Japan2010 0912

ISSN0389-3502
An International Comparison
Japan 2010
First Edition: December 28, 2009

©2009 by Keizai Koho Center
Publisher & Editor: Hiroshi Nakayama

Editorial Coordinator: The Japan Times
Printed in Japan
Keidanren Kaikan 19F, 1-3-2, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku,

Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
URL: http://www.kkc.or.jp/
E-mail: webmaster@kkc.or.jp
Chairman:
Fujio Mitarai
Acting Chairmen:
Fujio Cho, Hiromasa Yonekura,
Hiromichi Iwasa, Masataka Shimizu
President:
Yoshio Nakamura
Senior Managing Director:
Masakazu Kubota
Managing Director and Secretary General:
Hiroshi Nakayama
The Keizai Koho Center is a private nonprofit organization that works in close
cooperation with Nippon Keidanren (Japan Business Federation).
Contents
Chapter 1 Population
1-1 Population, Area, and Density 2

1-2 Population of Major Cities 4
1-3 Percentage of Urban Population 4
1-4 Average Life Expectancy at Birth 5
1-5 Total Fertility Rate 5
1-6 Marriage and Divorce Rates 6
1-7 People Aged 65 and Over 6
1-8 Population by Age and Gender: Japan 7
1-9 Population in 50 Years: Japan 7
1-10 Change in Population Structure: Japan 8
1-11 Foreign Residents: Japan 9
1-12 Japanese Living Overseas 9
Chapter 2 Economy
2-1 GDP of Major Countries 10

2-2 Real Total Gross Fixed Capital Formation 10
2-3 Gross National Savings 11
2-4 Producer Price Growth Rates 11
2-5 Consumer Price Growth Rates 12
2-6 Industrial Production Indices 12
2-7 Policy Rates 13
2-8 Securities Markets 13
2-9 Money Supply 14
2-10 Real Residential Price Indices 15
2-11 Gross Domestic Expenditures: Japan 15
i
2-12 Changes in Economy: Japan 16 3-26 Trading Partners: Japan 30
3-27 Exports and Imports by Area: Japan 31
Chapter 3 Investment and Trade
3-28 Export Value of Major Commodities: Japan 32
3-1 Current Account Balances 17 3-29 Import Value of Major Commodities: Japan 32
3-2 Trade Balance of Goods and Services 17 3-30 Exports and Imports of Commodities: Japan 33
3-3 Trade in Services 18 3-31 Financial Account, Assets and Liabilities: Japan 34
3-4 Income 18 3-32 Exports by Commodity: Japan 35
3-5 Total Current Transfers, Net 19 3-33 Export Destinations of Machinery & Equipment: Japan 35
3-6 Total Reserves 19 3-34 Export Destinations of Machinery: Japan 36
3-7 National Currency Share in Total Foreign Exchange 20 3-35 Export Destinations of Transportation Equipment: Japan 37
3-8 Exchange Rates 20 3-36 Import Origin of Major Foodstuffs: Japan 37
3-9 Purchasing Power Parities for GDP 21 3-37 Trade in Services: Japan 38
3-10 Investment Income, Net 21 3-38 Trading Partners in Services: Japan 38
3-11 Foreign Direct Investments 22
Chapter 4 Industries
3-12 Direct Investment to BRICs 22
3-13 International Trade: Exports 23 4-1 GDP by Industry 39
3-14 International Trade: Imports 23 4-2 Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added 39
3-15 Exports of Goods and Services 24 4-3 Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added by Industry 40
3-16 Imports of Goods and Services 24 4-4 Food Self-Sufficiency Ratio 41
3-17 Trade-to-GDP Ratio and Trade Balance in Goods and Services 25 4-5 Output of Major Agricultural Produce 41
3-18 Economic Partnership Agreements and Free Trade Agreements 26 4-6 Production of Crude Steel 42
3-19 Balance of Payments in Technology 26 4-7 Crude Steel Production by Company 42
3-20 ASEAN's Major Trading Partners 27 4-8 Production of Machine Tools 43
3-21 Exports and Imports of Steel Products 27 4-9 Production of Four-Wheeled Vehicles 43
3-22 Import Origin of Foodstuffs 28 4-10 Production by Major Automobile Manufacturers 44
3-23 Foreign Direct Investments: Japan 28 4-11 Production of Consumer Electronics 45
3-24 Basic Balance by Country: Japan 29 4-12 Industrial Robots 45
3-25 Balance of Payments: Japan 29 4-13 Media Contents Market 46
ii iii
4-14 Main Indicators of Information Technology 47 5-21 Consumption and Recovery of Paper 62
4-15 Market Value of Financial Institutions 48 5-22 Total Renewable Freshwater Supply by Country 63
4-16 R&D Expenditures 49 5-23 Recycling Ratio: Japan 63
4-17 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D 49 5-24 Imports of Mineral Fuels: Japan 64
4-18 Construction of New Buildings 50 5-25 Imports of Crude Oil and Oil Prices: Japan 64
4-19 Animation Market: Japan 50 5-26 Origins of Main Imported Resources: Japan 65
5-27 Supply and Demand of Energy: Japan 66
Chapter 5 Environment
5-28 CO2 Emissions by Sector: Japan 66
5-1 Prospects on Primary Energy Demand 51
Chapter 6 Governments
5-2 Primary Energy Supplies 51
5-3 Energy Consumption by Industry 52 6-1 National Finances 67
5-4 Oil: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 52 6-2 General Government Gross Financial Liabilities 67
5-5 Natural Gas: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53 6-3 National Tax Revenues 68
5-6 Coal: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53 6-4 Highest Rates of Income Taxes 68
5-7 Electricity Generation by Type 54 6-5 Value-added Tax by Country 69
5-8 Wind and Solar Energy 55 6-6 Effective Corporate Tax Rates 69
5-9 Primary Energy and Resource Prices 56 6-7 Social Expenditures 70
5-10 Nuclear Power Generation Capacity 57 6-8 National Burden Ratio 70
5-11 CO2 Emissions by Country 57 6-9 Health Expenditures and Services 71
5-12 Per Capita CO2 Emissions 58 6-10 Gross Fixed Capital Formation over GDP 71
5-13 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Fuel Type 58 6-11 Defense Expenditures 72
5-14 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Sector 59 6-12 Military Forces 72
5-15 Kyoto Protocol CO2 Reduction Targets and Results 59 6-13 DAC Contributions in Each Region 73
5-16 Energy Efficiency by Industry 60 6-14 DAC Contributions 74
5-17 Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants 60 6-15 Contributions to the UN 74
5-18 Green Stimulus Allocations to Sustainable Energy by Country 61 6-16 Contributions to International Organizations 75
5-19 Sales of Hybrid Cars by Manufacturers 61 6-17 ODA Disbursement: Japan 75
5-20 Passenger Transport 62 6-18 National Budget and Tax Revenues: Japan 76
iv v
6-19 Social Security Benefits and Medical Expenditures: Japan 77
Chapter 8 Others
6-20 National Medical Expenditures: Japan 77
6-21 Medical Treatment Expenditures on Elderly People: Japan 78 8-1 Daily Supply of Nutrients 91
6-22 Local Government Budget: Japan 78 8-2 Public Utility Charges 91
6-23 Local Governments’ Financial Situations: Japan 79 8-3 Students Proceeding to Higher Education 92
6-24 Number of Civil Servants: Japan 79 8-4 Public Expenditures on Education 92
6-25 Government Organizations: Japan 80 8-5 Number of Higher Education Institutions 93
6-26 Political Parties: Japan 81 8-6 Overseas Students and TOEIC Scores 94
8-7 Olympic Medals by Country 94
Chapter 7 Employment and Household
8-8 Olympics, World Cup, and World Exposition
Host Countries 95
7-1 Total Labor Force and Employment 82
8-9 Nobel Prize Winners 95
7-2 Labor Force Participation Rate 83
8-10 Crime Rates 96
7-3 Part-Time Employment 83
8-11 Industrial Property Rights 96
7-4 Labor Union Density Rates 84
8-12 Road Conditions 97
7-5 Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment 84
8-13 Newspapers 97
7-6 Hourly Compensation for Production Workers 85
8-14 Departures and Entries: Japan 98
7-7 Wage Gaps by Corporate Size 85
8-15 Entries into Japan by Nationality 98
7-8 Unemployment 86
7-9 Unemployment of Females and Youths 86
Appendixes
7-10 Working Hours 87
Appendix 1 Chronology of Japan 99
7-11 Working Hours in Manufacturing 87
Appendix 2 Map of Japan and World Heritages 100
7-12 Labor Productivity 88
Index 101
7-13 Gini Coefficient of Income 88
7-14 Household Savings Rate 89
7-15 Employees by Industry 89
7-16 Average Number of Years Worked by Females: Japan 90
7-17 Household Accounts: Japan 90
vi vii
Explanatory Notes
— Not available or negligible EU European Union MHLW Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
FY Fiscal Year (Japan: Apr. – Mar., (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, MIC Ministry of Internal Affairs and
US: Oct. – Sept.) Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Communications
¥ Japanese yen Finland, France, Germany, Greece, MLIT Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
$ US dollar Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Transport
£ Sterling pound Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, MOE Ministry of the Environment
C Euro Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, MOF Ministry of Finance
Mtoe Million tons of oil equivalent Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom) MOFA Ministry of Foreign Affairs
SFr Swiss franc EU 15 Above 15 countries indicated in bold MOJ Ministry of Justice
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States typeface NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
ASEAN Association of Southeast Nations FAO Food and Agriculture Organization, UN (United States, Canada, Mexico)
(Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, GCC Gulf Cooperation Council NASDAQ National Association of Securities Dealers
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, IEA International Energy Agency Automated Quotation System, US
Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) ILO International Labour Organization ODA Official Development Assistance
ASEAN 5 Above five countries indicated in bold IMF International Monetary Fund OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation
typeface JETRO Japan External Trade Organization and Development
ASEAN 7 ASEAN 5, Brunei, and Vietnam Korea Republic of Korea SACU Southern Africa Customs Union
BOJ Bank of Japan MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries UN United Nations
BRICs Brazil, Russia, India, and China METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry UNEP United Nations Environmental Program
China People’s Republic of China MEXT Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Conversion rates are the average exchange rates of each period,
DAC Development Assistance Committee, OECD Science and Technology unless otherwise indicated.
Above in red typeface are Japan-related.
Population
Economy
Investment and Trade
Industries
Environment
Governments
Employment and Household
Others
Chapter 1 Population 2
1-1 Population, Area, and Density
Population Area Density

(A) (B) (A/B)
Mid-Year Forecast Forecast Forecast Increase Increase Total Area Agricultural
Estimates for Year for Year for Year FM2010 FM2030 Area
2009 2015 2030 2050 TO2030 TO2050 2007 2007 (population
(1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (%) (%) (1,000km2)(a) (%) (%) per km2)
World 6,829,297 7,302,186 8,308,895 9,149,984 13.79 10.12 134,425 100.0 10.5 51
China(b) 1,345,751 1,395,998 1,462,468 1,417,045 4.76 -3.11 9,598 7.1 14.7 140
India 1,198,003 1,294,192 1,484,598 1,613,800 14.71 8.70 3,287 2.5 48.3 365
US 314,659 332,334 369,981 403,932 11.33 9.18 9,632 7.2 17.7 33
Indonesia 229,965 244,191 271,485 288,110 11.18 6.12 1,905 1.4 11.6 121
Brazil 193,734 202,866 217,146 218,512 7.04 0.63 8,515 6.3 7.0 23
Nigeria 154,729 175,928 226,651 289,083 28.83 27.55 924 0.7 39.5 168
Russia 140,874 137,983 128,864 116,097 -6.61 -9.91 17,098 12.7 7.1 8
Japan 127,156 125,791 117,424 101,659 -6.65 -13.43 378 0.3 11.4 336
Mexico 109,610 115,528 126,457 128,964 9.46 1.98 1,964 1.5 12.5 56
Philippines 91,983 101,734 124,384 146,156 22.26 17.50 300 0.2 17.0 307
Egypt 82,999 91,778 110,907 129,533 20.84 16.79 1,001 0.7 3.0 83
Germany 82,167 81,346 77,854 70,504 -4.29 -9.44 357 0.3 33.3 230
Thailand 67,764 69,939 73,462 73,361 5.04 -0.14 513 0.4 29.6 132
France 62,343 63,900 66,474 67,668 4.03 1.80 549 0.4 33.6 114
UK 61,565 63,528 67,956 72,365 6.97 6.49 244 0.2 25.0 252
Italy 59,870 60,604 59,549 57,066 -1.74 -4.17 301 0.2 23.8 199
Korea 48,333 49,153 49,146 44,077 -0.01 -10.31 100 0.1 16.0 483
Spain 44,904 47,203 49,772 51,260 5.44 2.99 505 0.4 25.1 89
Argentina 40,276 42,548 47,255 50,943 11.06 7.80 2,780 2.1 11.7 15
Poland 38,074 37,788 36,187 32,013 -4.24 -11.53 313 0.2 40.0 122
Canada 33,574 35,493 40,096 44,414 12.97 10.77 9,985 7.4 4.5 3
Malaysia 27,468 30,041 35,275 39,664 17.42 12.44 330 0.2 5.5 83
Australia 21,293 22,607 25,656 28,724 13.49 11.96 7,741 5.8 5.7 3
Sweden 9,249 9,498 10,076 10,571 6.09 4.91 450 0.3 5.9 21
Singapore 4,737 5,059 5,460 5,221 7.93 -4.38 1 0.0 0.8 6,700
New Zealand 4,267 4,492 4,972 5,349 10.69 7.58 268 0.2 3.2 16
EU27 496,203 502,470 505,519 493,856 0.61 -2.31 4,329 3.2 25.1 115
ASEAN 581,531 621,526 704,367 762,748 13.33 8.29 4,480 3.3 14.7 130
NAFTA 457,842 483,355 536,534 577,310 11.00 7.60 21,581 16.1 11.1 21
(a) 1,000km2=386.1 mile2; (b) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Sources: Social Indicators, 2009, UN; World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision, UN; ResourceSTAT-Land, 2009, FAO
1-2 Population of Major Cities 1-3 Percentage of Urban(a) Population
Country City 2000 2005 2007 1985 1995 2005 2030(b)

(1,000 persons) (%)
World 40.9 44.7 48.6 59.7
China Beijing 9,782 10,717 11,106 Africa 29.9 34.1 37.9 50.0
Shanghai 13,243 14,503 14,987
Hong Kong 6,662 7,057 7,206 Egypt 43.9 42.8 42.6 49.9
India Delhi 12,441 15,053 15,926 Asia 29.0 34.4 39.7 54.1
US New York-Newwark 17,846 18,732 19,040 China 23.0 31.4 40.4 60.3
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana 11,814 12,307 12,500 Japan 60.6 64.6 66.0 73.0
Brazil Sao Paulo 17,099 18,333 18,845 India 24.3 26.6 28.7 40.6
Russia Moscow 10,016 10,416 10,452 Europe 69.4 71.0 71.9 77.8
Japan Tokyo(a) 34,450 35,327 35,676 UK 88.6 89.0 89.7 92.2
Osaka-Kobe 11,165 11,258 11,294
Germany Berlin 3,384 3,391 3,406 France 73.7 74.9 76.7 82.9
France Paris 9,692 9,852 9,904 North America 74.7 77.3 80.7 86.7
UK London 8,225 8,505 8,567 US 74.5 77.3 80.8 87.0
Italy Rome 3,385 3,348 3,339 Oceania 70.7 70.5 70.5 72.6
Korea Seoul 9,917 9,825 9,796 Latin America and the Caribbean 67.9 73.0 77.5 84.6
Australia Sydney 4,078 4,260 4,327 Brazil 71.3 77.8 84.2 91.1
(a) Total population of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Chiba and Saitama Prefectures (a) Criteria used by each area or country; (b) Projection
Source: World Urbanization Prospects Report, The 2008 Revision, UN Source: World Urbanization Prospects, The 2008 Revision, UN
1-4 Average Life Expectancy at Birth 1-5 Total Fertility Rate
Male Female 1950– 2000– 2045– Japan

2006 Eras of Significance
(years) 1950–55(a) 2000–05(a) 2045–50(b) 1950–55(a) 2000–05(a) 2045–50(b) (%) 1955(a) 2005(a) 2050(b)
Japan 60.4 78.3 83.5 63.9 85.7 91.0 India 5.91 3.11 1.85 2.9 1947–1949 4.42
Australia 66.9 78.0 84.3 72.4 83.0 88.2 US 3.45 2.04 1.85 2.1 (First baby boom)
Sweden 70.4 77.8 83.5 73.3 82.3 87.0 Canada 3.65 1.52 1.85 1.5 1966 1.58
Canada 66.8 77.3 83.2 71.7 82.3 87.5 France 2.73 1.88 1.85 1.9 (Year of “Hinoeuma”)
Italy 64.4 77.2 82.5 68.1 83.1 88.4 China 6.11 1.77 1.85 1.7 1971–1974 2.12
Spain 61.6 76.4 83.1 66.3 83.1 88.0 UK 2.18 1.70 1.85 1.8 (Second baby boom)
UK 66.7 76.1 81.9 71.8 80.7 86.4 Sweden 2.21 1.67 1.85 1.8 1989 1.57
France 64.1 75.8 83.1 69.9 83.1 88.9 (Recorded below
Armenia 4.49 1.72 1.85 1.3
Germany 65.3 75.8 81.8 69.6 81.4 87.0 that of 1966)
Germany 2.16 1.35 1.69 1.4 2007 1.34
US 66.1 75.8 80.8 72.0 80.6 85.8 Spain 2.57 1.29 1.85 1.4
Korea 46.0 73.9 80.5 49.9 80.9 87.2 (Marked record-
Brazil 6.15 2.25 1.75 2.3 low births)
China 39.3 70.5 77.4 42.3 73.7 81.3 Russia 2.85 1.30 1.83 1.3
Egypt 42.1 67.3 75.6 43.7 70.7 79.8 2008 1.37
Japan 3.00 1.30 1.60 1.3 (Slight recovery
Brazil 49.2 67.2 76.5 52.6 74.9 83.4
Korea 5.05 1.22 1.59 1.2 over 2007)
India 38.7 60.9 71.4 37.1 63.3 75.4
Russia 60.5 58.5 70.5 67.3 71.8 79.0 (a) Estimates; (b) Projections
Sources: World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision, UN; Population Projections for Japan,
(a) Estimates; (b) Projections National Institute of Population and Social Security Research; Demographic Yearbook,
Source: World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision, UN WHO Statistical Information System (WHOSIS), MHLW
1-6 Marriage and Divorce Rates 1-7 People Aged 65 and Over
1995 2005 2007 (%) 1990 2000 2010(a) 2020(a) 2030(a) 2040(a)
(per 1,000 persons) Marriages Divorces Marriages Divorces Marriages Divorces
Australia 6.10 2.75 5.40 2.60 5.50 2.30 Japan 12.0 17.2 22.6 28.5 30.8 35.1
Belgium 5.10 3.45 4.10 2.90 4.30 2.80 Germany 15.0 16.4 20.5 23.0 28.2 31.8
Canada 5.50 2.64 4.60 2.20(b) 4.60 — Italy 15.2 18.4 20.4 23.0 26.8 31.8
China(d) — — 6.30 1.40 7.50 1.60 Korea 5.0 7.3 11.0 15.4 23.2 30.2
France 4.40 2.05 4.50 2.50 4.30 2.20(c)
France 14.2 16.1 17.0 20.9 24.3 26.5
Germany 5.30 2.07 4.70 2.40 4.50 2.30
Italy 5.10 0.47 4.20 0.80 4.20 0.80(c) Sweden 17.8 17.2 18.3 21.0 22.6 24.1
Japan 6.30 1.59 5.70 2.10 5.70 2.00 UK 15.7 15.9 16.6 18.5 20.9 22.6
Korea 8.80 1.43 6.50(e) 2.60 7.10(e) 2.60 China 5.5 6.8 8.2 11.7 15.9 21.8
Netherlands 5.30 2.21 4.40 2.00 4.40 2.00
US 12.3 12.4 13.0 16.1 19.8 21.0
Singapore 7.20 1.19 5.40(f) 1.50 5.20(f) 1.50
UK 5.50 2.89 5.10(a) 2.60 — 2.40 Russia 10.1 12.4 12.9 15.4 19.4 20.5
US 8.90 4.44 7.60 — 7.30 — Brazil 4.4 5.5 6.9 9.6 13.7 17.7
(a) 2003; (b) 2004; (c) 2006; (d) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau; (e) Including nationals outside India 3.8 4.3 4.9 6.3 8.4 10.7
the country; (f) Excluding marriages previously officiated outside Singapore or under religious and
customary rites (a) Projection
Source: Demographic Yearbook 1998, 2007, UN Source: World Population Prospects, The 2008 Revision, UN
1-8 Population by Age and Gender: Japan 1-9 Population in 50 Years: Japan
(2009)
Age
Year 2005: 127.77 million persons Year 2055: 89.93 million persons
Total Male Female Total Male Female 56–58 years old:
Group
89 years old:
(1,000) (1,000) (1,000) (%) (%) (%) 100 and over
Age Group The first baby boom The year of the
95–99
between 1947 and 1949 Effects of WW II “Hinoeuma(a)” of 1966
Total 127,566 62,161 65,405 100.00 48.7 51.3 59, 60 years old:
90–94
85–89
0-4 5,393 2,764 2,629 4.23 2.2 2.1 Decrease in birth rate
80–84
5-9 5,746 2,946 2,800 4.50 2.3 2.2 around the war time
75–79
65 years old and over 65 years old and over
10-14 5,984 3,065 2,919 4.69 2.4 2.3 20.6%
70–74
40.5%
15-19 6,094 3,120 2,974 4.78 2.4 2.3 65–69
20-24 7,020 3,605 3,415 5.50 2.8 2.7 60–64
55–59
25-29 7,566 3,861 3,705 5.93 3.0 2.9 50–54
30-34 8,793 4,462 4,331 6.89 3.5 3.4 45–49
35-39 9,645 4,878 4,767 7.56 3.8 3.7 15–64 years old 40–44 15–64 years old
40-44 8,493 4,276 4,216 6.66 3.4 3.3 65.7% 35–39 51.1% 50 years old:
30–34
45-49 7,756 3,894 3,862 6.08 3.1 3.0 25–29
Born in 2005
50-54 7,770 3,877 3,893 6.09 3.0 3.1 31–34 years old: 20–24
55-59 9,466 4,682 4,785 7.42 3.7 3.8 The second baby 15–19 81–84 years old:
60-64 9,152 4,473 4,679 7.17 3.5 3.7 boom of 1971–1974 10–14
under 15 years old 05–09 under 15 years old
The second baby
39 years old: boom of 1971–1974
65-69 8,236 3,938 4,299 6.46 3.1 3.4 The year of the 13.7% 00–04 8.4%
70-74 6,921 3,201 3,720 5.43 2.5 2.9 “Hinoeuma(a)” of 1966
75-79 5,759 2,503 3,256 4.51 2.0 2.6 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000
80-84 4,163 1,622 2,542 3.26 1.3 2.0 (1,000) (1,000)
85 and over 3,608 995 2,613 2.83 0.8 2.0 (a) Bad year for having a baby according to oriental zodiac-based superstition
Sources: Population Census of Japan, MIC; Japan's Future Population (December 2006),
Source: Statistics Bureau data, MIC (as of April 1, 2009) National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
1-10 Change in Population Structure(a): Japan

Age
1930 Group
Total 5,528 Over 90 Total 5,994
2007
2030 (Projection) 85–89
Male 80–84 Female
75–79
70–74
Total 6,231 65–69 Total 6,546
Total 3,239 60–64 Total 3,206
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
(10,000) 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 (10,000)
(a) Population as of October 1, in listed years

Sources: Population Census of Japan, MIC; Japan's Future Population (December 2006), National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
1-11 Foreign Residents(a): Japan 1-12 Japanese Living Overseas
1990 % 1995 % 2000 % 2007 % 2008 % 1980 2008

Total 1,075,317 100.0 1,362,371 100.0 1,686,444 100.0 2,152,973 100.0 2,217,426 100.0 Total(a) Total(a) % Permanent(b)
Total 445,372 1,116,993 100.0 361,269
China 150,339 14.0 222,991 16.4 335,575 19.9 606,889 28.2 655,377 29.6 US 121,180 386,328 34.6 136,034
China(c) 13,994 125,928 11.3 1,448
Korea(b) 687,940 64.0 666,376 48.9 635,269 37.7 593,489 27.6 589,239 26.6 UK 10,943 63,017 5.6 14,419
Brazil 56,429 5.2 176,440 13.0 254,394 15.1 316,967 14.7 312,582 14.1 Australia 5,007 66,371 5.9 33,971
Brazil 141,580 60,578 5.4 58,392
Philippines 49,092 4.6 74,297 5.5 144,871 8.6 202,592 9.4 210,617 9.5 Canada 12,280 50,201 4.5 31,015
Thailand 6,424 44,114 3.9 919
Peru 10,279 1.0 36,269 2.7 46,171 2.7 59,696 2.8 59,723 2.7 Germany 13,991 35,661 3.2 7,905
US 38,364 3.6 43,108 3.2 44,856 2.7 51,851 2.4 52,683 2.4 France 6,842 31,003 2.8 6,399
Singapore 8,140 23,583 2.1 1,306
Thailand 6,724 0.6 16,035 1.2 29,289 1.7 41,384 1.9 42,609 1.9 Korea 3,040 27,102 2.4 6,265
Taiwan 5,022 18,652 1.7 1,465
Vietnam 6,233 0.6 9,099 0.7 16,908 1.0 36,860 1.7 41,136 1.9 Philippines 3,958 16,850 1.5 3,657
Indonesia 3,623 0.3 6,956 0.5 19,346 1.1 25,620 1.2 27,250 1.2 New Zealand 659 13,507 1.2 6,302
Argentina 15,887 11,696 1.0 11,250
UK 10,206 0.9 12,485 0.9 16,525 1.0 17,328 0.8 17,011 0.8 India 838 3,284 0.3 162
Russia(d) 976 2,159 0.2 44
Others 56,088 5.2 98,315 7.2 143,240 8.5 200,297 9.3 209,199 9.4
(a) Japanese citizens who lived overseas for more than three months, including permanent residents;
(a) Registered; (b) Including the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) (b) Japanese citizens who acquired permanent residential status from the governments of countries
Sources: Annual Report of Statistics on Legal Migrants 2007, MOJ; Report of Statistics on and regions they lived; (c) Including Hong Kong from 2000 onwards; (d) Former USSR until 1990
Legal Migrants 2008, 2009, MOJ Source: Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas (as of October 1, 2008), MOFA
Chapter 2 Economy 10
2-1 GDP of Major Countries 2-2 Real Total Gross Fixed Capital Formation(a)
Nominal Per Capita Growth Rate of GDP (constant prices) (% change from
GDP GDP previous year)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008
(current prices) ($ billion) ($) (% change from previous year)
India(b) 22.6 29.8 23.7 20.0 18.6 14.9
(2008) (2008) Indonesia(b) 11.0 31.2 27.3 22.9 22.4 38.9
US 14,441 47,440 -0.2 4.1 1.9 2.5 4.1 3.1 2.7 2.1 0.4 Saudi Arabia 14.6 2.5 18.5 17.0 18.3 —
Japan 4,911 38,457 3.2 6.3 5.6 1.9 2.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 -0.7 China(b)(c) 22.6 21.7 18.7 16.6 17.0 19.7
Germany 3,673 44,729 1.3 2.2 5.7 1.8 3.2 0.7 3.2 2.5 1.2 Mexico 0.4 8.0 7.5 9.8 7.2 5.0
China 4,327 3,260 7.9 13.5 3.8 10.9 8.4 10.4 11.6 13.0 9.0 Thailand(b) 14.6 18.1 21.9 7.2 2.3 10.7
UK 2,680 43,734 -2.1 3.6 0.8 3.1 3.9 2.2 2.9 2.6 0.7 UK 1.1 4.9 2.2 6.0 6.8 -3.1
France 2,867 46,037 1.8 1.8 2.6 2.2 4.1 1.9 2.4 2.3 0.3 Germany -0.3 -1.3 1.3 8.5 4.5 3.6
Spain 1,602 35,117 1.2 2.4 3.8 4.1 5.1 3.6 4.0 3.6 0.9 Australia 9.3 6.9 8.7 4.8 9.5 9.1
Canada 1,500 45,085 2.2 4.8 0.2 2.8 5.2 3.0 2.9 2.5 0.4 France 2.2 3.3 4.5 4.4 6.5 0.4
Brazil 1,573 8,295 9.2 7.9 -4.2 4.2 4.3 3.2 4.0 5.7 5.1 Switzerland -1.2 4.5 3.8 4.7 5.4 -1.7
Russia 1,677 11,807 — — — -4.1 10.0 6.4 7.7 8.1 5.6 Japan -0.5 1.4 3.1 0.5 0.8 -5.0
India 1,207 1,017 3.6 4.9 5.6 7.4 5.7 9.2 9.8 9.4 7.3
Korea 4.4 2.1 1.9 3.4 4.2 -1.7
Mexico 1,088 10,200 9.5 2.2 5.1 -6.2 6.6 3.2 5.1 3.3 1.3
US 3.2 6.1 5.8 2.0 -2.0 -3.5
Korea 929 19,136 -1.5 6.8 9.2 9.2 8.5 4.0 5.2 5. 2.2
Brazil -4.6 9.1 3.6 8.7 — —
Australia 1,013 46,824 2.6 5.7 1.6 3.4 3.5 2.8 2.8 4.0 2.4
Netherlands 877 52,500 -0.3 2.7 4.1 3.0 3.9 2.0 3.4 3.6 2.0 Russia 12.8 11.3 10.5 9.8 — —
Indonesia 512 2,239 9.9 2.5 7.2 8.2 5.4 5.7 5.5 6.3 6.1 Italy -0.9 1.5 1.4 3.2 1.6 -2.9
Switzerland 500 68,433 5.1 3.7 3.7 0.4 3.6 2.6 3.6 3.6 1.8 Euro area 1.3 1.8 3.5 5.7 4.6 -0.3
Thailand 273 4,116 4.6 4.6 11.6 9.2 4.8 4.6 5.2 4.9 2.6 (a) Total value of acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets, plus value added to non-produced assets by productive
Singapore 182 38,972 9.7 -1.4 9.2 8.2 10.1 7.3 8.4 7.8 1.1 activity of institutional units; (b) At current market prices; (c) Excluding Hong Kong
Sources: OECD Economic Outlook 85, June, 2009; Key Indicator 2009, Asia Development Bank; Saudi Arabia
Source: World Economic Outlook Database, October 2009, IMF Economic Indicators (2001-2008), Ministry of Economy and Planning, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; UN Data, UN
2-3 Gross National Savings 2-4 Producer Price Growth Rates
1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 (% change from

(% of nominal GDP)
previous year)
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
China 38.1 37.3 48.2 49.5 51.8 52.2
US 2.6 4.3 5.5 4.0 3.8
Norway 25.9 35.4 37.4 39.2 39.0 41.7
France 0.3 1.2 2.5 4.6 4.8
India 25.1 25.5 36.5 38.1 40.6 —
Italy 1.6 2.7 3.7 4.5 3.0
Korea 36.2 33.6 32.7 31.2 30.6 —
UK 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.5
Netherlands 27.2 28.4 26.5 29.4 29.5 26.5
Korea 2.2 6.0 2.2 0.9 1.4
Sweden 20.9 22.8 23.4 26.8 28.7 28.0
Germany 1.7 1.6 4.4 5.4 1.3
Japan 29.3 27.5 26.8 26.9 27.0 —
Japan -0.8 1.3 1.6 2.2 1.8
Germany 21.0 20.2 22.2 23.9 25.9 26.0 Canada -1.4 3.2 1.5 2.4 1.6
Spain 21.7 22.3 22.0 21.9 21.1 20.0 India 5.5 6.5 4.4 5.4 4.7
Australia 18.7 19.7 21.6 21.8 22.5 — China(a) 2.3 6.1 4.9 3.0 3.1
Mexico 21.1 23.8 23.3 25.5 — — Brazil 27.5 10.4 5.6 0.8 5.6
France 19.1 21.6 18.5 19.1 19.3 — Russia 12.5 28.8 13.4 10.4 12.2
UK 15.9 15.0 14.6 14.2 15.6 — Indonesia 3.4 7.4 15.3 13.6 13.8
US 15.5 17.7 14.4 15.0 13.7 — Australia 0.5 3.9 5.9 8.0 2.4
Indonesia 28.1 26.0 24.3 25.8 25.1 28.2 Thailand 4.0 6.7 9.2 7.0 3.3
Malaysia — 35.9 35.0 37.1 37.4 36.6 Vietnam 2.6 7.3 4.4 4.2 6.8
Thailand 35.6 31.5 27.7 29.9 31.8 30.4
（a) Excluding Hong Kong
Sources: OECD Economic Outlook 85, June 2009; Key Indicators 2009, Asia Development Bank Source: OECD Factbook 2009
2-5 Consumer Price Growth Rates 2-6 Industrial Production Indices
(% change from 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (2005=100)
previous year)
India 85.3 92.5 100.0 111.3 121.0 123.8
Canada 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.2 2.4
Korea 85.2 94.0 100.0 108.4 115.9 119.4
China(a) 3.9 1.8 1.5 4.8 5.9
Malaysia 86.0 96.1 100.0 104.8 107.2 107.8
France 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.9
Germany 93.1 97.1 100.0 105.3 111.4 112.1
Germany 1.7 1.5 1.6 2.3 2.6
Australia 99.7 99.1 100.0 100.3 103.8 106.5
India 3.8 4.3 5.8 6.3 8.4
Japan 94.1 98.6 100.0 104.4 107.3 103.8
Indonesia 6.2 10.5 13.1 6.4 10.1
US 94.5 96.8 100.0 102.3 103.8 101.5
Italy 2.3 1.9 2.1 1.9 3.3 France 98.0 100.0 100.0 100.8 102.0 99.7
Japan 0.0 -0.3 0.2 0.1 1.4 Canada 96.5 98.3 100.0 99.8 99.9 95.5
Korea 3.5 2.7 2.2 2.5 4.7 Italy 100.9 101.8 100.0 103.1 106.0 102.7
UK 3.0 2.9 3.2 4.3 4.0 China(a) — — 100.0 101.5 100.8 95.8
US 2.7 3.4 3.2 2.9 3.8 UK 100.4 101.7 100.0 100.1 100.5 97.5
Brazil 6.6 6.8 4.2 3.6 5.6 Brazil 89.5 97.0 100.0 102.9 109.0 112.4
Russia 10.7 12.7 9.7 9.0 14.0 Russia 89.0 96.2 100.0 104.7 114.5 117.2
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau (a) Including Hong Kong
Source: International Financial Statistics, November 2009, IMF Source: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, September 2009, UN
2-7 Policy Rates(a) 2-8 Securities Markets
1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total Value of Share Trading Bonds Value (Listed)
(%)
($ billion) 1990 1995 2000 2006 2007 2008 2007 2008
US (b)
6.50 5.50 6.50 4.25 5.25 4.25 0—0.25 US
(NYSE Euronext) 1,325.3 3,082.9 11,060.0 21,789.5 29,113.8 33,638.9 — —
Japan(f) 6.00 0.50 0.50 0.10 0.40 0.75 0.30 UK (London) 543.4 1,153.2 4,558.7 7,571.7 10,333.7 6,271.5 3,886.6 2,734.4
Korea(c) — — 5.25 3.75 4.50 5.00 3.00 Japan (Tokyo) 1,287.7 884.0 2,315.5 5,822.8 6,412.7 5,607.3 5,125.6 6,298.4
Germany (Deutsche) 508.7 593.9 2,119.8 2,737.2 4,324.9 4,678.8 — —
China(e) — — 3.24 3.33 3.33 3.33 2.79
Italy (Borsa) 42.2 87.1 1,019.6 1,591.2 2,311.2 1,499.5 3,400.7 3,690.4
Canada(d) — — 5.75 3.25 4.25 4.25 1.50 Canada (TSX) 54.8 151.6 636.5 1,281.8 1,634.9 1,716.2 13.1 8.4
Australia 40.2 98.3 226.5 859.6 1,371.7 1,213.2 — —
UK(e) — — 6.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 2.00
Hong Kong 34.7 95.8 376.7 832.4 2,133.6 1,629.8 54.9 53.4
Euro area — — 4.75 2.25 3.50 4.00 2.50 Shanghai — — — 736.4 4,028.6 2,600.2 245.6 263.5
(a) At year-end; (b) Intended Federal Funds rate; (c) Base rate; (d) Overnight rate target; Singapore 21.1 64.0 95.2 180.2 381.3 259.9 381.6 396.3
(e) Bank rate; (f) Discount rate
Sources: International Financial Statistics, November 2009, IMF; Financial and Source: World Federation of Exchanges
Economic Statistics Monthly, November 2009, BOJ
2-9 Money Supply

Money Money plus Quasi-Money
(% change from previous year) Singapore UK (% change from previous year)
35 China(a) Korea 35
India Japan
30 Australia US 30
Thailand Canada
25 25 21.6
19.2 17.8
20 18.4 20 17.3
17.2 15.9
15 15 14.9
14.9
11.3 12.0
10 9.0 10 9.2
8.3 6.7 8.3
5 6.3 5
4.1
0 0 0.7
-1.0 Singapore UK
-5 -5 China(a) Korea
India Japan
-10 -25 Australia US
Thailand Canada
-15 -30
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Sources: International Financial Statistics 1995, 2008, Monthly June 2009, IMF
2-10 Real Residential Price Indices 2-11 Gross Domestic Expenditures: Japan
(% change from previous year)
2006 2007 2008
15 (¥ trillion)
Nominal GDP 507.4 515.8 507.6
12
Real GDP 547.7 560.5 556.6
9 Private consumption 305.0 307.0 308.7
7.6 (China)
Private residential investment 18.5 16.7 15.4
6
Private non-residential investment 85.0 89.8 86.3
3 Private inventory 2.1 3.5 2.7
Government consumption 95.2 97.1 97.8
0 Public investment 21.9 20.3 18.9
-2.7 (Germany) Public inventory 0.3 0.3 0.2
-3 -2.9 (Japan)
-4.3 (UK) Exports of goods & services 80.7 87.5 89.1
-6 -6.1 (US) Imports of goods & services 60.3 61.2 61.8
Nominal growth rate (%) 1.1 1.7 -1.6
-9
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Real growth rate (%) 2.0 2.3 -0.7
Sources: OECD Economic Outlook 85, June 2009; Chinese Statistical Yearbook 2002, 2005, 2008 Source: Economic and Social Research Institute, Cabinet Office
2-12 Changes in Economy: Japan

(% change from previous year) (1985=100)
8 400 390.1
7.5 7.7 Nominal GDP (1985=100)
7 (C)
6.4 Land Prices
6 274.6
300 301.3
5
4 2.2
3 4.1 Nikkei 225 156.7
2.6 1.6 1.7 200
2 1.1 TOPIX
(b) 160.2
1 159.1
0.8 81.9
0 0.7 100 80.4 131.7
-2.0 -1.6 Nominal GDP 67.3
-1
-1.3 65.0 75.0 61.5
-2 52.2
-3 0
1985 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 1985 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
(%) (%)
12 11.7 6 5.4
Annual Rate of Increase of Unemployment Rate
10 Money Supply (M2+CDs)
(a)
5 4.7
4.1
3.9 4.0
8 4 4.7
3.1
6 Official discount rate 3 3.4
4 2 2.5 2.5
1.8 1.6 2.1 0.5 1 2.1
2 0.6 1.0
0.75 0.3
0 0
1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 1988 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
(a) Average outstanding; (b) Tokyo Stock Price Index; (c) Commercial areas in Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Kyoto and Kobe
Sources: National Accounts Main Aggregates Database, October. 2009, UN; Financial and Economic Statistics Monthly, November 2009, BOJ; Urban Land Price Index, September 2009, Japan Real Estate Institute
OECD Economic Outlook 85, June 2009; World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008, IMF
3-1 Current Account Balances 3-2 Trade Balance of Goods and Services
($ billion) 2005 2006 2007 2008 ($ billion) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
China(a) 160.8 253.3 371.8 − Germany 95.6 136.8 148.2 166.0 236.2 227.5
Germany 142.8 190.2 263.1 243.3 Netherlands 35.9 45.2 54.4 57.8 67.1 70.1
Japan 165.8 170.5 210.5 156.6 Canada 32.1 42.0 41.7 30.6 26.5 24.5
Netherlands 46.6 63.0 59.6 65.4 Japan 72.5 94.2 69.9 63.1 83.5 17.3
Canada 22.2 17.9 12.6 11.3 Australia -13.5 -17.5 -12.8 -8.7 -16.7 -4.2
Korea 15.0 5.4 6.0 -6.4 Korea 14.5 29.5 19.0 8.9 8.8 -10.7
Mexico -4.4 -4.4 -8.2 -16.0 Italy 8.9 12.2 -0.3 -14.0 -5.2 -10.9
Australia -41.0 -41.5 -57.6 -44.0 Mexico -11.3 -14.5 -12.9 -12.6 -16.5 -23.9
France -13.6 -15.5 -31.3 -52.9 France 19.4 11.4 -11.3 -24.4 -39.9 -69.1
Italy -29.7 -48.0 -51.0 -78.0 UK -48.1 -64.2 -79.6 -81.7 -100.3 −
UK -59.1 -83.1 -78.8 − US -496.9 -607.7 -711.6 -753.3 -700.3 -681.1
US -729.0 -788.1 -731.2 -673.3 China(a) 36.1 49.3 124.8 208.9 307.5 −
Singapore 22.2 29.8 39.1 − Singapore 25.6 27.7 34.3 40.8 46.5 −
Thailand -7.6 2.2 1.6 − Thailand 8.8 6.8 -3.5 5.7 17.5 −
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau (a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Source: International Financial Statistics, IMF Source: International Financial Statistics, IMF
Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 17

3-3 Trade in Services 3-4 Income
($ billion) 2005 2006 2007 2008 ($ billion) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
US 71.8 81.3 115.1 135.7 Japan 85.7 103.4 118.2 138.5 152.3
UK 45.1 59.0 78.4 − US 67.2 72.4 57.2 81.8 127.6
France 16.5 12.6 15.0 21.1 Germany 25.6 30.8 58.0 69.9 64.5
Netherlands 6.8 9.3 12.2 12.9 UK 37.0 42.1 20.5 48.7 −
Australia 0.5 0.9 1.1 0.1 France 22.6 24.8 36.3 39.3 51.0
Mexico -5.3 -6.4 -6.5 -6.7 Netherlands 11.4 3.9 18.3 4.8 8.0
China(a) -9.4 -8.8 -7.9 − China(a) -3.5 10.6 15.2 25.7 −
Italy -0.9 -1.5 -9.5 -10.9 Korea 1.1 -1.6 0.5 0.8 5.1
Canada -10.0 -13.0 -17.8 -21.3 Mexico -9.4 -13.6 -17.8 -18.1 -17.5
Korea -13.7 -19.0 -20.6 -16.7 Canada -18.6 -18.5 -11.8 -13.0 -12.8
Japan -24.1 -18.3 -21.3 -20.8 Australia -21.0 -27.7 -32.4 -40.6 -39.5
Germany -45.0 -31.8 -34.5 -38.2 Italy -18.3 -17.1 -17.1 -26.9 -45.0
Singapore -2.7 -2.6 -2.6 − Singapore -8.2 -10.9 -9.6 -5.7 −
Thailand -6.8 -8.2 -8.0 − Thailand -6.2 -7.2 -6.8 -5.6 −
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau (a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Source: International Financial Statistics, IMF Source: International Financial Statistics, IMF
3-5 Total Current Transfers, Net 3-6 Total Reserves
($ billion) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (millions of SDRs(a)) 2006 2007 2008
China(a) 17.6 22.9 25.4 29.2 38.7 − All Countries 3,414,410 4,111,010 4,498,970
Mexico 15.5 18.7 22.1 25.9 26.4 25.4 China(b) 710,920 969,055 1,083,780
Canada -0.1 -0.5 -1.1 -1.0 -0.9 -0.5 Japan 585,600 603,794 656,178
Australia -0.2 -0.3 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.3 Korea 158,804 165,908 130,607
Korea -2.9 -2.4 -2.5 -4.1 -3.6 -0.8 India 113,895 169,356 161,036
US 45,615 46,820 52,396
Japan -7.5 -7.9 -7.6 -10.7 -11.5 -13.1
Australia 35,618 15,764 20,016
Netherlands -7.2 -10.4 -11.7 -13.0 -12.3 -12.8 Germany 31,561 31,896 31,846
Italy -8.1 -10.3 -12.3 -16.9 -18.9 -22.1 France 31,412 31,855 24,630
UK -16.0 -18.8 -21.6 -21.9 -27.1 − UK 27,402 31,330 29,142
France -19.5 -21.7 -27.1 -27.4 -30.7 -34.9 Switzerland 26,773 29,433 30,426
Germany -31.6 -34.4 -36.2 -33.8 -43.1 -48.7 Canada 23,265 25,944 28,426
Italy 19,817 20,721 26,836
US -71.8 -84.5 -89.8 -92.0 -112.7 -119.7
Spain 7,663 7,582 8,376
Singapore -1.4 -1.3 -1.3 -1.4 -1.7 − Russia 196,921 295,872 268,426
Thailand 0.9 2.2 3.0 3.4 3.9 − Brazil 56,643 113,585 125,239
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau (a) Special Drawing Rights; (b) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Source: International Financial Statistics, IMF Source: MOF; International Financial Statistics, IMF

3-7 National Currency Share in Total Foreign Exchange 3-8 Exchange Rates
(%) (¥)
100 1.3 1.6 2.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.8 2.0
2.7 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.6 4.4 4.7 4.1 250 238.53 Euro
Others US Dollar
£
19.2 226.69 Chinese Yuan
23.8 25.2 24.8 24.0 25.1
80 26.3 26.5
¥ 200
5.0 $ 184.55
4.4 163.59
3.9 3.8 3.6 3.1 165.84 157.35 158.21
2.9 3.3 149.45 150.49
60 144.81 139.22 142.51
150 136.44
144.61 130.26 133.02 131.10
134.51 117.31 117.29 115.01
116.79 126.74
107.74 117.02 104.30
40 100 109.31 105.3 111.03
99.75 100.83 98.15
71.5 67.1
89.77
65.9 65.9 66.9 65.5
64.1 64.0
20 50
30.28
25.21
13.05 13.99 13.09 12.95 13.96 14.65 14.86 15.26 15.36 14.24
0
0 1980 1985 1987 1990 1991 2000 2003 2004 2005.3 2005.9 2006.3 2006.9 2007.3 2007.9 2008.3 2008.9 2009.3 2009.9
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (Each year-end)
Source: Annual Report 2009, Appendixes, IMF Sources: BOJ; The People's Bank of China
3-9 Purchasing Power Parities for GDP 3-10 Investment Income, Net
Purchasing power Comparative price Per capita volume

parities(a) levels indices(b) ($ billion) 2006 2007 2008 2009(a) 2010(a)
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 Japan 118.2 139.0 153.4 126.8 152.1
Korea 750 754 77 63 81 83 US 57.2 81.8 127.6 143.7 130.6
Japan 120.14 116.53 97 104 102 101 Germany 58.0 70.9 67.0 58.6 64.6
Russian Fed. 15.79 18.42 — — — —
UK 18.5 41.5 63.4 15.9 15.2
Mexico 7.53 7.86 66 65 43 43
Switzerland 1.66 1.63 132 139 125 128 France 36.0 39.3 51.3 57.1 61.1
Australia 1.42 1.48 114 115 110 110 Netherlands 18.5 4.9 8.1 11.4 10.3
US 1.00 1.00 95 92 141 140 Korea 0.5 1.0 5.1 2.2 2.6
France 0.91 0.92 119 125 99 98 Canada -12.2 -10.2 -14.1 -9.9 -10.3
Netherlands 0.88 0.87 115 118 119 123
Italy -16.8 -27.6 -41.9 -42.2 -43.5
Germany 0.86 0.85 112 115 105 106
Australia -30.9 -39.9 -39.2 -30.0 -31.4
UK 0.65 0.66 123 111 108 107
Euro area 0.85 0.85 110 115 99 99 Spain -26.2 -41.4 -49.8 -38.0 -35.5
(a) Measure: CD: National currency per US dollar; (b) Based on the current PPPs (a) Projections
Sources: Main Economic Indicators, October 2009, OECD; OECD Stat Source: OECD Economic Outlook 85, June 2009

3-11 Foreign Direct Investments 3-12 Direct Investment to BRICs

(2007)
($ million)
Outward Inward 10,000 Japan 9,445
($ million) 2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008
US
Total 1,578,729 2,492,678 2,176,634 1,538,801 2,446,733 1,834,607 6,218
UK(b)
US 241,244 398,597 332,012 241,961 275,758 319,737 6,000 5,710
Canada 39,117 59,637 77,667 62,765 108,414 44,712 Germany(b)
EU(a) 886,226 1,508,504 1,133,745 693,129 1,208,859 620,382 France(b)
Netherlands 208,391 181,790 227,436 105,446 340,093 117,933
UK 86,764 272,384 134,019 148,18 196,390 96,939 4,114
France 121,370 169,062 200,350 78,154 103,871 97,174 4,000 3,726
Germany 94,700 179,538 156,463 55,168 56,404 24,939
3,044
Australia 22,638 24,209 – 25,736 22,266 – 2,680
Japan 50,165 73,483 130,801 -6,789 22,181 24,550 2,284
ASEAN(b) 22,120 45,646 32,036 47,635 61,093 50,659 2,174
2,000
Thailand 1,032 1,756 – 9,010 9,575 – 1,506
1,334
China(c) 17,830 16,995 53,471 78,095 138,413 147,791 1,244
Korea 8,127 15,276 – 3,586 1,579 –

India 10,389 15,461 19,354 19,352 24,403 41,077 193 95
248
99 97
55
Brazil 28,202 7,067 20,457 18,822 34,585 45,058 0
Russia 28,202 45,916 52,629 18,822 55,073 73,053 China(a) India Brazil Russia
(a) EU15; (b) ASEAN 5; (c) Excluding Hong Kong (a) Excluding Hong Kong; (b) 2007 average local currency conversion to US dollar
Sources: White Paper, Trade & Investment 2008, 2009, JETRO; Country Report, JETRO Source: JETRO
3-13 International Trade: Exports 3-14 International Trade: Imports

(2008) (2008)
Export to Import from
($ million) Japan US UK Germany France China(a) India Korea Russia Brazil World ($ million) Japan US UK Germany France China(a) India Korea Russia Brazil World
Japan — 139,022 16,451 23,989 9,120 125,039 7,891 7,891 16,494 5,923 783,149 Japan — 78,974 7,467 20,886 10,664 143,626 5,237 29,473 13,332 8,701 761,803
US 66,579 — 53,775 54,732 29,949 71,457 18,666 34,807 9,335 32,910 1,300
(b)
US 143,352 — 59,775 99,764 44,905 356,319 26,932 49,824 27,932 32,073 2,166(b)
UK 6,844 63,732 — 53,001 34,742 9,025 7,458 4,474 7,530 2,940 459,871 UK 14,131 55,192 — 82,804 42,940 47,656 7,710 5,953 11,940 4,932 633,866
Germany 18,813 104,728 98,530 — 142,575 50,132 11,924 12,773 47,544 12,734 1,465,196 Germany 25,596 50,398 64,565 — 100,318 74,977 7,075 11,575 51,192 10,151 1,204,753
France 8,241 35,012 47,118 86,466 — 13,247 4,878 4,456 10,301 5,118 606,611 France 8,472 30,271 35,917 126,797 — 28,037 4,283 3,717 19,290 5,126 706,733
China(a) 120,546 273,129 38,360 61,470 23,626 — 32,362 75,212 32,624 18,938 1,484
(b)
China(a) 148,425 80,723 9,400 55,272 14,961 — 22,857 121,626 25,384 29,504 1,190(b)
India 4,761 24,483 7,009 6,432 3,894 20,779 — 4,800 1,545 2,472 187,405 India 8,680 20,533 8,204 13,116 5,366 35,599 — 8,289 6,199 1,203 300,539
Korea 26,794 45,294 5,412 10,523 3,379 106,624 7,535 — 10,246 3,982 417,458 Korea 65,385 38,288 4,921 14,050 4,902 83,146 5,280 — 9,204 3,189 434,978
Russia 10,925 15,285 13,988 36,108 12,311 20,725 5,635 9,220 — 2,076 464,018 Russia 17,836 12,204 7,756 36,905 9,993 35,431 1,699 11,333 — 4,775 276,018
Brazil 7,910 29,157 4,484 9,228 4,660 24,879 1,094 2,337 4,283 — 199,827 Brazil 5,923 32,910 2,940 12,734 5,118 19,381 2,472 3,871 2,199 — 168,476
World(b) 691.64 2,024.57 670.73 1,157.05 715.84 1,094.08 210.07 390.43 293.24 163.66 16,018.2 World(b) 845.42 1,353.92 485.92 1,440.16 627.38 1,724.92 204.99 451.41 503.73 221.08 16,694.7
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau; (b) $ billion (a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau; (b) $ billion
Source: Direction of Trade Statistics , June 2009, IMF Source: Direction of Trade Statistics, June 2009, IMF

3-15 Exports of Goods and Services 3-16 Imports of Goods and Services
(2000=100) 2005 2006 2007 2008 (2000=100) 2005 2006 2007 2008
Korea 159.94 178.11 200.57 212.07 Russia 229.28 278.12 351.82 404.60
Russia 154.16 165.41 175.83 176.71 Australia 147.00 157.75 176.84 196.40
Germany 135.08 152.56 164.02 168.73 Korea 145.38 161.79 180.68 187.29
Japan 133.17 146.05 158.34 161.16 Mexico(a) 120.73 135.90 145.41 151.66
Switzerland 116.23 127.84 140.05 144.05 Germany 120.28 134.62 141.11 147.13
UK 128.58 139.84 138.80 137.66
Mexico(a) 119.54 132.61 140.12 142.07
France 119.28 125.99 132.75 133.82
US 109.83 119.67 130.11 137.11
Switzerland 117.27 124.94 132.37 132.95
UK 120.05 133.59 129.81 131.07
Canada 116.29 121.81 128.86 129.95
Australia 107.84 111.40 114.95 119.35 US 123.65 131.18 133.78 129.49
France 110.22 115.52 118.48 118.20 Japan 120.70 125.80 127.69 128.86
Italy 103.55 109.99 115.06 110.84 Italy 109.76 116.28 120.65 115.23
Canada 102.68 103.49 104.59 99.66 EU 123.02 134.37 141.44 143.48
EU 122.66 134.06 141.13 143.26 G7 121.03 129.58 133.28 132.39
(a) Estimated value (a) Estimated value
Source: Quarterly National Accounts, 2009, OECD Source: Quarterly National Accounts, 2009, OECD
3-17 Trade-to-GDP Ratio and Trade Balance in Goods and Services
Trade to GDP Ratio Trade Balance in Goods and Services as % of GDP

(%) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2004 2005 2006 2007
Belgium 163.31 169.50 171.45 174.63 4.28 3.72 3.08 2.98

Switzerland 85.77 91.28 96.73 102.11 6.89 6.73 8.26 10.31
Germany 71.78 76.82 85.03 86.81 5.11 5.33 5.67 7.06
Korea 77.61 75.83 77.98 82.34 4.16 2.70 1.39 1.51
Canada 72.53 71.89 69.61 67.36 4.31 3.72 2.46 1.95
Mexico 55.09 55.97 57.65 58.44 -1.77 -1.46 -1.30 -1.62
Italy 49.99 51.96 56.29 58.26 0.72 -0.08 -0.83 -0.23
UK 53.27 56.27 60.22 56.22 -2.73 -3.41 -3.27 -3.38
France 51.32 52.98 54.78 54.89 0.10 -0.86 -1.30 -1.87
Russia 56.51 56.67 54.82 52.27 12.24 13.68 12.73 8.70
Australia 39.85 42.08 42.48 43.25 -2.52 -1.50 -1.22 -1.76
Japan 24.67 27.28 30.98 33.55 1.93 1.39 1.25 1.67
US 25.62 26.99 28.35 29.35 -5.29 -5.77 -5.77 -5.15
Source: Macro Trade Indicators, 2009, OECD

3-18 Economic Partnership Agreements and Free Trade Agreements 3-19 Balance of Payments in Technology
(2007)
Under negotiation Signed In effect
($ million)
Payments Receipts Balance
Korea, GCC, India, Chile, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico,
Japan Australia, Peru Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, ASEAN,
5 0 Philippines, Switzerland, Vietnam 11 US 48,957.0 85,919.0 36,962.0
Australia, Iceland, New Zealand, Chile, Hong Kong, Macau, UK 17,816.1 34,621.8 16,805.7
China GCC, SACU, Costa Rica 5 Singapore, Peru 3 Pakistan, ASEAN 5
Japan 6,033.9 21,080.1 15,046.3
Canada, Mexico, Japan, GCC, US, India, EU Chile, Singapore, ASEAN, EFTA(a)
Korea Peru, Australia, New Zealand 7 3 4 Germany 38,350.0 42,739.4 4,389.3
EU Australia, India, China, Korea, Japan France(a) 3,233.5 5,188.3 1,954.8
ASEAN 1 New Zealand 3 3 Belgium 8,714.3 7,854.8 -859.5
Malaysia, UAE, SACU, Colombia, Korea, Australia, Bahrain, Chile, Dominican Rep.,
Thailand, FTAA Panama El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Israel, Italy 4,619.3 5,737.3 1,118.0
US
5
Jordan, Morocco, Nicaragua, Singapore,
3 NAFTA, Oman, Peru, Costa Rica 16
Canada(b) 1,357.6 2,514.2 1,156.6
India, ACP, ASEAN, Korea Algeria, Andorra, Chile, Croatia, Egypt, Faroe Finland 5,570.5 3,817.2 -1,753.3
CAN(b), GCC, SICA(c), Islands, Iceland, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Australia 5,069.2 3,629.1 -1,440.1
EU Mercosur, Canada Liechtenstein, Macedonia, Mexico, Morocco,
Norway, Palestina, South Africa, Syria, Russia(b) 1,137.9 528.5 -609.4
8 1 Tunisia, Turkey, CARIFORUM(d), EC 22
Spain 9,064.4 6,674.6 -2,389.8
As of September 2009
(a) Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein; (b) Comunidada Andina; (c) Sistema de la Integracion Centroamericana; Switzerland 14,668.8 10,316.8 -4,352.0
(d) Antigua & Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, The Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago (a) 2003; (b) 2006
Source: MOFA Source: OECD in Figures 2009
3-20 ASEAN's Major Trading Partners 3-21 Exports and Imports of Steel Products(a)
(2008)
(%) Exports (1,000 tons) 2000 2005 2007
100
China(b) 11,159 27,414 66,357
Japan 28,478 32,040 35,629
Ukraine 22,283 27,348 30,308
Others Germany 24,579 26,035 29,869
80 Russia 27,506 30,853 29,411
US Belgium — 17,192 22,127
Korea 13,848 16,124 18,264
EU (27) France 17,442 17,551 18,211
26.4 24.0
23.2 China Italy 11,730 14,363 17,908
60 Taiwan 8,322 9,239 11,102
27.3
Korea World Total 306,524 371,320 434,485
16.8 Japan Imports (1,000 tons)

15.7 2000 2005 2007
16.7 US 35,224 30,187 27,683
40 9.6 Germany 20,206 20,391 27,425
12.7(a) 15.5(b) Korea 11,449 18,842 26,180
12.7(b) 10.5(c) Italy 16,900 18,254 24,582
1.8
1.6 2.4 France 17,241 14,946 18,071
20 3.2 4.4 11.5 Belgium — 11,770 17,364
4.2 China(b) 20,905 27,312 17,185
Spain 9,390 11,302 15,020
25.9 21.2 4.4 Turkey 7,273 9,860 13,529
16.1
10.9 Iran 3,940 8,431 12,246
0 Japan 5,089 5,195 4,751
1980 1990 2000 2008 World Total 299,378 363,547 426,260
(a) Data of trade with EEC countries; (b) Data of trade with EU 15 countries; (c) Data of trade with EU 25 countries (a) Semi-finished and finished steel products; (b) Excluding Hong Kong
Sources: The Summary Report on Trade of Japan 1980, 1990, 2002 and 2008, Japan Tariff Association Source: Steel Statistical Yearbook 2008, World Steel Association

3-22 Import Origin of Foodstuffs 3-23 Foreign Direct Investments: Japan

(2008)
($ billion) Outward Inward
Japan ($ million) 2007 2008 2007 2008
China(a) 6.7 (11.4%)
Thailand 3.3 (5.6%) Total 73,483 130,801 22,181 24,550
Korea 1.3 (2.2%) North America 17,385 46,046 12,709 12,005
US 15,672 44,674 13,270 11,792
US EU27 Others Canada 1,713 1,372 -561 213
17.3 7.1 17.1 Total Mid/South America 9,482 29,623 2,831 4,020
Asia (29.4%) (12.1%) (29.0%) 58.9 Brazil 1,244 5,371 — —
17.4 (29.5%)
Cayman Islands 5,838 22,550 1,480 3,592
Canada 2.8 (4.7%) Asia 19,388 23,348 1,605 3,381
United States Australia 4.3 (7.4%) China(a) 6,218 6,496 15 37
China(a) 4.9 (5.7%)
Korea 1,302 2,369 221 279
Thailand 3.2 (3.8%)
India 1,506 5,551 3 1
Indonesia 1.9 (2.3%) Singapore 2,233 1,089 1,282 2,716
Japan 0.6 (0.7%) West Europe 20,456 22,418 4,785 4,861
Netherlands 12,440 6,514 -390 2,692
Mid/South UK 3,026 6,744 540 -1,289
EU27 Canada Others
America(b) Total Germany 880 3,905 -813 1,185
15.7 17.5 31.1
22.2 84.8 France 479 1,703 504 177
(18.5%) (20.7%) (36.7%)
(26.2%) Australia 4,140 5,232 207 53
Asia 15.8 (18.6%) Australia 2.3 (2.8%) Russia 99 306 — 1
(a) Excluding Hong Kong; (b) Mexico, Venezuela, Brazil, Columbia, Equador, Chile, Peru, Argentina (a) Excluding Hong Kong
Source: JETRO Source: Japan Outward and Inward Foreign Direct Investment, 2009, JETRO
3-24 Basic Balance by Country: Japan 3-25 Balance of Payments: Japan

(2008)
Current Balance
Capital and 2005 2006 2007 2008
Current Trade Current Financial (¥ billion)
Account Balance Services Income Transfers Account
(¥ billion)
Current account: 18,259.1 19,848.8 24,793.8 16,379.8
Total 163,798 40,278 -21,379 158,415 -13,515 -183,895 Goods & services 7,693.0 7,346.0 9,825.3 1,889.9
US 111,132 63,018 -8,244 58,104 -1,746 -133,698 Income 11,381.7 13,745.7 16,326.7 15,841.5
Germany 19,748 3,932 4,472 11,293 51 -16,860 Current transfers -815.7 -1,242.9 -1,358.1 -1,351.5
UK 7,391 5,947 3,061 -1,403 -214 207,165

Capital & financial accounts: -14,006.8 -12,466.5 -22,538.3 -18,389.5
India 4,723 2,987 875 972 -112 -6,970 Financial account -13,457.9 -11,913.2 -22,065.3 -17,831.2
France 2,301 -2,126 -1,576 6,078 -75 -72,309 Capital account -549.0 -553.3 -473.1 -558.3
(a)
China -10,042 -13,111 150 4,276 -1,357 -5,270
Changes in reserve assets -2,456.2 -3,719.6 -4,297.4 -3,200.1
Australia -23,420 -28,712 -1,432 6,830 -106 -24,229
Errors & omissions -1,796.0 -3,662.7 2,041.9 5,209.8
Saudi Arabia -43,725 -42,604 -1,146 29 -4 -4,998
Services & income 8,739.9 11,627.4 13,829.6 13,703.6
(a) Excluding Hong Kong
Source: Regional Balance of Payments for 2008 C.Y., MOF Source: Balance of Payments, MOF

3-26 Trading Partners: Japan

(2008)
Destination ($ million) (%) Destination ($ million) (%) Origin ($ million) (%) Origin ($ million) (%)
Total exports 81,018.1 100.0 Canada 1,116.2 1.4 Total imports 78,954.7 100.0 France 1,100.4 1.4
US 14,214.3 17.5 Philippines 1,034.4 1.3 China(a) 14,830.4 18.8 Brazil 943.3 1.2
China(a) 12,949.9 16.0 Mexico 1,031.5 1.3 US 8,039.6 10.2 Vietnam 941.7 1.2
Korea 6,168.3 7.6 France 931.0 1.1 Saudi Arabia 5,292.7 6.7 South Africa 930.2 1.2
Taiwan 4,781.6 5.9 Belgium 879.3 1.1 Australia 4,921.6 6.2 Philippines 872.5 1.1
Hong Kong 4,177.8 5.2 India 818.6 1.0 UAE 4,871.9 6.2 Italy 824.4 1.0
Thailand 3,051.5 3.8 Saudi Arabia 813.9 1.0 Indonesia 3,378.0 4.3 Chile 820.2 1.0
Singapore 2,757.6 3.4 Vietnam 810.2 1.0 Korea 3,052.0 3.9 Singapore 816.6 1.0
Germany 2,483.7 3.1 Italy 705.5 0.9 Qatar 2,752.2 3.5 UK 773.8 1.0
Netherlands 2,185.1 2.7 Brazil 613.2 0.8 Malaysia 2,397.6 3.0 Switzerland 665.0 0.8
Australia 1,793.3 2.2 South Africa 479.8 0.6 Taiwan 2,258.2 2.9 Oman 578.1 0.7
Russia 1,714.3 2.1 Spain 456.2 0.6 Germany 2,159.1 2.7 India 544.2 0.7
UK 1,707.0 2.1 Switzerland 449.9 0.6 Thailand 2,152.3 2.7 Sudan 441.3 0.6
Malaysia 1,705.4 2.1 Oman 407.5 0.5 Iran 1,896.6 2.4 Ireland 430.0 0.5
Indonesia 1,303.6 1.6 Turkey 321.8 0.4 Kuwait 1,584.1 2.0 Netherlands 395.8 0.5
Panama 1,131.7 1.4 Russia 1,389.3 1.8 Mexico 394.8 0.5
UAE 1,124.1 1.4 Canada 1,322.8 1.7
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, December 2008, MOF
3-27 Exports and Imports by Area: Japan

Exports (%) Imports (%)
1985 26.3(7.1) 6.2 14.5 39.7 4.8 4.0 11.4 1985 28.5(5.0) 22.6 9.5 23.7 4.8 6.8 6.8
1.8 2.7 1.3 2.7
1990 31.1(2.1) 22.2 33.8 3.6 3.1 18.7 4.0 1990 28.7(5.1) 13.1 18.2 26.1 4.2 6.3 15.0 8.8
3.0 1.1 2.0 1.7 1.7
1995 43.5(5.0) 16.9 28.6 4.4 2.4 15.9 6.4 1995 36.7(10.7) 9.4 16.2 25.7 3.5 5.5 14.5 14.2
2.0 0.5 1.7 1.7 1.4
2000 41.1(6.3) 17.4 31.3 4.4 2.1 16.3 7.5 2000 41.7(14.5) 13.0 13.6 21.3 2.9 4.7 12.3 17.2
2.0 0.5 1.1 1.5 1.3
2005 48.4(13.5) 14.8 24.0 4.2 2.6 14.7 15.3 2005 44.4(21.0) 17.0 12.4 14.2 3.1 5.4 11.4 23.7
2.8 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.9
2008 49.3 (16.0) 4.3 14.1 18.9 5.2 2.7 14.1 19.9 2008 40.6 (18.8) 9.2 10.1 11.9 3.6 6.8 9.2 22.4
3.6 1.7 2.3 2.4
Asia（China） Middle East Western Europe Central and Eastern Europe(a) North America Central/South America Africa Oceania EU(b) BRICs
(a) Including Russia; (b) 1985: EC10 Countries, 1990: EC 12 Countries, 1995 onwards: EU 15, 2005 onwards: EU 25
Source: Foreign Trade 2009, Japan Foreign Trade Council

3-28 Export Value of Major Commodities: Japan 3-29 Import Value of Major Commodities: Japan
(2008) (2008)
General Electrical Transport Scientific & Optical Foods, Animal & Raw Mineral Machinery &
Chemicals Machinery Machinery Equipment Equipment Plant Products Materials Fuels Chemicals Equipment
(¥ billion) (¥ billion)
Total 7,457.7 15,004.4 14,531.6 20,288.6 3,658.1 Total 6,133.3 6,453.9 27,727.4 6,142.6 18,757.2
US 812.4 2,720.3 2,159.9 5,602.2 703.8 China(a) 698.8 413.4 451.7 1,150.2 6,242.6
China(a) 1,679.3 2,343.0 3,153.5 954.4 714.5 US 1,803.0 622.3 208.1 1,144.4 3,307.7
Korea 1,229.9 1,084.2 985.3 221.3 321.6 Australia 452.2 1,139.9 2,978.4 37.9 33.8
Taiwan 954.3 969.7 1,031.3 176.5 250.2 Korea 135.4 109.8 383.6 332.0 1,321.6
Germany 190.4 473.5 670.9 392.2 278.2 Germany 134.8 17.5 2.2 527.7 1,236.2
Netherlands 146.0 869.9 369.2 347.3 113.0 Taiwan 77.8 63.4 22.0 221.9 1,210.0
UK 80.6 331.4 285.5 481.2 61.7 Canada 286.7 500.4 238.0 70.9 86.6
France 83.4 238.2 125.8 282.4 38.8 France 187.4 12.9 2.3 327.3 294.6
Australia 60.4 240.3 108.5 873.3 27.1 UK 36.3 9.7 1.0 248.8 288.7
Canada 17.1 160.6 122.9 629.1 31.7 India 93.8 142.3 127.4 45.7 38.0
India 75.6 274.6 109.5 58.5 41.4 Netherlands 78.2 22.3 50.4 56.0 156.4
Russia 14.8 182.4 61.8 1,328.4 14.8 Russia 133.2 126.7 817.8 14.0 1.9
Brazil 41.5 198.9 66.1 167.7 32.6 Brazil 215.8 597.6 0.02 20.9 15.2
(a) Excluding Hong Kong (a) Excluding Hong Kong
Source: JETRO Source: JETRO
3-30 Exports and Imports of Commodities: Japan

Exports (%) Imports (%)
1985 3.6 10.5 4.4 71.8 (19.6) 9.0 1985 12.0 3.0 4.7 43.1 6.2 9.6 (0.4) 21.4
0.7
1995 6.5 6.8 74.7 (12.0) 9.5 1995 15.2 7.3 5.9 15.9 7.3 25.3 (3.0) 23.1
0.5 2.0
2000 5.5 7.4 74.3 (13.4) 10.6 2000 12.1 6.5 4.8 20.3 7.0 31.6 (1.9) 17.7
0.4 1.8
2005 7.2 8.9 69.4 (15.1) 12.2 2005 9.8 5.3 25.6 7.6 29.1 (1.6) 21.5
0.5 1.1 0.7 1.1
2008 8.8 9.0 66.0 (17.0) 12.5 2008 7.9 5.9 35.0 7.3 23.4 (1.0) 19.6
0.5 0.9 2.3 0.9
Foodstuffs Textiles Metals(a) Fuel Chemicals Machinery and Equipment (Automobiles) Others
(a) Metals include iron and steel, nonferrous metals and metal products
Source: Foreign Trade 2009, Japan Foreign Trade Council

3-31 Financial Account, Assets and Liabilities(a): Japan
2007 2008
(¥ billion) Assets Liabilities Assets Liabilities
Total -317,524 96,872 65,509 -255,529
Direct investment -86,607 26,552 -131,686 19,680
Portfolio investment -145,884 228,399 -195,352 -98,401
Equity securities -30,881 53,926 -127,631 -73,488
Debt securities -115,003 174,473 -67,724 -24,912
Bonds and notes -120,747 79,015 -121,907 -38,347
Money market instruments 5,744 95,458 -5,723 13,435
Financial derivatives 221,400 -218,151 279,227 -254,651
Other investments -306,433 60,071 113,320 77,843
Loans -165,707 60,554 85,175 -52,070
Trade credits -3,943 4,907 -5,689 3,990
Currency & deposits -138,116 7,625 55,101 121,911
Others 1,333 -13,014 -21,267 4,013
(a) Negative figures show outflow of capital (on increase in Assets or a decrease in Liabilities).
Source: Balance of Payments Statistics, 2008 C.Y., MOF
3-32 Exports by Commodity: Japan 3-33 Export Destinations of Machinery & Equipment: Japan
(2008)
2006 2007 2008
($ million)
Total exports 647,290 712,735 775,918

Foodstuffs 3,078 3,548 3,877 Others 90.8 US 107.2
General machinery 127,344 141,167 152,721 (17.7%) (20.9%)
Electrical machinery 138,262 143,952 147,170 EU 81.5
Precision instruments 22,153 — — (15.9%) Total 512.4
China(a) 68.7
Scientific and Optical instruments 21,237 17,760 19,369 Netherlands 16.3 (3.2%) ($ billion) (13.4%)
Transportation equipment 156,898 177,030 192,195 Germany 17.4 (3.4%) Korea 25.0 (4.9%)
Hong Kong
Automobiles 105,787 121,667 131,436 Asia 232.9 Taiwan 23.2
Vessels 13,633 14,846 19,177 (45.5%) 23.2
(4.5%)
(4.5%)
Metals 49,762 57,023 68,559
Iron & steel 29,987 34,303 43,867
Chemicals 58,445 65,749 69,486
Textile products 8,414 6,982 7,224
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Source: JETRO Sources: JETRO; Trade Statistics of Japan, MOF

3-34 Export Destinations of Machinery: Japan

General machinery (¥ billion) Electrical machinery (¥ billion) Communication apparatus (¥ billion)
2007 Total 16,631.4 2008 Total 14,025.7 2007 Total 16,949.8 2008 Total 13,571.2 2007 Total 1,025.3 2008 Total 832.0
US 3,541.5 US 2,667.4 China(a) 3,519.8 China(a) 3,013.6 US 234.1 China(a) 180.4
China(a) 2,389.4 China(a) 2,223.3 US 2,641.8 US 1,984.2 China(a) 223.0 US 145.3
Korea 1,155.2 Korea 1,002.0 Hong Kong 1,706.9 Hong Kong 1,271.7 Hong Kong 152.4 Hong Kong 135.2
Taiwan 1,132.4 Taiwan 832.5 Korea 1,246.9 Taiwan 969.2
Netherlands 982.5 Netherlands 782.8 Taiwan 1,198.8 Korea 957.7 Audio apparatus (¥ billion)
2007 Total 83.4 2008 Total 59.2
Office machinery (¥ billion) Visual apparatus (¥ billion) US 32.6 US 17.3
2007 Total 2,911.6 2008 Total 2228.1 2007 Total 1,696.1 2008 Total 1,339.8 Germany 9.2 China(a) 7.9
China(a) 6.2 Germany 6.2
US 910.4 US 717.5 US 494.5 US 347.2
Netherlands 590.5 Netherlands 481.8 China(a) 163.4 China(a) 168.0 Electorical power machinery (¥ billion)
China(a) 330.8 China(a) 248.7 Netherlands 123.4 Netherlands 105.2
2007 Total 868.7 2008 Total 846.5
US 202.9 US 205.4
Power generating machinery (¥ billion) Electrical circuit devices (¥ billion) Germany 164.4 China(a) 158.4
2007 Total 2,593.0 2008 Total 2,231.9 2007 Total 2,017.2 2008 Total 1,611.7 China(a) 61.5 Korea 71.9
US 691.2 US 518.1 China(a) 529.0 China(a) 441.6 Semiconductor devices, etc. (¥ billion)
China(a) 305.2 China(a) 303.6 US 227.5 Hong Kong 164.4 2007 Total 5,242.6 2008 Total 4,068.4
Thailand 204.8 Thailand 149.1 Hong Kong 217.6 US 161.4 China(a) 1,190.5 China(a) 956.9
Hong Kong 751.6 Taiwan 569.8
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau Taiwan 602.9 Hong Kong 514.8
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, MOF
3-35 Export Destinations of Transportation Equipment: Japan 3-36 Import Origin of Major Foodstuffs: Japan
(2008)
($ million) 2000 2005 2008
Total ($ million) 58,944
Transportation equipment 10,828 (100%) 16,025 (100%) 16,891 (100%)
US 4,805 (44.4) 5,798 (36.2) 4,395 (26.0) Meat 8,253 (100%)
Panama 620 (5.7) 817 (5.1) 1,086 (6.4)
Russia 187 (1.7) 421 (2.6) 1,081 (6.4) United States 2,175 (26.4)
China(a) 145 (1.3) 509 (3.2) 832 (4.9) Australia 1,899 (23.0)
Passenger cars(b) 6,914 (100%) 10,502 (100%) 11,129 (100%) Brazil 1,228 (14.9)
US 3,557 (51.4) 4,273 (40.7) 3,300 (29.7)
Russia 17 (0.2) 408 (3.9) 1,057 (9.5) Fish & shellfish 11,523 (100%)
Australia 381 (5.5) 660 (6.3) 635 (5.7) United States 1,443 (12.5)
Vessels 1,054 (100%) 1,437 (100%) 2,041 (100%) Russia 1,271 (11.0)
Panama 607 (57.6) 794 (55.3) 1,062 (52.0) China(a) 1,137 (9.9)
Singapore 40 (3.8) 96 (6.7) 169 (8.3)
Bahamas 33 (3.1) 71 (4.9) 164 (8.0) Fruit,Vegetables 4,178 (100%)
Motorcycles(c) 677 (100%) 796 (100%) 605 (100%) China(a) 1,035 (24.8)
US 237 (35.1) 339 (42.6) 219 (36.2) US 949 (22.7)
Italy 73 (10.8) 68 (8.5) 40 (6.6)
France 43 (6.4) 58 (7.3) 38 (6.3) Philippines 888 (21.3)
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau; (b) Excluding parts; (c) Including parts (a) Excluding Hong Kong
Source: Trade Statistics of Japan, MOF Source: JETRO

3-37 Trade in Services(a): Japan 3-38 Trading Partners in Services: Japan
2008 2009 2007 2008

(¥100 million) Debit Credit Balance Debit Credit Balance (¥ billion) Debit Credit Balance Debit Credit Balance
Total 43,037 38,996 -4,041 35,518 32,387 -3,131 World Total 17,690.4 15,193.3 -2,497.1 17,511.9 15,374.0 -2,137.9
US 5,068.2 4,110.7 -957.5 4,795.5 3,971.1 -824.4
Transportation 14,436 12,125 -2,311 10,014 6,954 -3,059
UK 1,294.5 1,405.4 110.9 1,153.2 1,459.3 306.1
Sea transport 10,758 9,458 -1,300 7,297 5,360 -1,937 China(a) 958.7 960.4 1.7 923.8 938.8 15.0
Air transport 3,627 2,665 -961 2,675 1,587 -1,088 Singapore 952.8 1,174.2 221.5 954.2 1,437.3 483.1
Korea 845.2 897.4 52.1 850.3 502.8 -347.6
Travel 7,522 2,809 -4,713 5,923 2,235 -3,688 Germany 813.8 917.7 103.9 730.8 1,178.1 447.2
Other services 21,079 24,062 2,983 19,581 23,197 3,616 Hong Kong 701.0 32.2 -668.8 685.9 -103.8 -789.7
Construction services 2,378 2,977 599 3,014 3,964 950 Australia 443.1 196.0 -247.1 375.8 232.6 -143.2
France 352.4 197.1 -155.3 327.1 169.5 -157.6
Financial services 954 1,563 609 853 1,429 576 Netherlands 338.2 451.6 113.4 360.5 434.2 73.7
Computer and 890 291 -599 806 186 -620 Russia 55.7 59.7 3.9 57.5 61.0 3.5
information services ASEAN 10 1,928.3 2,134.4 206.1 1,956.3 2,373.2 416.9
Other business services(b) 9,820 11,077 1,257 9,062 11,548 2,487 EU 15 3,887.4 3,890.5 3.1 3,646.5 4,400.7 754.1
(a) First quarter (January-March); (b) Including personal, cultural and recreational & government services (a) Excluding Hong Kong
Source: Balance of Payments Quarterly, Jan. - Mar. 2008, 2009, BOJ Source: Regional Balance of Payments for 2008 C.Y., MOF
4-1 GDP by Industry 4-2 Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added(a)

(2008)
(% change from previous year)
US 1 17(13) 5 15 6 56
8
UK 1 18(13) 6 14 7 55
7
Japan 1 23(21) 6 13 6 50
6 UK US
Germany 1 26(23) 4 12 6 51
France 2 14(12) 7 12 6 59 5
Korea 3 30(28) 8 11 7 41 4.8
4
3.8
China 12 43(43) 6 8 6 26 France
3 3.2
India 19 21(16) 8 16 8 28 2.9
Brazil 7 23(18) 5 18 9 38 2
Germany
Russia 5 30(17) 6 22 9 28
1
Japan
0 20 40 60 80 100 0.5
Agriculture, forestry Mining, electricity, gas, (%) 0
Construction
& fishing and water (manufacturing)
Wholesale and retail Transport, storage, and -1
trade, restaurants, and hotels communication Other economic activities
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
(a) All industries
Source: National Accounts Statistics, September 2008, UN Source: Annual National Accounts-Volume 2, 1970-2007 (2008 prov)- Detailed aggregates, OECD
Chapter 4 Industries 39
4-3 Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added by Industry

Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing Industries Including Energy
(% change from previous year) (% change from previous year)
35 33.0 10
30 9.1
US 8 UK
US
20
6
UK Germany
10 7.6 4 2.8
0 -2.3 2 1.4
France Japan -0.5 -6.8 France 0.9
-10 0
-0.4
-20 Germany -2 Japan
-30 -4
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Construction Financial Intermediation; Real Estate, Renting, and Business Activities

(% change from previous year) (% change from previous year)
15 12
10 UK
10 UK US
8
7.5
5 6
France 6.0
Japan 4 France Germany 3.8
2.5 3.2
US 0.9
0 2 2.1
Germany Japan 0.9
-2.6 0
-5 -5.5
-2
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: Annual National Accounts-Volume 2, 1970-2007 (2008 prov)- Detailed aggregates, OECD
4-4 Food Self-Sufficiency Ratio 4-5 Output of Major Agricultural Produce

(2003) (2007)
Edible Milk and Sea- Wheat Rice Maize Potatoes Vegetables

Cereals(a) Wheat Vegetables Meats milk (1,000 t)
(%) cereals products foods
China 109,298 187,397 151,949 56,196 147,212(a)
France 173 157 166 87 106 125 40 India 75,800 144,570 18,960 22,090 29,117
Thailand 162 — — — — — — US 55,823 8,999 331,175 20,373 908
Russia 49,390 709 3,953 36,784 2,542(b)
US 132 198 207 96 108 96 77 France 32,770 88 14,528 7,206 515(a)
Germany 101 104 108 44 96 117 21 Canada 20,054 — 11,649 4,971 127
China 100 — — — — — — Germany 20,828 — 3,809 11,644 369(a)
UK 13,221 — 0 5,635 192(a)
Russia 99 — — — — — —
Argentina 16,487 1,080 21,755 1,950(a) 660(a)
UK 99 99 102 42 66 92 38 Australia 13,039 163 240 1,212 72(a)
India 98 — — — — — — Italy 7,260 1,493 9,891 1,838 2,000(a)
Spain 6,350 738 3,519 2,518 467(a)
Brazil 91 — — — — — —
Mexico 3,515 295 23,513 1,751 575(a)
Korea 28 — — — — — — Brazil 4,114 11,061 52,112 3,551 2,410(a)
Japan(b) 28 61 14 81 56 66 53 Japan 910 10,893 0.16(a) 2,800(a) 2,825(a)
Thailand 1(a) 32,099 3,661 126 1,015(a)
（a）Based on weight, computed from FAO data by MAFF; (b) Estimated from the FY2007
food supply and demand table of MAFF (a) FAO estimate; (b) Unofficial figure
Source: MAFF Source: FAOSTAT, FAO
4-6 Production of Crude Steel 4-7 Crude Steel Production by Company
2006 2007 2008 Composition 2006 2007 2008

(million metric tons) Rate (%) (million metric tons)
World 1,250.7 1,351.3 1,326.5 100.0 1 ArcelorMittal Luxemburg 117.0 116.4 103.3
(a)
China 423.0 494.9 500.5 37.7 2 Nippon Steel Japan 34.7 35.7 37.5
Japan 116.2 120.2 118.7 8.9 3 Baosteel China 22.5 28.6 35.4
US 98.6 98.1 91.4 6.9 4 POSCO Korea 30.1 31.1 34.7
Russia 70.8 72.4 68.5 5.2
5 Hebei Steel China — 31.1 33.3
India 49.5 53.1 55.2(a) 4.2
6 JFE Japan 32.0 34.0 33.0
Korea 48.5 51.5 53.6 4.0
7 Wuhan Steel China 15.1 20.2 27.7
Germany 47.2 48.6 45.8 3.5
(b)
Ukraine 40.9 42.8 37.1 2.8 8 Tata Steel India 6.4 26.5 24.4
Brazil 30.9 33.8 33.7 2.5 9 Jiangsu Shagang China 14.6 22.9 23.3
Italy 31.6 31.6 30.6 2.3 10 US Steel US 21.2 21.5 23.2
(a) Estimate (a) Includes part of Usiminas; (b) Includes Corus
Source: World Steel in Figures 2009, International Iron & Steel Institute (IISI) Source: World Steel in Figures 2009, International Iron & Steel Institute
4-8 Production of Machine Tools(a) 4-9 Production of Four-Wheeled Vehicles
($ million) 1996 2002 2006 2007 Production

(1,000 units) 2005 2006 2007 2008
World 38,672.6 32,159.5 59,533.7 71,448.8
Japan 9,183.2 6,076.9 13,557.6 14,323.2 World 66,551 69,334 73,102 70,527
Germany 7,558.5 6,989.5 10,120.3 12,922.5 Japan 10,800 11,484 11,596 11,564
China 1,742.0 2,350.0 7,060.0 10,750.0 US 11,947 11,292 10,781 8,705
Italy 3,765.4 3,770.9 5,707.5 7,293.4 China 5,708 7,278 8,882 9,345
Korea 1,212.3 1,587.0 4,112.0 4,783.7 Germany 5,758 5,820 6,213 6,041
Taiwan 1,977.0 1,775.4 3,841.0 4,492.0 Korea 3,772 3,840 4,086 3,807
US 4,521.6 2,306.0 3,688.9 3,726.5 France 3,549 3,169 3,019 2,569
Switzerland 2,104.1 1,824.7 2,964.2 3,514.7 Brazil 2,531 2,611 2,971 3,220
Spain 802.2 861.3 1,226.8 1,433.3 Spain 2,753 2,777 2,890 2,542
Brazil — 292.4 956.9 1,157.8 Canada 2,688 2,571 2,578 2,078
UK 1,343.2 655.9 774.2 877.8 India 1,639 2,017 2,307 2,315
India 227.6 106.5 370.6 423.7 Mexico 1,684 2,046 2,095 2,191
Russia — 159.8 182.0 202.2 UK 1,803 1,650 1,750 1,650
(a) A machine tool is usually defined as a power-driven machine, not portable by hand, and powered by Russia 1,352 1,503 1,660 1,790
an external source of energy. It is designed specifically for metalworking either by cutting, forming, Thailand 1,123 1,194 1,287 1,394
physico-chemical processing, or a combination of these techniques.
Sources: The 2003–2008 World Machine-Tool Output and Consumption Survey, Gardner Publications, Inc., Sources: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc.; OICA Production Statistics 2008,
Cincinnati, Ohio USA The International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
4-10 Production by Major Automobile Manufacturers

(1,000 cars)
2008
10,000 (1,000 cars) (passenger cars)
Toyota
Toyota 9,238 (7,769)
General Motors(a) General Motors(a) 8,283 (6,015)
8,000 Volkswagen 6,437 (6,110)
Ford (b) 5,407 (3,347)
Volkswagen Honda 3,913 (3,879)
6,000 Nissan 3,395 (2,789)
Ford (b) PSA Peugeot Citroen 3,325 (2,841)
Honda Hyundai (c) 2,777 (2,435)
4,000 Nissan Suzuki (d) 2,624 (2,306)
PSA Peugeot Citroën Fiat (e) 2,524 (1,849)
Hyundai (c) Renault (f) 2,417 (2,048)
Suzuki (d)
Daimler (g) 2,174 (1,380)
2,000 Fiat (e)
Renault (f)
Chrysler (g) 1,893 (529)
Daimler (g) (a) Opel-Vauxhall-GM Daewoo in 2005; (b) Jaguar-Volvo cars in 2005;
Chrysler (g) (c) Hyundai-Kia in 2005; (d) Suzuki-Maruti in 2005; (e) Fiat-Iveco-Irisbus in 2005;
(f) Renault-Dacia-Samsung in 2005; (g) DaimlerChrysler with Evobus in 2005
0
Sources: OICA Statistics 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, The International Organization
2005 2006 2007 2008 of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
4-11 Production of Consumer Electronics 4-12 Industrial Robots(a)

(2007)
Color TV Car Digital PC Flat-screen Weight

(1,000 units) navigation still camera TV 2004 2005 2006 2007
(units) (%)
Asia 128,765 6,950 128,450 258,489 46,955 World 849,603 922,838 950,974 994,005 100.0
Japan 8,335 6,210 32,440 5,411 8,335 Japan 356,483 373,481 351,658 356,240 35.8
(Japanese affiliates) (a)

52,935 7,040 84,060 7,608 37,435 North America(b) 123,633 139,984 150,725 160,632 16.2
Germany 120,544 126,294 132,594 140,161 14.1
China 81,060 480 75,850 242,505 27,390
Korea 51,302 61,576 68,420 72,972 7.3
Korea 5,880 260 2,360 2,116 4,620
Italy 53,244 56,198 60,049 61,589 6.2
Malaysia 4,400 0 3,880 0 970
France 28,133 30,236 32,110 33,462 3.4
North America 21,390 570 0 0 17,140 Spain 21,893 24,141 26,008 27,367 2.8
South America 3,940 0 0 0 260 China 7,096 11,557 17,327 23,908 2.4
Europe 33,790 2,020 0 720 26,390 Taiwan 11,881 15,464 19,204 20,973 2.1
World 187,885 9,540 128,450 259,209 90,745 UK 14,176 14,948 15,082 15,340 1.5
(a) Total gross output by Japanese companies including their production in foreign countries (a) Operational stock at year-end; (b) Canada, Mexico and US
Source: Worldwide Production of Major Electronics 2007-2009, JEITA Source: World Robotics 2006, 2007, 2008, International Federation of Robotics
4-13 Media Contents Market

(2007)(a)
Visual Audio Game Software, Magazine, Newspaper Internet Internet Music TV Radio
(¥ billion) Software Software Online Game Book Advertisement Distribution Broadcasting Broadcasting
US 2,773.0 542.7 778.8 4,121.3 — 1,334.5 129.1 15,118.2 2,406.2
Japan 642.0 347.2 382.3 2,085.3 1,243.4 390.0 67.6 3,888.0 210.0
UK 601.6 205.8 — 1,175.2 — 686.9 20.0 2,360.8 295.1
China — 4.4 — 1,276.0 460.0 113.0 3.8 1,240.0 98.1
France — 209.3 245.6 — 403.7 — 9.3 1,648.3 249.7
Germany 246.4 250.9 138.8 — — 446.2 10.2 2,111.1 522.1
Korea 25.1 6.6 291.2 667.1 426.3 132.6 10.3 435.2 69.5
Taiwan — 7.2 76.6 196.6 30.0 17.8 1.7 124.0 22.1

(a) Figures for the latest available year
Source: Digital Contents White Paper 2009, Digital Content Association of Japan
4-14 Main Indicators of Information Technology

(2008)
Japan US UK Germany France Russia Brazil Australia
Fixed telephone lines per 100 persons 38.0 49.6 54.2 62.5 56.4 31.8 21.4 44.5
Mobile phones per 100 persons 86.7 86.8 126.3 128.3 93.5 141.1 78.5 105.0
Number of PCs per 100 persons(a) 66.6(b) 79.9 81.2 65.3 65.9 13.3 16.1(b) 60.4(b)
Users of Internet per 100 persons 75.4 74.0 76.2 75.3 68.2 32.0 33.8 72.0
Subscribers of Broadband (1,000) 30,107 73,123 17,276 22,600 17,691 9,280 10,098 5,140
Penetration of CATV to households (Millions)(a) 1,913 6,560 335 1,935 470 1,052 310 75
Korea India China(c) Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Fixed telephone lines per 100 persons 44.3 3.2 25.5 15.9 4.5 40.2 10.4 34.0
Mobile phones per 100 persons 94.7 29.4 47.4 102.6 75.4 138.2 92.0 80.4
Number of PCs per 100 persons(a) 54.4 2.8 5.6 23.4 7.5 72.6 6.9(b) —
Users of Internet per 100 persons 75.2 4.4 22.3 55.8 6.2 73.0 23.9 23.9
Subscribers of Broadband (1,000) 15,475 5,280 83,366 1,332 1,046 1,003 950 2,049
Penetration of CATV to households (Millions)(a) 1,472 6,800 14,100 20 114 49 14 0
(a) 2006; (b) 2005; (c) Excluding Hong Kong
Sources: World Telecommunication Indicators (ICT Statistics Database) 2009 International Telecommunication Union; MIC; NHK
4-15 Market Value of Financial Institutions

($ billion) ICBC
CCB-China Construction Bank Company Country Market Value(c)
($ billion)
300
Bank of China
JPMorgan Chase 1 ICBC China 170.83
HSBC Holdings
250 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial 2 CCB-China Construction Bank China 119.03
Wells Fargo 3 Bank of China China 105.04
Banco Santander
200 Bank of Communications
4 JPMorgan Chase US 85.87
Royal Bank of Canada 5 HSBC Holdings UK 85.04
Intesa Sanpaolo
6 Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Japan 53.63
150 Westpac Banking Group
Citigroup 7 Wells Fargo US 51.28
Bank of America
8 Banco Santander Spain 49.75
BNP Paribas
100
9 Bank of Communications China 34.38
10 Royal Bank of Canada Canada 34.29
50 11 Intesa Sanpaolo Italy 31.43
12 Westpac Banking Group Australia 31.40
0 (a) As of March 2007; (b) As of April 2008; (c) As of April 2009
2007(a) 2008(b) 2009(c) Source: Forbes Global 2000
4-16 R&D Expenditures 4-17 Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D

($ billion)
45
% performed by (2008)
US 44.4
40 Business Higher education Government
35
30
Korea 76.2 10.7 11.7
25
20 Japan 77.9 12.6 7.8
18.9
Japan
China 72.3 8.5 19.2
15
US 71.9 13.3 10.7
10 China
10.8 Germany 69.9 16.2 13.9
Germany(a)
8.3
4.5
France 63.2 19.2 16.5
UK Korea France
5 5.2
4.4 UK 64.1 24.5 9.2
3.1
Russia India 3.0 Canada 56.1 33.8 9.6
0
1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Russia 64.2 6.3 29.1
(a) Estimate figures
Sources: White Paper, Science and Technology 2008, 2009, MEXT Source: Main Science and Technology Indicators 2009-1, OECD
4-18 Construction of New Buildings(a) 4-19 Animation Market: Japan

(¥ billion)
(1,000 units) 2005 2006 2007 2008 241.5
250
233.9 230.2
US 161.0 165.0 125.4 93.5 212.9
Japan 107.9 112.2 — 94.8 200
Russia 42.9 50.7 60.2 63.8 161.1 159.3

150
Spain 43.7 48.7 53.5 51.3
France 34.9 36.2 36.4 30.7 106.9

100
Turkey 20.1 20.6 25.7 42.0
Germany 17.6 18.0 13.1 12.6

50
UK 18.9 19.3 — — 26.1
12.0
2.6 4.6
Korea 3.2 4.4 6.1 6.4 0
(a) Dwellings 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008
Source: Monthly Bulletin of Statistics, Economic and Social Affairs, October 2009, UN Source: Media Development Research Institute, Inc.
5-1 Prospects on Primary Energy Demand 5-2 Primary Energy Supplies

(2007)
(Mtoe) Africa
18,000 Middle East 17,014 Total Nuclear Coal and
Peat Oil Natural Others (a)
Gas
Latin America (Mtoe)
(5.0)
China
16,000
Asia
(6.5) US 2,339.94 218.03 554.15 909.69 538.44 119.63
14,121 (5.1) China (a) 1,955.77 16.19 1,285.07 354.99 59.12 240.40
Russia
14,000
Eastern Europe (5.1) Russia 672.14 42.06 102.20 132.39 365.96 29.52
(22.8)
OECD (5.4) India 595.31 4.37 242.49 140.75 33.37 174.32
11,730 (4.8)
12,000 (excluding Japan and Korea) Japan 513.52 68.76 114.57 229.82 83.05 17.33
(%)
10,034
(5.2)
(4.4)
(20.6) Germany 331.26 36.62 86.64 104.40 76.62 26.97
10,000
(5.1)
(4.5) France 263.72 114.60 13.34 83.26 38.47 14.06
(3.9) (16.2) (37.2) Canada 269.37 24.36 30.07 94.45 79.00 41.48
(3.8) (4.6) (32.6)
8,000
(1.8)
7,223 (11.2) UK 211.31 16.43 38.65 68.84 81.94 5.45
(4.1) (27.5) Korea 222.20 37.25 56.31 94.45 31.15 3.03
(21.8)
(5.0)
6,000 (8.4)
(5.7)
(5.7) Italy 178.16 — 16.78 75.03 69.51 16.84
(14.8) (6.1) (9.3) (8.5)
(10.1) (9.5) Mexico 184.26 2.72 9.10 104.93 50.54 16.98
4,000 (17.5) Spain 143.95 14.36 20.01 67.94 31.85 9.80
(41.5) (36.3) Australia 124.07 — 54.75 36.99 25.35 6.98
(53.1) (47.2)
2,000 (56.4) Netherlands 80.42 1.09 8.45 32.94 33.31 4.63
Belgium 57.02 12.57 4.24 22.50 14.92 2.79
0 Sweden 50.42 17.45 2.64 13.33 0.91 16.09
1980 2002 2006 2015 2030
(a) Includes hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables, waste and international trade in electricity
Source: World Energy Outlook 2008, IEA Source: OECD in Figures 2009
Chapter 5 Environment 51
5-3 Energy Consumption by Industry 5-4 Oil: Reserves, Production, and Consumption
(2007) (2008)
Total Industry Transport Others Proved Reserves Production Consumption

(Mtoe) (1,000 million barrels) (1,000 barrels daily) (1,000 barrels daily)
US 1,587.83 450.19 635.78 501.86 Total 1,258.0 81,820 84,455
China 1,248.23 680.68 139.05 428.50 Middle East 754.1 26,200 6,423
Russia 429.83 174.90 92.50 162.43 North America 70.9 13,131 23,753
India 391.31 152.14 40.77 198.40 Central/South America 123.2 6,685 5,901
Europe/Eurasia 142.2 17,591 20,158
Japan 341.70 140.60 83.18 117.91 Africa 126.5 10,285 2,881
Germany 233.15 82.71 55.49 94.95 Asia Pacific 42.0 7,928 25,339
Canada 204.98 77.59 58.02 69.36 Saudi Arabia 264.1 Saudi Arabia 10,846 US 19,419
Iran 137.6 Russia 9,886 China(a) 7,999
France 164.97 46.21 45.96 72.79 Iraq 115.0 US 6,736 Japan 4,845
Korea 146.80 75.35 30.70 40.74 Kuwait 101.5 Iran 4,325 Russia 2,797
UK 142.81 38.69 45.05 59.07 UAE 97.8 China(a) 3,795 Germany 2,505
Venezuela 99.4 Mexico 3,157 India 2,882
Spain 102.56 33.60 39.07 29.90 Russia 79.0 Canada 3,238 Korea 2,291
Australia 75.93 30.51 27.13 18.28 Libya 43.7 UAE 2,980 Canada 2,295
Netherlands 60.73 27.38 12.19 21.16 Kazakhstan 39.8 Venezuela 2,566 Mexico 2,039
Nigeria 36.2 Norway 2,455 France 1,930
Sweden 34.35 14.42 8.25 11.68
Source: OECD in Figures 2009 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009
5-5 Natural Gas: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 5-6 Coal: Reserves, Production, and Consumption
(2008) (2008)
Proved Reserves Production Consumption Proved Reserves Production Consumption

(trillion cubic meters) (billion cubic meters) (billion cubic meters) (million t) (Mtoe) (Mtoe)
Total 185.02 Total 3,065.6 Total 3,018.7 Total 826,001 Total 3,324.9 Total 3,303.7
Russia 43.3 Russia 601.7 US 657.2 US 238,308 China(a) 1,414.5 China(a) 1,406.3
Iran 29.61 US 582.2 Russia 420.2 Russia 157,010 US 596.9 US 565.0
Qatar 25.46 Canada 175.2 Iran 117.6 China(a) 114,500 Australia 219.9 India 231.4
Saudi Arabia 7.57 Iran 116.3 Canada 100.0 Australia 76,200 India 194.3 Japan 128.7
US 6.73 Norway 99.2 UK 93.9 India 58,600 Russia 152.8 South Africa 102.8
UAE 6.43 Algeria 86.5 Japan 93.7 Ukraine 33,873 South Africa 141.1 Russia 101.3
Nigeria 5.22 Saudi Arabia 78.1 Germany 82.0 Kazakhstan 31,300 Indonesia 141.1 Germany 80.9
Venezuela 4.84 Indonesia 69.7 China (a) 80.7 South Africa 30,408 Poland 60.5 Korea 66.1
Algeria 4.5 UK 69.6 Saudi Arabia 78.1 Poland 7,502 Kazakhstan 58.8 Poland 59.4
Iraq 3.17 Netherlands 67.5 Italy 77.7 Brazil 7,059 Germany 47.7 Australia 51.3
(a) Excluding Hong Kong (a) Excluding Hong Kong
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009 Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009
5-7 Electricity Generation by Type
Total Total Hydro Thermal Nuclear Others(a)

(billion kWh) 1980 2005 (%) (%) (%) (%)
World 8,026.9 18,014.7 2,997.1 16.6 11,943.0 66.3 2,660.3 14.8 414.3 2.3
US 2,289.6 4,071.3 289.3 7.1 2,884.4 70.8 787.2 19.3 110.4 2.7
China(b) 285.5 2,717.5 431.4 15.9 2,225.1 81.9 54.9 2.0 6.2 0.2
Japan 549.1 1,032.7 84.9 8.2 633.7 61.4 288.3 27.9 25.9 2.5
Former USSR 1,294.0 — — — — — — — — —
Russia — 940.6 173.7 18.5 619.7 65.9 144.3 15.3 3.1 0.3
India 119.3 703.3 112.5 16.0 565.8 80.4 15.6 2.2 9.5 1.4
Canada 367.9 594.6 351.9 59.2 138.7 23.3 93.1 15.7 11.0 1.9
Germany 371.1(c) 594.8 19.7 3.3 364.7 61.3 158.9 26.7 51.6 8.7
France 250.8 542.4 55.3 10.2 52.2 9.6 427.7 78.9 7.3 1.4
Brazil 138.3 411.7 345.3 83.9 35.6 8.7 13.8 3.4 17.1 4.2
UK 265.1 372.0 4.6 1.2 280.4 75.4 71.7 19.3 15.3 4.1
Korea 34.6 379.7 3.4 0.9 234.4 61.7 141.3 37.2 0.6 0.2
Italy 176.4 291.2 36.6 12.6 239.1 82.1 0.0 0.0 15.5 5.3
Spain 109.2 283.4 25.3 8.9 174.2 61.5 57.1 20.2 26.8 9.5
South Africa 93.1 227.7 1.1 0.5 216.2 95.0 10.1 4.4 0.3 0.1
Belgium 50.8 79.6 0.4 0.5 31.6 39.7 44.3 55.7 3.3 4.2
(a) Geothermal, Solar, Wind, Wood and Waste; (b) Excluding Hong Kong; (c) West Germany
Source: Energy Information Administration, US
5-8 Wind and Solar Energy

Installed Wind Energy Capacity of Major Countries Production of solar battery (2007)
(MW) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Germany 8,754 11,994 14,609 16,629 18,415 20,622 22,247 23,903
US 4,275 4,685 6,372 6,725 9,149 11,575 16,824 25,170
Spain 3,337 4,825 6,203 8,263 10,027 11,623 15,145 16,754
India 1,456 1,702 2,125 3,000 4,430 6,270 7,845 9,645
China 402 469 567 764 1,260 2,604 5,910 12,210 Others
Japan 302 338 580 809 1,049 1,394 1,538 1,880 13.5% Japan
EU total 17,315(a) 23,159(b) 28,598(b) 34,371(b) 40,551(b) 48,029(b) 56,531(b) 64,948(b) Taiwan 24.6%
9.9% Total
(a) EU15; (b) EU (excluding Bulgaria and Romania)
Source: Global Wind 2008 Report, Global Wind Energy Council US 3,733 MW
10.2% China
Installed Photovoltaic Capacity of Major Countries Germany 22.0%
(MW) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 19.8%
Germany 195 278 431 1,034 1,897 2,727 3,836 5,340
Japan 453 637 860 1,132 1,422 1,709 1,919 2,144
US 168 212 275 376 479 624 831 1,169
Spain 3 7 11 22 45 143 693 3,354
Australia 34 39 46 52 61 70 83 105
EU15 279 385 581 1,226(a) 2,134(a) 3,178(a) — —
(a) Excluding Belgium, Greece, Ireland, Luxemburg and Finland
Source: Trends in Photovoltaic Applications Survey Report of Selected IEA Countries between 1992 and 2008, OECD/IEA
5-9 Primary Energy and Resource Prices(a)
2003 2006 2008 2009
Crude petroleum (WTI) ($/bbl) 32.9 65.5 93.0 41.7

Coal (Australian coal) ($/t) 26.7 46.3 98.3 85.7
Natural gas (Russian border price) ($/m ) 3 113.4 275.8 369.7 576.7
Uranium ($/Ib) 10.2 36.8 87.6 51.4
Iron ore (cents/t) 32.0 77.4 140.6 101.0
Aluminum ($/t) 1,379.3 2,383.3 2,456.1 1,420.
Copper ($/t) 1,650.3 4,743.9 7,078.9 3,260.4
Lead ($/t) 444.8 1,258.1 2,621.8 1,144.9
Zinc ($/t) 782.3 2,091.8 2,364.4 1,202.5
Nickel ($/t) 8,032.9 14,660.8 27,774.8 11,563.0
Tin ($/t) 4,445.3 7,067.4 16,310.9 11,563.3
(a) Values are based on the January data for each year.
Source: IMF Primary Commodity Prices
5-10 Nuclear Power Generation Capacity 5-11 CO2 Emissions(a) by Country

(2009)(a) (2007)
In Operation Under Construction(b)
(million kW) (reactors) (million kW) (reactors)
Indonesia
1.3%
World 390.4 432 113.1 118 Others 23.3% US 19.9%
US 106.3 104 10.6 9
France 66.0 59 1.6 1 Total
Japan 47.9 53 20.5 16 Australia
1.4% 28,962 million
Russia 23.2 27 12.1 13 tons
Germany 21.5 17 — — China 21.0%
Mexico Japan
Korea 17.7 20 9.6 8 4.3% EU(b)
Ukraine 13.8 15 2.0 2 1.5% India 13.6%
Canada 13.3 18 — — 4.6% Russia
UK 12.0 19 — — 5.5% Others
6.2%
Sweden 9.4 10 — —
Korea
China 9.1 11 26.9 26 1.7% Canada
Spain 7.7 8 — — 2.0% Germany 2.8%
Belgium 6.1 7 — — France 1.3%
UK 1.8%
Taiwan 5.2 6 2.7 2
Italy 1.5%
India 4.1 17 10.0 14
(a) As of January 1, 2009; (b) Including planned facilities (a) CO2 emissions from fuel combustion; (b) EU 27 countries
Source: Japan Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc. Source: CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2009, IEA
5-12 Per Capita CO2 Emissions 5-13 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Fuel Type(a)
(2007) (2007)
Total Change CO2/ CO2/ (million t) Coal and peat Oil Gas Others(b)
(million t) 2007/1990 (%) GDP(a) capita(b)
US 5,769.3 18.6 0.50 19.10 US 2,114.8 2,381.5 1,245.5 27.5
China 6,027.9 172.6 2.55 4.57 China 5,002.7 897.7 127.5 —
Russia 1,587.4 -27.2 3.91 11.21 Russia 427.6 325.8 820.7 13.3
India 1,326.5 125.1 1.72 1.18 Japan 444.8 578.2 208.8 4.5
Japan 1,236.3 16.1 0.24 9.68 India 895.5 359.7 71.2 —
Germany 798.4 -16.0 0.39 9.71 Germany 347.5 261.3 179.4 10.2
Canada 572.9 32.5 0.66 17.37 Canada 123.8 266.7 181.9 0.6
UK 523.0 -5.4 0.30 8.60
Italy 437.6 10.0 0.37 7.38 UK 146.9 184.9 188.4 2.7
Korea 488.7 113.1 0.69 10.09 Italy 60.5 212.8 160.6 3.8
Mexico 437.9 49.5 0.58 4.14 Korea 209.8 197.5 73.7 7.7
Australia 396.3 52.5 0.78 18.75 France 50.9 226.1 87.1 5.2
France 369.3 4.9 0.25 5.81 Australia 222.7 109.2 63.9 0.5
Poland 304.7 -11.4 1.35 7.99 Spain 78.7 190.2 74.3 1.4
Thailand 225.75 — 1.30 3.54 Netherlands 31.3 71.3 76.3 3.3
Malaysia 177.38 — 1.33 6.68
Chile 71.04 — 0.70 4.28
Belgium 16.7 51.9 34.5 2.8
Singapore 44.97 — 0.34 9.80 (a) CO2 emissions are calculated using the IEA energy balances, the Intergovernmental Panel
New Zealand 35.5 66.4 0.53 8.48 on Climate Change Sectoral Approach and the default emissions factors from the Revised
Brunei 5.82 — 1.15 14.97 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. They may differ from
National Communications submitted to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.;
(a) Kilograms of CO2 per $2,000; (b) Tons of CO2 per capita (b) Including industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste
Sources: OECD in Figures 2009; Key World Energy Statistics 2009, OECD/IEA Source: OECD in Figures 2009
5-14 CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Sector 5-15 Kyoto Protocol CO2 Reduction Targets(a) and Results
(2008)
Main % (a) % % % 2008 - 2012 1990 - 2006
Activity Change Industry Change Transport Change Residential Change
(million t) Elec. & Heat 90–06 90–06 90–06 90–06 Target (%) Results including LULUCF (b) (%)
US 2,330.3 31.4 632.7 -9.3 1,809.3 27.4 309.3 -4.5 Japan -6.0 5.8
China 2,730.3 342.7 1,764.0 95.1 366.8 214.6 246.5 -24.8 US(c) -7.0 14.0
Russia 0.0 -29.3
Russia 547.4 -52.9 222.2 -24.0 227.2 -23.3 122.8 -32.5
Germany -21.0 -19.3
Japan 381.9 24.1 292.1 -0.8 245.4 17.1 63.5 13.7 Canada -6.0 54.8
India 625.2 185.7 283.8 67.8 101.2 23.8 72.3 66.1 UK -12.5 -15.6
Germany 301.3 -2.6 118.0 -34.2 153.8 -2.9 125.1 -1.6 Italy -6.5 4.1
Canada 109.7 13.6 99.2 16.2 159.6 28.8 37.7 -7.6 France 0.0 -9.4
UK 176.9 -11.6 63.9 -23.5 130.6 10.6 76.9 2.6 Australia 8.0 6.6
Italy 131.5 22.9 79.0 -5.9 120.3 25.5 55.4 -0.7 Spain 15.0 53.5
Korea 175.7 410.0 94.6 76.5 86.1 99.0 33.7 -17.2 Netherlands -6.0 -2.0
France 32.0 29.7 72.1 -10.0 131.5 16.8 63.5 14.9 Belgium -7.5 -5.0
Australia 223.3 84.7 48.3 5.0 78.0 27.1 7.6 34.8 EU15 -8.0 -4.6
Spain 94.9 51.7 63.3 39.2 112.3 78.5 18.8 50.8 China(d) — 151.7
Netherlands 46.4 22.9 36.6 7.3 35.2 36.2 17.5 -8.7 India(d) — 112.1
Belgium 22.8 3.9 35.2 6.7 25.2 26.1 18.2 -1.2 (a) 1990 mainly defined as the base year for reduction; (b) Land use, land use change and forestry since 1990
approved to be included in the calculation; (c) Kyoto Protocol unratifying nation; (d) Actual figures shown for
(a) Manufacturing industries and construction being Kyoto Protocol non-participating nations
Source: CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2008 Edition), OECD/IEA Source: UNFCCC
5-16 Energy Efficiency by Industry 5-17 Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants

Electric Power: Units of fossil energy needed to produce 1kWh of electricity (2006) Total Sulphur Oxide Emissions Total Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Japan UK Nordic countries US Germany France China India 1990 2000 2005 per capita 1990 2000 2005 per capita
100 101 103 113 110 102 132 141 (1,000 tons) (2005) (2005)
CO2 emissions of the electric power industry (generating end) Australia 1,596 2,378 2,514 123.6 1,265 1,488 1,586 78.0
Japan France Canada Italy Germany UK US China
Canada 3,144 2,264 2,066 64.0 2,390 2,463 2,378 73.6
100 19 49 98 114 116 130 200
US 20,925 14,767 13,272 44.8 22,830 20,263 16,982 57.3
Oil: Energy consumption indices of oil refineries (2004)
Japan Advanced Asian countries
(excluding China) Western Europe US and Canada Spain 2,166 1,445 1,254 28.9 1,244 1,457 1,522 35.1
100 101 103 113 UK 3,687 1,215 706 11.8 2,966 1,897 1,627 27.1
Iron and Steel: Energy consumed to produce one ton of steel (2005) Korea 822 490 — 9.3(a) 873 1,123 — 28.7(a)
Japan Korea Germany UK US China India Russia
France 1,333 612 465 7.6 1,840 1,405 1,206 19.8
100 102 112 122 130 123 125 143
Germany 5,350 641 560 6.8 2,861 1,817 1,443 17.5
Chemicals: Electric power consumed to produce one ton of electrolytic caustic soda (2004)
Japan Taiwan Korea China US W. Europe E. Europe Japan 991 819 757 5.9 2,032 2,034 1,920 15.0
100 100 100 104 110 119 115 Sweden 109 46 40 4.4 314 231 205 22.7
Sources: International Comparison of the Energy Efficiency of the Industry/Energy Conversion
Division, Japan Business Federation; Examples of the International Comparison of the Energy (a) 2004
Efficiency of the Participated Industries, Japan Business Federation Source: OECD Environmental Data, Compendium 2006/2007
5-18 Green Stimulus Allocations to Sustainable Energy by Country 5-19 Sales of Hybrid Cars by Manufacturers
(2009)
France 2.4 (1.3%) Canada 0.8 (0.4%) (unit) Toyota (Japan)
Brazil 2.5 (1.4%) Spain 0.8 (0.4%) 1997 320 Honda (Japan)
Italy 2.6 (1.4%) UK 0.3 (0.2%) 320 Ford (US)
Korea 7.7 (4.2%) 19,030
GM (US)
Germany 2000 24,578
Nissan (Japan)
8.4 (4.6%) 5,548
Chrysler (US)
2003 53,290 78,554 Suzuki (Japan)
EU27 25,264
11.3 (6.2%) US 67.8 (37.0%)
16,642
Japan 2005 256,240 47,821 320,714
Total
11.7 (6.4%) 183.4 11
24,806
$ billions 2006 332,880 52,576 411,132
870
25,296 8,400
China 67.2 (36.6%)
2007 413,277 55,428 512,019
9,617 1
2008 414,928 54,762 509,047

19,734 70
11,091 8,462
Source: Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2009, UNEP Source: Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2009, UNEP
5-20 Passenger Transport 5-21 Consumption and Recovery of Paper

(2006) (2007)
Passenger transport Production Consumption
of paper of paper Collection Recovery
(billion passengers/km) Rail Buses & Coaches Private Cars (%) (%)
(million t) (per capita, kg)
Japan 405.5 84.1(a) 833.9 (a)
World(a) 394.3 59.1 51.3(b) 51.6(b)
France 80.3 47.1 727.8
Germany 79.1 66.2(a) 869.0(a) US 83.6 288.0 54.4 36.1
Italy 49.8 104.1 720.2 China 73.5 54.8 37.9 68.3
Korea 18.4 — —
Japan 31.3 245.5 73.7 61.6
UK 48.4 49.8 690.0
Spain 21.9 59.2 343.3 Germany 23.2 256.0 72.9 68.3
Netherlands 16.3 15.6(a) 148.8 Canada 17.4 206.0 70.3 31.4
Switzerland 16.2 (a)
5.3 (a)
88.2(b)
Korea 10.9 182.3 89.1 79.7
US 9.3 238.6(a) 4,278.6(a)
Belgium 9.9 18.1(a) 109.9(a) France 9.9 143.8 63.5 61.1
(a) 2006; (b) 2005 (a) World total or average; (b) 2006
Source: OECD in Figures 2009 Source: RISI; Paper Recycling Promotion Center; Japan Paper Association
5-22 Total Renewable Freshwater Supply by Country 5-23 Recycling Ratio: Japan
Renewable internal freshwater resources Water productivity (%)

(GDP/water use 100
Flow (billion m3)(a) per capita (m3)(b) $2000 per m3)(c)
92.7
Australia 398.0 23,412 17.9 87.0
86.0
85.1
Canada 3,300.0 86,426 16.5 80 82.0
74.5(b)
China (d) 2,829.6 2,133 2.2 73.0
69.2(b)
France 189.0 2,893 34.2
Germany 188.0 1,301 40.9 60
Steel cans
India 1,907.8 1,121 0.8 Aluminum cans
Air conditioners
Japan 430.0 3,365 53.0 TVs
20 Refrigerators/Freezers
Russia 4,498.0 30,350 3.7 Washing machines
Paper
UK 160.6 2,377 157.9 PET bottles(a)
0
US 3,069.0 9,293 20.9 1993 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07
(a) Including the amount collected from business activities 2001 onwards; (b) Collection rates
(a) 2006; (b) 2007; (c) 2002; (d) Excluding Hong Kong Sources: Annual Report on the Environment and the Sound Material-Cycle Society in Japan 2009, MOE;
Source: World Development Indicators, The World Bank Used paper supply and demand statistics 2008, Paper Recycling Promotion Center
5-24 Imports of Mineral Fuels: Japan 5-25 Imports of Crude Oil and Oil Prices: Japan
(¥ billion) 24,386.6 Imports Price
250
22,166.5 FY ($ billion) (million kl) (¥/kl)
4,498.5 Liquefied 1973 8.67 290.1 8,329

(18.4) Natural Gas
200 18,401.0 3,474.9
(15.7) Liquefied 1975 19.76 260.7 22,654
994.1(4.1) Petroleum Gas
16,241.0 1,094.5(4.9)
2,729.9 2,001.4
Petroleum
1980 54.02 248.2 47,508
(14.8) 2,120.4 (8.2)
150 2,166.1 (9.6) Products 1985 33.42 194.6 38,282
(13.3) 894.5(4.9) Crude and
820.7(5.1) 1,804.3 Partly 1990 35.26 240.1 20,296
(9.8)
1,641.0 Refined Oil
(10.1) 13,639.7 1995 30.16 262.4 11,057
100 (55.9) Coal
13,693.2
(61.8) 2000 44.85 251.3 19,617
11,364.4
9,988.6 (61.8)
2005 88.24 251.4 39,735
50 (61.5)
2006 97.67 244.7 46,638
3,252.9 2007 120.34 243.1 56,329
1,624.6 1,607.9 1,783.5 (13.3)
0 (10.0) (8.7) (8.0)
2008 132.65 233.0 58,542
( ): %
2005 2006 2007 2008
Sources: METI; JETRO Source: Petroleum Association of Japan
5-26 Origins of Main Imported Resources: Japan

(2008)
Share Ratio of Top Three Origins Share of
1 2 3 Top 3 (%)
Coal Australia 59.9 Indonesia 12.3 China 10.6 82.8

Crude oil Saudi Arabia 29.1 UAE 25.1 Iran 11.3 65.5
LNG Malaysia 19.2 Indonesia 18.9 Australia 15.8 53.9
Iron ore Australia 60.3 Brazil 26.6 South Africa 6.0 92.9
Nonferrous metal ores China 37.4 US 13.6 Australia 11.2 62.2
Copper ore Chile 40.1 Indonesia 14.7 Peru 12.3 67.1
Soybeans US 72.3 Brazil 15.2 Canada 9.3 96.8
Wood Australia 17.0 Canada 16.6 US 12.2 45.8
Pulp US 31.2 Canada 27.8 Brazil 10.5 69.5
Wool Australia 58.9 New Zealand 22.7 France 9.0 90.6
Cotton US 42.2 Australia 21.3 Brazil 19.8 83.3
Wheat and meslin US 64.2 Canada 19.2 Australia 16.5 99.9
Corn(a) Australia 74.4 US 18.4 Argentina 6.0 98.8
（a）Corn which has been processed in ways such as shucking, etc.
Source: JETRO
5-27 Supply and Demand of Energy: Japan 5-28 CO2 Emissions by Sector(a): Japan
2005 2006 2007 2008 Targets for Required Ratio

Electric Utilities (billion kWh) FY1990 FY2007 FY2010 of Reduction
(million t) (million t) (million t)(b) (%)
Power generated 969.14 972.88 1,004.62 957.89
Hydroelectric 79.78 89.01 76.85 75.91 Industries 482 471 424 to 428 -9.2 to -10.0
Thermal 581.57 577.57 661.08 621.29 (eg. factories)
Nuclear 304.75 303.43 263.83 258.13
Power consumed 918.26 927.14 959.66 925.50 Transportation 217 249 240 to 243 -2.4 to -3.8
Electric light 281.29 278.32 289.73 285.29 (eg. automobiles,
shipping)
Electric power 612.48 624.88 645.31 618.45
Commercial/other 164 236 208 to 210 -11.1 to -12.0
2005 2006(b) 2007 2008 (eg. office buildings)
(a)
City Gas (billion MJ )
Production & purchases 1,559.99 1,776.42 1,939.44 2,030.54 Residential 127 180 138 to 141 -21.5 to -23.1
Sales 1,368.90 1,510.60 1,564.23 1,615.12
Residential 408.15 421.44 402.35 410.21
Energy conversion 68 83 66 -20.1
Commercial 201.93 204.70 203.27 202.74
Industrial 642.07 764.88 839.96 880.35 (a) Values and division classifications are based on MOE calculation and classification methods.;
(b) Breadth of figures owe to change in base year: 1990 and 1995
(a) MJ: Megajoule; (b) Numbers break in series Source: Annual Report on the Environment and the Sound Material-Cycle Society in Japan 2009,
Source: Japan Monthly Statistics, MIC MOE
6-1 National Finances 6-2 General Government Gross Financial Liabilities
Surplus or Dependence on 2006 2007 2008 2009(a) 2010(a)

Revenue Expenditure (% of nominal GDP)
Deficit(a) Govt. Bonds(b) (%)
Japan 1998(c) 55.78(d) 84.39 -34.00(e) -40.3 Australia 16.2 15.3 14.2 16.4 21.5
(¥ trillion) 2008 55.74(d) 88.91 -33.17(e) -37.3 Canada 68.0 64.2 68.4 77.7 82.0
US 1998 1,722.0 1,652.7 69.3 4.2
($ billion) 2008 2,521.2 2,931.2 -410.0 -14.0 France 70.9 69.9 76.1 86.4 94.2
UK 1998 253.6 247.5 6.1 2.5 Germany(b) 69.4 65.5 69.0 78.2 84.1
(£billion) 2007 378.5 427.6 -49.0 -11.5 Italy 117.2 112.5 114.5 122.9 127.3
Germany 1998 204.7(d) 233.6 -28.9 -12.4
= billion)
(C 2008 271.3(d) 283.2 -11.9 -4.2 Japan(c) 172.1 167.1 172.1 189.6 199.8
France 1998 216.6 255.0 -38.4 -15.1 Korea 26.1 25.7 25.2 32.7 39.3
= billion)
(C 2008 228.0 271.4 -43.4 -16.0 Netherlands 53.9 51.1 64.6 69.5 76.6
Korea 2000 135.8 129.3 6.5 5.0
(Won trillion) 2008(f) 247.2 230.2 17.0 7.4 Spain 46.3 42.2 46.8 58.4 68.2
China(g) 1998 987.6 1,079.8 -92.2 -8.5 UK 46.0 46.9 57.0 75.3 89.3
(Yuan billion) 2007 5,132.2 4,978.1 154.1 3.1
US 61.7 62.9 71.1 87.4 97.5
(a) Revenue minus expenditure; (b) Surplus or deficit divided by expenditure; (c) Budget settlement;
(d) Excluding funds from public bonds; (e) Including funds from public bonds; (f) Budget; Euro area 74.6 71.2 73.4 82.5 89.2
(g) Government revenue does not include domestic or foreign borrowings. Government expenditures
include debt interest payments made since 2000. (a) Projections; (b) Includes the debt of the inherited Debt Fund from 1995 onwards; (c) Includes the debt
Sources: Ministry of Finance Statistics Monthly, Policy Research Institute, MOF; of the Japan Railway Settlement Corporation and the National Forest Special Account from 1998 onwards
OECD Economic Surveys Korea, December 2008; National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2008 Source: OECD Economic Outlook 85, June 2009
Chapter 6 Governments 67
6-3 National Tax Revenues 6-4 Highest Rates of Income Taxes

(FY2007) (2006)
Japan US UK Germany France(a)
(¥ billion) ($ billion) = billion) (C
(£ billion) (C = billion) (%) Personal Income Tax Corporate Income Tax
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
Australia 48.5 30.0
Total tax revenue 52,655.8 1,650.8 362.1 252.4 347.7 Belgium 45.1 34.0
(100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) Canada 46.4 36.1
France 36.5 34.4
Germany 43.3 38.9
Italy 44.6 33.0
Direct taxes (61.4) (94.5) (59.6) (43.7) (42.0) Japan 47.1 39.5
Korea 35.5 27.5
Netherlands 52.0 29.6
Spain 45.0 35.0
Indirect taxes (38.6) (5.5) (40.4) (56.3) (58.0) Sweden 56.6 28.0
UK 40.0 30.0
US 41.3 39.3
(a) Projection
Source: Tax Bureau, MOF Source: OECD in Figures 2009
6-5 Value-added Tax by Country 6-6 Effective Corporate Tax Rates

(%)
(%) 2004(a) 2009(a) 60
Denmark 25.0 25.0 55
Germany(d)
Norway 24.0 25.0
Sweden 25.0 25.0 50
Belgium 21.0 21.0
Italy 20.0 20.0 45
US(b) Japan(a)
France 19.6 19.6 40.75
Germany 16.0 19.0 40
France(c) 40.69
Netherlands 19.0 19.0 35 China 33.33
UK 17.5 15.0(b)
29.83
China 17.0 17.0 30 UK 28.00
New Zealand 12.5 12.5 26.30
Philippines 10.0 12.0 25 Sweden 25.00
Australia 10.0 10.0 20
Indonesia 10.0 10.0 1990 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
Korea 10.0 10.0
Singapore 5.0 7.0 (a) Using a tax rate that is applied to corporations with a capital of ¥100 million or over that are subject to
proforma standard taxation. An added value percentage and capital percentage are also levied.; (b) Some
Thailand 7.0 7.0 cities in the United States levy a municipal corporation tax.; (c) Effective tax rate is 34.43% when the social
Canada(c) 7.0 5.0 tax on corporate profits (3.3% of the corporate tax payment) is included. (For calculation of the social tax on
Japan(d) 5.0 5.0 corporate profits, a deduction of =C763,000 from the corporate tax payment is provided; however, when
Taiwan 5.0 5.0 computing the above-mentioned effective tax rate, the said deduction is not taken into consideration.) An
(a) As of January; (b) The standard tax rate was reduced from the past 17.5% to 15% as a time limit estimated corporate tax and business tax (local tax) are also imposed in addition to the corporate income tax.;
measure from December, 2008 to December, 2009.; (c) Most provinces levy a retail sales tax in addition to (d) A joint federal-state tax (50:50); the surtax is a federal tax. The trade tax is a municipal tax; tax is calculated
the federal goods and services tax (value-added tax) (Example: Ontario; 8%).; (d) Of the 5% consumption by multiplying a tax rate that varies with municipality (445% in Dusseldorf) by 5% (3.5% from 2008) of
tax, 1% is local consumption tax. business profits.
Source: MOF Sources: Tax Homepage, MOF; Fact sheet, Investment in Sweden Agency
6-7 Social Expenditures 6-8 National Burden Ratio

(2005) (2006)
(%) (%) Social Security Cost Burden Ratio
40 80
% of Net National Income Tax Burden Ratio
66.2
33.2 33.6 Ratio of Financial Deficit 62.4
% of GDP
31.1
29.4 60
29.2 52.0 17.2
30 National burden ratio 49.2
26.7
24.6
22.9 23.3 38.9 10.8 22.9
21.3 40 34.7
18.6 18.1
20 15.9 8.6
15.9 49.9
20
38.5 29.1 37.8
26.1
23.0
10
0 -1.1
-8.8 -9.9 -6.7 -5.1
0 -20
Japan(a) US UK Germany France Sweden
Japan US UK Germany France Sweden
(a) FY2009 prospect
Source: OECD Social Expenditure Database Source: MHLW Report: Supply of social security, current state of load, and international comparison (30.09.2009)
6-9 Health Expenditures and Services 6-10 Gross Fixed Capital Formation(a) over GDP
(%)
Expenditure per Capita Practising Physicians Acute Care Beds
($US PPP(a)) (per 1,000 population) (per 1,000 population)
7
1995 2007 1995 2007 1995 2007 Japan
6
Australia 1,661 3,137 (b)
2.5 2.8 (b)
4.1 3.5 (b)
Belgium 1,854 3,595(e) 3.5 4.0 5.0 4.3 5

Canada 2,057 3,895 2.1 2.2 4.1 2.7(g)
France 1,997 3,601 3.2 3.4 4.6 3.6 4
Germany 2,275 3,588 3.1 3.5 7.5 5.7 France 3.3%
Italy 1,538 2,686 3.9 3.7 5.6 3.1 3 3.1%
Japan 1,551 2,581(b) 1.8(d) 2.1(b) 12.0 8.2 US 2.5%
Korea 502 1,688 1.1 1.7 3.8 7.1 2 Germany
1.8%
Netherlands 1,799 3,837(e) 2.9(c) 3.9(f) 3.4 3.0 UK 1.4%
Spain 1,193 2,671 2.5 3.7 3.5 2.5(b) 1
UK 1,350 2,992 1.8 2.5 4.1 2.6

0
US 3,656 7,290 2.2 2.4 3.4 2.7(b) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
(a) Purchasing power parity; (b) 2006; (c) 1997; (d) 1994; (e) Estimate; (a) Total value of acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets, plus value added to non-produced
(f) Differences in methodology; (g) Break in series assets by productive activity
Source: Health Data 2009, OECD Source: OECD.Stat Extracts: 12. Main aggregates of general government; Reference Series: GDP
6-11 Defense Expenditures 6-12 Military Forces

(2009)
2006 2007 Regular Forces Reserve
Total Total Burden per Ratio to Paramilitary
(1,000 persons) Army Navy Air Force Forces
($ billion) ($ billion) Capita($) GDP(%)
US(a) 521.8 552.6 1,835 4.0 China 1,600.0 255.0 330.0 800.0 700.0
UK 59.9 63.3 1,041 2.3 Egypt 340.0 18.5 110.0 479.0 397.0
France 54.3 60.7 993 2.4 France 134.0 44.0 57.6 70.3 —
China(b) 35.2 46.2 35 1.4 Germany 160.8 23.0 60.6 161.8 —
Germany 38.0 42.1 511 1.3 India 1,100.0 55.0 120.0 1,155.0 1,300.6
Japan 41.1 41.0 322 0.9 Israel 133.0 9.5 34.0 565.0 8.1
Italy 33.3 37.8 650 1.8 Japan 138.4 44.1 45.6 41.8 12.3
Saudi Arabia 29.5 35.4 1,284 9.4 Korea, South 560.0 68.0 64.0 4,500.0 4.5
Russia(b) 24.6 32.2 228 1.5 Korea, North 950.0 46.0 110.0 4,700.0 189.0
Korea 24.6 26.6 542 2.7 Poland 62.8 10.9 23.3 222.0 21.4
India 22.4 26.5 23 2.3 Russia 360.0 142.0 195.0 20,000.0 449.0
Turkey 13.0 13.6 192 2.1 Taiwan 200.0 45.0 45.0 1,657.0 17.0
Israel 11.6 11.6 1,806 7.2 UK 95.8 30.9 33.6 199.3 —
Taiwan 7.7 9.6 414 81.3 US 632.2 566.8(a) 340.5 979.4 —
(a) Outlays not Budget Authority; (b) Official budget only at market exchange rates (a) Including Marine Corps and US Coast Guard
Source: Military Balance 2009, The International Institute for Strategic Studies Source: Military Balance 2009, The International Institute for Strategic Studies
6-13 DAC(a) Contributions in Each Region

(2006)
(%)
Asia Japan Oceania Others Central &
(20.5) France (10.9) South America Others
Others (11.2) (31.0) US
Total Total Total (37.3)
(36.7) 9,625 New Australia
US Zealand 1,002 (47.9) 5,236
($ million) ($ million) ($ million)
(19.3) (11.3) Japan
Germany UK US (8.2) Germany Spain
(11.5) (12.0) (18.7) (8.5) (15.0)
Middle East Europe Africa

Others US
US (18.8)
(25.9) (24.5) Others
Total Others Total (37.4) Total
Germany 14,568 US (41.6) 2,957 29,808 UK
(6.3) ($ million) (48.7) ($ million) ($ million) (18.2)
Japan Germany
(7.2) France Italy France (17.0) Germany France
(11.9) (7.6) (9.3) (10.7) (14.9)
(a) The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) is a principal body through which OECD deals with cooperation-related issues in developing countries.
Source: White Paper on Official Development Assistance 2008, MOFA
6-14 DAC(a) Contributions 6-15 Contributions to the UN

(2009)
2006 2007 Contribution(a) Contribution Ratio
($ million) (%)
($ million) (%) ($ million) (%)
World 2498.6 100.000
US 23,532 22.5 21,753 21.0 US 598.3 22.000
Japan 405.0 16.624
Germany 10,435 10.0 12,267 11.8 Germany 209.0 8.577
UK 161.8 6.642
France 10,601 10.2 9,940 9.6 France 153.5 6.301
UK 12,459 11.9 9,921 9.6 Italy 123.7 5.079
Canada 72.5 2.977
Japan 11,136 10.7 7,679 7.4 Spain 72.3 2.968
China 65.0 2.667
Netherlands 5,452 5.2 6,215 6.0 Mexico 55.0 2.257
Korea 52.9 2.173
Spain 3,814 3.7 5,744 5.5 Netherlands 45.6 1.873
Sweden 3,955 3.8 4,334 4.2 Australia 43.5 1.787
Switzerland 29.6 1.216
Italy 3,641 3.5 3,929 3.8 Russia 29.2 1.200
Belgium 26.8 1.102
Canada 3,684 3.5 3,922 3.8 Others (176 Countries) 354.9 14.557
(a) The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) is a principal body through which (a) Due to carry-over from the previous year's budget and requests from the UN, contribution
OECD deals with cooperation-related issues in developing countries. does not necessarily correspond to contribution ratio.
Source: White Paper on Official Development Assistance 2008, MOFA Source: MOFA
6-16 Contributions to International Organizations 6-17 ODA Disbursement(a): Japan

(2009)
UNICEF(a)(b) WTO IAEA(d) UNEP(a)(c) ($ million) 2004 2005 2006 2007
($ 1,000) (CHF 1,000) ($ 1,000) ($ 1,000)
US 127,955 25,313 21,250 5,800 Total of developing countries 5,954 10,485 7,483 5,840
Sweden 71,896 2,485 877 4,124 China(b) 965 1,064 569 436
Norway 73,544 1,624 640 2,887 Vietnam 615 603 563 640
Philippines 211 276 264 222
Netherlands 53,362 6,168 1,533 12,532
Pakistan 134 74 225 53
UK 37,961 9,933 5,438 9,008
Sri Lanka 180 313 203 44
Denmark 37,579 1,847 605 3,227
Afghanistan 173 71 107 101
Japan 15,706 9,946 13,612 2,964
Cambodia 86 101 106 114
France 18,488 8,852 5,160 5,100 India -82 71 30 100
Finland 22,693 1,199 462 4,539 Kazakhstan 131 66 25 43
Switzerland 16,878 2,588 995 3,780 Indonesia -319 1,223 -74 -222
(a) 2008; (b) Regular resources; (c) United Nations Environmental Program; (d) Share of $85.0 million (a) Total of grants and government loans (collected loans are deducted);
using base rate, fund for 2010 (b) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Sources: Annual Report etc, UNICEF; WTO; IAEA; UNEP Source: White Paper on Official Development Assistance 2008, MOFA
6-18 National Budget(a) and Tax Revenues: Japan

General Account Revenues (¥ billion) General Account Expenditures
Tax and Stamp Revenues Government Defense 4,932 (6.0)
1999 47,119 Bonds 81,860 Education & Science 6,473 (7.9) (¥ billion)
(57.6) 31,050 (37.9)
Others National Debt Social Local Allocation Public
3,691 (4.5) Others
1999 Expense Security Tax Grants Works 11,574
46,103 33,294 19,832 16,095 13,523 9,431
81,860
2009 (52.1) (37.6) 88,548 (14.1)
(24.2) (19.7) (16.5) (11.5)
9,151 (10.3)
Tax and stamp Revenues: Japan
(2009 Budget)
(¥ billion)
Tax & Stamp Revenues 46,103
Income tax 15,572 20,244 24,834 16,573 7,070 5,310 4,774 9,742
Withholding 12,661 2009 88,548
(22.9) (28.0) (18.7) (8.0) (6.0) (5.4) (11.0)
Self-assessment 2,911
Corporate tax 10,544
Inheritance tax 1,522
Consumption tax 10,130
Liquor tax 1,420
Gasoline excise 2,628
Customs duties 846
Stamp revenues 985
Tabaco 843 ( ): %
Others 1,613 (a) Initial budget
Source: Ministry of Finance Statistics, MOF
6-19 Social Security Benefits and Medical Expenditures: Japan 6-20 National Medical Expenditures(a): Japan
(million) (¥ trillion) (¥ billion)
50 40,000
140 48.3
34,136.0
Population (million) (12.88) 33,128.9 33,127.6
120
127.8
40 30,141.8
Pensions (¥ trillion)
30,000 26,957.7
100
30 20,607.4
80 28.9
(7.72) 20,000
16,015.9
Medical expenditures
60 (¥ trillion) 20
11,980.5
40 14.2 10,000
Other benefits (¥ trillion) (3.79) 10 6,477.9
20 2,496.2
1,122.4
0 0 0
1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 (FY)
(FY)
( ): % against national income (a) Nursing care expenses have been excluded from the above since FY 2000.
Sources: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, MHLW Source: 2007 Status of National Medical Treatment Expenditures, MHLW
6-21 Medical Treatment Expenditures on Elderly People(a): Japan 6-22 Local Government Budget(a) : Japan
(FY 2009)
(¥100 million) (¥) Revenue (¥ billion)
120,000 116,443 1,000,000
Total 111,997 112,594 112,753
(left scale) 869,604 Local National Local
832,373 Local Tax Others
821,403 Allocation Subsidies Bond
100,000 36,186 6,829 82,556
757,856 800,000 Tax 10,302 11,833
752,169 (43.8) (8.3)
15,820 (19.2) (12.5) (14.3)
89,152 Per Person
80,000 (right scale)
608,983
600,000 Rent and Fees
1,586 (1.9)
498,637
60,000 59,269
Expenditures
400,000
(¥ billion)
360,000
40,000 40,673 Investment Salary- General Debt
184,000 Cost related Costs Administration Service
14,062 22,127 27,261 13,296 82,556
200,000
20,000 21,269 (17.0) (26.8) (33.0) (16.1)
8,666
Local Public Enterprises Others
0 0
(FY) 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2,663 (3.2) 3,148 (3.9)
(a) Through September 2002, 70 years or older (disabled persons 65 years or older and younger than 70) ( ): %
From October 2002 to present, 75 years or older (disabled persons 65 years or older and younger than 75) (a) Initial budget
Source: MHLW Source: MIC
6-23 Local Governments’ Financial Situations: Japan 6-24 Number of Civil Servants: Japan
(¥ billion) (2005)
Basic Financial Demand Basic Financial Revenue (persons)
(Top 5 Prefectures) (Top 5 Prefectures) 1,000,000
Prefecture Amount Prefecture Amount 843,789 853,605 855,681
1 Tokyo 1,577 1 Tokyo 1,872 799,855
800,000
2 Hokkaido 1,131 2 Osaka 790
648,772 639,075 630,690 610,815
3 Osaka 1,068 3 Aichi 771
600,000
4 Aichi 858 4 Kanagawa 728
5 Kanagawa 850 5 Chiba 453
400,000 359,659 355,140
Deficit Revenue Total of Local Allocation Tax
(Top 5 Prefectures) (Top 5 Prefectures)
Prefecture Amount Prefecture Amount 200,000
1 Hokkaido 704 1 Hokkaido 710

2 Hyogo 379 2 Hyogo 383 0
3 Niigata 290 3 Niigata 298 1957 1967 1972 1981 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
General government reform
4 Osaka 278 4 Kagoshima 284 Form Ad Hoc Commission on Administrative Reform
Okinawa's reversion
5 Kagoshima 278 5 Fukuoka 280 Enact Law for the Total Number of Civil Servants
Source: Local Public Finance Bureau, MIC Source: MIC, NPA (National Personnel Authority)
6-25 Government Organizations(a): Japan
Cabinet Secretariat Imperial Household Agency

Cabinet Legislation Bureau Japan Fair Trade Commission
National Personnel Authority National Public Safety Commission
Cabinet Office National Police Agency
Financial Services Agency
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Comsumer Affairs Agency
Ministry of Justice
Cabinet Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of Finance
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Ministry of the Environment
(a) As of November 2009
Ministry of Defense Source: Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
6-26 Political Parties: Japan
House of Representatives House of Councillors

(As of October 20, 2009) (As of October 31, 2009)
Number of seats (a) Number of seats
Democratic Party of Japan and Club of Independents 311 (112) Democratic Party of Japan, Shin-Ryokufukai, People's New Party and Nippon 120
Liberal Democratic Party and Japan Renaissance Party 119 (302)(b) Liberal Democratic Party and Japan Renaissance Party 85
New Komeito 21 (31) New Komeito 21
Japanese Communist Party 9 (9) Japanese Communist Party 7
Social Democratic Party and Social Citizens' Coalition 7 (7) Social Democratic Party and pro-constituent coalition 5
Your Party 5 (0)
People's New Party 3 (7)
Group for upholding the interest and life of the nation 3 (0)
Independents 2 (10) Independents 4
Incumbents 480 (478) Incumbents 242
Vacancies 0 (2) Vacancies 0
Total 480 Total 242
(Proportional-Representation Constituencies) 180 (Proportional-Representation Constituencies) 96
(Single-Seat Districts) 300 (Electoral Districts) 146
(a) As of July 21, 2009 (before the August 30 election); (b) Liberal Democratic Party
Sources: House of Representatives; House of Councillors
Chapter 7 Employment and Household 82
7-1 Total Labor Force and Employment

(2007)
Female Civilian Civilian Employment Composition
Total Labor Change Participation Employment Agriculture, Forestry Foreign-born
Force (2007/1997) Rate Total and Fishing Industry Services labor force
(1,000) (%) (%) (1,000 Person) (%) (%) (%) (% of Total)
China 786,500 11.1 — — — — — —
India(a) 380,790 — 22.4 — — — — —
Canada 18,008 18.9 74.4 16,866 2.5 21.6 75.9 21.2
Netherlands 8,741 13.9 72.6 8,464 3.0 19.1 77.9 11.0
Switzerland 4,573 11.0 80.2 4,413 3.9 23.7 72.4 25.4
Australia 11,000 18.7 69.7 10,470 3.4 21.5 75.1 25.8
France 27,702 8.8 63.4 25,093 3.2 22.6 74.2 11.9
Germany 41,685 4.7 70.0 37,815 2.3 30.0 67.7 13.6
Greece 4,918 14.6 54.2 4,520 11.6 22.4 66.1 8.7
Italy 24,728 7.0 51.1 22,970 4.0 30.5 65.5 9.1
Japan(b) 66,690 -1.7 66.9 64,120 4.2 27.9 67.9 0.3
Korea(b) 24,216 11.2 59.1 23,433 7.4 25.9 66.7 2.1
Spain 22,190 30.9 61.6 20,268 4.6 29.4 66.0 16.9
UK 30,721 8.7 69.2 28,965 1.4 22.4 76.3 12.2
US 154,365 12.2 70.4 146,047 1.4 19.8 78.8 16.3
(a) 2005; (b) Foreign population instead of foreign-born population
Sources: OECD in Figures 2009; Asian Development Bank
7-2 Labor Force Participation Rate 7-3 Part-Time Employment(a)

(2007)
(%) Female Part-Time
Total Female Male (% of total part-time)
Age Japan Korea US(a) Brazil France Russia (% of
Group Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female total employment) 2008 1998 2008 1998 2008 2008
Total 73.1 48.4 74.0 50.2 73.2 59.3 81.0 58.0 61.9 51.2 69.1 56.0 Germany 22.1 32.4 38.6 4.6 8.2 79.9
15–19 16.4 16.2 6.5 8.1 41.1(b) 41.5(b) 58.3 42.5 18.9 11.5 18.7 13.9 France 13.4 25.5 22.7 5.9 5.2 79.5
20–24 70.0 69.5 47.3 56.5 78.7 70.1 88.1 67.1 64.9 58.6 66.3 56.8 Spain 11.1 16.5 21.1 2.9 3.8 80.6
25–29 94.0 75.8 77.7 68.2 91.3 74.9 93.9 72.2 93.4 81.7 91.4 81.3 Italy 16.3 22.4 31.0 4.9 6.6 75.8
30–34 96.9 64.0 92.2 53.7 93.1 74.1 95.0 73.1 96.1 81.1 93.3 85.2 UK 22.9 41.2 37.7 8.2 10.2 76.1
Netherlands 36.1 54.8 59.9 12.4 16.2 75.5
35–39 96.6 64.3 94.8 58.6 93.0 74.0 95.3 73.5 96.2 83.0 92.2 88.4
Australia(b) 23.8 — 37.7 — 12.3 71.7
40–44 97.1 72.0 94.6 66.6 91.6 77.0 94.0 72.4 95.3 84.7 97.9 95.3
Japan(c) 19.6 — 33.2 — 9.9 70.4
45–49 96.9 75.6 93.0 65.0 89.8 77.2 91.3 68.0 93.8 84.5 91.6 89.7
US(d) 12.2 19.1 17.0 8.1 7.5 68.1
50–54 95.8 70.8 89.7 59.3 86.4 74.7 86.5 59.5 90.3 79.4 85.6 80.7 Canada 18.4 28.7 26.4 10.5 11.3 67.8
55–59 93.2 60.8 82.6 50.6 77.8 66.6 77.0 47.8 61.9 55.3 73.5 50.7 Denmark 18.0 25.6 23.7 9.9 12.9 61.7
60–64 74.4 42.2 69.5 43.9 59.2 47.9 64.7 34.2 17.5 15.2 38.5 23.8 Korea(c) 9.3 9.2 13.2 5.1 6.5 59.0
65 and over 29.7 12.9 42.9 23.3 20.5 12.6 36.7 14.9 2.0 0.9 9.9 4.7 (a) Part-time employment refers to persons who usually work less than 30 hours per week in their main job.;
(a) 16 and over; (b) Ages 16-19 (b) Part-time employment based on hours worked at all jobs; (c) For part-time employment: actual hours
Source: Databook of International Labour Statistics 2008, The Japan Institute for Labour Policy worked; (d) For part-time employment: dependent employment only
and Training Source: OECD in Figures 2009

7-4 Labor Union Density Rates 7-5 Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment
(2007)
(%) Gender Wage Gap (%) male=100
50
Korea(a) 62.8
Japan 66.9
Australia UK 83.1
40 US(a) 80.2
Germany 76.3
Sweden 89.5
(a) 2006
30 UK(a)
Philippines 27.2 28.0 Japan (2008)
(b)
Germany (¥ 1,000/month) Permanent employees
23.6
500 Non-permanent employees
20 18.1 18.9 422.7 433.1
391.9 410.4
Japan 18.1 400
Singapore Male
339.9 294.8 360.4
US 12.1 291.4
324.0
10.8 300 276.9 270.4 271.8 258.5
10 242.9 262.7 236.8 249.3
Korea 223.9
Thailand 200 221.2 231.7 244.4 242.4 246.1 238.1 238.8
204.7 194.4
2.3 2.0(d) 185.3 180.7 169.1 167.4
164.2 158.7 157.1 158.8 148.6
0 100
Female
1990 1995 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006(c) 2007
(a) Autumn figures until 1995, and the fourth quarter figures from 1996 onwards; 0
(b)1990 figures for the former West Germany; (c) Fourth quarter; (d) Approximate figure Age Group –19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 70-
Sources: Databook of International Labour Statistics 2009, The Japan Institute for Sources: Databook of International Labour Statistics 2009, The Japan Institute for Labour Policy
Labour Policy and Training and Training; MHLW
7-6 Hourly Compensation for Production Workers(a) 7-7 Wage Gaps by Corporate Size(a)
(2002)
($) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2007 (over thousand Number of workers
workers = 100) 1–9 5–29 30–99 100–499 500–999 1,000–
Germany(b) — — — 30.10 22.66 33.38 37.66
Switzerland 11.09 9.66 20.85 29.23 21.20 30.86 32.88 Japan(b) — 52.8 63.4 76.0 88.6 100.0
Australia 8.67 8.41 13.45 15.58 14.51 25.53 30.17
UK 7.22 5.97 11.95 13.24 16.31 25.36 29.73 1–9 10–49 50–249 240–499 500–999 1,000–
France 10.06 8.04 16.31 20.06 15.98 24.56 28.57
Canada 9.02 11.39 16.62 16.80 16.78 24.40 28.91 US 56.6 59.5 70.7 78.7 86.5 100.0
US 9.75 12.87 15.00 17.39 19.88 23.81 24.59
Spain 5.75 4.55 11.10 12.47 10.46 17.59 20.98 UK 89.4 95.5 104.0 108.0 107.1 100.0
Japan 5.43 6.24 12.52 23.34 21.69 21.31 19.75
Germany 64.6 73.0 81.0 88.0 90.9 100.0
Korea 0.93 1.20 3.59 7.14 8.08 12.48 16.02
Brazil — — — — 3.50 4.16 5.96 France — 81.6 85.7 92.2 96.0 100.0
Hong Kong 1.50 1.73 3.22 4.81 5.45 5.65 5.78
Mexico 2.15 1.55 1.54 1.70 2.07 2.65 2.92 Italy — 76.9 91.6 99.9 102.8 100.0
Philippines — — — 0.94 0.73 0.85 1.10
China — — — — — 0.73 0.81(c) Sweden — 93.8 96.0 101.0 102.5 100.0
(a) All manufacturing; (b) Former West Germany before 1995; (c) 2006 (a) All industries; (b) 2003
Source: International Comparison, Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor Source: International Comparison of Labour, The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training

7-8 Unemployment(a) 7-9 Unemployment of Females and Youths
Unemployed (1,000 persons) Unemployment Rate (%) Unemployed Unemployed Youths(a)

2008 2005 2006 2007 2008 (% of Female Male Female Male
Switzerland 147 4.4 4.0 3.6 3.4 total employment) 2007 2007 1998 2008 1998 2008
Netherlands 257 5.1 4.2 3.5 3.0 Korea 2.6 3.7 12.7 8.0 20.5 11.5
Australia 471 5.0 4.8 4.4 4.2 Japan 3.7 3.9 7.3 6.6 8.2 7.9
Korea 769 3.7 3.5 3.2 3.2
Netherlands 3.6 2.8 8.5 5.5 7.8 5.7
Canada 1,119 6.8 6.3 6.0 6.1
UK 1,643 4.6 5.4 5.3 5.3 Denmark 4.3 3.6 7.6 8.4 6.7 6.1
Italy 1,692 7.7 6.8 6.1 6.7 US 4.5 4.7 9.8 11.2 11.1 14.4
Spain 2,591 9.2 8.5 8.3 11.3 Australia 4.8 4.0 13.8 8.6 15.4 9.1
France 2,070 8.9 8.8 8.0 7.4 UK 4.9 5.6 10.5 12.0 13.9 16.0
Japan 2,650 4.4 4.1 3.9 4.0 Canada 5.6 6.4 13.6 10.0 16.6 13.1
Germany 3,141 11.1 10.3 8.6 7.5 Italy 7.9 5.0 39.0 24.7 27.2 18.9
US 8,924 5.1 4.6 4.6 5.8 France 8.7 7.7 30.0 18.0 21.8 18.2
China(b) (c) 8,860 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.2 Germany 8.8 8.6 8.2 10.0 9.7 10.7
EU15 11,677 9.0 8.3 7.5 7.5
Spain 10.9 6.4 43.0 25.8 27.0 23.7
(a) According to the ILO guideline, the unemployment figures are comprised of all above specified age
persons (or in working ages) who during the reference period are without work, currently available for EU15 7.8 6.4 20.3 14.8 16.8 15.1
work, seeking work, or have taken specific steps to seek employment. Age categorization differs by
country.; (b) Excluding Hong Kong; (c) Unemployed and unemployment rate in urban areas (a) % of youth labor force (under 25)
Sources: LABORSTA, ILO; OECD. Stat Extracts (Annual Labour Force Statistics) Source: OECD in Figures 2009
7-10 Working Hours(a) 7-11 Working Hours in Manufacturing

(hours/year per person)
2,496
2,500 (hours/week) 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008
1998
2007
2,063 Korea 49.2 49.3 46.9 46.0 45.4 43.7
2,000 1,878
1,842 1,843 1,880
1,732 1,734 Japan 43.5 43.7 43.5 43.5 42.9 42.4
1,637
1,476 1,503
1,500 1,400 UK 42.2 41.3 40.6 40.7 40.9 —
2,316
2,150(a)
US 41.3 41.3 40.7 41.1 41.2 40.8
1,000
1,824 1,871
1,670 1,785 1,794 France 37.1 36.3 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.7
1,533 1,635
1,417 1,433
1,392
500 Singapore 49.3 50.0 50.2 50.5 50.6 50.2
India 46.5 47.5 47.2 47.3 47.2 —

0
erla
nds rway any ance pain UK apan US Ita
ly xico ece rea Brazil — — 43.9 43.9 43.6 —
No Germ Fr S Me Gr
e Ko
Neth J
(a) 2006 Sources: LABORSTA, ILO; Databook of International Labour Statistics 2009, The Japan Institute
Source: OECD Factbook 2009: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics for Labour Policy and Training

7-12 Labor Productivity(a) 7-13 Gini Coefficient(a) of Income

(2007)
($) Mid-1990s 2000 2005
Luxemburg 117,913 Canada 75,023
Japan 0.320 0.330 0.310
Norway 104,501 Sweden 74,886
US 0.350 0.350 0.370
US 94,090 UK 72,978 UK 0.300 0.370 0.340
Ireland 91,468 Finland 72,416 Germany 0.270 0.270 0.300
Belgium 84,790 Germany 72,029 France 0.280 0.290 0.280
France 81,853 Denmark 70,783 Sweden 0.220 0.240 0.240
Austria 77,440 Switzerland 70,210 Turkey 0.510 — 0.420
Italy 76,325 Spain 69,450 Australia 0.300 0.290 0.310
Australia 75,330 Japan 66,820 Canada 0.290 0.310 0.320
Netherlands 75,267 Iceland 66,726 Mexico 0.520 0.500 0.470
Spain 0.280 0.270 0.310
Russia(b) 27,144 China(b) 7,974
China(b) 0.210 0.240 0.320
(a) Average labor productivity of OECD countries obtained by dividing the purchase power parity converted GDP
by each country’s respective number of workers; (b) 2006 (a) Inequality measurement scale in income distribution: 0 corresponds to perfect equality; 1
Sources: International Comparison of Labour Productivity 2008, Japan Productivity Center for corresponds to perfect inequality; (b) Urban area
Socio-Economic Development; Statistical Data, MIC Sources: OECD; China Statistical Yearbook 2008
7-14 Household Savings Rate(a) 7-15 Employees by Industry

(2007)
(% of disposable household income) Financing,
30 All industries Agriculture(a) Manufacturing Insurance and Services(b)
(million) Real Estate
27.5 (China) (b)
Japan 64.12 2.72 11.98 9.16 14.43

25
US 144.43 2.21 16.38 25.36 49.79
Canada 16.87 0.42 2.12 2.90 4.82
20 20.4
UK 28.34 0.37 3.67 4.47 9.94
Germany 38.16 0.86 8.40 5.21 11.84
15 France(c) 24.92 0.95 4.13 — 8.79
11.9 (France)
Italy 23.22 0.92 4.87 3.21 6.14
11.4 (Germany)
10 9.3 (Italy) Russia 70.57 6.35 12.32 5.66 18.96
China(c)(d) 737.40 324.87 83.07 — 43.90
5 3.7 (Canada) Korea 23.43 1.73 4.12 3.16 5.25
2.7 (Japan) Australia 10.44 0.36 1.08 1.68 2.99
2.0 (UK)
1.8 (US) Brazil 89.32 17.26 12.50 6.50 23.06
0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 (a) Including hunting, forestry and fishing; (b) Community, social and personal services including
official work, defense, Education, health care/social welfare work, international organizations and
(a) Including savings by nonprofit institutions, except France/Japan; (b) Urban household savings rate extraterritorial organizations; (c) 2005; (d) Excluding Hong Kong
Sources: OECD Economic Outlook 85, June 2009; China Statististical Yearbook 2008 Sources: LABORSTA, ILO; Statistical Database, MIC

7-16 Average Number of Years Worked by Females: Japan 7-17 Household Accounts(a) : Japan
(%)
(¥) 1980 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008
Total monthly income 349,686 521,757 570,817 560,954 522,629 533,302
1987 12.3 23.0 16.2 22.8 12.4 7.2 6.1
Regular income 226,117 332,026 374,148 379,700 359,914 361,100
Temporary & bonuses 67,245 98,644 93,651 80,737 65,537 73,320
Others 56,324 91,087 103,018 100,517 97,178 98,882
1997 11.0 17.8 15.0 26.5 11.7 7.8 10.3 Disposal income 305,549 440,539 482,174 472,823 439,672 441,928
Expenditures 282,263 412,813 438,307 429,109 411,606 415,287
Living expenditures 238,126 331,595 349,663 340,977 328,649 323,914
Food 66,245 79,993 78,947 74,889 70,964 71,051
2007 12.5 20.0 13.7 20.9 12.2 9.6 11.0 Housing, etc.(b) 34,082 46,375 56,003 54,006 53,412 52,332
Clothing & footwear 17,914 23,902 21,085 17,192 14,998 14,254
Medical care 5,771 8,670 9,334 10,865 12,046 11,550
Trans. & comm.(c) 20,236 33,499 38,524 43,660 46,980 47,609
2008 12.2 21.5 13.9 20.2 11.7 9.3 11.2 Education 8,637 16,827 18,467 18,214 18,416 18,818
Reading & recreation 20,135 31,761 33,221 33,831 33,022 33,475
Surplus 67,424 108,944 132,510 131,846 111,023 118,015
0 year 1–2 years 3–4 years 5–9 years Net increase in financial assets 40,780 76,904 88,275 89,294 72,145 82,483
10–14 years 15–19 years 20 years and over
(a) Average monthly receipts and disbursements per worker's household; (b) Housing; Fuel, light &
water charges; Furniture & household utensils; (c) Transportation & communications
Source: White Paper (Working Women) 2008, MHLW Source: Statistics Bureau, MIC
8-1 Daily Supply of Nutrients 8-2 Public Utility Charges(a)

(2008)
Calories Protein Fat Obese population(a)
(per capita) (cal) (g) (g) (% of population aged 15+) Japan Germany UK France US
(Japan = 100)
Australia 3,415.8 107.5 130.6 24.6 Electricity (290kWh/mo) 100 150 116 91 132
Brazil 3,074.1 82.3 92.1 16.4
Canada 3,216.2 111.6 132.1 23.6 Gas (550,000kcal/mo) 100 106 73 85 75
China(b) 3,115.9 89.4 101.3 3.8
France 3,682.1 120.9 171.0 10.2 Water(b) (20m3/mo) 100 269 171 173 57
Germany 3,667.0 100.4 161.9 14.7
India 2,719.3 57.4 52.0 1.6 Telephone (3 min. for 100km)(c) 100 38 52 38 43
Italy 3,739.1 115.8 165.4 9.8
Japan 2,843.5 89.4 82.2 3.6 Mobile (Basic rate + 300min./mo) 100 61 79 104 59
Korea 3,117.7 92.8 81.8 4.9
Netherlands 3,473.3 119.8 144.6 11.5 Domestic mail (1 letter) 100 109 90 96 55
Nigeria 2,846.4 62.2 66.1 4.9
Russia 3,106.8 88.0 80.9 18.5 Subway (min. charge) 100 118 526 148 134
UK 3,459.4 105.6 143.4 24.1
US 3,747.6 117.5 163.8 39.7 Taxi (5km, daytime) 100 101 102 54 54
(a) BMI (Body mass index is defined as the individual’s body weight divided by the square of (a) US: 1$ = ¥107.11; UK: 1£ = ¥210.44; France, Germany: 1 = ¥157.75 (as of February, 2008);
his height) 30 or more; (b) Excluding Hong Kong (b) Water works excluding sewage; (c) During daytime on weekdays
Source: World Health Databook 2009/2010, third edition, Euromonitor International Source: January, 2009, Cabinet Office
Chapter 8 Others 91
Chapter 8 Others 92
8-3 Students Proceeding to Higher Education(a) 8-4 Public Expenditures on Education

(%) 103.2 (% of GDP) (% of government expenditure)
100.1 101.6 Male
100
Female 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006
Total France 5.8 5.6 5.6 10.9 10.6 10.6
80 US 5.6 5.4 5.7 14.4 13.7 14.8
67.2 UK 5.3 5.5 5.6 11.7 12.5 11.9
58.0 56.2 59.6 Canada — 4.9 — — — —
60 54.4 59.2
53.2 54.7 Mexico 4.9 5.0 4.8 25.6 — —
51.8 49.5
47.2 China 1.9(a) — — 13.0(a) — —
44.4
40 Italy 4.6 4.4 4.7 9.6 9.2 9.7
33.2
26.0 30.2 Australia 4.9 4.8 5.2 — — —
27.3 22.8 22.9
20.9 23.4 23.0 Germany 4.6 4.5 4.4 9.8 9.7 9.7
20
13.6 11.8 Spain 4.2 4.2 4.3 11.0 11.0 11.1
9.9 Korea 4.4 4.1 4.2 16.5 15.3 —
Brazil 4.0 4.5 5.0 12.3 14.5 16.2
0
India 3.4 3.2 3.2 — — —
Japan(b) Korea(c) UK(d) Germany(d) US(d) Thailand(e) Malaysia(d) India(d) China(e)
Japan 3.7 3.5 3.5 9.8 9.5 9.5
(a) Figures are the percentages of those enrolled in institutions of higher education among the segment of the population Russia 3.5 3.8 3.9 12.9 — —
of the age relevant to enrollment (Japan, US, Korea, and UK age 18, Germany age 19).; (b) 2008; (c) 2007; includes
students outside applicable age; (d) 2005; (e) 2007 (a) 1999
Sources: International Comparison of Education 2009, MEXT; Education at a Glance, The World Bank Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Education
8-5 Number of Higher Education Institutions

(2006)
Total Japan Definitions on the Institutions of Higher Education
by Country
France 4,310 4-Year Colleges Public: 176
Japan: Colleges, junior colleges, higher professional schools, and graduate
schools.
US(a) 4,276 Private: 589 United States: Universities, other four-year colleges, and junior colleges.
Separate campuses included individually.
Japan(b) 1,850 2-Year Colleges Public: 31 United Kingdom: Colleges (including public correspondence colleges and
non-public Buckingham University), education colleges, and graduate
China(d) 1,867 Private: 386 schools.
France: Colleges, technical junior colleges, graduate schools, graduate prep
Korea(c) 1,421 Higher Professional Schools Public: 61 schools, intermediate technical programs, education college centers, and
other schools.
Germany 383 Private: 3 Germany: Vocational schools, universities, education colleges, seminaries,
and art colleges.
China: Colleges, vocational schools, occupational skills schools,
UK 169 Graduate Schools Public: 161
graduate-level schools, and higher education institutions.
Korea: Colleges, education colleges, industrial colleges, vocational colleges,
Private: 443 technical schools, graduate schools, and broadcast and communications
schools.
(a) 2005; (b) 2008; (c) 2007; (d) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau
Source: International Comparison of Education 2009, MEXT
Chapter 8 Others 93
Chapter 8 Others 94
8-6 Overseas Students and TOEIC Scores 8-7 Olympic Medals by Country
Number of Overseas Students TOEIC Score Average Beijing, 2008 Athens, 2004 Sydney, 2000
2005 2005 Gold Silver Bronze Total Total Total
France 62,365 692 China 51 21 28 100 63 59

US 36 38 36 110 102 92
Russia 23 21 28 72 92 88
US 48,023 — UK 19 13 15 47 30 28
Germany 16 10 15 41 49 56
Japan 55,429 457 Australia 14 15 17 46 49 58
Korea 13 10 8 31 30 28
China(a) 408,344 573 Japan 9 6 10 25 37 18
Italy 8 10 10 28 32 34
Korea 105,779 535 France 7 16 17 40 33 38
Ukraine 7 5 15 27 23 23
Germany 84,813 776 Netherlands 7 5 4 16 22 25
Jamaica 6 3 2 11 5 7
UK 25,359 — Spain 5 10 3 18 19 11
Kenya 5 5 4 14 7 7
Belarus 4 5 10 19 15 17
India 153,323 725 Romania 4 1 3 8 19 25
(a) Excluding Hong Kong and Macau Ethiopia 4 1 2 7 7 8
Sources: OECD Education at a Glance 2009; Report on Test Takers Worldwide 2005, TOEIC Source: International Olympic Committee
8-8 Olympics, World Cup, and World Exposition Host Countries 8-9 Nobel Prize Winners
(1901–2009)
Olympic Olympic FIFA World Total Physics Chemistry Medicine(a) Economics Literature Peace
Summer Games Winter Games World Cup Expositions(a) Total(b) 829 187 157 195 64 106 120
Australia 1956, 2000 Austria 1964, 1976 Argentina 1978 Belgium 1897, 1905, 1910, US 313 83 59 93 43 10 25
Belgium 1920 Canada 1988 Brazil 1950 1913, 1935, 1939, UK 107 22 26 28 8 11 12
Canada 1976 2010(b) 2014(b) 1958 Germany 81 24 28 16 1 8 4
France 54 12 8 9 1 15 9
China 2008 France 1924, 1968, Chile 1962 France 1855, 1867, 1878, Sweden 30 4 4 8 2 7 5
Finland 1952 1992 England 1966 1889, 1900, 1937, Switzerland 27 3 6 6 — 2 10
France 1900, 1924 Germany 1936 France 1938, 1947, 1949, 1951, Former USSR 19 10 1 2 1 3 2
Germany 1936, 1972 Italy 1956, 2006 1998 1969 Netherlands 15 8 3 2 1 — 1
Greece 1896, 2004 Japan 1972, 1998 Germany 1974, Germany 1957, 1963, 1965, Japan 15 6 5 1 — 2 1
Italy 1960 Norway 1952, 1994 2006 1973, 1983, 1993, Italy 14 3 1 3 — 6 1
Denmark 13 3 1 5 — 3 1
Japan 1964 Switzerland 1928, 1948 Italy 1934, 2000, 2003 Canada 11 2 4 2 1 — 2
Korea 1988 US 1932, 1960, 1990 Italy 1906, 1911, 1953, Austria 11 3 1 4 — 1 2
Mexico 1968 1980, 2002 Japan 2002 1954, 1955, 1961, Belgium 10 — 1 4 — 1 4
Netherlands 1928 Yugoslavia 1984 Korea 2002 1992, 2015(b) Others 110 5 9 12 6 37 41
Spain 1992 Russia 2014 (b) Mexico 1970, Japan 1970, 1975, 1985, (a) Including Physiology; (b) Those with double nationalities counted by their country of birth, and
Sweden 1912 1986 1990, 2005 by both countries when having a nationality different from the country of birth (one 2009 winner)
UK 1908, 1948 Spain 1982 Netherlands 1960, 1972, 1982,
2012(b) Sweden 1958 1992, 2002, 2012(b) Japanese Winners
US 1904, 1932 Switzerland 1954 US 1876, 1893, 1904, Physics Yoichiro Nambu(a) 2008 Medicine
1984, 1996 Uruguay 1930 1915, 1933, 1939, Susumu Tonegawa 1987
USSR 1980 US 1994 1962, 1968, 1974, Hideki Yukawa 1949 Chemistry
Norway 1952 South Africa 2010(b) 1982,1984 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga 1965 Kenichi Fukui 1981 Literature
Brazil 2016 (b) Leo Esaki 1973 Hideki Shirakawa 2000 Yasunari Kawabata 1968
Masatoshi Koshiba 2002 Ryoji Noyori 2001 Kenzaburo Oe 1994
(a) Countries which have hosted more than five events including the horticultural international exposition; Makoto Kobayashi 2008 Koichi Tanaka 2002 Peace
(b) Scheduled Toshihide Maskawa 2008 Osamu Shimomura 2008 Eisaku Sato 1974
Sources: International Olympic Committee; Federation Internationale de Football Association; (a) US citizenship
International Exhibitions Bureau Sources: MEXT; The Nobel Foundation
Chapter 8 Others 95
Chapter 8 Others 96
8-10 Crime Rates(a) 8-11 Industrial Property Rights

(2007)
Rate of Incidence(b) Arrest Rate (%) Applications(a) Registrations(b)
Serious Crimes
1990 2006 1990 2006 Total From From Total From From
(100) Number Residents Non-residents Number Residents Non-residents
Japan 1,324 1,605 42.3 31.3 US 4,561.6 2,413.5 2,148.1 1,572.9 795.3 777.6
US 5,803 3,808 21.6 19.3
France 6,169 6,103 37.5 34.3 Japan 3,962.9 3,335.0 627.9 1,649.5 1,450.4 199.1
Germany 7,108 7,647 47.0 55.4 Korea 1,724.7 1,287.0 437.7 1,237.1 916.5 320.6
UK 8,630 10,102 31.6 25.7
China 2,451.6 1,530.6(c) 921.0 679.5 319.5(c) 360.0
Germany 609.9 478.5 131.4 177.4 129.8 47.6
Rate of Incidence(b) Arrest Rate (%)
Homicides
1990 2006 1990 2006 UK 250.0 173.8 76.2 59.3 20.6 38.7
Japan 1.0 1.1 96.7 96.9 Netherlands 24.5 20.8 3.7 23.2 18.0 5.2
US 9.4 5.7 67.2 60.7 Spain 35.3 32.7 2.7 26.7 23.3 3.4
France 4.5 3.2 77.2 90.2
Germany 3.9 3.0 94.2 95.5 Sweden 29.3 25.3 4.0 12.9 10.5 2.4
UK 2.3 2.6 92.0 80.7 Switzerland 20.3 16.9 3.4 7.4 4.3 3.1
(a) The definition of criminal activity and methodologies for calculating statistics varies according to country.; (a) Including PCT NP (Patent Cooperation Treaty national phase entries); (b) Including PCT applications;
(b) Number of crimes per 100,000 persons (c) Including residents in Hong Kong and Macau
Source: White Paper on Crime 2008, MOJ Source: Annual Report 2009, June 2009, Japan Patent Office
8-12 Road Conditions 8-13 Newspapers

(2006)
Total Road Network Ratio of Paved Roads(a) Density of Roads No. of Daily Circulation
(km) (%) (km/km2)
Per 1,000
Australia 812,972(d) — 0.11 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 persons(c)
Brazil(e) 1,751,868 — 0.20 (1,000)
Canada(e) 1,408,900 39.9 0.14 China(a) 88,657 96,654 99,044 103,620 1,013(b) 108.2
China(b)(f) 3,456,999 40.8 0.35 India 72,939 73,537 78,689 88,863 98,841 134.5
France 951,500 100.0 1.41
Japan 70,419 70,446 69,763 69,184 68,521 624.9
Germany 644,480 100.0(d) 1.85
India 3,316,452 47.4(c) 10.01 US 56,251 56,431 55,657 55,180 53,878 225.8
Italy 487,700(f) 100.0(d) 1.62 Germany 22,571 22,095 21,543 21,164 20,707 292.2
Japan 1,196,999 79.3 3.16 UK 18,070 17,375 17,568 17,751 18,041 358.4
Korea 102,062 88.6 1.02 Italy 7,861 7,898 8,582 9,484 9,453 193.4
Singapore 3,262 100.0 4.61 France 9,067 9,182 9,247 9,469 10,213 205.4
Thailand 180,053 — 0.35 Canada 5,365 5,578 6,238 6,049 6,249 231.6
UK 398,351 100.0 1.71
Netherlands 5,007 5,001 5,021 4,720 5,517 397.4
US(f) 6,544,257 65.3 0.68
Australia 3,150 3,114 3,065 3,241 3,151 186.0
(a) Definition of paved roads varies depending on country.; (b) Excluding Hong Kong; (c) 2002;
(d) 2003; (e) 2004; (f) 2005 (a) Excluding Hong Kong; (b) Only free papers; (c) 2006 or latest available figure
Source: World Road Statistics 2008, International Road Federation; World Statistics 2009, Statistics Bureau, MIC Source: Japan Newspaper Publishers & Editors Association
Chapter 8 Others 97
Chapter 8 Others 98
8-14 Departures and Entries: Japan 8-15 Entries into Japan by Nationality
Japanese Departed Foreigners Entered 2006 2007 2008 (%)

(1,000 persons) (1,000 persons)
Total Total Short-term Stay
Total 8,108.0 9,152.2 9,146.1 100.0
1995 15,298 3,732 —
1996 16,695 4,245 — Asia 5,831.2 6,749.1 6,771.1 74.0
Korea 2,370.2 2,845.6 2,625.4 28.7
1997 16,803 4,670 3,535
Taiwan 1,352.5 1,428.9 1,432.4 15.7
1998 15,806 4,557 3,402 China(a) 1,298.9 1,542.0 1,725.5 18.9
1999 16,358 4,901 3,678
Europe 859.7 938.3 955.5 10.4
2000 17,819 5,272 3,911 UK 224.3 230.2 215.2 2.4
2001 16,216 5,286 3,878 Germany 118.3 128.4 129.4 1.4
2002 16,523 5,772 4,302 Africa 26.1 27.7 28.8 0.3
2003 13,296 5,727 4,260
North America 1,036.5 1,053.4 1,003.1 11.0
2004 16,831 6,757 5,137 US 845.9 845.9 798.0 8.7
2005 17,404 7,450 5,748 Canada 162.1 171.2 173.5 1.9
2006 17,535 8,108 6,408 South America 117.0 115.6 101.2 1.1
2007 17,295 9,152 7,385
Oceania 236.1 266.8 285.0 3.1
2008 15,987 9,146 7,367 (a) Including Hong Kong
Source: The Immigration Bureau, MOJ, March 2009 Source: The Immigration Bureau, MOJ, March 2009
Appendix 1 Chronology of Japan

10,000 B.C.– 300 B.C. Jomon Period/300 B.C.– 300 A.D. Yayoi Period independence the following year
538 Introduction of Buddhism 1956 Approval of Japan's participation in the United Nations
710 Founding of the Heijo-kyo (Nara) capital 1960 Announcement of Income-Doubling Plan by Prime Minister Ikeda
794 Transfer of the capital to Heian-kyo (Kyoto) from Nara 1964 Japan assumes the obligations of Article 8 of the IMF agreement; Membership in OECD;
1192 Founding of Kamakura Shogunate in Kamakura by Minamoto-no-Yoritomo Shinkansen service starts; The 18th Summer Olympic Games held in Tokyo
1338 Founding of Muromachi Shogunate in Kyoto by Ashikaga Takauji 1967 Adoption of Free Capital Transaction Policy
1543 Portuguese cast ashore on Tanegashima; Introduction of firearms 1972 Return of Okinawa to Japan; Diplomatic relations restored between Japan and China
1549 Introduction of Christianity; Arrival of Saint Francis Xavier 1973 The 4th Middle East War; Oil crisis
1590 Completion of national unification by Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1985 Plaza Accord to revalue the yen
1603 Founding of Edo Shogunate by Tokugawa Ieyasu in Edo (Tokyo) 1987 Breakup and privatization of Japanese National Railways; beginning of the bubble economy -
1639 Enforcement of National Isolation Policy stock and land prices skyrocket
1853 Arrival of US envoy Commodore Perry 1989 Introduction of consumption tax (3%)
1858 Signing of friendship and trade treaties with US, UK, Russia, the Netherlands, and France (end 1991 Collapse of the bubble economy, beginning of Heisei-era depression
of National Isolation Policy) 1993 Formation of non-LDP Hosokawa coalition government
1868 Meiji Restoration, Transfer of the capital from Kyoto to Edo (renamed Tokyo) 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake hits West Japan; Aum cult attacks Tokyo subway with Sarin
1889 Promulgation of Imperial Constitution of Japan nerve gas
1890 First National Diet 1997 Consumption tax raised to 5%
1894 Sino-Japanese War 1998 Financial deregulations implemented (Japanese "Big Bang")
1904 Russo-Japanese War 2000 Bankruptcies of major banks, life insurance companies, department stores and general
1914 Entry of Japan into World War I constructors
1923 Great Kanto Earthquake 2002 Economic partnership agreement between Japan and Singapore - Japan's first free trade
1941 Start of the War in the Pacific agreement (FTA)
1945 Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Surrender of Japan; Beginning of Occupation by 2004 Deployment of Ground Self-Defense Forces in Samawah, southern Iraq
Allied Powers 2007 Agreement of the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
1946 Beginning of Land Reform Policy; Enactment of the new Constitution 2008 G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit
1951 Signing of San Francisco Peace Treaty and the US-Japan Security Pact; Japan regains full 2009 Formation of the Hatoyama (DPJ:Democratic Party of Japan) coalition government
Appendixes 99
Appendixes 100
Appendix 2 Map of Japan and World Heritages

Map of Japan 140OE 140OE
Major Cities and Population
(September, 2009) Asahikawa
(1,000 people)
35ON 1
Tokyo (23 wards) 8,800 Sapporo World Heritage in Japan
Yokohama 3,672 Hiroshima SEA OF JAPAN 1 Shiretoko
HOKKAIDO
Osaka 2,662 Yonaguni-Jima Okino Minami Matsue 2 Shirakami-Sanchi
24O 26'N Torishima Aomori
Nagoya 2,258 122O 56'E
Torishima 24O 17'N Okayama
2 3 Shrines and Temples of Nikko
Sapporo 1,904 20O 25'N 153O 59'E Morioka
136O 05'E HONSHU 4 Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto
Kobe
Kobe 1,536 Osaka (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities)
Kyoto 1,466 Kanazawa 5 Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara
11 Niigata Sendai
Fukuoka 1,450 Kitakyushu 10 8 6 Buddhist Monuments in the Horyu-ji Area
Kawasaki 1,409 Fukuoka 12 9 4 3
Kyoto 7 Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in
Nagasaki Kawasaki Tokyo
Saitama 1,221 Takamatsu 5 the Kii Mountain Range
Kumamoto Yokohama Chiba PACIFIC OCEAN
Hiroshima 1,170 Kagoshima SHIKOKU 7 6 8 Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama
Sendai 1,033 Nagoya
Kitakyushu 983 KYUSHU 9 Himeji-jo
13
Chiba 955 10 Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome)
Sakai 838 11 Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape
Niigata 812 OKINAWA 35ON
12 Itsukushima Shinto Shrine
Naha
Hamamatsu 812 13 Yakushima
14
Shizuoka 717 14 Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of
Source: Japan Monthly Statistics, MIC 100km the Kingdom of Ryukyu
Index automobiles buildings

[3-30] Exports and Imports of Commodities: Japan 33 [4-18] Construction of New Buildings 50
[3-32] Exports by Commodity: Japan 35
[3-35] Export Destinations of Transportation Equipment: Japan 37 C
[4-9] Production of Four-Wheeled Vehicles 43 civil servant
A [4-10] Production by Major Automobile Manufacturers 44 [6-24] Number of Civil Servants: Japan 79
age [5-19] Sales of Hybrid Cars by Manufacturers 61 CO2
[1-7] People Aged 65 and Over 6 [5-20] Passenger Transport 62 [5-11] CO2 Emissions by Country 57
[1-8] Population by Age and Gender: Japan 7 [5-12] Per Capita CO2 Emissions 58
[1-9] Population in 50 Years: Japan 7 B [5-13] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Fuel Type 58
[1-10] Change in Population Structure: Japan 8 balance [5-14] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Sector 59
[7-5] Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment 84 [3-1] Current Account Balances 17 [5-15] Kyoto Protocol CO2 Reduction Targets and Results 59
agriculture [3-2] Trade Balance of Goods and Services 17 [5-28] CO2 Emissions by Sector: Japan 66
[4-1] GDP by Industry 39 [3-19] Balance of Payments in Technology 26 coal
[4-2] Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added 39 [3-24] Basic Balance by Country: Japan 29 [5-2] Primary Energy Supplies 51
[4-3] Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added by Industry 40 [3-25] Balance of Payments: Japan 29 [5-6] Coal: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53
[4-5] Output of Major Agricultural Produce 41 BRICs [5-9] Primary Energy and Resource Prices 56
[7-15] Employees by Industry 89 [3-12] Direct Investment to BRICs 22 [5-13] CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion by Fuel Type 58
air pollutants [3-27] Exports and Imports by Area: Japan 31 [5-24] Imports of Mineral Fuels: Japan 64
[5-17] Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants 60 budget [5-26] Origins of Main Imported Resources: Japan 65
animation [6-18] National Budget and Tax Revenues: Japan 76 commodity
[4-19] Animation Market: Japan 50 [6-22] Local Government Budget: Japan 78 [3-28] Export Value of Major Commodities: Japan 32
assets [6-23] Local Governments’ Financial Situations: Japan 79 [3-29] Import Value of Major Commodities: Japan 32
[3-31] Financial Account, Assets and Liabilities: Japan 34 [3-30] Exports and Imports of Commodities: Japan 33
101
102
[3-32] Exports by Commodity: Japan 35 D electronics

compensation development assistance [3-34] Export Destinations of Machinery: Japan 36
[7-5] Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment 84 [6-13] DAC Contributions in Each Region 73 [4-11] Production of Consumer Electronics 45
[7-6] Hourly Compensation for Production Workers 85 [6-14] DAC Contributions 74 employment
[7-7] Wage Gaps by Corporate Size 85 defense [7-1] Total Labor Force and Employment 82
construction [6-11] Defense Expenditures 72 [7-3] Part-Time Employment 83
[4-18] Construction of New Buildings 50 [6-12] Military Forces 72 [7-5] Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment 84
consumption discount rate [7-15] Employees by Industry 89
[2-5] Consumer Price Growth Rates 12 [2-7] Policy Rates 13 energy
[4-11] Production of Consumer Electronics 45 [2-12] Changes in Economy: Japan 16 [5-1] Prospects on Primary Energy Demand 51
contributions divorce rate [5-2] Primary Energy Supplies 51
[6-13] DAC Contributions in Each Region 73 [1-6] Marriage and Divorce Rates 6 [5-3] Energy Consumption by Industry 52
[6-14] DAC Contributions 74 [5-8] Wind and Solar Energy 55
[6-15] Contributions to the UN 74 E [5-9] Primary Energy and Resource Prices 56
[6-16] Contributions to International Organizations 75 education [5-16] Energy Efficiency by Industry 60
crime rate [8-3] Students Proceeding to Higher Education 92 [5-27] Supply and Demand of Energy: Japan 66
[8-10] Crime Rates 96 [8-4] Public Expenditures on Education 92 entry
currency [8-5] Number of Higher Education Institutions 93 [8-14] Departures and Entries: Japan 98
[3-7] National Currency Share in Total Foreign Exchange 20 elderly people [8-15] Entries into Japan by Nationality 98
[3-8] Exchange Rates 20 [1-7] People Aged 65 and Over 6 EPA/FTA
current account [6-21] Medical Treatment Expenditures on Elderly People: Japan 78 [3-18] Economic Partnership Agreements and Free Trade Agreements 26
[3-1] Current Account Balances 17 electricity exchange
[3-24] Basic Balance by Country: Japan 29 [5-7] Electricity Generation by Type 54 [3-7] National Currency Share in Total Foreign Exchange 20
[3-25] Balance of Payments: Japan 29 [8-2] Public Utility Charges 91 [3-8] Exchange Rates 20
expenditure F [4-4] Food Self-Sufficiency Ratio 41

[2-11] Gross Domestic Expenditures: Japan 15 female foreigners
[4-16] R&D Expenditures 49 [1-4] Average Life Expectancy at Birth 5 [1-11] Foreign Residents: Japan 9
[4-17] Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D 49 [1-8] Population by Age and Gender: Japan 7 [8-14] Departures and Entries: Japan 98
[6-7] Social Expenditures 70 [1-9] Population in 50 Years: Japan 7 [8-15] Entries into Japan by Nationality 98
[6-9] Health Expenditures and Services 71 [1-10] Change in Population Structure: Japan 8 foreign born labor force
[6-11] Defense Expenditures 72 [7-1] Total Labor Force and Employment 82 [7-1] Total Labor Force and Employment 82
[6-19] Social Security Benefits and Medical Expenditures: Japan 77 [7-2] Labor Force Participation Rate 83 foreign direct investment
[6-20] National Medical Expenditures: Japan 77 [7-3] Part-Time Employment 83 [3-11] Foreign Direct Investments 22
[6-21] Medical Treatment Expenditures on Elderly People: Japan 78 [7-5] Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment 84 [3-12] Direct Investment to BRICs 22
[8-4] Public Expenditures on Education 92 [7-9] Unemployment of Females and Youths 86 [3-23] Foreign Direct Investments: Japan 28
export [7-16] Average Number of Years Worked by Females: Japan 90
[3-13] International Trade: Exports 23 fertility rate G
[3-15] Exports of Goods and Services 24 [1-5] Total Fertility Rate 5 GDP
[3-21] Exports and Imports of Steel Products 27 finance, financial [2-1] GDP of Major Countries 10
[3-27] Exports and Imports by Area: Japan 31 [3-31] Financial Account, Assets and Liabilities: Japan 34 [2-11] Gross Domestic Expenditures: Japan 15
[3-28] Export Value of Major Commodities: Japan 32 [4-15] Market Value of Financial Institutions 48 [2-12] Changes in Economy: Japan 16
[3-30] Exports and Imports of Commodities: Japan 33 [6-1] National Finances 67 [3-17] Trade-to-GDP Ratio and Trade Balance in Goods and Services 25
[3-32] Exports by Commodity: Japan 35 [6-2] General Government Gross Financial Liabilities 67 [4-1] GDP by Industry 39
[3-33] Export Destinations of Machinery & Equipment: Japan 35 fixed capital [6-10] Gross Fixed Capital Formation over GDP 71
[3-34] Export Destinations of Machinery: Japan 36 [2-2] Real Total Gross Fixed Capital Formation 10 gender
[3-35] Export Destinations of Transportation Equipment: Japan 37 [6-10] Gross Fixed Capital Formation over GDP 71 [1-8] Population by Age and Gender: Japan 7
food [7-5] Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment 84
[3-22] Import Origin of Foodstuffs 28 Gini coefficient
[3-36] Import Origin of Major Foodstuffs: Japan 37 [7-13] Gini Coefficient of Income 88
103
104
goods and services [3-27] Exports and Imports by Area: Japan 31 investment
[3-2] Trade Balance of Goods and Services 17 [3-29] Import Value of Major Commodities: Japan 32 [3-10] Investment Income, Net 21
[3-15] Exports of Goods and Services 24 [3-36] Import Origin of Major Foodstuffs: Japan 37 [3-11] Foreign Direct Investments 22
[3-16] Imports of Goods and Services 24 [5-24] Imports of Mineral Fuels: Japan 64 [3-12] Direct Investment to BRICs 22
government liabilities [5-25] Imports of Crude Oil and Oil Prices: Japan 64 [3-23] Foreign Direct Investments: Japan 28
[6-1] National Finances 67 [5-26] Origins of Main Imported Resources: Japan 65
[6-2] General Government Gross Financial Liabilities 67 income K
[6-23] Local Governments’ Financial Situations: Japan 79 [3-4] Income 18 Kyoto protocol
government organization [3-10] Investment Income, Net 21 [5-15] Kyoto Protocol CO2 Reduction Targets and Results 59
[6-25] Government Organizations: Japan 80 [6-4] Highest Rates of Income Taxes 68
green stimulus allocation [7-13] Gini Coefficient of Income 88 L
[5-18] Green Stimulus Allocations to Sustainable Energy by Country 61 industrial production labor force
[2-6] Industrial Production Indices 12 [7-1] Total Labor Force and Employment 82
H industrial property rights [7-2] Labor Force Participation Rate 83
household [8-11] Industrial Property Rights 96 [7-4] Labor Union Density Rates 84
[7-14] Household Savings Rate 89 industry [7-12] Labor Productivity 88
[7-17] Household Accounts: Japan 90 [4-1] GDP by Industry 39 land prices
hybrid car [4-3] Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added by Industry 40 [2-10] Real Residential Price Indices 15
[5-19] Sales of Hybrid Cars by Manufacturers 61 [5-3] Energy Consumption by Industry 52 [2-12] Changes in Economy: Japan 16
[5-16] Energy Efficiency by Industry 60 life expectancy
I [7-15] Employees by Industry 89 [1-4] Average Life Expectancy at Birth 5
import information technology local government
[3-14] International Trade: Imports 23 [4-14] Main Indicators of Information Technology 47 [6-22] Local Government Budget: Japan 78
[3-16] Imports of Goods and Services 24 interest rates [6-23] Local Governments’ Financial Situations: Japan 79
[3-22] Import Origin of Foodstuffs 28 [2-7] Policy Rates 13
M [3-32] Exports by Commodity: Japan 35 nuclear power

machinery [5-26] Origins of Main Imported Resources: Japan 65 [5-2] Primary Energy Supplies 51
[3-33] Export Destinations of Machinery & Equipment: Japan 35 military force [5-7] Electricity Generation by Type 54
[3-34] Export Destinations of Machinery: Japan 36 [6-12] Military Forces 72 [5-10] Nuclear Power Generation Capacity 57
[4-8] Production of Machine Tools 43 mineral fuels nutrient
manufacturing [5-24] Imports of Mineral Fuels: Japan 64 [8-1] Daily Supply of Nutrients 91
[4-1] GDP by Industry 39 [5-26] Origins of Main Imported Resources: Japan 65
[7-11] Working Hours in Manufacturing 87 money supply O
[7-15] Employees by Industry 89 [2-9] Money Supply 14 ODA
market [2-12] Changes in Economy: Japan 16 [6-17] ODA Disbursement: Japan 75
[2-8] Securities Markets 13 oil
[4-13] Media Contents Market 46 N [5-2] Primary Energy Supplies 51
[4-15] Market Value of Financial Institutions 48 national budget [5-4] Oil: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 52
[4-19] Animation Market: Japan 50 [6-18] National Budget and Tax Revenues: Japan 76 [5-9] Primary Energy and Resource Prices 56
marriage and divorce rate national burden ratio [5-24] Imports of Mineral Fuels: Japan 64
[1-6] Marriage and Divorce Rates 6 [6-8] National Burden Ratio 70 [5-25] Imports of Crude Oil and Oil Prices: Japan 64
media contents natural gas [5-26] Origins of Main Imported Resources: Japan 65
[4-13] Media Contents Market 46 [5-2] Primary Energy Supplies 51 Olympic
medical expenditure [5-5] Natural Gas: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53 [8-7] Olympic Medals by Country 94
[6-9] Health Expenditures and Services 71 [5-9] Primary Energy and Resource Prices 56 [8-8] Olympics, World Cup, and World Exposition Host Countries 95
[6-19] Social Security Benefits and Medical Expenditures: Japan 77 newspaper overseas students
[6-20] National Medical Expenditures: Japan 77 [4-13] Media Contents Market 46 [8-6] Overseas Students and TOEIC Scores 94
[6-21] Medical Treatment Expenditures on Elderly People: Japan 78 [8-13] Newspapers 97
metal nobel prize
[3-21] Exports and Imports of Steel Products 27 [8-9] Nobel Prize Winners 95
105
106
P production [5-23] Recycling Ratio: Japan 63

part-time employment [2-6] Industrial Production Indices 12 renewable freshwater supply
[7-3] Part-Time Employment 83 [4-6] Production of Crude Steel 42 [5-22] Total Renewable Freshwater Supply by Country 63
passenger transport [4-7] Crude Steel Production by Company 42 reserves
[5-20] Passenger Transport 62 [4-8] Production of Machine Tools 43 [3-6] Total Reserves 19
patent [4-9] Production of Four-Wheeled Vehicles 43 [5-4] Oil: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 52
[8-11] Industrial Property Rights 96 [4-10] Production by Major Automobile Manufacturers 44 [5-5] Natural Gas: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53
policy rates [4-11] Production of Consumer Electronics 45 [5-6] Coal: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53
[2-7] Policy Rates 13 [5-4] Oil: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 52 residential price
political party [5-5] Natural Gas: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53 [2-10] Real Residential Price Indices 15
[6-26] Political Parties: Japan 81 [5-6] Coal: Reserves, Production, and Consumption 53 road
population [7-6] Hourly Compensation for Production Workers 85 [8-12] Road Conditions 97
[1-1] Population, Area, and Density 2 productivity robot
[1-2] Population of Major Cities 4 [7-12] Labor Productivity 88 [4-12] Industrial Robots 45
[1-3] Percentage of Urban Population 4 public utility charge
[1-8] Population by Age and Gender: Japan 7 [8-2] Public Utility Charges 91 S
[1-9] Population in 50 Years: Japan 7 purchasing power parity savings
[1-10] Change in Population Structure: Japan 8 [3-9] Purchasing Power Parities for GDP 21 [2-3] Gross National Savings 11
price [7-14] Household Savings Rate 89
[2-4] Producer Price Growth Rates 11 R securities
[2-5] Consumer Price Growth Rates 12 R&D [2-8] Securities Markets 13
[2-10] Real Residential Price Indices 15 [4-16] R&D Expenditures 49 [2-12] Changes in Economy: Japan 16
[5-9] Primary Energy and Resource Prices 56 [4-17] Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D 49 service
[5-25] Imports of Crude Oil and Oil Prices: Japan 64 recycling ratio [3-2] Trade Balance of Goods and Services 17
[5-21] Consumption and Recovery of Paper 62 [3-3] Trade in Services 18
[3-15] Exports of Goods and Services 24 trade urban population

[3-16] Imports of Goods and Services 24 [3-2] Trade Balance of Goods and Services 17 [1-3] Percentage of Urban Population 4
[3-37] Trade in Services: Japan 38 [3-3] Trade in Services 18
[3-38] Trading Partners in Services: Japan 38 [3-13] International Trade: Exports 23 W
[6-9] Health Expenditures and Services 71 [3-14] International Trade: Imports 23 wage
social security [3-17] Trade-to-GDP Ratio and Trade Balance in Goods and Services 25 [7-5] Wage Gaps by Age, Gender, and Type of Employment 84
[6-7] Social Expenditures 70 [3-18] Economic Partnership Agreements and Free Trade Agreements 26 [7-6] Hourly Compensation for Production Workers 85
[6-8] National Burden Ratio 70 [3-37] Trade in Services: Japan 38 [7-7] Wage Gaps by Corporate Size 85
[6-19] Social Security Benefits and Medical Expenditures: Japan 77 trading partner wind energy
solar energy [3-20] ASEAN's Major Trading Partners 27 [5-8] Wind and Solar Energy 55
[5-8] Wind and Solar Energy 55 [3-26] Trading Partners: Japan 30 working hours
steel [3-38] Trading Partners in Services: Japan 38 [7-10] Working Hours 87
[3-21] Exports and Imports of Steel Products 27 transport [7-11] Working Hours in Manufacturing 87
[4-6] Production of Crude Steel 42 [5-20] Passenger Transport 62 World Cup
[4-7] Crude Steel Production by Company 42 TOEIC scores [8-8] Olympics, World Cup, and World Exposition Host Countries 95
[5-24] Imports of Mineral Fuels: Japan 64 [8-6] Overseas Students and TOEIC Scores 94 World Exposition
[8-8] Olympics, World Cup, and World Exposition Host Countries 95
T U
tax UN
[6-3] National Tax Revenues 68 [6-15] Contributions to the UN 74
[6-4] Highest Rates of Income Taxes 68 unemployment
[6-5] Value-added Tax by Country 69 [2-12] Changes in Economy: Japan 16
[6-6] Effective Corporate Tax Rates 69 [7-8] Unemployment 86
[6-18] National Budget and Tax Revenues: Japan 76 [7-9] Unemployment of Females and Youths 86
107
Please place orders for Japan 2010: An International
Comparison with Keizai Koho Center at:
Keidanren Kaikan 19F, 1-3-2, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
URL: http://www.kkc.or.jp/
E-mail: webmaster@kkc.or.jp
Contact: Akihiro Kasumi
Since 1978 the Keizai Koho Center has worked with Japan’s
business community to improve its communication with society,
both in Japan and around the world. An independent,
nonprofit organization supported entirely by the private sector,
the KKC helps its corporate supporters increase their
understanding of the environment in which they operate.
The need for this dialogue arose following the oil crises of
the 1970s, when corporations came under heavy public
criticism. The KKC took shape to help them present information
on the concepts underlying their activities and their importance
to Japanese society. Today our activities are global in scope.
KKC invitation programs, symposiums, publications, and
education related events keep people informed and help them
connect, fostering communication throughout society and
across borders and bringing valuable knowledge to individuals,
the business community, and all of society.
The KKC welcomes your participation in this dialogue.
Some data in this publication will be updated and posted on our

website.
www.kkc.or.jp/english/
Japan 2010 国際比較統計集

発行日： 2009年12月28日初版
発行者：中山洋
発行所：（財）経済広報センター
〒100-0004 東京都千代田区大手町1-3-2 経団連会館19階
ISBN978-4-87605-041-3
C0033 ¥952E
定価 1000 円
（本体952円・税48円）
Printed in Japan

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ISSN0389-3502

First Edition: December 28, 2009

Publisher & Editor: Hiroshi Nakayama

Keidanren Kaikan 19F, 1-3-2, Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku,

1-1 Population, Area, and Density 2

2-1 GDP of Major Countries 10

6-22 Local Government Budget: Japan 78 8-2 Public Utility Charges 91

6-24 Number of Civil Servants: Japan 79 8-4 Public Expenditures on Education 92

6-25 Government Organizations: Japan 80 8-5 Number of Higher Education Institutions 93

1-1 Population, Area, and Density

Population Area Density

1-2 Population of Major Cities 1-3 Percentage of Urban(a) Population

Country City 2000 2005 2007 1985 1995 2005 2030(b)

1-4 Average Life Expectancy at Birth 1-5 Total Fertility Rate

Male Female 1950– 2000– 2045– Japan

1-10 Change in Population Structure(a): Japan

(a) Population as of October 1, in listed years

1-11 Foreign Residents(a): Japan 1-12 Japanese Living Overseas

1990 % 1995 % 2000 % 2007 % 2008 % 1980 2008

2-3 Gross National Savings 2-4 Producer Price Growth Rates

1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 (% change from

2-5 Consumer Price Growth Rates 2-6 Industrial Production Indices

(% change from 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

2-7 Policy Rates(a) 2-8 Securities Markets

2-9 Money Supply

2-12 Changes in Economy: Japan

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 17

3-3 Trade in Services 3-4 Income

3-5 Total Current Transfers, Net 3-6 Total Reserves

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 19

Purchasing power Comparative price Per capita volume

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 21

3-11 Foreign Direct Investments 3-12 Direct Investment to BRICs

Korea 8,127 15,276 – 3,586 1,579 –

3-13 International Trade: Exports 3-14 International Trade: Imports

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 23

3-17 Trade-to-GDP Ratio and Trade Balance in Goods and Services

Trade to GDP Ratio Trade Balance in Goods and Services as % of GDP

Belgium 163.31 169.50 171.45 174.63 4.28 3.72 3.08 2.98

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 25

16.8 Japan Imports (1,000 tons)

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 27

3-22 Import Origin of Foodstuffs 3-23 Foreign Direct Investments: Japan

3-24 Basic Balance by Country: Japan 3-25 Balance of Payments: Japan

UK 7,391 5,947 3,061 -1,403 -214 207,165

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 29

3-26 Trading Partners: Japan

3-27 Exports and Imports by Area: Japan

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 31

3-30 Exports and Imports of Commodities: Japan

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 33

3-31 Financial Account, Assets and Liabilities(a): Japan

Total exports 647,290 712,735 775,918

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 35

3-34 Export Destinations of Machinery: Japan

Chapter 3 Investment and Trade 37

3-37 Trade in Services(a): Japan 3-38 Trading Partners in Services: Japan

2008 2009 2007 2008

4-1 GDP by Industry 4-2 Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added(a)

4-3 Fluctuation Ratio in Gross Value Added by Industry

Construction Financial Intermediation; Real Estate, Renting, and Business Activities

4-4 Food Self-Sufficiency Ratio 4-5 Output of Major Agricultural Produce