i 4. Pad Properties Introduction Fluid as a continuum Fluid properties: Density, Specific Gravity, Specific weight, Gravity, Isothermal compressibility of gases, Adiabatic compressibility of gases, viscosity. Elect of temperature & pressure on viscosity Lnearisation of Newton's Law of viscosity Rheology ‘Surface Tension & Surtac Wetting & Non-wetti Capillary effect 2. Fluid Statics fs se Different units of pressu Different Types of pressure Pressure at point in si Pressure measureme: Conventional Sensitivity of manomet. ‘Single column manometer, Simple Differential manometer. Modern: Bourdon Gauge, Strain Gauge Transducer, Piezoelectric Transducer Hydrostatic forces on planes Center of pressure Pressure Diagram Hydrostatic force on curved surface Archimedes principle Buoyant Force and Centre of Buoyancy ‘Stability of submerged and floating bodies ‘and Metacentric Height U-tube manometer, * Real and Apparent weight of a body E * Concept of accelerated vessel containing liquid Fluid Kinematics ‘© Introduction ‘* Lagrangian & Eulearian Methods * Different types of fluid flows: Steady flow, Uniform fiow, Rotational flow, Compressible flow, Laminar & Turbulent flow * Continuity equation in Cartesian, co-ordinate [with different assumptions] * Streamlines, equation of streamline, pathline and streakline * Acceleration of a fluid particle ‘* Rotational Parameters: Angular velocity, Rate of shear strain, Vortcity, Circulation * Velocity potential function, equation of equipotential function line * Stream function, equation of equistream: function fine * Cauchy-Riemann equation * Flow net + Potential lows Uniform flow, source, sink, vortex flow * Concepts of Superposition: Source & sink pair, Doublet, Source in uniform flow, Source & Sink in uniform flow, Doblet in uniform flow, Doublet in uniform flow with clockwise vortex Fluid Dynamics and Flow Measurement — © Introduction z Euler equation Bernoulli's equation with all Head form, Application ofure measurement ter, Pitot tube orifice: Experimental Fundamental equation of vortex flows, _ Equation of free surface in forced vortex flow jonal Analysis To Develop a functional relationship * Model and Similitude studies: Geometric, Kinematic & Dynamic similarity '* Dimensionless numbers * Different model laws * Distorted model theory 6. Flow Through Pipes % Introduction | * Head losses: Major Head Loss, Minor Head f Loss © Major Head Loss: Darcy Weisbach equation, i Chezy's formula * Minor Head Loss: Due to sudden expansion, At the exit of pipe, Due to sudden contraction, At the entrance of pipe, Due to pipe bend * Various connection in pipelines: Series connections, Parallel connections Equivalent pipe theory © Various Energy lines: Total Energy line, Hydraulie Grade line Water Hammer Laminar and Turbulent Flow Introduction Laminar flow between two parallel plates pee flow through pipe and Kinetic Energy correction flow turbulent flow: q's theory, Reynold’s theory, Tied oN 1uieg ON SuaRETA AGYS JON OF fnew joalang ‘WOUAG|O ©) ii 20 peonpoxdor 69 Aew vooa Sl = UanHIm Bua ROM UNO) AUD Ww Pa: Friction I Moody's chart + ee Boundary Layer Theory, Drag & Lift * Introduction ‘© Development of boundary layer over a fat plate Different types of thickness of boundary layer: Boundary Layer thickness, Displacement thickness, Momentum thickness, Kitnetic Energy thickness © Blasius Results: For Laminar boundary on: smooth plate, For Turbulent boundary on smooth plate * Von-Karmann integral momention equation application + Boundary layer seperation and method of control it ‘+ Drag and Lift forces + Drag on different types of bodies: Streamlined body, Bluff body * Flow over a sphere + Flow over a cylinder © Magnus effect Hydraulic Machines * Introduction ‘+ Force exerted by fluid and jet on stationary flat plate * Force exerted by fluid jet on moving flat plate * Force exerted by a fluid jet on moving curved vane * Force exerted by a fluid jet on moving ounved vane * Torque exerted on a wheel with radial cul vanes Hydraulic Turbine: * Element of hydroelectric power plant * Head and efficiencies of hydraulic turbit * Classification of turbines ‘‘known coefficients for different turbines Expressions for specific speed in terms of fa xvi OVW aoaet oy ee ‘Working of centrifugal pump ‘Types of centrifugal pumps Work done by the impeller Head of pump Losses and efficiencies Minimum starting speed 2 Specific speed Model testing of pumps Pump in series-multi-stage pumps Pump in parallel positive suction head (NPSH) Cavitation in centrifugal pump’ NetQt a2 Qs Fluid Properties Multiple Choice Questions Match List-I with List-II and select the correct ‘answer using the codes given below the lists: List List- A. Specificweight 1, L/T? B. Density 2. FILS C. Shear Stress 3. FIL? D. Viscosity 4. FTIL 5. FTL Codes: ABCD @3 41 2 ()4 3 2 5 ©4 3 5 2 @25 3 4 Which one of the following statements is correct? (@) Dynamic viscosity of water is nearly 50 times that of air (b) Kinematic viscosity of water is 30 times that of ar. (©) Water in soil is able to rise a considerable distance above the groundwater table due to viscosity. (@) Vapor pressure of a liquid is inversely proportional to the temperature. [ESE : 2003] With increase in pressure, the bulk modulus of elasticity (@) Decreases (©) Increases an NEWCO @) 3 SE a Faegrie eaaReees Fal “Wesied unman oa Ky a4 a7 (c) Remains constant (d) None of the above [ESE : 2011] The equation of a state for a liquid is (3500 p'? + 2500) Nim?. The bulk modulus of liquid at a pressure of 100 kPa is (2) 3500N/m? () 2500 Nim? (©) 48750N/m? — (d) 6250 Nim? With increase in temperature, viscosity of a fluid, (@) does not change (b) always increases (©) always decreases (d) may increase or decrease depending on the type of fluid i.e., gas or liquid Kinematic viscosity of air at 20°C is 1.6 x 10° més, Its kinematic viscosity at 70°C will be approximately (@) 22105 mis (b) 1.6.x 105 més (©) 1.210% ms (d) 10 m?/sec Unlike the viscosity of liquids, the viscosity of gases increases with increasing temperature. This is due to (@) Increased cohesive force between the molecules (b) Increased momentum transfer in the molecules Decreased momentum transfer in the molecules Increases in both cohesive force and ‘momentum transfer (© [ESE : 2014) ublieations.the correct answer using the codes given below: — @) tand2 (b) 3and4 (©) 2ands (@) tands [ESE : 2003] Q9 Match List-I (Curves labelled A, B, C and D in figure) with List-II (Type of fiuid) and select the ‘correct answer using the codes given below the lists List-I List-II © “Westnet 2.Ideal 3 © 3 3. Non-Newionian i D1 reestepente @ _ 5, Trixtropic © Velocity gradient Codes: A BC D mecmase 5 mone 1 6 Kee. 2501 ieeeeones) 1 [ESE : 1999] Q.10 Match List-1 (Expression for shear stress in terms of rate of angular deformation) with List-II (Type of fluid) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-I “Wolssiuied Uaum out ROUIIM Ui) Aue Uy pa List-II 1, Thixotropic fluid 2. Viscoelastic fluid 3. Ideal plastic 4, Dilatant fluid 5. Pseudo-plastic Codes: A & enon ossa0 aVANO saasg IAS : 2006) ‘The shear stress-rate of shear strain relationship {or aliquid whose apparent viscosity decreases with increasing deformation rate is given by a ‘ @ vi(2) (¥) forn<1 7 (b) t= (2) forn=4 @ #2 (Bent @ r=tooh(S) Q.12 Tooth paste is a (@) Pseudo plastic fluid (b) Newtonian fluid (c) Dilatant fluid (d) Bingham plastic fluid. Frictionless and incompressible 2. Viscosity is invariant with shear stress 8. Viscosity increases at higher shear stress 4. Viscosity decreases at higher shear stress Codes: ABCD eee 1 3: moma 4.2 i @2 14 3 @3 4412 [ESE : 2002] 4 due a) 4 > t, is held between two parallel plates a distance ‘d’ apart. If the stress applied to the top plate is 3,, then the velocity with which the top plate moves relative to the bottom plate would be (@) zy (b) (te) 4 o A(z} a @ ace} a Q.14 Afluid obeying the equation, +=, + #{ To peonpordey 8a Feu 000 Q.15 The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is, given by u= 0.5 y~y? where ‘u's the velocity in m/s ata distance ‘y’ meter above the plate. Ifthe dynamio viscosity of the fluidis 0.9Ns/m?, then what is the shear stress at 0.20 m from the boundary? (@) 0.9N/m? (b) 1.8.Nim? (©) 2.25Nim? (d) 0.09 Nim? amsar [ESE : 2005] Tojssnuied Veni oi YONI wi0) Aue UI PORN nit “a16 The necessary and sufficient condition for a (a) no stress sh (6) tensile stress acting circular parallel plates of radi ‘R’ separated by a distance ‘h’. The upper plate is rotated at an angular velocity «, where as the bottom plat held stationary. The velocity profile between the two plates is linear. The torque experienced by the bottom plate is pont! 4 (@) Oh Ca Hoan? hon? ©) 3h (©) Sar Q.18 Velocity profile for a fluid between two flat plates. Vo} as shown in figure is given by ce Indicate Which one of the following is FALSE. Moving Plate, Vp ss Fixed Plate Shear stress is constant in the gap every where and is independent oy’ ‘Shear stress acts in the negative'x’ direction on the lower plate. Shear stress acts inthe negative x’ direction on the upper plate F ‘Shear stress is inversely proportional to H. © @) Q.19 A spherical water drop of radius ‘R’ splits up in air into'n’ smaller drops of equal size, The work required in splitting up the drop (the su tension of water = 6) (a) 4onR2n (0) 4onr°(n'® -4) (0) 4onh?n"? surface to be called as a tree surface’ is (@) donne (n'® ai “ont eee et Nam (b) 0.25 Ns/m? (©) O5Nsim? —(d) (0.05 Ns/m? Q.21 A container of width ‘2a’is filled with a liquid. A thin wire of weight per unit length 2 is genty placed ‘over the quid surface inthe middle ofthe surtace as shown in figure. As a result, the liquid surface is depressed by a distance y(y<< a). Thesurface tension of liquid is BAH da ha @ yy ©) ay ha ha Oy O 7 Q.22 What is the difference of pressure between the inside and outside of a freely moving droplet of mercury, 1.6 mm in diameter (p= 13600 kg/m? = 0.5 Nim)? (@) 680 Nim? (©) 1360 Nim? (b) 12501N/m? (d) 2500 N/m? [IAS : 2008) Q.23 The pressure inside a soap bubble of 50 mm diameter is 25 Nim? above the atmospheric pressure. The surface tension in soap film would “be @ 0. .156 Nim (0) -0.624Nim (b) 0312Nim (a) 0.078 Nim [ESE : 2014] = Angle of conta o = Surface tension) 4wd @ ocosa, 4ocosa, © @ Q.25 Two co-axial glass tubes forming an annuluswith | . small gap are immersed in clean water. The inner and outer radii of the annulus are r, and f, respectively. Whatis the capillary rise of water in the annulus ifs the surface tension of water is constant with air (p’ is the density of water and 'g’ acceleration due to gravity)? 20 700d ON WieG MON SOORORRU ASS SGM of shew JoelqS NB sate) bate) e 6 © pao=m) © bat =n) Q.26 The surface tension of water at 20°C is 75 x 10-3 Nim. The difference in the water surfaces within and outside an open- ended capillary tube of 1 mm intemal bore, inserted at the water surface would nearly be @ 5mm (b) 10mm (©) 15mm (@ 30mm [ESE : 1998] Q.27 Match List-l (Description) with List-I (Property offluid) and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List-1 ~ Propety which explains the spherical shape ofthe drop of quid Property which explains the phenom of cavitation in a fluid flow . Property which explains the rise tree .. Property which explains the flo oll an unbroken stream jRoLaon wlio} Ade Uj paB|IN 10 peanpo;de! ea ABU YEON |D. Vapor pressure E. Capillarity Codes: eerie. 4 { @MA BODE ®)B DEA @M@DBEA KGEAUEBT ) ERS touching the origin. (©) 2point on the normal stress axis (@) a point on the shear stress axis ‘To pipelines, one carrying oll (mass density ‘900 kg/m) and the other water, are connected to a manometer as shown in figure. By what ‘amount the pressure in the water pipe should be increased so that the mercury levels in both the limbs of the manometer become equal? (Mass density of mercury = 18550 kg/m® and 1.81 mis) 1@- fe Ee es Be Lp ey (a) 24.7kPa (b) 26.5kPa (c) 26.7kPa (d) 28.9kPa [GATE : 2003] Q.10 When can a piezometer be not used for pressure measurement in pipes? (@) The pressure difference in low (6) The velocity is high (©) The fluid in the pipe is a gas (d) The fluid in the pipe is highly viscous te [ESE : 2005] Q i A U-tube manometer as shown in figure has ‘as manometric fluid. When an unknown e‘p'is applied at 5 mm diameter limb, rises in the limb by 100 mm from the 11. If the other limb is open to pressure (p,), The pressure “Volsehuied UoniHi @u) InoWIM WHO) fue U1 pesynn 10 peanpoIdD) 6q KEW WOON imi Jo DEG ON THBG RON SiGRORFG ASV SGVH OT (o) -980 Nim? (a) +1000 Nim? (a) 1225 Nim? (©) +1250Nim? Q.12 In given figure, ifthe pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 em Hg vacuum and p,,,, = 76cm Hg, then height of column His equal to (@) 26cm (©) 76cm (b) 506m (d) 126 em [GATE 2000) Q.13 The standard atmospheric pressure is 762 mm of Hg. At a specific location, the barometer reads 700 mm of Hg. At this place, what does an absolute pressure of 380 mm Hg corresponds to (@) 320mm of Ha vacuum Z (b) 382mm of Hg vacuum i (©) 62mmofHg vacuum (d) 62mmof Hg vacuum Q.14 The cross-sectional area of one limb of U-tube manometer is made 500 times k than the other so that the pressur between two limbs can be d measuring ‘h’ on one limb of an