPLY ANALYSE EVALUATE CREATE
Learning Level
(Tick whichever is applicable) √ √ √

1. Objectives
a. To impart knowledge on 2D DFT and its properties.

2. Topic Learning Outcomes

After the completion of the class the students will able to
a. Illustrate the 2D DFT and its properties.
b. Apply 2D DFT to images.

3. Teaching Methodology

Visual Presentation

4. Applications
a. Image Enhancement
b. Spectrum analysis
5. Evocation
What is the average value of a sinusoidal signal?

What is the average value

of this image?

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 Fig.1: Image
6. Discussion

Fourier analysis is a family of mathematical techniques, all based on decomposing signals into
sinusoids. The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is the family member used
with digitized signals.
Fourier analysis is named after Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), a French
mathematician and physicist. While many contributed to the field, Fourier is honored for his
mathematical discoveries and insight into the practical usefulness of the techniques. Fourier was
interested in heat propagation, and presented a paper in 1807 to the Institut de France on the use
of sinusoids to represent temperature distributions. The paper contained the controversial claim
that any continuous periodic signal could be represented as the sum of properly chosen
sinusoidal waves. Among the reviewers were two of history's most famous mathematicians,
Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813), and Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749-1827).

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

Images and Digital Audio are digitized !! Thus, we need a discrete formulation of the Fourier
transform, which takes such regularly spaced data values, and returns the value of the Fourier
transform for a set of values in frequency space which are equally spaced.

This is done quite naturally by replacing the integral by a summation, to give the discrete
Fourier transform or DFT for short.

In 1D it is convenient now to assume that x goes up in steps of 1, and that there are N samples,
at values of x from 0 to N-1.

So the DFT takes the form

(6)

while the inverse DFT is

(7)

NOTE: Minor changes from the continuous case are a factor of 1/N in the exponential terms,
and also the factor 1/N in front of the forward transform which does not appear in the inverse
transform.

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The 2D DFT works is similar. So for an grid in x and y we have

(8)

and

(9)

Often N=M, and it is then it is more convenient to redefine F(u,v) by multiplying it by a factor
of N, so that the forward and inverse transforms are more symmetrical:

(10)

and

(11)

Properties
i. Linearity
ii. Separability
iii. Translation
iv. Periodicity
v. Average value
vi. Convolution
vii. Parseval’s identity

Disadvantages

i. It is complex
ii. Poor energy compaction.

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 7. Mind Map

Fig. 2: Mind map of 2D DFT

8. Reading Materials

1. Digital Image Processing by Rafel C.Gonzalez and Richard E.Woods, Pearson

Education, 3rd Edition, 2011, Page No – 176-178.
2. Digital Image Processing by S.Sridhar , Oxford University Press, 2011, Page No-
133-146.
3. http://www.dspguide.com/ch9.htm
4. http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/dsp-
book/dsp_book_Ch9.pdf

9. Questions

Remember

1. List the properties of 2D DFT.

2. List the applications of DFT.

Understand

1. Explain about 2D DFT for digital images.

2. Explain the convolution property of DFT.

Apply
1. Apply DFT to the following image and prove that DFT works.

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 2 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0

2. What is the dc component of the following image?

1 3 4 
 
5 6 7 
 8 9 11
 
10. Key words

 DFT
 Phase
 Frequency spectrum
 Convolution

11. Scope for Mini Project

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